History of Spain19th Century

4º A – B – CCLIL

2013-2014

The Spanish Constitution of 1812

“La Pepa”Andrea Santana

The Spanish Constitution of 1812,

known as La Pepa, was enacted

by the Parliament o

f Spain, meeting

in Cadiz, on March 19,

1812.

History

The 1812 Constitution was published three times in España1812, 1820 and 1836,became

the democratic milestone in the first half of the nineteenth century, severalEuropean

constitutions transcended and impacted in constitutional and

parliamentarysources. The 1812 Cadiz Constitution limit the power monarch caused the

abolition of feudalism, equality between Spaniards and Americans and ended the Inquisition.

-Same state for both hemispheres in the nineteenth-

The Constitution was sworn in

America, and his legacy is evident in most of the republics between

1820 and 1830, because the Constitution was conceived, designed and written by a

Hispanic American representatives as overall project and revolucionario.

Los parliamentarians in subsequent

years became influential shapers of the national constitutions of their respective republics.

-Hispanic Co

de-The constitutional debates began on August 25, 1811 and ended in

late January 1812.The discussion took place in Cadiz by

the French troops.Construction parameters is defined for Hispanics. The

revolution began in 1808 acquiredin 1812, other

special characters that the peninsular. Referred to a geographicaldimensions compose Spain, American, Asian and peninsular. 

The Spanish nation was constitutionally defined.

-Rights and colonies-The open question

was raised from the first article. The liberal state

had ultraoceánicos parameters. The issue was made in the

discussion of the wording of Articles 10 and 11.For the first established between

American and peninsular provinces to

organize the new state. It is noteworthy that the first draft had the rejection

of Americans dissatisfied with the apparent numerical

difference

The Spanish Constitution of 1812

Sonia Sánchez

The objective of the government is…

THE NATION’S HAPPINESS

History

MEETING OF THE CADIZ CORTES

Independence war

Absence of central power

THE CADIZ CORTES

• Separation of power• Indirect universal manhood suffrage• Omission of the regional laws• The sovereignty resides within the

nation, represented by the Cadiz Cortes

Constitutional laws Equal under the

law. Individual rights. Economic and

commercial freedom

Freedom of the press.

*Catholicism, only legal religion.

Always alived...

1812, 1820, 1836

Sonia Sánchez Martínez 4ºC

Biography and reign

Iván Marrero Curbelo4ºA

Born: 14 October 1784 in El Escorial, Madrid, Spain.

Died: 29 September 1833 in Madrid, Spain (aged 48).

House: House of Bourbon.

Father: Charles IV of Spain.

Mother: Maria Luisa of Parma.

Spouse: Maria Antonia of Naples (1802-1806).

Maria Isabel of Portugal (1816-1818).

Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony (1819-1829).

Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies (1829-1833).

Religion: Roman Catholicism.

Shield of Fernando VII of Spain

• In 1808 he took the Throne to Charles IV and he defeated Godoy from the power.

• The Constitutional Liberal Triennium (1820-1823) was the second stage of his reign where the reformist work begun in 1810 continued.

• The 7th April, 1823, came into Spain the French troops commanded by General Duke of Angouleme, the Hundred Thousands Sons St.Louis, who joined Spanish royalist troops. With little opposition, the absolutism was restored.

• The last stage of the reign was absolutist. The Constitution was deleted and reestablished the Inquisition.

• Since 1713 the Salic Law was in force. In 1789, the Parliament approved a Pragmatic Sanction that repealed. In 1832, during a serious illness of the king, courtiers Carlist convinced the Minister Francisco Tadeo Calomarde, who succeeded Fernando VII signed a decree repealing the Pragmatic, leaving again in force the Salic Law (recovering Regulation 1713).

• FIRST REIGNED: 19th March 1808 - 6th May 1808. Carlos IV was the predecessor and Joseph I was the successor.

• SECOND REIGNED: 11th December 1813 – 29th September 1833. Joseph I was the predecessor and Isabella II was the successor.

Official Bust of Fernando VII

During his reign titles was awarded between Spain and the Indies titles: 123 titles of nobility, of which 22 were grandees of Spain

1820-1823

Yereday Otero

It is know as a liberal constitutional period of

contemporary history of spain which runs from 1820-1823

triennium which is the spanish period of reduction (1820)and

which is the intermediate of the three period of reign of fernando VII is divided : post-absolutism

previous administration and the ommicade decade.

The 1st of january of 1820 was held in seville the town of las cabezas de san

juan the military coup of lieutenant colonel rafael de riego who had been a

commissioned to lead an expedition against the insurgents in the american colonies.after few initial success riego

proclaimed the restoration of the constitution of cadiz and the restoration

of the constitutional authorities

Pronouncing of Riego

The country was embroiled in a long period of political instability caused by the latent disaffection monarch to the constitutional rule and conflict caused

by the rivalry between o moderate liberal supponserts of the balance of powers between parliament and king under the constitution of 1812 and exalted supposers of draftings new

constitution to leave clear submission of the executive to the legislative.

