history of greece, volume iv
TRANSCRIPT
History of Greece, Volume IV17 & 19 CORNHILL.
ILLYRIANS1 MACEDONIANS, P./EONIANS.
Different tribes of Illyrians. - Conflicts and contrast of Illyrians with Greeks. - Epidamnus and Apollonia iu relation to the Illyrians. Early Macedonians. -Their original seats. - General view of the coun try which they occupied- eastward of Pindus and Skardus. - Distri bution and tribes of the Macedonians. -Macedonians round Edessa the leading portion of the nation. - Pierians and Bottiroans - originally placed on the Thermaic gulf, between the Macedonians and the sea. - Proonians. -Argeian Greeks who established the dynasty of Edessa Perdikkas. -Talents for command manifested by Greek chieftains over barbaric tribes. -Aggrandizement of the dynasty of Edessa-conquests as far as the Thermaic gulf, as well as over the interior Macedonians. Friendship between king Amyntas and the Peisistratids..•.. .pages 1-19
CHAPTER XXVI.
THRACIANS .AND GREEK COLONIES IN THRACE.
Thracians- their numbers and abode. - Many distinct tribes, yet little di versity of character. - Their cruelty, rapacity, and military efficiency. Thracian worship and character Asiatic. - Early date of the Chalkidic colonies in Thrace. -1\Iethone the earliest - about 720 B.c. - Several other small settlements on the Chalkidic peninsula and its three project ing headlands. - Chalkidic peninsula - Mount Athos. - Colonies in Pallene, or the westernmost of the three headlands. - In Sithonia, or the middle headland.- In the headland of Athos-Akanthus, Stageira, etc. - Greek settlements east of the Strymon in Thrace. -Island of Thasus. -Thracian Chersonesus. - Perinthus, Selymbria, and Byzan· tium. - Grecian settlements on the Euxine, south of the Danube.- Lemnos and Imbros... , • . • . . • • . • . . • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . . • 20-28
iv CONTENTS.
CH.APTER XXVII.
KYRENE. -BARKA. - HESPl<:RIDES.
First voyages of the Greeks to Libya. -Foundation of Kyrene. -Founded by Battus from the island of Thera.- Colony first settled in the island of Platea - afterwards removed to K yrene. - Situation of K yrene. Fertility, produce, and prosperity. - Libyan tribes near Kyrene. - Ex tensive dominion of Kyrene and Bark.a over the Libyans.- Connection of the Greek colonies with the Nomads of Libya. - Manners of the Libyan Nomads. - Mixture of Greeks and Libyan inhabitants at Kyrcne.-Dyn asty of Battus,.Arkesilaus, Battus the Second, at Kyrene-fresh colonists from Greece.-Disputes with the native Libyans.-Arkesilaus the Sec ond, prince of Kyrene - misfortunes of the city-foundation of Barka. -Battus the Third, a lame man - reform by Demonax, who takes away the supreme power from the Battiads. - New emigration - restoration of the Battiad Arkesilaus the Third. - Oracle limiting the duration of the Battiad dynasty.- Violences at Kyrene under Arkesilaus the Third. -Arkesilaus sends his submission to Kambyses, king of Persia. - Per sian expedition from Egypt against Barka-Pheretime, mother of Arkesilaus. - Capture of Barka by perfidy - cruelty of Pheretime. - Battus the Fourth and Arkesilaus the Fourth- fiual extinction of the dynasty about 460-450 B.c. - Constitution of Demonax not durable. • . • . • •• • • . . .. . • • .. . . • • • . ••• . • •. . . •• • • • • . . •. • . • • • . . . •• •• 29-49
CH.APTER XXVIII.
PAN-HELLENIC FESTIVALS-OLYMPIC, PYTHIAN1 NEMEAN1 AND ISTHMIAN.
Want of grouping and unity in the early period of Grecian history.-New causes, tending to favor union, begin after 560 B.c.-no general war between 776 and 560 B.c. known to Thucydides. -Increasing disposition to religious, intellectual, and social union. - Reciprocal admission of cities to the relij:,rious festivals of each other. -Early splendor of the Ionic festival at Delos - its declin<l. - OI1mpic games - their celebrity and long continuance. -Their gradual mcrease- new matches intro duced. - Olympic festival -the first which passes from a local to a Pan Hellenic character. -Pythian games, or festival.- Early state and site of Delphi. - Phocian town of Krissa. - Kirrha, the seaport of Krissa. - Growth of Delphi and Kirrha-decline of Krissa. - Insolence of the Kirrhreans punished by the Amphiktyons. - First Sacred War, in 595 B.c. - Destruction of Kirrha. - Pythian games founded by the .Am phiktyons. -Nemean and Isthmian games. -Pan-Hellenic character acquired by all the four festivals- Olympic, Pythian, Nemean, and Isth· mian. - Increased frequentation of the other festivals in most Greek cities.- .All other Greek cities, except Sparta, encouraged such visits. Effect of these festivals upon the Greek mind.•••••••••••••••••• 50--73
v CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXIX.
LYRIC POETRY.-THE SEVEN WISE MEN.
