history of the periodic table of the elements (chem 1360) part 2
TRANSCRIPT
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History of the Periodic Table of the Elements
(CHEM 1360)Part 2
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REDISCOVERY OF
THE ELEMENTS —
following ancient footsteps
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European element discovery sites
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The Highlands in Scotland
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The Road to Strontian
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Up from Strontian to the Mine
Entrance to the Mine
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Climbing down into the Mine
Searching for a vein
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Discovery! Alkaline earth carbonates and silicates
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Mediterranean element discovery sites
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Monte Palermo, “three French leagues from Bologna”
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Discovery! Nuggets of fosforo di Bologna!
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Fosforo di Bologna — Barite, BaSO4
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Argillaceous matrix — i.e., clay and mud
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Early Mankind discovers a new substance with ductile, rather than brittle, failure
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Nubians deliver goldto their King
(Temple in Thebes)
Gold, most highlydesired of the metals
because of its eternal nature
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Roa Montan, Romania — ancient Roman gold mine
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Rosa Montana — wax tablet to entrance
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Rosa Montana — enough room for one slave laborer
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Silver Joachimthalers — etymological source of “dollar”
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Thaler, 1561, minted in Sankt Joachim, Bohemia
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Sankt Joachim, Bohemia —now Jáchymov, Czech Republic
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Copper vasefrom Cyprus
(Cyprus = cuprum)
The Canaanites (Hittites) with “iron
chariots”in the Book of Judges
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Plato and Aristotle espouse a logical universe
The origin of the concept of “element” or “principle”
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Macquer’s “Dictionnaire de Chymie,” 1777
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The current concept of “Chemical Element,” as of 1777
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The Discoveryof Phosphorus
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The Birth of Science
Greek logic
Alchemicaldiscoveries
Religiousphilosophy
Aqua fortisSpiritus salus
Blue vitrolLiver of sulphurManna mercuriFlowers of zinc
etc., etc. . . .
By reason you can arrive at the truth, even when it is not intuitively obvious. . . .
There was a Beginning. . . .
There are Natural
Causes. . . .God works
through Natural Law
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The Birth of Science
By experimentation andcareful reasoning we canarrive at these laws and
ultimate understanding. . . .
Alchemicaldiscoveries
Greek logic
Religiousphilosophy
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Falun Mine, Sweden — major copper mine that served the early miners
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Averting the Gnomesin the dark caves. . . .
The German wordfor gnome is “Kobold”
Cobaltite, CoAsS
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The German word“Kupfernickel” means
copper devil
Annabergite, Ni3(AsO4)2•8H2O
Nicollite, NiAs
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German element discovery sites
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Klatschmondblumen,Harz Mountains, Germany
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Tilkerode, East Harz Mountains
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Tilkerode, East Harz Mountains — selenium-rich ore, source of thallium
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Lead ores
Minimum, Pb3O4
Cerrusite, PbCO3, “white wax”
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Mercury ore“sweating”quicksilver
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East European element discovery sites
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Touring across Romania. . . .
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Gypsies panning and collecting gold in fleece(Daniel Edward Clarke, Nagyag, Romania, 1802)
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Gypsies today. . . .
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Hiking up the Transylvanians. . . .
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Faa Bii, Romania — “forgotten” gold mine in the Transylvania Mountains
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The mines have huge talus banks, rich in pyrites.
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Fata Baii Mine, where tellurium was discovered —known originally by Hungarian name, “Fascebanya”
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Romanian miners (and one Australian) at Faa Bii Mine
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Britain element discovery sites
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Hidden by a stream in Menaccan, Cornwall. . . .
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Manaccan church, Cornwall, where Gregor preached
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The Lord’s Prayer, in Cornish
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Plaque in Manaccan Church
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Panning for ilmenite, FeTiO3, the black sand that “follows the compass”
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Scandinavian element discovery sites
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Hisinger’s house, owner of Bastnäs Mineand mentor of Jöns Jacob Berzelius
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Bengt Hogrelius with old Swedish chemistry text
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The modest author does not include his name on the title page(Cronstedt, who discovered nickel)
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It is clear that a substance is beinggiven off. . . . I call it “phlogiston”
ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
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Phlogiston is a universal principle given off by:
combustion
calxing
respiration
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The atmosphere doesn’t become saturated with phlogiston because plants remove it
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The world is thus a beautiful balanceincorporating the recycling of phlogiston
RespirationCombustionCalxing
Plants remove phlogiston
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Prediction: Since a metal becomes heavierwhen it loses phlogiston to become a calx. . . .
Phlogiston
IronIron calx (rust)
Phlogiston musthave anti-gravity!
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Clapham mansion, where Cavendishperformed his classic experiments
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Lavoisier’s Elements, 1789
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Lavoisier’s Elements
“Elements in the body”
“Earths”
“Nonmetallic elements”
“Metallic elements”
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