HIVHuman Immunodeficiency Virus

AIDSAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

ABOUT THE VIRUS

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a

lentivirus that causes acquired

immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),a condition

in humans in which progressive failure of the

immune system allows life-threatening

opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.

Over time, HIV can damage the immune system

to such a degree that infections may begin to

occur as a result of a weakened immune system.

Eventually, one may acquire various illnesses due

to the damage done by the virus.

When this happens this is called AIDS or Acquired

Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

What is the difference between

HIV and AIDS?HIV is the virus which attacks the T-cells in

the immune system.

AIDS is the syndrome which appears in

advanced stages of HIV infection.

virus. a HIV is

medical condition. a AIDS is

National Red CrossHIV presents the world with many challenges. Humanitarian

organizations have worked hard in the fight against HIV,

making up for a lack of action in the earlier years of the

epidemic. However, there is far more work to be done in

partnership with affected communities and governments

round the world.National Red Cross and Red Crescent

Societies have joined together in a Global Alliance on HIV.

Their resolution is to do more and to do it better in their

ollective fight against this epidemic.The IFRC is committed to

doubling the reach of its HIV programme in prevention,

treatment, care and support - and in tackling stigma and

discrimination.

HIV historyGenetic research indicates that HIV originated in

during the early twentieth century. west central Africa

AIDS was first recognized by the Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1981 and its cause

HIV infection was identified in the early part of the

decade. Since its discovery, AIDS has caused an

estimated 36 million deaths . As of 2012, approximately

35.3 million people are living with HIV globally. AIDS is

considered a pandemic a disease outbreak which is

present over a large area and is actively spreading .

HIV/AIDS has had a great impact on society, both as an

illness and as a source of discrimination. The disease

also has significant economic impacts. It has attracted

international medical and political attention as well as

large-scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s.

Two types of HIV exist: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is more

virulent, is more easily transmitted and is the cause of the

vast majority of HIV infections globally. The pandemic

strain of HIV-1 is closely related to a virus found in the

of the subspecies Pan troglodytes chimpanzees

Central African , which lives in the forests of the troglodytes

nations of Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic

of Congo , and Central African Republic. HIV-2 is less

, along West Africa transmittable and is largely confined to

with its closest relative, a virus of the sooty mangabey

Old World monkey inhabiting ), an atysatysCercocebus(

Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, -, Guineasouthern Senegal

Liberia, and western Ivory Coas.

How is HIV transmitted?

HIV is found in the following body luids; semen, blood, vaginal fluids and breast milk.Infection can only occur when body fluids from an infected person enter the blood stream of another person. Worldwide, unprotected sex between men and women is the main route of HIV transmission.

HIV can be transmitted by:

Unprotected sex (sex without a condom)

Sharing needles and syringes

Unsterile body piercing or tattooing

Mother to child

Blood transfusion

HIV cannot be transmitted by:

Coughing

Hugging

Kissing

Sneezing

Spitting

Crying

Sharing Cutlery and crockery

Bed Linen

Toilets or Showers

Mosquitoes

Or through any form of casual contact

Asymptomatic HIV infection

In many cases, after the initial symptoms

disappear, there will not be any further

symptoms for many years. During this time, the

virus carries on developing and damages the

immune system. This process can take up to 10

years. The infected person will experience no

symptoms, feel well and appear healthy.late-

stage HIV infection

If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight

infection. The person becomes vulnerable to

serious illnesses. This stage of infection is

known as AIDS.

Primary HIV infection:

May be either asymptomatic or associated with acute retroviral syndrome.

+ T cell 4HIV infection is asymptomatic with a CDStage I: count (also known as CD4 count) greater than 500 per microlitre (µl or cubic mm) of blood. May include generalized lymph node enlargement.

Mild symptoms which may include minor Stage II: mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. A CD4 count of less than 500/µl.

Advanced symptoms which may include unexplained Stage III: chronic diarrhea for longer than a month, severe bacterial infections including tuberculosis of the lung, and a CD4 count of less than 350/µl.

: severe symptoms which include Stage IV or AIDStoxoplasmosis of the brain, candidiasis of the esophagus, trachea, bronchi or lungs and Kaposi's sarcoma. A CD4 count of less than 200/µl.

Stages:

Late-stage HIV infection

If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight

infection. The person becomes vulnerable to serious

illnesses. This stage of infection is known as AIDS.

Signs and Symptoms of

HIV/AIDS Symptoms of early HIV infection may include:

fever

chills

joint pain

muscle ache

sore throat

sweats (particularly at night)

enlarged glands

a red rash

tiredness

weakness

weight loss

Signs and symptoms of late-stage

HIV infection may include:

blurred visiondiarrhea, which is usually persistent or

chronicdry cough

fever of above 37C (100F) lasting for weeks

night sweats permanent tiredness shortness of breath

swollen glands lasting for weeksweight loss

white spots on the tongue or mouth

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHLs) The non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are diverse

group of blood cancers that include any kind of

lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphomas .Types of NHL

vary significantly in their severity, from

indolent to very aggressive.

Kaposi sarcoma (KS)Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a tumor caused by human

herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8, also known as Kaposi's

sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, KSHV).

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) or

pneumocystosis is a form of

penumonia, caused by the yeast-like

fungus (which had previously been

erroneously classified as a protozoan)

pneumocystis jirovecii.

Treatments

There's no cure for HIV/AIDS, but a variety of

drugs can be used in combination to control the

virus. Each of the classes of anti-HIV drugs

blocks the virus in different ways. It's best to

combine at least three drugs from two different

classes to avoid creating strains of HIV that are

immune to single drugs. The classes of anti-

HIV drugs include:

What are the treatment options

for HIV/AIDS?

Earlier HIV antiretroviral treatment is crucial - it improves quality of life, extends life expectancy and reduces the risk of transmission, according to the World Health Organization's

new guidelines ssued in June 2013.

When an HIV-positive adult's CD4 cell count is 500 cells/mm3 or lower they should start treatment immediately.

Currently, there is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS. But treatments have evolved which are much more efficacious -they can improve patients' general health and quality of life If an individual believes they have been exposed to the virus within the last 72 hours (three days), anti-HIV medication, called PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) may stop infection. The treatment should be taken as soon as possible after contact with the virus.

PEP is a very demanding treatment lasting four weeks. It is also associated with unpleasant side effects (diarrhea, malaise, nausea, weakness and fatigue).considerably.

positive patients, and -HIV-HIV/AIDS and diarrhea those with AIDS tend to suffer from diarrhea. It is the main reason people go off their medications, or switch to other antiretroviral therapies prematurely. On January 2nd 2013, the US Food and Drug Administration approved Fulyzaq(crofelemer 125 mg delayed-release tablets), the first anti-diarrheal medication for patients with HIV/AIDS. Fulyzaq was created specifically for patients taking antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS.

eradicates HIVCiclopiroxAntifungal cream - researchers at the Rutgers New Jersey Medical School reported in the journal PLoS ONE that Ciclopirox, a widely used antifungal cream, as well as Deferiprone, a medication used to remove excess iron from the body, eradicate HIV in cultured cells. They added that when treatment stops, the virus does not return.

. Complementary or alternative medicineAlthough widely used, alternative/complementary medications, such has herbal ones, have not been proven to be effective or ineffective. According to some limited studies, mineral or vitamin supplements may provide some benefits. Patients are urged to discuss these options with their doctors.

BY: Shaee Sh. Abdulla and my group …

Student at sulaymaniyah university in kurdistan-iraq

university of sulaymaniyah /faculty of agricultural sciences soil and water

Department

Thanks for whatching

THE END