Age and duration of the Greek lyric poetry. - Epical age preceding the lyrica!.-Wider range of subjects for poetry-new metres-enlarged musical sca!e.-Improvement of the harp by Terpander-of the flute by Olympus and others. -Archilochns, Kallin us, Tyrtrens, and Aikman -670-600 n.c.-New metres superadded to the IIexameter-E!co-iac, Iambic, Trochaic. -Archilochus. - Simonides of Amorgos, Kallin us, Tyrtreus. - Musical and poetical tendencies at Sparta. - Choric training -Aikman, Thaletas.-Doric dialect employed in the choric composi tions. -Arion and Stesichorus - substitution of the professional in place of the popular chorus. - Distribution of the chorus by Stesichorus - Stroph~ - Antistrophe- Ep6dus. -Alkrens and Sappho. - Gnomic or moralizing poets. - Solon and Theognis. - Subordination of musical and orchcstrical accompaniment to the words and meaning. - Seven "Wise Men. - They were the first men who acquired an Hellenic reputa tion, without political genius. - Early manifestation of philosophy-in the form of maxims.- Subsequent growth of dialectics and discussion. - Increa~e of the habit of writing- commencement of prose composi tions. - First beginnings of Grecian art. - Restricted character of early art, from religions associations. - Monumental ornaments in the cities begin in the sixth century n.c. - Importance of Grecian art as a means of Hellenic union .••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••.••••...•.•. 73-101
CHAPTER XXX.
GRECIAN AFFAIRS DURING THE GOVERNMENT OF PEISISTRATUS AND HIS SONS AT ATHENS.
Peisistratus and his sons at Athens -n.c. 560-510 - uncertain chronology as to Peisistratus. - State of feeling in Attica at the accession of Peisis tratus. - Retirement of Peisistratns, and stratagem whereby he is rein stated.- Quarrel of Peisistratns with the Alkmreonids - his second retire ment. - His second and final restoration. - His strong government mercenaries -purification of Delos. - Mild despotism of Peisistratus. His sons Hippias and Hipparchus. - Ilarmodius and Aristogeiton. They conspire and kill Hipparchus, n.c. 514.- Strong and lasting senti ment, coupled with great histor.ical mistake, in the Athenian public. - Hippias despot alone- 514-510 n.c. -his cmelty and conscious inse curity. - Connection of Athens with the Thracian Chersonesus and the Asiatic coast of the Hellespont. - First Miltiades -rokist of the Cherso nese. - Second Miltiades - sent out thither by the l'eisistratids. - Pro ceedings of the exiled Alkmref>nids against Hippias. - Conflagration and rebuilding of the Delphian temple. -The Alkmreonids rebuild the tem ple with magnificence. - Gratitude of the Dclphians towards them - they procure from the oracle directions to Sparta, enjoining the expulsion of Hippias. - Spartan expeditions into Attica. - Expulsion of Hippias, and liberation of Athens................................. 102-126
A*
GRECIAN AFFAIRS AF'.rER '.rHE EXPULSI01' OF '.rHE PEISISTRATIDS. REVOLUTION OF KLEISTHENES AND ESTABLISHMENT OF DEMOCRACY AT ATHENS.
State of Athens after the expulsion of Hippias. - Opposing party-leaders - Kleisthenes - Isagoras. - Democratical revolution headed by Kleis thenes. - Rearrangement and extension of the political franchise. Suppression of the four old tribes, and formation of ten new tribes, in cluding an increased number of the population. - Imperfect description of this event in Herodotus - its real bearing. - Grounds of opposition to it in ancient Athenian feeling. -Names of the new tribes-their rela tion to the demes. -Demes belonging to each tribe usually not adjacent to each other. -Arrangements and functions of the de me. - Solonian constitution preserved, with modifications. - Change of military arrange ment in the state. - The ten strategi, or generals.- The judicial assem bly of citizens, or Ilelirea, subsequently divided into fractions, each judg ing separately. -The political assembly, or ekklesia. - Financial ar rangements. - Senate of Five Hnndred. -ekklesiae, or political assem bly. - Kleisthenes the real author of the Athenian democracy. -Judicial attributes of the people-their gradual enlargement.-'l'hree points in Athenian constitutional law, hanging together:- Universal admissibility of citizens to magistracy- choice by lot- reduced functions of the magistrates chosen by lot. - Universal admissibility of citizens to the archonship - not introduced until after the battle of Platre. - Constitu tion of Kleisthenes retained the Solonian law of exclusion as to individ ual office. - Difference between that constitution and the political state of Athens after Perik!Cs. - Senate of Areopagus. - The ostracism. 'Veakness of the public force in the Grecian governments. - Past vio lences of the Athenian nobles. -Necessity of creating a constitutional morality. - Purpose and working of the ostracism. - Securities against its abuse. - Ostracism necessary as a protection to the early democracy - afterwards dispensed with. - Ostracism analogous to the exclusion of a. known pretender to the throne in a monarchy.-Effcct of the long as cendency of Periktes, in strengthening constitutional morality. - Ostra cism in other Grecian cities. - Striking effect of the revolution of Kleis thenes on the minds of the citizen". - Isagoras calls in Klcomcncs and the Lacedromonians against it. - Klcomenes and Isagoras are expelled from Athens. - Hecall of Kleisthencs - Athens solicits the alliance of the Persians. -First connection between Athens and Platrea. - Disputes between Platrea and Thehes -decision of Corinth as arbitrator. - Sec ond march of Kleomenes against Athens - desertion of his allies. First appearance of Sparta as acting head of Peloponnesian allies. Signal successes of Athens against Bccotians and Chalkidians. -Plan tation of Athenian settlers, or kleruchs, in the te1Titory of Chalkis. Distress of the Thebans - they ask assistance from }Egina. -The ..iEginetans make war on Athens. - !'reparations at Sparta to attack Athens anew - the Spartan allies arc summoned, together with Hippias. -First formal convocation at Sparta-advance of Greece towards a political system. - Proceedings of the convocation - animated protest of Corinth against any interference in favor of Ilippias - the Spartan allies refuse to interfere. -Aversion to single-headed mle - now predominant
vii CONTENTS.