Political life of the Triennium

After voyage in 1823 the holy alliance (prussia,austria,russia and the new

added france)decided at the congress of verona come to the aid of the

spanish bourbon the result of this support is to send the “hundred

thousand sons of st.louis(95.000 mens of the french army under the command

of louis antoine of bourbon,duke of angouleme).rafael de riego was hanged

on 7 of november of 1823.

The End of The Liberal Triennium

Moderate Decade(1844-1854)Gloria

Is the name that is known to the period of the reign of Isabel II period between May 1844 and July 1854, it became when the leader of the Moderate Party, General Narvaez, assumed the Presidency of the Government on May 4, 1844, and ended when the pronouncement of "the Vicalvarada" gave way to progressive biennium (1854-1856).

ISABEL ll

When General Ramón María Narváez government took over the moderates were divided on the need to reform the 1837 Constitution then in force-even the most reactionary group led by Marquis de Viluma called for its repeal and back in May 1844 the charter granted the Royal Charter of 1834 -. Narvaez finally bowed to the option of reform advocated by the group led by Alejandro Mon and Pedro José Pidal with the group of moderates "Puritans" who defended their maintenance because its approval was the result of consensus between the two major liberal, moderate parties and progressive, allowing them to alternate in government without having to change the Constitution every time the government changed.

The adoption of the new Constitution of

1845

Ramón María Narváez

After the dead of the king Fernando After the dead of the king Fernando VII his daughter Isabel II was only 13 VII his daughter Isabel II was only 13 years old and her wife Maria Cristina years old and her wife Maria Cristina

took the control of the kingdomtook the control of the kingdom

She supported the moderated but she gave up the throne before uprising the La Granja in 1836

Spain was divided in to Spain was divided in to hight political groups:hight political groups:

·The moderated

·The progressive

ModeratedModeratedThey were liderated by Ramón María Narváez. This political group pretended to strengthen the position of the king and the crown, and to implement limited reforms

Ramón María Narváez 1800-1868

ProgressiveProgressiveThis political group defended the deep reform political. They were liderated by Mendizábal but later was the general Esparteno.

This is a progressive picture of this century.

The constitution of The constitution of 18371837

During the administration of Mendizabal the progressive, was approve the costitution of 1837. They abolished the Ancient Regime and gave power to the Crown.Mendizabal approve law such as the cofiscation of church property or the census suffrage.

Juan Álvarez de Mendizábal 1970 - 1853

The general EsparteroThe general EsparteroAfter that the general Espartero other progressive, took the power of the government. He governed in a dictatorial way but the people didn´t like his way of governing and in 1843 he resigned.

Joaquín Baldomero Fernández-Espartero 1793 - 1879

Later Isabella II was pronounced queen Later Isabella II was pronounced queen with 13 years old.with 13 years old.

Actually what was advocated Mon Pidal and draft a new constitution for the proposed changes that were very important: replace the principle of national sovereignty by the "shared sovereignty" between the king and the Parliament, which stood in the same up to the Crown and the nation and strengthened the powers of the first, and the replacement of one elective Senate appointed by the Crown, would also be life. These changes were completely rejected by progressives, some of which even advocated trimming the powers that had been granted to the Crown the 1837 Constitution, especially regarding suspension and dissolution of the Parliament, while most progressives lined with moderate "Puritans" in his defense of the Constitution of 1837 without any changes.

Biography

She was proclamated queen when she has

3 years.

Reign

Reign 2

Biennium ProgressivistMarcos Cruz

In the Spanish history, was a period occurred in July of 1854 and finished in July of 1856.

Baldomero Espartero

Leopoldo O’Donnell

The Statement

In late 1852, following the resignation of Juan Bravo Murillo, the three successor

governments ruled by decree. This affected the constitution, until the mother of Queen Maria Cristina of Borbón, expelled all those who opposed the progressivist cabinet. In February 1854, the first protests started to

spread throughout Spain. On June 28, one of the opposition, General Leopoldo O'Donnell is

hid in Madrid during the hunting of liberals.The General then made a confrontation that

was indecisive and marched south.

In his flight, he met General Serrano and the July 7 they threw together the Manifest of Manzanares to the country to mobilize civilians. On July 28 General Espartero entered

Madrid in triumph hailed by the crowd and hugging amicably with his old rival O'Donnell.That was when he started the progressive biennium.

The birth of a new government

The first step of this government was to eliminate the favorable measures to revolutionary

committees. The second disappointment came on August 14 when the manifestations of public works

workers calling for salary increase, which was eliminated by the National Military. The third

disappointment occurred on August 25 when the government failed to meet its commitment to judge the queen mother Maria Cristina de Borbón and let

her go "expelled" with her husband Agustín Fernando Muñoz and Sanchez to Portugal.

