History of Wind Power

Large Wind Systems

Range in size from 100 kW to 2 MW

Provide wholesale bulk power

Require 13 mph average wind sites

Technology Overview- Large Wind Projects

Projects operating at greater than 35% capacity factors at good wind sites

Over 98-99% availabilitySelect projects are

delivering power ~ 3 cents/kWh (with Production Tax Credit)

Cost of Energy - Large Wind Projects

2

4

6

8

10

12Le

veliz

ed

Cost

of

En

erg

y (

cen

ts/ k

Wh

)

1990 1995 2005 20102000

Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World

Global growth by energy source, annual average 1990-1999

-505

1015202530

Annu

al R

ate

of G

row

th

Source:

Worldwatch Institute 2000

Taking Off Worldwide

Wind Leaders:1. Germany2. United States3. Spain4. Denmark5. IndiaTotal (end of

2000): nearly 17,000 MW

Based on information supplied by International Energy Agency.

0

5000

10000

15000

Inst

alle

d Ca

paci

ty (M

W)

Rest of World

Europe

United States

2000: A Year for Market Innovations

Several companies begin selling green power certificates

Several states see first large-scale wind power project: PA, NY, TN

Texas RPS fuels building boom

2001: Wind Power Expected to Take Off

US Wind Capacity expected to nearly double by the end of 2001

The Northwest will see the largest US wind project to date with the Stateline Wind Farm (300 MW)

An All American Resource

Rank

123456789

1011121314151617

State

North DakotaTexasKansasSouth DakotaMontanaNebraskaWyomingOklahomaMinnesotaIowaColoradoNew MexicoIdahoMichiganNew YorkIllinoisCalifornia

Germany’s Potential: 100 GWNorth Dakota’s Potential: 250 GW

World Class Wind Potential

Drag Device

Giant Brush Windmill(1887 – 1900s)

Charles Brush Automatically

operatedDynamoCharged

batteriesProvided light

Earliest Use May be sail boats Persia 500 - 900 A.D.

- Drag, Vertical Axis Device - Panemone - Grain Grinding & Water Pumping

China 1219 A.D. - Grain Grinding & Water Pumping

Crete - Water pumping for livestock.

Horizontal Axis with Sail Wings

Higher Efficiency Wooden Cogs and

Ring Gears to Transmit Power.

Windmills of Western World (1270

Mediterrean Coast)

Water Pumping Windmill

Pumping water for livestock.

Relatively light, steel blades with aerodynamic shape.

Blades hinged to fold in high winds.

Tail to track wind direction.

Halladay Fan-Type Windmill (1854 in U.S.)

Windmill with Pitch Change Mechanism

Palmer Putnam’s Windmill

Darrieus Machine (1973)

NASA sponsored research during oil crisis.

No tower and major equipment at ground level.

Marketed by Flo Wind

Failed to withstand forces during high winds

Never caught on.

Early, Large Large 2 MW Machine (Early 1980s.)

Developed by NASA.Response to problem

with downwind machine of Ulrich Hutter.

Large loads.Noisy. Interfered

with communications.

Tested in Boone, NC and Hawaii.

Another Early MW Machine

Federal Wind Test Center (1974-1981)

Tested Small & Intermediate Wind Turbines

Culled bad designs. Bergie Design is

spinoff. UTRC's Composite,

Flexbeam Rotor NREL assumed control

in 1989.

Danish Machines (1942)

F.L. Smidth early designs

Three Blade Upwind Machine

Hybrid wind & diesel systems.

DC Generator

Vester Egesborg Turbine(1950s)

Johannes JuulStudent of Poul La

CourFirst ac machine.

Gedser Wind Turbine (1956-1957)

Johannes JuulElectromechani

cal YawingAsynchronous

GeneratorStall ControlledSpecial brakes

for overspeed conditions.

The Riisage Turbine

Competing Turbine Engines

The Tvind 2 MW Machine

Bonus 20 KW

Danish Domination of 1990s

Slow, steady growth in Europe & Asia

Mid-range machines Reliable with high

availabilities. Conservative, Lower Efficiency American Company - Zond

emerged Green Power, State RPS

program, & Tax credits kick-started American Market in late 1990s.

Great California Wind Rush

(1980s) Tax Credit based

on installed capacity.

Lots of bad wind turbines installed.

Lot of turbines were inoperable and had high O&M.

Conservative, Danish machine emerged.

Avedore Wind Farm, Denmark

Middelgrunden Wind Farm

Tuno Knob Offshore Wind Farm

Vindeby Wind Farm

TVA History In 1980s

• Tested a 2 MW machine.– numerous problems

• Tested small machines at various locations.

• Conducted extensive siting

2000 • Re-examined earlier work• Meso scale computer

modeling• Sodar development• Monitoring• Walk-throughs

October 2000• Commissioned 2 MW

project on Buffalo Mountain

Future of Wind Power

Expect cost to continually drop ($0.02/kwh by 2010)• Taller towers• Increased efficiency, less

expensive blades– wood composite

• Drive trains– Direct drive– Power electronics

• Revolutionary change – The Wind Power

Company down 2 blade machine

• Larger size (1.5 – downwind 3.0 MWs)

Future of Wind Power - continued

AWEAs estimates 100,000 MW in USA by 2020.

Transport of wind power from plains states.

Off shore wind development

Future for the Tennessee Valley

Taller towers Self erecting towers Different Power Test

procedures Sodars for wind

resource measurements

Low wind speed turbines

Energy storage

TVA’s Plans RFP for wind power

on Buffalo Mountain.

Online by December 2003.

Prefer Power Purchase Agreement.

Expansion for Green Power Switch.

May partner with neighboring utilities.