in Greece. - Striking development of Athenian energy after the revolu tion of Klcisthcnes - language of Herodotus. - Effect of the idea or theory of democracy in exciting Athenian scntiment.-Patriotism of an Athenian between 500-400 n.c. - combined with an eager spirit of per sonal military exertion and sacrifice. -Diminution of this active senti ment in the restored democracy after the Thirty Tyrants.•...•. 126-181
CHAPTER XXXII.
RISE OF THE PERSIAN E~IPIRE.-CYRUS.
State of Asia before the rise of the Persian monarchy. - Great power and alliances of Crmsus. - Rise of Cyrus- uncertainty of his early history. - Story of Astyages. - Herodotus and Ktesias.- Condition of the native Persians at the first rise of Cyrus. - Territory of Iran - between Tigris and Indus. - 'Var between Cyrus and Crmsus. - Crcesus tests the oracles - triumphant reply from Delphi - munificence of Crmsus to the oracle. -Advice given to him by the oracle. -He solicits the alliance of Spar ta. - He crosses the Halys and attacks the Persians. - llapid march of Cyrus to Sardis. - Siege and capture of Sardis. - Crmsus becomes prisoner of Cyrus - how treated. - Remonstrance addressed by Crmsus to the Dclphian god.- Successful justification of the oracle.-Fate of Crrnsus impressive to the Greek mind. - The Mrnrre, or Fates. - State of the Asiatic Greeks after the conquest of Lydia by Cyrus.- They ap ply in vain to Sparta for aid. - Cyrus quits Sardis -revolt of the Lydi ans suppressed. -The Persian general l\fazares attacks Ioni::i-the Lydian Paktyas. - IIarpagus succeeds l\Iazares -conquest of Ionia by the Persians. - Fate of Phokrea. - Emigration of the Phokreans vowed .by all, executed only by one httlf. - Phokrean colony first at Alalia, then at Elca. -Proposition of Bias for a Pan-Ionic emigration not adopted. - Entire conquest of Asia Minor by the Persians. 182-208
CHAPTER XXXIII.
GROWTH OF THE PERSIA:S- El!PIRE.
Conquests of Cyrus in Asia. - His attack of Babylon. - Difficult approach to Babvlon - no resistance made to the invaders. - Cnus distrihutcs the river Gyndcs i11to many channels.- He takes Bahyion, by drawing off for a time the waters of the Euphratcs.-Eabylon left in unclimin ishcd strength and population. - Cyrus attacks the l\fassagctre - is de feated and slain. - Extraordinary stimulns to the l'crsians, from the conquests of Cyrus. - Character· of the Persians. - Thirst for foreign conquest among the Persians, for three reigns after Cyrus. - Kamhyscs s~ccceds his father Cyrus - his invasion of Egypt. - Death of Amnsis, kmg of Egypt, at the time when the Persian expedition was prcparing his son Psammcnitus sncceccls. - Conquest of Egypt by Kamlivses. Submission of Kyrene and Barka to Kambyses - his projects for con quering Libya nnd Ethiopia diaappointcd. -Insults of Kamliyscs to the
viii CONTENTS.
Egyptian religion. - Madness of Kambyses - he puts to death his younger broth<'r, Smerdis. - Conspiracy of the Magian }>atizeithes, who sets np his brother as king under the name of Smcrdis. -Death of Kam byscs. - Reign of the false Smerrlis - conspiracy of the seven Persian noblemen against him - he is slain - Darius succeeds to the throne. Political bearing of this conspiracy- Smerdis represents J\Iedian pre ponderance, which is again put down by Darius. - Revolt of the Mcdes -suppressed.-Dise011tents of the satraps.-Revolt of Babylon.- Re conquered and dismantled by Darin s. - Organization of the Persian em pire by Darius. - Twenty satrapies with a fixed tribute apportioned to each. - Imposts upon the different satrapies. - Organizing tendency of Darius-first imperial coinage-imperial roads and posts.-Island of Samos -its condition at the access ion of Darius. - l'olykrates. -Poly krates breaks with Amasis, king of Egypt, and allies himself with Kam byscs.-Thc Samian exiles, expelled by l'olykrates, apply to Sparta for aid. - The I,accd:cmonians attack Samos, but arc repulsed. - Attack on Siphnos by the Samian exiles. -Prnsperity of l'olykrates. -Ile is slain by the J>ersian satrap Ormtcs. - M::randrius, lieutenant of Polykratcs in Samos - he desires to establish a free government after the death of Polykrates - comluct of the Samians. - Mreandrius becomes despot. Contrast between the Athenians and the Sami:ms.- Syloson, brother of Polykrates, lands with a Persian army in Samos-his history. - Mrean drius agrees to evacuate the island. - Many Persian officers slain slaughter of the Samians.- Syloson despot at Samos. -Application of Mreandrius to Sparta for aid- refused.......•.•.•••••.••••.• 209-252
CHAPTER XXXIV.