Another problem to which the government had to face was that the food crisis, that was one of the reasons for the popular mobilization during the Revolution of 1854 and worsened when the government, allowed the continuation of wheat exports to Europe in a time when demand increased because of the Crimean War had paralyzed grain exports from Russia.

The region most affected by the riots subsistence of the first months of 1856 was Castilla where the rebels were protesting the high price of bread, and in some places the flour mills was burned, and in others, like Valladolid, Palencia or Medina de Rio Seco, stores grain. After several economic reforms due to political instability, were regulated the liberalizing laws of Corporations and banks that allowed the expansion of the financial system for industrial development.

The birth of a new government

The end of all a government:The Counterrevolution

Social conflict that took place in the early months of 1856 caused riots keeps in Castilla, strikes in

Catalonia and riots in Valencia. This was used by General O'Donnell, encouraged by General Serrano, to make a speech in catastrophic Courts which was meant to end the progresses government of General Baldomero Espartero where he was minister of war,

and that was in power since the beginning of the biennium progressive. As in disorders had

participated members of the National Militia, O'Donnell raised within the government to disarm

and repression run by the Army.

In early July 1856 the Minister of the Interior of Patricio Escosura traveled to Valladolid field to judge the situation of social crisis that lived there and the actions of the authorities to quell the unrest. When he returned to Madrid on 9 July Espartero informed the General that the military were resorting to extreme measures in

suppressing subjecting civilians to martial and summarily executing them immediately.

The 21 soldiers stormed the barricades bayonet supported by artillery, which the 22 ended the

rebellion. The end result was 63 dead on the army and over four civilians, not counting next victims of a savage without reprisals. The French consul in

Barcelona said the insurgents on the barricades were screaming something like "Death to the queen p ... O'Donnell and the general Zapatero! Total war and

extermination!”Once suppressed all resistance movements and Espartero removed from the scene, O'Donnell's

government decreed the abolition of the National Militia, municipalities and county councils dismissed

and suppressed the press.

It was the end of the biennium progressive.

The end of all a government:The Counterrevolution

Democratic Presidential term

The Revolution of 1868(the glorious) And

The Constitution of 1869Alejandro Peñate y Librada Díaz

Democratic Sexenio

It goes by Democratic Presidential term the period of contemporary history of Spain since the triumph of the revolution of September 1868 until December 1874 ruling, which marked the beginning of the period known as Bourbon Restoration Sexenio. The Sexenio usually divided into three (or four) stages: first, the provisional Spanish government from 1868 to 1871, the second reign of Amadeo I (1871-1873), the third the First Spanish Republic, proclaimed after the abdication of king Amadeo of Savoy in February 1873, and is divided by the period of the Federal Republic, which ends the blow of Pavia January 1874, and the unitary Republic, also known as the dictatorship of Serrano, who closes with the statement in December 1874 in Sagunto General Arsenio Martínez Campos in favor of the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in the person of the son of Isabel II, Alfonso XII.

The First Spanish Republic was the political regime that existed

in Spain since its proclamation by the Cortes on February 11, 1873 until December 29, 1874 , when the pronouncement of General Martinez -Campos began the

Bourbon Restoration in Spain . The first Republican attempt in the history of Spain was a short experience , characterized by political instability . In its first

eleven months four presidents of the executive branch have

happened , all the same Republican Party Federal, until

the coup of General Pavia of January 3, 1874 ended the

Federal Republic proclaimed in June 1873 and gave way the establishment of a unitary

republic under the dictatorship of General Serrano , leader of the

conservative party constitutional .

The period was marked by three simultaneous armed conflict: the Third Carlist , cantonal uprising

in the Iberian peninsula and laguerra Ten Years in Cuba . The

First Republic is part of the Democratic Presidential term

which begins with the Revolution of 1868 which led to the reign of Amadeo I, which was followed by the Republic , and ends with the

pronouncement of General Arsenio Martínez Campos at

Sagunto that ended the Republic and Bourbon Restoration began

in Spain .

