history of genetics in evolutionevolution.gs.washington.edu/gs453/2011/section1.pdfhistory of...
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History of Genetics in Evolution
Joe Felsenstein
GENOME 453, Autumn 2011
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.1/41
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The Great Chain of Being
Going back as far as the Ancient Greeks, a linear hierarchy of life formswas assumed, with inanimate objects at the bottom and deities at the top:
DeityAngelsManMammalsBirdsReptilesAmphibiansFishInsectsWormsProtistsRocks
Issues: placement of birds, insects not obvious. A scale of complexity? Orwhat?
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.2/41
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Karl Linné (Carolus Linnaeus) (1707-1778)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.3/41
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Monophyly
Monophyletic: having a common ancestor which is not the ancestor of anyof the other species being discussed.
(This definition works for cases where there are fossil forms beingincluded, and those where they are not, and works whether we arediscussing only a fixed set of species or all species descended from someancestor.)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.4/41
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Aphylogeny
oftheliving
Craniata
Mammals
Birds
Crocodilians
Snakes, Lizards
Turtles
Frogs
Salamanders
Lungfish
Coelacanth
Sharks, Rays
Lamprey
Hagfish
Amphioxus
Most fishes
History
ofGenetics
inE
volution–
p.5/41
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Vertebrates
area
monophyletic
group
Mammals
Birds
Crocodilians
Snakes, Lizards
Turtles
Frogs
Salamanders
Lungfish
Coelacanth
Sharks, Rays
Lamprey
Hagfish
Amphioxus
The vertebrates
Most fishes
History
ofGenetics
inE
volution–
p.6/41
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Reptiles
andfishes
areparaphyletic
groups
Mammals
Birds
Crocodilians
Snakes, Lizards
Turtles
Frogs
Salamanders
Lungfish
Coelacanth
Sharks, Rays
Lamprey
Hagfish
Amphioxus
Osteichtyes
Reptiles
Most fishes
History
ofGenetics
inE
volution–
p.7/41
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An American in Paris (2005)
Wandering east of the Panthéon on the Left Bank of Paris, you begin tonotice unusual street names:
A street named for Linnaeus? This only hints at a little-known story.
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.8/41
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Buffon
George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.9/41
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Statue of Buffon at the Jardin des Plantes
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.10/41
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Buffon, honored
Rue Buffon, next to the Jardin des Plantes(with plastic mastodon, Golden Arches, traffic ticket)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.11/41
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Lamarck
Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.12/41
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Lamarck’s tree
As published in Philosophie Zoologique, 1809Can you identify some of the groups? “M.” means mammals
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.13/41
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Lamarck’s mechanism for evolutionIn Philosophie Zoologique, 1809.
Organisms’ characters are altered by the effects of use and disuse.
These changes are passed on to descendants by inheritance ofacquired characters.
Note that Lamarck did not originate “Lamarckian inheritance": it wassomething everyone believed in at that time.
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.14/41
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Old displays in the Museum of Natural History, Paris
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.15/41
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Statue of Lamarck in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.16/41
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Lamarck’s works listed
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.17/41
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“My father, you will be vindicated”
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.18/41
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Buffon’s (and Lamarck’s) house next to the Museum
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.19/41
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Plaque on house commemorating Buffon
“George Louis Leclerc, Count of Buffon, born in Montbard, 7 September 1707,director of the Royal Botanical Garden from 1739 on, died in this house, 16April 1788”
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.20/41
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Plaque on house commemorating Lamarck
“Jean Baptiste Lamarck, born in Bazentin Le Petit, 1 August 1744, Professorat the Museum, Author of the first theory of evolution, lived in this house from1795 on, died on the 18th of December 1829”
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.21/41
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Geoffroy versus Cuvier
Etienne Geoffroy St.Hilaire(1772-1844)
Georges LèopoleChrètienFrèdèric Dagobert,Baron Cuvier(1769-1832)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.22/41
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Memorials in Paris
Fountain on corner of Rue Cuvier,Rue Linné and Rue Cuvier along side of fountain(“Á GEORGES CUVIER”) and side of Jardin des Plantes
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.23/41
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Allee Cuvier, within the Jardin
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.24/41
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Rue Geoffroy St. Hilaire
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.25/41
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Paris: Rue Lamarck and Rue Darwin
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.26/41
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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.27/41
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Goethe (1790) on the origin of parts of flowers
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.28/41
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The Naturphilosophen
Monkey
Mouse
Fish
Amphibian
Ape Ape
Monkey
Mouse
Reptile Reptile
Amphibian
Fish
common developmental pathway evolutionary tree
The and Evolutionary views Naturphilosophen
Great Chain of Being
Note − The picture here is very much a
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.29/41
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Robert Chambers discusses evolution in 1844
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.30/41
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.31/41
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Wallace
Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) in 1869
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.32/41
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Lamarck’s theory versus Darwin’s
Lamarck Darwin/WallaceGenetic variation important? No YesDifferential survival or reproduction? No YesMutations are in what direction? adaptive randomPhenotypic changes inherited? Yes maybe
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.33/41
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Fleeming Jenkin
Fleeming Jenkin (1833-1885) Fleeming Jenkin BuildingUniversity of Edinburgh
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.34/41
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Blending inheritance and selection
0
2
4
8
10
0 10 20 30 40
Value of character
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.35/41
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The Biometricians
Francis Galton (1822-1911) Karl Pearson (1857-1936)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.36/41
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Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.37/41
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Mendel in his school
The faculty of Mendel’s monastery school(Mendel is top center-right with flower)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.38/41
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Rediscoverers of Mendel
Carl Correns Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg Hugo De Vries
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.39/41
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Founders of theoretical population genetics
R. A. Fisher J. B. S. Haldane Sewall Wright
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.40/41
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Developers and popularizers of the Neodarwinian Synthesis
Ernst Mayr George Gaylord Simpson Sir Julian Huxley
G. Ledyard Stebbins Theodosius Dobzhansky
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.41/41