DE}lOKEDES. - DARIUS INVADES SCYTHIA.
Conquering dispositions of Darius.-Influence of his wife, Atossa. Demokedes, the Krotoniate surgeon - his adventures -he is carried as a slave to Susa. - He cures Darius, who rewards him munificently. He procures permission by artifice, nnd through the influence of Atossa, to return to Greece. - Atossa suggests to Darius an expedition against Greece. - DemokCdes, with some Persians, is sent to procure information for him. - Vovage of Dcmokcdcs along the coast of Greece- he stays at Kroton-:l'ate of his Persian -companions. - Conseqnences which might have been expected to happen if Darius had then undertaken his expedition against Greece. - Darius marches against Scythia. - His naval force formed of Asiatic and insular Grceks.-He directs the Greeks to throw a bridge over the Danube and crosses the river. - He marches into Scythia - narrative of his march impossible and unintelligi ble, considered as history. - The description of his march is rather to be looked upon as a fancy-picture, illustrative of Scythian wmfare. -Poeti cal grouping of the Scythians and their neighbors by Herodotus. Strong impression produced upon the imagination of Herodotus by the Scythians. - Orders given by Darius to the Ionians at the lJridgc ove1 the Danube. -The Ionians are left in guard of the bridge; their conduct when Darius's return is delayed. -The Ionian despots preserve the bridge and enahle Darius to recross the river, as a means of support to their own dominion at home. - Opportunity lost of emancipation from
ix CONTENTS.
the Persians - Conquest of Thrace by the Persians as far as the river Strymon-Myrkinus near that river given to Histireus.-Macedonians and Preonians are conquered by Megabazus. - Insolence of the Persian envoys in Macedonia - they are murdered. -Histireus founds a prosper ous colony at Myrkinus - Darius sends for him into Asia. - Otanes Persian general on the Hellespont - he conquers the Pelasgian popula tion of Lemnos, Imbros, etc.-Lemnos and Imbros captured by the Athenians and l.\filtiades.. . . • • • . . . • • • • • • • • • . . .. • • • • • • .. • • • 252-280
CHAPTER XXXV.
IONIC REVOLT.
Darius carries llistireus to Susa.-Applicatiou of the banished Hippias to .Artaphernes, satrap of Sardis. -State of the island of Naxos-Naxian exiles solicit aid from Aristagoras of Miletus.-Expedition against Naxos, undertaken by Aristagoras with the assistance of Artaphernes the satrap. - Its failure, through dispute between Aristagoras and the Persian general, Megabates. -Alarm of Aristagoras -he determines to revolt against Persia -instigation to the same effect from His tireus. - Revolt of Aristagoras and the Milesians - the despots in the various cities deposed and seized. - Extension of the revolt throughout Asiatic Greece - Aristagoras goes to solicit aid from Sparta.-Refusal of the Spartans to assist him.-Aristagoras applies to Athens - obtains aid both from Athens and Eretria. - March of Aristagoras up to Sardis with "the Athenian and Eretrian allies burning of the town - retreat and defeat of these Greeks by the Per· sians. -The Athenians abandon the alliance. - Extension of the revolt to Cyprus and Byzantium.-l'henician fleet called forth by the Persians. -Persian and Phenician armament sent against Cyprus -the Ionians send aid thither-victory of the Persians- they reconquer the island. - Successes of the Persians against the revolted coast of Asia. Minor. - Aristagoras loses courage and abandons the country.-Appearance of Histireus, who had obtained leave of departure from Susa. - Histireus is suspected by Artaphernes -flees to Chios. - Ile attempts in vain to procure admission into Miletus - puts himself at the head of a small piratical squadron.-Large Persian force assembled, aided by the Pheni cian fleet, for the siege of Mi!Ctus. -The allied Grecian fleet mustered at Lade. -Attempts of the Persians to disunite the allies, by means of the exiled despots. - 'Vant of command and discipline in the Grecian fleet. - Energy of the PhOkrean Dionysius - he is allowed to assume the command. -Discontent of the Grecian crews - they refuse to act under Dionysius. - Contrast of this incapacity of the Ionic crews with the sub· sequent severe discipline of the Athenian seamen. - Disorder and mis trust grow up in the fleet- treachery of the Samian captains. - Com plete victory of the Persian fleet at Lade - ruin of the Ionic fleet -se vere loss of the Chians.- Voluntary exile and adventures of Dionysius. - Siege, capture, and ruin of Milctus by the Persians. - The Phenician fleet reconquers…
ILLYRIANS1 MACEDONIANS, P./EONIANS.