The First Spanish

RepublicClaudia Torres y Beatriz Sanz

Features Shield Flag

Capital MadridOfficial Language SpanishGovernment  Presidential Republic

Chairman of the executive

  •1873 Estanislao Figueras  • Francisco Pi 1873

  • 1873 Nicolás Salmerón  • 1873-1874 Emilio Castelar

  • Francisco Serrano y Domínguez 1874

Legislature  CortesHistorical Period  XIX century

  • Abdication of Amadeo I February 11, 1873  • Statement of Sagunto monarchy December 29, 1874

Coin  Pesetas

On Tuesday, February 11th , heads of district Republicans threatened the Congress of Deputies that if not proclaimed the Republic before three p.m. initiate an insurrection. Barcelona Republicans sent a telegram to his deputies in Madrid in the same direction . Then Democratic ministers headed by Martos , along with the presidents of the Congress and Senate , Rivero and Figuerola decided that both Houses should meet , to which the abdication of Amadeo I, and then read in the absence of President Ruiz Zorrilla government , the Minister of State Martos said the government returned his powers to Parliament so these became Convention and assumed all powers of the state. Then , several Republicans and radical MPs filed a motion for the two cameras, constituted National Assembly approved as the Republic form of government and elect a responsible executive before that

Proclamation of the First Republic

Portrait of Estanislao Figueras, first President of the Executive Branch of the First Republic.

After a break of three hours reconvened Chambers to appoint as President of the Executive Branch to federal Republican Estanislao Figueras who would head an agreed between radicals and federal Republicans and composed of three Republican - Emilio Castelar in State government; Francisco Pi Maragall in Government , and Nicolás Salmerón Grace and Justice - in -five -José Echegaray radicals in Finance; Manuel Bermudez Becerra and Development; Francisco Salmerón Overseas , the Gen. Fernando Fernández de Córdoba in War and Admiral José María Beranger in Marina - . Cristino Martos was elected president of the self-proclaimed National Assembly , " the real power in a situation of Convention" , by 222 votes to 20 that met Nicolás María Rivero.Estanislao Figueras served as Chairman of the Executive ( Head of State and Government) but not the President of the Republic , it was never approved the new Republican Constitution. In his speech, Figueras said the arrival of the Republic was "like the iris of peace and harmony among all Spaniards of good will."

The end Did not want Cánovas (It was a Spanish politician and historian, President of the Council

of Ministers of Spain) Restoration work out of a party, the army or group thereof, or of a parliamentary election or military coup ," but the December 29, 1874 , General Arsenio

Martínez Campos pronounced in Sagunto for the restoration to the throne of the Bourbon monarchy in the person of Don Alfonso de Borbón, son of Elizabeth II. Then Martinez Campos telegraphed President Sagasta government and the Minister of War Bedoya Francisco Serrano , who in turn communicated by telegraph with the President of the

Executive Power of the Republic , General Serrano , who was battling in the North Carlists . Serrano not resist and ordered the government accepted the decision without protest , so offered no resistance when he appeared at the seat of government of Madrid Captain

General Primo de Rivera, involved in the coup, and ordered them to dissolve.

The only thing that took any initiative to oppose the coup was the Admiral Topete who convinced other revolutionaries of 1868 as Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla to form a committee that will meet with President Sagasta . This got them in the ministry of the Interior and found

access to his request to replace the captaincy general of Madrid Primo de Rivera by General Marsh and called in the troops of Avila who were commanded by a family General

Ruiz Zorrilla . Sagasta bade them farewell , saying that if they needed to call them . Neither called them nor apparently fulfilled what he had promised.

The December 31, 1874 was formed called Regency Ministry - chaired by Canovas awaiting Prince Alfonso returned to Spain from England . Two men in that government of

the revolution of 1868 - and I- Amadeo ministers , Francisco Romero Robledo and Adelardo López de Ayala , who had been the editor of the manifesto "Long live Spain with

honor " that had begun the revolution were .

Cantonalism insurrection was a movement that took place in the period of the First Spanish Republic, especially in the east and south zone in 1873. Cantonalism has to do with federal republicanism in its extreme version, and appears strongly in the revolution that ended the reign of Isabel II and inaugurated the Democratic Presidential term in 1868.

Cantonalism intended to create a federal state from small units, the cantons. The implementation of federalism is not wanted by the courts or by the government, but from below.

The most important was the Canton of Cartagena.

The government of the Republic overwhelmed by the movement and the Carlists, at the other end of the political spectrum, appealed to the army to suppress the movement. Cartagena resisted until January 11, 1874.

Cantonalism

The first episode in

Spain

The insurrection known as cantonal Rebellion took place during the First

Spanish Republic between July 1873 and January 1874 and was led by the

"intransigent" federal republicans who wanted to immediately establish the Federal Republic from the bottom up without waiting for the Constituent develop and Federal approval of the new constitution, as the president

defended the Executive Power of the Republic, also a Republican federal Pi Francisco, supported by the sectors

"centrist" and "moderate" the Federal Republican Party having the majority in

the House

The July 1, 1873 the "intransigent" retired federal deputies of the Cortes in

Madrid and formed a Committee of Public Health who called the

insurrection. This began on July 12, 1873 in Cartagena

extending in the days following the regions of Valencia, Murcia and

Andalusia. In these areas cantons were formed, which gives the name to the rebellion, the bottom-up federation

would be the Spanish Federation

Political theory in the cantonal movement was based was "pacts" federalism Francisco Pi against whose government paradoxically raised the "intransigent" federal republicans. Failing policy Pi combining persuasion with repression to end the uprising, the government that replaced him led by the "moderate" Nicolás Salmerón not hesitate to use the army led by General Arsenio Martínez Campos and Manuel Pavia to crush the rebellion, the next policy that emphasized government also "moderate" Emilio Castelar, that after adjourn Courts continued the siege of Canton Murciano de Cartagena, the last stronghold of the rebellion, which eventually fell January 12, 1874

