History leading to History leading to No Child Left No Child Left

BehindBehind

19811981 In August of 1981, the National In August of 1981, the National

Commission on Excellence in Commission on Excellence in Education was chartered under the Education was chartered under the authority of 20 U.S.C. 1233a.authority of 20 U.S.C. 1233a.

Their goal was to review & Their goal was to review & synthesize the data on the synthesize the data on the quality of learning & teaching quality of learning & teaching in the nation's schools, in the nation's schools, colleges, and universities, colleges, and universities, both public and private.both public and private.

A Nation at RiskA Nation at Risk

The National Commission on The National Commission on Excellence published a report: Excellence published a report:

A Nation at RiskA Nation at Risk, which found that the , which found that the American school system was falling American school system was falling behind compared to education behind compared to education institutions around the world. institutions around the world.

The notion of equal education for all The notion of equal education for all regardless of race or class or regardless of race or class or economic status had not been met. economic status had not been met.

They reported several risk factors.They reported several risk factors.

Risk FactorsRisk Factors

School curriculum had become weak School curriculum had become weak and was without a central purpose. and was without a central purpose. Students were packed in large Students were packed in large numbers into classrooms. Courses numbers into classrooms. Courses offered were general and lacked offered were general and lacked clarity. clarity.

It was recommended that high It was recommended that high school graduation requirements be school graduation requirements be strengthened to require minimum strengthened to require minimum credits in English, mathematics, credits in English, mathematics, science, social science, and science, social science, and computer science.computer science.

Reasons for downfall of American Reasons for downfall of American Education SystemEducation System

Time was another factor which showed that Time was another factor which showed that American students spent less time on schoolwork. American students spent less time on schoolwork. Schools didn’t encourage nor develop study skills in Schools didn’t encourage nor develop study skills in their students. their students.

The Commission’s report found that teaching was The Commission’s report found that teaching was not producing enough academically able students.not producing enough academically able students.

Teacher preparation programs needed substantial Teacher preparation programs needed substantial improvement. improvement.

A serious shortage of teachers was also indicated in A serious shortage of teachers was also indicated in this report.this report.

Risk FactorsRisk Factors

The report concluded that the expectations The report concluded that the expectations had drastically declined. Teachers had had drastically declined. Teachers had become relaxed on homework, courses become relaxed on homework, courses lacked difficulty and rigor, enrollment in lacked difficulty and rigor, enrollment in less demanding classes had increased, less demanding classes had increased, and outdated textbooks had been used and outdated textbooks had been used throughout the country. throughout the country.

It was recommended that schools adopt It was recommended that schools adopt more rigorous and measurable standards, more rigorous and measurable standards, and higher expectations, for academic and higher expectations, for academic performance using challenging materials in performance using challenging materials in an environment that supports learning and an environment that supports learning and authentic accomplishment.authentic accomplishment.

Improving America’s Schools Act Improving America’s Schools Act of 1994(IASA)of 1994(IASA)

Restructured the Elementary & Restructured the Elementary & Secondary Education Act of Secondary Education Act of 1965(ESEA).1965(ESEA).

ESEA was designed to focus ESEA was designed to focus federal funding on poor schools federal funding on poor schools with low achieving students. with low achieving students.

Title I focus shifted from poor Title I focus shifted from poor students to all students. students to all students.

1994-20001994-2000 Paradigm shift begin to occur in Paradigm shift begin to occur in

the Education industry.the Education industry. Many states implemented Many states implemented

content standards and content standards and performance standards.performance standards.

Data was collected and used for Data was collected and used for improvementimprovement

Implementation of large scale Implementation of large scale assessment programs.assessment programs.

No Child Left Behind Act of No Child Left Behind Act of 2001(NCLB)2001(NCLB)

Reauthorize ESEA in dramatic ways.Reauthorize ESEA in dramatic ways.

Importance of achievement testing of Importance of achievement testing of students in kindergarten through high students in kindergarten through high school.school.

Accountability in schools.Accountability in schools.

Set standards for grade-level achievement Set standards for grade-level achievement and develop a system to measure the and develop a system to measure the progress of progress of ALLALL students and subgroups of students and subgroups of students in meeting those state determined students in meeting those state determined grade level standards.grade level standards.

Four themes of NCLBFour themes of NCLB

Improving academic Improving academic achievement of the achievement of the economically disadvantage.economically disadvantage.

Highly qualified teachers & Highly qualified teachers & principals.principals.

Making education more Making education more accountable.accountable.

Parental involvement.Parental involvement.

U.S. Education ProcessU.S. Education Process

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NCLB

Improving America’s School ActOf 1994 (IASA)

A Nation at Risk

The Education Act of 1965

ReferencesReferences

Jorgensen, M, & Hoffman, Jenny. (2003, Jorgensen, M, & Hoffman, Jenny. (2003, December). December). History of the no child left History of the no child left behind actbehind act. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.pearsonassessments.com/NRhttp://www.pearsonassessments.com/NR/rdonlyres/D8E33AAE-BED1-4743-98A1-/rdonlyres/D8E33AAE-BED1-4743-98A1-BDF4D49D7274/0/HistoryofNCLB.pdfBDF4D49D7274/0/HistoryofNCLB.pdf..

Sam Dillon, 02-21-2010, Obama to Seek Sam Dillon, 02-21-2010, Obama to Seek Sweeping Change in :”No Child” Law, Sweeping Change in :”No Child” Law, Retrieved June 29, 2010 from Retrieved June 29, 2010 from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/01/educhttp://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/01/education/01child.htmlation/01child.html..