Different tribes of Illyrians. - Conflicts and contrast of Illyrians with Greeks. - Epidamnus and Apollonia iu relation to the Illyrians. Early Macedonians. -Their original seats. - General view of the coun try which they occupied- eastward of Pindus and Skardus. - Distri bution and tribes of the Macedonians. -Macedonians round Edessa the leading portion of the nation. - Pierians and Bottiroans - originally placed on the Thermaic gulf, between the Macedonians and the sea. - Proonians. -Argeian Greeks who established the dynasty of Edessa Perdikkas. -Talents for command manifested by Greek chieftains over barbaric tribes. -Aggrandizement of the dynasty of Edessa-conquests as far as the Thermaic gulf, as well as over the interior Macedonians. Friendship between king Amyntas and the Peisistratids..•.. .pages 1-19
CHAPTER XXVI.
THRACIANS .AND GREEK COLONIES IN THRACE.
Thracians- their numbers and abode. - Many distinct tribes, yet little di versity of character. - Their cruelty, rapacity, and military efficiency. Thracian worship and character Asiatic. - Early date of the Chalkidic colonies in Thrace. -1\Iethone the earliest - about 720 B.c. - Several other small settlements on the Chalkidic peninsula and its three project ing headlands. - Chalkidic peninsula - Mount Athos. - Colonies in Pallene, or the westernmost of the three headlands. - In Sithonia, or the middle headland.- In the headland of Athos-Akanthus, Stageira, etc. - Greek settlements east of the Strymon in Thrace. -Island of Thasus. -Thracian Chersonesus. - Perinthus, Selymbria, and Byzan· tium. - Grecian settlements on the Euxine, south of the Danube.- Lemnos and Imbros... , • . • . . • • . • . . • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . . • 20-28
iv CONTENTS.
CH.APTER XXVII.
KYRENE. -BARKA. - HESPl<:RIDES.
First voyages of the Greeks to Libya. -Foundation of Kyrene. -Founded by Battus from the island of Thera.- Colony first settled in the island of Platea - afterwards removed to K yrene. - Situation of K yrene. Fertility, produce, and prosperity. - Libyan tribes near Kyrene. - Ex tensive dominion of Kyrene and Bark.a over the Libyans.- Connection of the Greek colonies with the Nomads of Libya. - Manners of the Libyan Nomads. - Mixture of Greeks and Libyan inhabitants at Kyrcne.-Dyn asty of Battus,.Arkesilaus, Battus the Second, at Kyrene-fresh colonists from Greece.-Disputes with the native Libyans.-Arkesilaus the Sec ond, prince of Kyrene - misfortunes of the city-foundation of Barka. -Battus the Third, a lame man - reform by Demonax, who takes away the supreme power from the Battiads. - New emigration - restoration of the Battiad Arkesilaus the Third. - Oracle limiting the duration of the Battiad dynasty.- Violences at Kyrene under Arkesilaus the Third. -Arkesilaus sends his submission to Kambyses, king of Persia. - Per sian expedition from Egypt against Barka-Pheretime, mother of Arkesilaus. - Capture of Barka by perfidy - cruelty of Pheretime. - Battus the Fourth and Arkesilaus the Fourth- fiual extinction of the dynasty about 460-450 B.c. - Constitution of Demonax not durable. • . • . • •• • • . . .. . • • .. . . • • • . ••• . • •. . . •• • • • • . . •. • . • • • . . . •• •• 29-49
CH.APTER XXVIII.
PAN-HELLENIC FESTIVALS-OLYMPIC, PYTHIAN1 NEMEAN1 AND ISTHMIAN.
Want of grouping and unity in the early period of Grecian history.-New causes, tending to favor union, begin after 560 B.c.-no general war between 776 and 560 B.c. known to Thucydides. -Increasing disposition to religious, intellectual, and social union. - Reciprocal admission of cities to the relij:,rious festivals of each other. -Early splendor of the Ionic festival at Delos - its declin<l. - OI1mpic games - their celebrity and long continuance. -Their gradual mcrease- new matches intro duced. - Olympic festival -the first which passes from a local to a Pan Hellenic character. -Pythian games, or festival.- Early state and site of Delphi. - Phocian town of Krissa. - Kirrha, the seaport of Krissa. - Growth of Delphi and Kirrha-decline of Krissa. - Insolence of the Kirrhreans punished by the Amphiktyons. - First Sacred War, in 595 B.c. - Destruction of Kirrha. - Pythian games founded by the .Am phiktyons. -Nemean and Isthmian games. -Pan-Hellenic character acquired by all the four festivals- Olympic, Pythian, Nemean, and Isth· mian. - Increased frequentation of the other festivals in most Greek cities.- .All other Greek cities, except Sparta, encouraged such visits. Effect of these festivals upon the Greek mind.•••••••••••••••••• 50--73
v CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXIX.
LYRIC POETRY.-THE SEVEN WISE MEN.