The cantonal movement also reached some localities in the provinces of Salamanca and Ávila where they came to proclaim cantons (voluntarily federated independent states in the Spanish Federation), also noting, in Extremadura, the attempt to establish cantons Coria, Hervás and Plasencia

The second episode

On the second episode is cited difficult assignment to this name because it had no such purpose as above. Occurred during the 1936-1939 Civil War in the Republican zone following the outbreak of the so-called Spanish Revolution of 1936, when for months dozens of committees and autonomous municipal and County councils of state power was established, reaching its coining some own notes

An extreme case was that of Asturias and northern León, when they were completely isolated from the rest of the area remained loyal to the Republic and about to be occupied by the army of Franco's side, who had just taken Santander, were late August 1937, the desperate, the Sovereign Council of Asturias and Leon, communicating this decision to the League of Nations

It had a few weeks of life because in October the Francoist troops took Gijon, the last stronghold of the Asturian-Leonese resistance, thus ending the Northern Campaign.

The endBeatriz Sanz Blanquer - Claudia Torres Suarez 4ºA

Democratic Presidential term:It knows as period of contemporary history of Spain since the triumph of the revolution of September 1868 until December 1874 ruling, which marked the beginning of the period known as Bourbon Restoration. The Sexenio usually

divided into three (or four) stages: first, the provisional Spanish government from 1868 to 1871, the second reign of Amadeo I (1871-1873), the third the First

Spanish Republic, proclaimed after the abdication of king Amadeo de Savoy and the unitary Republic, also known as the dictatorship of Serrano. In the political activity involving the participation of four political blocs: the progressives, the

monarchists democrats called "Cimbri" and federal Republicans. The moderate party in 1872 triggered the Third Carlist War to try to put to Charles VII in the

throne.

Amadeo de Saboya:

Democratic sexenio:

Revolution of 1868 ( the glorious)

The revolution of 1868, called “glorious”, ended with the reign of Isabel II in Spain. The main inspiring and figure of the revolution was the juan prim general who promoted the covenant of Ostende (1866) to overthrow the Queen with progressives, unionists and democrats. With the revolution Isabel II left to France the september of 1868, starting the democratic sexenio (1868-1874). It will go through the following steps:Interim Government(1868-1869): It was chaired by Serrano and it was compound by Union and Progress, the Democrats dominated the revolutionary assemblies. The form of state was the monarchy and the constitution of 1869 was drafted.Regency of Serrano(1869-1870): Serrano was named regent and Prim head of government. They had to search a king thar finally was Amadeo de Saboya,. During this period established the “peseta” as oficial coin.

The democratic monarchy of Amadeo I (1871-1873): He didn’t arrive to strengthenBy the confluence of many problems and finally the king abdicated.

The first republic ( 1873-1874): In february of 1873 proclamaided the first republic as the solution of urgency after the abdication of Amadeo. It had many problems by the lack of popular support, the wars in Cubay and by the cantonal insurrectional movement consistent in proclaiming independent cantons.

Putsch and authoritarian republic (1874): The first republic ended with the putsch establishing the authoritarian republic. The leader of the party, Alfonsino Cánovas del Castillo prepared the return of the bourbons.

Amadeo de Saboya:

Isabel II:

Juan Prim:

The Spanish constitution of

1869:The Spanish Constitution of 1869 was the Constitution adopted under the Provisional Government (1868-1871) formed after the triumph of

the Revolution of 1868 that ended the reign of Isabel II. It was the Constitution that was in force during the reign of Amadeo I. Collected the freedoms and fundamental rights, after the coup of Pavia which led to the dictatorship of Serrano. It was finally abolished after the

triumph of the delivery of Martinez Campos in December 1874 which led to the Bourbon Restoration in Spain. The 1869 is considered the

first democratic constitution in the history of Spanish constitutionalism.

Martinez Campos:

Amadeo I King of SpainAfter the Spanish revolution deposed Isabella II, the

new Cortes decided to reinstate the monarchy under a new dynasty. The Duke of Aosta was elected King as Amadeus (Amadeo) on 16 November 1870. He swore to uphold the constitution in Madrid on 2 January 1871.The election of the new King coincided with the assassination of General Marqués de los Castillejos, his main backer. After that, Amadeo had to deal with difficult situations, with unstable Spanish politics, republican conspiracies, Carlist uprisings, separatism in Cuba, same-party disputes, fugitive governments and assassination attempts.He could only count on the support of the progressive party, whose leaders were trading off in the government thanks to parliamentary majority and electoral fraud. The progressives divided into monarchists and constitutionalists, which made the instability worse, and in 1872 a violent outburst of interparty conflicts hit a peak. There was a Carlist uprising in the Basque and Catalan regions, and after that, republican uprisings happened in cities across the country. The artillery corps of the army went on strike, and the government instructed the King to discipline them.

With the possibility of reigning without popular support, Amadeus issued an order against the artillery corps and then immediately abdicated from the Spanish throne on 11 February 1873. At ten o'clock that same night, Spain was proclaimed a republic , at which time Amadeo made an appearance before the Cortes, proclaiming the Spanish people ungovernable.

The king Alfonso XII, a The king Alfonso XII, a signersigner

Spain’s senate shield

Restoration flag.

Brought to an end by Miguel Primo de Rivera.

Hope you enjoyed it.

ALFONSO XII

Sheila Martel Lozano

4ºA

Alfonso XII (28 November 1857, in Madrid – 25 November 1885, in El Pardo) was King of Spain, reigning from 1874 to 1885, after a coup d'état restored the monarchy and ended the ephemeral First Spanish Republic.

On 23 January 1878 at the Basilica of Atocha in Madrid, Alfonso married his cousin, Princess Maria de las Mercedes, daughter ofAntoine, Duke of Montpensier, but she died within six months of the marriage.

On 29 November 1879 at the Basilica of Atocha in Madrid, Alfonso married a much more distant relative, Maria Christina of Austria, daughter of Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria and of his wife Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria. During the honeymoon, a pastry cook named Otero fired at the young sovereign and his wife as they were driving in Madrid.

 Alfonso issued the Sandhurst Manifesto, where he set the ideological basis of the Bourbonic Restoration. It was drafted in reply to a birthday greeting from his followers, a manifesto proclaiming himself the sole representative of the Spanish monarchy.

Alfonso's short reign established the foundations for the final socioeconomic recuperation of Spain after the 1808–1874 crisis. Both European (the coastal regions, such as the Basque Country, Catalonia, and Asturias) and Overseas – Antilles and Pacific were able to grow uninterruptedly.

In November 1885, Alfonso died, just short of his 28th birthday, at the Royal Palace of El Pardo. He had been suffering from tuberculosis , but the immediate cause of his death was a recurrence of dysentery.

In 1902, his widow Maria Cristina initiated a national contest to build a monument in memory of Alfonso. The winning design, by José Grases Riera, was erected in an artificial lake in Madrid's Parque del Buen Retiro  in 1922.

Carlist wars

Iriome Armas Martín

4ºA

The Carlism:

Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement emerged in Spain in the nineteenth century, originally advocated the return to the Old Regime. In the XX century it was carlism dividing into two groups: Carlist Party and the Party of traditionalism.

Carlist traditional flag of the Spanish armies, the Cross of Burgundy.

Belief: One aspect of the dispute was

set in the religious field, with the desire to preserve the Carlists Catholic inspiration of laws and institutions, typical of the Spanish political tradition. Liberals began a process of confiscation (Madoz and Mendizabal) depriving of farmland to monasteries, to sell at public auction to the great fortunes.

Carlist wars:

It was a clash between supporters of Carlos Maria, brother of the late king, favorable to absolutism and defenders of traditions, called Carlists, and supporters of Isabel, daughter and legitimate heir, the Elizabethans or Christines. The three Carlist Wars:

First Carlist War (1833 – 1840):

- Isabel II was supported of England, France and Portugal.

- Carlos "The Pretender Carlist "was supported with weapons absolutist powers and money as Austria, Russia and Prussia.

The last period of conflict division occurred between the parties Carlist.

Second Carlist War (1846-1849):

Carlist remained the main opposition to liberalism. It focused on the area of the Pyrenees in Catalonia. Its origin, at least theoretically, the failure was due to attempts to marry Isabel II with the Carlist pretender, Carlos Luis.

Third Carlist War (1872-1876):

Carlist divide and definitely leave weapons. Some just recognizing Alfonso XII and integrated into the system. Others who follow Nocedal, maintained their traditional anti-liberal ideology, and ended up creating a game, the Carlist party.

Opposition to the SystemMichell Artíles

Nationalism(Catalonia, Basque Country and

Galicia).

In the late nineteenth century, born in Catalonia, the Basque Country and Galicia movements that question the existence of a single Spanish nation in Spain.

nationalists were saying that Catalonia, the Basque Country and Galicia are nations and have the right to autonomy. this is based on different realities: language, historical rights, culture and customs.

Catalan nationalism

Catalonia lost its particular laws and decrees of New Plant after the war of succession.