Age and duration of the Greek lyric poetry. - Epical age preceding the lyrica!.-Wider range of subjects for poetry-new metres-enlarged musical sca!e.-Improvement of the harp by Terpander-of the flute by Olympus and others. -Archilochns, Kallin us, Tyrtrens, and Aikman -670-600 n.c.-New metres superadded to the IIexameter-E!co-iac, Iambic, Trochaic. -Archilochus. - Simonides of Amorgos, Kallin us, Tyrtreus. - Musical and poetical tendencies at Sparta. - Choric training -Aikman, Thaletas.-Doric dialect employed in the choric composi tions. -Arion and Stesichorus - substitution of the professional in place of the popular chorus. - Distribution of the chorus by Stesichorus - Stroph~ - Antistrophe- Ep6dus. -Alkrens and Sappho. - Gnomic or moralizing poets. - Solon and Theognis. - Subordination of musical and orchcstrical accompaniment to the words and meaning. - Seven "Wise Men. - They were the first men who acquired an Hellenic reputa tion, without political genius. - Early manifestation of philosophy-in the form of maxims.- Subsequent growth of dialectics and discussion. - Increa~e of the habit of writing- commencement of prose composi tions. - First beginnings of Grecian art. - Restricted character of early art, from religions associations. - Monumental ornaments in the cities begin in the sixth century n.c. - Importance of Grecian art as a means of Hellenic union .••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••.••••...•.•. 73-101
CHAPTER XXX.
GRECIAN AFFAIRS DURING THE GOVERNMENT OF PEISISTRATUS AND HIS SONS AT ATHENS.
Peisistratus and his sons at Athens -n.c. 560-510 - uncertain chronology as to Peisistratus. - State of feeling in Attica at the accession of Peisis tratus. - Retirement of Peisistratns, and stratagem whereby he is rein stated.- Quarrel of Peisistratns with the Alkmreonids - his second retire ment. - His second and final restoration. - His strong government mercenaries -purification of Delos. - Mild despotism of Peisistratus. His sons Hippias and Hipparchus. - Ilarmodius and Aristogeiton. They conspire and kill Hipparchus, n.c. 514.- Strong and lasting senti ment, coupled with great histor.ical mistake, in the Athenian public. - Hippias despot alone- 514-510 n.c. -his cmelty and conscious inse curity. - Connection of Athens with the Thracian Chersonesus and the Asiatic coast of the Hellespont. - First Miltiades -rokist of the Cherso nese. - Second Miltiades - sent out thither by the l'eisistratids. - Pro ceedings of the exiled Alkmref>nids against Hippias. - Conflagration and rebuilding of the Delphian temple. -The Alkmreonids rebuild the tem ple with magnificence. - Gratitude of the Dclphians towards them - they procure from the oracle directions to Sparta, enjoining the expulsion of Hippias. - Spartan expeditions into Attica. - Expulsion of Hippias, and liberation of Athens................................. 102-126
A*
GRECIAN AFFAIRS AF'.rER '.rHE EXPULSI01' OF '.rHE PEISISTRATIDS. REVOLUTION OF KLEISTHENES AND ESTABLISHMENT OF DEMOCRACY AT ATHENS.
State of Athens after the expulsion of Hippias. - Opposing party-leaders - Kleisthenes - Isagoras. - Democratical revolution headed by Kleis thenes. - Rearrangement and extension of the political franchise. Suppression of the four old tribes, and formation of ten new tribes, in cluding an increased number of the population. - Imperfect description of this event in Herodotus - its real bearing. - Grounds of opposition to it in ancient Athenian feeling. -Names of the new tribes-their rela tion to the demes. -Demes belonging to each tribe usually not adjacent to each other. -Arrangements and functions of the de me. - Solonian constitution preserved, with modifications. - Change of military arrange ment in the state. - The ten strategi, or generals.- The judicial assem bly of citizens, or Ilelirea, subsequently divided into fractions, each judg ing separately. -The political assembly, or ekklesia. - Financial ar rangements. - Senate of Five Hnndred. -ekklesiae, or political assem bly. - Kleisthenes the real author of the Athenian democracy. -Judicial attributes of the people-their gradual enlargement.-'l'hree points in Athenian constitutional law, hanging together:- Universal admissibility of citizens to magistracy- choice by lot- reduced functions of the magistrates chosen by lot. - Universal admissibility of citizens to the archonship - not introduced until after the battle of Platre. - Constitu tion of Kleisthenes retained the Solonian law of exclusion as to individ ual office. - Difference between that constitution and the political state of Athens after Perik!Cs. - Senate of Areopagus. - The ostracism. 'Veakness of the public force in the Grecian governments. - Past vio lences of the Athenian nobles. -Necessity of creating a constitutional morality. - Purpose and working of the ostracism. - Securities against its abuse. - Ostracism necessary as a protection to the early democracy - afterwards dispensed with. - Ostracism analogous to the exclusion of a. known pretender to the throne in a monarchy.-Effcct of the long as cendency of Periktes, in strengthening constitutional morality. - Ostra cism in other Grecian cities. - Striking effect of the revolution of Kleis thenes on the minds of the citizen". - Isagoras calls in Klcomcncs and the Lacedromonians against it. - Klcomenes and Isagoras are expelled from Athens. - Hecall of Kleisthencs - Athens solicits the alliance of the Persians. -First connection between Athens and Platrea. - Disputes between Platrea and Thehes -decision of Corinth as arbitrator. - Sec ond march of Kleomenes against Athens - desertion of his allies. First appearance of Sparta as acting head of Peloponnesian allies. Signal successes of Athens against Bccotians and Chalkidians. -Plan tation of Athenian settlers, or kleruchs, in the te1Titory of Chalkis. Distress of the Thebans - they ask assistance from }Egina. -The ..iEginetans make war on Athens. - !'reparations at Sparta to attack Athens anew - the Spartan allies arc summoned, together with Hippias. -First formal convocation at Sparta-advance of Greece towards a political system. - Proceedings of the convocation - animated protest of Corinth against any interference in favor of Ilippias - the Spartan allies refuse to interfere. -Aversion to single-headed mle - now predominant
vii CONTENTS.