•Catalan nationalism was built in several stages:

• In the 1830s begins the Renaissance, movement intellectual, literary and non-political. In 1882, Valenti Almirall created the Centre Catala, Political organization which

claimed autonomy and denounced the despotism of Spain in the Restoration.

• Enric Prat de la Riba Catalanista founded Catalanist Union (1891), conservative and Catholic ideology. to the following year, he approved the Bases Manresa, which self-government and a division between the Spanish state and the Catalan autonomy was demanded., the Union had no separatist Catalanista approaches.

in 1901, the Regionalist League is born with Francesc Cambo as the leader and Prat de la Riba as ideology. is conservative, Catholic and bourgeois, with two main objectives:

➢The political autonomy of Catalonia within Spain. Cambo participate in the government of Madrid, but he got no reform by centralism closed of the governments of the Restoration.

➢Defense of the economic interests of the Catalan industrial, and of a protectionist trade policy.

Basque nationalism

The defense of Basque privileges was knit to the Carlist cause during the nineteenth century. The successive defeats of the absolutists led to the abolition of privileges in 1876.

The Basque Nationalist Party, PNV, (Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea, EAJ) was founded by Sabino Arana Goiri in 1895. he, made the ideological foundations of Basque nationalism:

❏ The independence of the Basque Country and the creation of an independent Basque state with seven territories, four Spaniards (Vizcaya, Guipúzcoa, Álava, Navarre) and three French (Lapurdi, Benafarroa and Soule)

❏ radical anti-Spanish

❏ Exaltation of Basque ethnicity and search for the maintenance of racial purity. This racist attitude be opposed marriages Basques and maketos.

❏ Catholic religious fundamentalism, the PNV slogan "God and Old Laws" This is a clear element of continuity with the Carlists.

❏ promote the Basque language and cultural traditions

❏ The idealization of a mythical world rural Basque, unlike the "most Spanish" industrial society.

❏ Ideological conservatism, both social and political, what ago a confrontation with the PSOE, this is principal in Vizcaya.

❏

❏ Promotion of Basque language and cultural traditions.❏ Denunciation of españolista Carlist character .

the nationalism Galician and valencian finally were phenomena very minor, The birth of Galician nationalism itself is given with the Irmandades da Fala.

its political project was:

❖ language of the defense and cultural reality Galician.

❖ Achieve certain levels of self-government, takes place in the s. XX. ❖ illiberal traditionalism (Brañas) and trend liberal democratic (Martínez Murguia).

SocialismRaquel Moral

Socialism is a system of social and economic organization based on collective or state ownership and administration of the means of

production and regulation by the state of economic and social activities,and

distributing goods.

Spanish Socialist Workers Party

The (PSOE) is a Spanish social democratic political party ideologed in the political spectrum stood at ``centroizquierda´´currently the main party of the parliamentary opposition of Spain,also chair three autonomous communities and part of the executive of another region.

It was founded in 1879 by Pablo Iglesias, and for a hundred years, was defined as a class party, socialist marxista.Finally, Felipe González, the 28th Party Congress in 1979, the economy is finally accepted market, denying any relationship with Marxism, with theories including revisionist Eduard Bernstein, who predominated within social democracy during most of the twentieth century.

Pablo Iglesias Paulino Iglesias Posse, better known as Pablo Iglesias, was a Spanish socialist and labour leader. He is regarded as the father of Spanish socialism; having founded the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) in 1879 and the Spanish General Workers' Union (UGT) in 1888.

Types Of Socialism State socialism Democratic socialism Utopian socialism Scientific socialism Rational socialism Market socialism Arabian socialism Ricardian socialism

Brian Salazar Cruz

AnarchyThe opposition to the system

Some political groups social and ideological opposed with little success till 1923

to the Restoration regime.

Carlistas:

Increasingly residual force that had finally decided to give up their weapons. Hard in the País Vasco and Navarra, never got more than 3% in the elections in which they were presented.

Republican parties With its social base among

the urban middle classes, these groups defended the democratization of the regime and various social reforms. 

Radical Republican Party, founded in 1908 by Alejandro Lerroux, a populist demagogue and politician who in his early political career noted for his anti-clericalism.

The labor movement, anarchists and socialists. After the birth of the Spanish section of the AIT during the six years through the work of the anarchist Fanelli and the marxist Lafargue, after the coup of Pavia in

1874 the "internationalists", the labor movement, was suppressed. As in Europe, the break between Marx and Bakunin in the Congress of The

Hague in 1872 led to the division of labor forces:

Anarchist

The majority group in Spain. After Associations Act 1881, passed by the Liberal government of Sagasta, intense organizational activity and social struggles were launched. In 1881 was born the Federation of Workers in the Spanish region. Wherein highlighted Anselmo Lorenzo, one of the main leaders of the early anarchist movement. 

• Socialist • Minority in our country.

Still clandestinely in 1879 was born in Madrid Spain the Socialist Party, PSOE, with Pablo Iglesias as the main figure. In 1888, the Socialist Party held its first congress and General Workers Union, the UGT, socialist union was founded. Opposed to the anarchists, socialists held a collectivist, anti-clerical and anti-bourgeois ideology. Pablo Iglesias was elected in 1910.

People prominent in the labor movement

Pablo Iglesias: Socialist deputy in 1910.

Anselmo Lorenzo: One of the main leaders of the early

anarchist movement

Anarchy• Anarchism is a political and social philosophy that calls for the

abolition of opposition and treated as state government and, by extension, of all authority, hierarchy or social control imposed on the individual, consider undesirable, unnecessary and harmful. Sébastien Faure, French anarchist philosopher, said, "Anyone who denies the authority and fight against it is an anarchist." Under such a simple formulation, few doctrines or movements have expressed such a variety of approaches and actions, which were not always well understood by the public. Historically speaking, anarchism generally focuses on the individual and on the review of its relationship with society, your goal is social change towards a future society, in the words of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, "without master or sovereign."

• From 1901 various groups were organized around the publication "Solidaridad Obrera". Finally Congress in Barcelona (1910), was born the National Confederation of Labor, CNT, the largest Spanish union with great force among Andalusian agricultural laborers and industrial workers Catalans. Defended a collectivist anarchists, libertarian, non-political, anti-clerical and revolutionary ideology.

Canary Islands Free ports and monocultures

Bianca Rodríguez and María Olivero

Free Ports The development of the navigation was very

necessary in the Canary Islands, because they had a lot of coal stations.

In 1880 the Canaries became in a Coal Station. English, German, French people and from other nations came to the Islands from the principally ports.

• The diplomat conflicts was generated by the moorage of telegraphic wires, this caused the manifest of the archipelago and it became in a scence of intense rivalry by Britain and Germany.

• "El Puerto de la luz" in competence with Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Funchal and Dakar, became the principally port of the Atlantic Sea. The excellent terms of the Gran Canarian bay and the new constructions facilitated the begin of the Marine traffic.

Monocultures Around 1900 the expansion of new export crops

(bananas, tomatoes and potatoes) had forgotten to farmers and traders severe crisis caused the late 19th century by the depreciation of the “cochinilla”.

The banana is introduced in the Canary Islands and export trade will be controlled by companies such as Fyffes, England being the main market for the fruit. England will also invest in the construction of the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Puerto de la Luz in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, to provide scale coal ports and overlooking the English colonization of the African continent.

Fernando León y CastilloJorge Peñate

Who was he?

Fernando León y Castilla was borned in Telde(Gran Canaria) in the year 1842 and died in

Biarritz(France) in the year 1918.He was a lawyer, a politician and a canarian

diplomat , that participated in the politic of Spain , and after that, grew the influence of spanish laws

in the north of Africa.He was the minister of overseas in the reign of

Alonso VII and he was the minister of gobernation during the regence of María Cristina of

Habsburgo(Lorena). He had a brother called Juán León y Castillo that was a good engineer that made a lot of projects

with his partner Mr. Josué Rodríguez Viera. His work influenced admirably in Gran Canaria.

His first years of politic:He studied law in Madrid and

helped to do liberal publications in the last years of the reign of Isabel

II.Next , after the revolution in 1868,he was known by a civil

governor in Granada and Valencia.He was chose like deputy to court in Gran Canaria, in 1871, and later like a senator, in 1874 he arrived to pertain to the Undersecretariat

of overseas.Finally, after the Restoration and with Sagasta was The Minister of

Overseas between the 8th of February in 1881 and the 9th of

January in 1883.

How did his work influence in Gran Canaria?

He made a lot of works of constructions in Gran Canaria, like Puerto De La Luz in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.Then they made El Faro De Maspalomas and El Lazareto de Gando,that were the emblematic works

in Gran Canaria.There ,started to communicate the islands by

steamboats.After that, in the year 1886, Fernando Castillo y León controlled the Ministry of Gobernation but just a year because the next year,in 1887, was the ambassador

of France and that was his last work. He was a good negotiator, his works finished in the

Teatry of Paris, in the year, 1890 that recognized the rights that had Spain in the western of Africa.

What did he obtain by his work?

In the year 1900,Fernando Castillo y León was a marquis of the Muni.He continued working in the political and saying that will come a new Spanish-Franco Teatry that increased the spanish reigns in Morocco.He participated in the Conference of Algeciras in the year 1906 and he defended the Spanish neutral politic during the First World War.Then he was appointed by the Knight of the Order of the Toisón de Oro.

His death:Fernando Castillo y León died in the French

locality of Biarritz.His corpse was translated to Gran Canaria.His corpse is in The Cathedral of

Las Palmas.