in Greece. - Striking development of Athenian energy after the revolu tion of Klcisthcnes - language of Herodotus. - Effect of the idea or theory of democracy in exciting Athenian scntiment.-Patriotism of an Athenian between 500-400 n.c. - combined with an eager spirit of per sonal military exertion and sacrifice. -Diminution of this active senti ment in the restored democracy after the Thirty Tyrants.•...•. 126-181
CHAPTER XXXII.
RISE OF THE PERSIAN E~IPIRE.-CYRUS.
State of Asia before the rise of the Persian monarchy. - Great power and alliances of Crmsus. - Rise of Cyrus- uncertainty of his early history. - Story of Astyages. - Herodotus and Ktesias.- Condition of the native Persians at the first rise of Cyrus. - Territory of Iran - between Tigris and Indus. - 'Var between Cyrus and Crmsus. - Crcesus tests the oracles - triumphant reply from Delphi - munificence of Crmsus to the oracle. -Advice given to him by the oracle. -He solicits the alliance of Spar ta. - He crosses the Halys and attacks the Persians. - llapid march of Cyrus to Sardis. - Siege and capture of Sardis. - Crmsus becomes prisoner of Cyrus - how treated. - Remonstrance addressed by Crmsus to the Dclphian god.- Successful justification of the oracle.-Fate of Crrnsus impressive to the Greek mind. - The Mrnrre, or Fates. - State of the Asiatic Greeks after the conquest of Lydia by Cyrus.- They ap ply in vain to Sparta for aid. - Cyrus quits Sardis -revolt of the Lydi ans suppressed. -The Persian general l\fazares attacks Ioni::i-the Lydian Paktyas. - IIarpagus succeeds l\Iazares -conquest of Ionia by the Persians. - Fate of Phokrea. - Emigration of the Phokreans vowed .by all, executed only by one httlf. - Phokrean colony first at Alalia, then at Elca. -Proposition of Bias for a Pan-Ionic emigration not adopted. - Entire conquest of Asia Minor by the Persians. 182-208
CHAPTER XXXIII.
GROWTH OF THE PERSIA:S- El!PIRE.
Conquests of Cyrus in Asia. - His attack of Babylon. - Difficult approach to Babvlon - no resistance made to the invaders. - Cnus distrihutcs the river Gyndcs i11to many channels.- He takes Bahyion, by drawing off for a time the waters of the Euphratcs.-Eabylon left in unclimin ishcd strength and population. - Cyrus attacks the l\fassagctre - is de feated and slain. - Extraordinary stimulns to the l'crsians, from the conquests of Cyrus. - Character· of the Persians. - Thirst for foreign conquest among the Persians, for three reigns after Cyrus. - Kamhyscs s~ccceds his father Cyrus - his invasion of Egypt. - Death of Amnsis, kmg of Egypt, at the time when the Persian expedition was prcparing his son Psammcnitus sncceccls. - Conquest of Egypt by Kamlivses. Submission of Kyrene and Barka to Kambyses - his projects for con quering Libya nnd Ethiopia diaappointcd. -Insults of Kamliyscs to the
viii CONTENTS.
Egyptian religion. - Madness of Kambyses - he puts to death his younger broth<'r, Smerdis. - Conspiracy of the Magian }>atizeithes, who sets np his brother as king under the name of Smcrdis. -Death of Kam byscs. - Reign of the false Smerrlis - conspiracy of the seven Persian noblemen against him - he is slain - Darius succeeds to the throne. Political bearing of this conspiracy- Smerdis represents J\Iedian pre ponderance, which is again put down by Darius. - Revolt of the Mcdes -suppressed.-Dise011tents of the satraps.-Revolt of Babylon.- Re conquered and dismantled by Darin s. - Organization of the Persian em pire by Darius. - Twenty satrapies with a fixed tribute apportioned to each. - Imposts upon the different satrapies. - Organizing tendency of Darius-first imperial coinage-imperial roads and posts.-Island of Samos -its condition at the access ion of Darius. - l'olykrates. -Poly krates breaks with Amasis, king of Egypt, and allies himself with Kam byscs.-Thc Samian exiles, expelled by l'olykrates, apply to Sparta for aid. - The I,accd:cmonians attack Samos, but arc repulsed. - Attack on Siphnos by the Samian exiles. -Prnsperity of l'olykrates. -Ile is slain by the J>ersian satrap Ormtcs. - M::randrius, lieutenant of Polykratcs in Samos - he desires to establish a free government after the death of Polykrates - comluct of the Samians. - Mreandrius becomes despot. Contrast between the Athenians and the Sami:ms.- Syloson, brother of Polykrates, lands with a Persian army in Samos-his history. - Mrean drius agrees to evacuate the island. - Many Persian officers slain slaughter of the Samians.- Syloson despot at Samos. -Application of Mreandrius to Sparta for aid- refused.......•.•.•••••.••••.• 209-252
CHAPTER XXXIV.
DE}lOKEDES. - DARIUS INVADES SCYTHIA.
Conquering dispositions of Darius.-Influence of his wife, Atossa. Demokedes, the Krotoniate surgeon - his adventures -he is carried as a slave to Susa. - He cures Darius, who rewards him munificently. He procures permission by artifice, nnd through the influence of Atossa, to return to Greece. - Atossa suggests to Darius an expedition against Greece. - DemokCdes, with some Persians, is sent to procure information for him. - Vovage of Dcmokcdcs along the coast of Greece- he stays at Kroton-:l'ate of his Persian -companions. - Conseqnences which might have been expected to happen if Darius had then undertaken his expedition against Greece. - Darius marches against Scythia. - His naval force formed of Asiatic and insular Grceks.-He directs the Greeks to throw a bridge over the Danube and crosses the river. - He marches into Scythia - narrative of his march impossible and unintelligi ble, considered as history. - The description of his march is rather to be looked upon as a fancy-picture, illustrative of Scythian wmfare. -Poeti cal grouping of the Scythians and their neighbors by Herodotus. Strong impression produced upon the imagination of Herodotus by the Scythians. - Orders given by Darius to the Ionians at the lJridgc ove1 the Danube. -The Ionians are left in guard of the bridge; their conduct when Darius's return is delayed. -The Ionian despots preserve the bridge and enahle Darius to recross the river, as a means of support to their own dominion at home. - Opportunity lost of emancipation from
ix CONTENTS.
the Persians - Conquest of Thrace by the Persians as far as the river Strymon-Myrkinus near that river given to Histireus.-Macedonians and Preonians are conquered by Megabazus. - Insolence of the Persian envoys in Macedonia - they are murdered. -Histireus founds a prosper ous colony at Myrkinus - Darius sends for him into Asia. - Otanes Persian general on the Hellespont - he conquers the Pelasgian popula tion of Lemnos, Imbros, etc.-Lemnos and Imbros captured by the Athenians and l.\filtiades.. . . • • • . . . • • • • • • • • • . . .. • • • • • • .. • • • 252-280
CHAPTER XXXV.
IONIC REVOLT.
Darius carries llistireus to Susa.-Applicatiou of the banished Hippias to .Artaphernes, satrap of Sardis. -State of the island of Naxos-Naxian exiles solicit aid from Aristagoras of Miletus.-Expedition against Naxos, undertaken by Aristagoras with the assistance of Artaphernes the satrap. - Its failure, through dispute between Aristagoras and the Persian general, Megabates. -Alarm of Aristagoras -he determines to revolt against Persia -instigation to the same effect from His tireus. - Revolt of Aristagoras and the Milesians - the despots in the various cities deposed and seized. - Extension of the revolt throughout Asiatic Greece - Aristagoras goes to solicit aid from Sparta.-Refusal of the Spartans to assist him.-Aristagoras applies to Athens - obtains aid both from Athens and Eretria. - March of Aristagoras up to Sardis with "the Athenian and Eretrian allies burning of the town - retreat and defeat of these Greeks by the Per· sians. -The Athenians abandon the alliance. - Extension of the revolt to Cyprus and Byzantium.-l'henician fleet called forth by the Persians. -Persian and Phenician armament sent against Cyprus -the Ionians send aid thither-victory of the Persians- they reconquer the island. - Successes of the Persians against the revolted coast of Asia. Minor. - Aristagoras loses courage and abandons the country.-Appearance of Histireus, who had obtained leave of departure from Susa. - Histireus is suspected by Artaphernes -flees to Chios. - Ile attempts in vain to procure admission into Miletus - puts himself at the head of a small piratical squadron.-Large Persian force assembled, aided by the Pheni cian fleet, for the siege of Mi!Ctus. -The allied Grecian fleet mustered at Lade. -Attempts of the Persians to disunite the allies, by means of the exiled despots. - 'Vant of command and discipline in the Grecian fleet. - Energy of the PhOkrean Dionysius - he is allowed to assume the command. -Discontent of the Grecian crews - they refuse to act under Dionysius. - Contrast of this incapacity of the Ionic crews with the sub· sequent severe discipline of the Athenian seamen. - Disorder and mis trust grow up in the fleet- treachery of the Samian captains. - Com plete victory of the Persian fleet at Lade - ruin of the Ionic fleet -se vere loss of the Chians.- Voluntary exile and adventures of Dionysius. - Siege, capture, and ruin of Milctus by the Persians. - The Phenician fleet reconquers…