WINTERTemplateHISTORY OF

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

Marife GarciaPaula NavarroKreanne Pagdanganan

II - 2 BECEd

“Technology is commonly thought of in terms of gadgets, instruments, machines and devices … most (educators) will defer to technology as computers.”

(Muffoletto, 1994)

The history of “Educational technology … can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systemized bodies of knowledge, and early cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information.”

(Paul Saettler, 1990)

Comenius, Pestalozzi, Comenius, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Herbart and Montessori Froebel, Herbart and Montessori contributed their own concept on contributed their own concept on educational technology improving educational technology improving educative process.educative process.

John Amos Comenius was John Amos Comenius was recognized as the pioneer recognized as the pioneer of modern instructional of modern instructional

technology by reason of his technology by reason of his book Orbis Pictus (The book Orbis Pictus (The

World in Picture) which World in Picture) which was illustrated textbooks was illustrated textbooks for children studying Latin for children studying Latin

& Sciences.& Sciences.

Edward Thorndike and John Dewey Edward Thorndike and John Dewey formulated scientific theory of formulated scientific theory of

learning and the scientific method, learning and the scientific method, respectively. Thorndike gave respectively. Thorndike gave

emphasis to the use of empirical emphasis to the use of empirical investigation as a basis for an investigation as a basis for an

organized process of learning. On organized process of learning. On his part, Dewey introduced a his part, Dewey introduced a

method of instruction in terms method of instruction in terms scientific method in broad termsscientific method in broad terms

The 19The 19thth century paved in the century paved in the advent of effective advent of effective

technological development technological development including the production of including the production of

textbooks, use of blackboards textbooks, use of blackboards and improvements in writing and improvements in writing implements like pen and ink. implements like pen and ink. Photography was invented, Photography was invented, giving a way to a movement giving a way to a movement called “Visual Instruction”.called “Visual Instruction”.

In 1932, the first instructional In 1932, the first instructional television program was aired at television program was aired at the State University of Iowa. the State University of Iowa. About the same time, the 16 About the same time, the 16 mm sound motion picture was mm sound motion picture was developed and this served as developed and this served as the educational workhorse the educational workhorse during the audio-visual during the audio-visual movement of the time.movement of the time.

During World War II, During World War II, the U.S. government encouraged the U.S. government encouraged

the implementation of technology the implementation of technology of instruction for military training of instruction for military training programs. This gave impetus to a programs. This gave impetus to a system approach to instruction to system approach to instruction to

include: micro-teaching, include: micro-teaching, individualized instruction, individualized instruction,

Language laboratories, behavioral Language laboratories, behavioral laboratories, behavioral laboratories, behavioral

objectives, computer assisted objectives, computer assisted instruction and among othersinstruction and among others

History of Computers

3000 BC

1600s

1800s

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

AbacusAbacus

Punched Punched Card DevicesCard Devices

MainframesMainframes

MicrocomputersMicrocomputers

InternetInternet

CalculatorsCalculators

First Electronic First Electronic ComputersComputers

MinicomputersMinicomputers

Microcomputer Microcomputer SystemsSystems

Ancient Computing HistoryAncient Computing History

The AbacusThe AbacusMechanical aid used for counting and making quick calculations.

Still in use

aroundthe

world.

Early Computing HistoryEarly Computing History

Invented the first mechanical calculator.

The Pascaline used cogs and gears to solve math equations.

PascalineBlaise Pascal

Mechanical CalculatorsMechanical Calculators

Jacquard’s LoomJoseph Jacquard

• First “programmable” machine.

• Used punched cards (binary instructions) to automate weaving loom.

• Punched cards were a staple of early and modern computer programming.

Electronic Computer Electronic Computer SystemsSystems

Used vacuum tubes in electronic circuits.

Used punch cards to input and externally store data.

Up to 4K of memory.

Programming in machine language and assembly language.

Required a compiler.

First Generation:1943-1956

First Generation: First Generation: 1943-19561943-1956

World’s first electronic digital computer.

Used to produce WWII ballistic firing tables for the U.S. Defense Department.

Electronic Numerical Integratorand Calculator (ENIAC)

1956 IBM 350 RAMAC

Second Generation: 1957-Second Generation: 1957-19641964

• Used transistors, developed by Bell Labs.

• Up to 32K of memory.• Programming in

computer languages, such as FORTRAN and COBOL.

Third Generation: 1965-1971Third Generation: 1965-1971

• Used integrated circuits.

• Up to 3 million bytes of memory.

• Lower cost, smaller size, and increasing processor speed.

• Personal computers or PCs.• Usually cost about $2,000 or less.• Process over 1 billion operations per

second.• “Stand-alone” or connected

to other computers as a network system.

Fourth Generation: 1972-Fourth Generation: 1972-NowNow

Microcomputers

TEA

Tim Berners-Lee Developed HTML and the World Wide Web (WWW) was

born.

1990’s 1990’s Connecting the World Connecting the World

Marc Andreessen

An original developer of Mosaic, the first browser software able to read HTML.

Co-founder of Netscape Communications.

• Technologies of the Future

• Advanced robotics commonplace

• Smart houses• Wearable computers• Holodeck virtual reality• Truly individualized

education

The 21The 21stst Century Century• Only recently focused on

computers.

• Internet current primary trend.

– Communication with colleagues.

– Lesson plan preparation.

– Student resources.

– Access research and best practices for teaching.

Source information: NCES 2000 Summer Issue

Our Definition:“A combination of the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs and problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: computers and their related technologies.”

(M. D. Roblyer, 2000)

Modern Educational Technology HistoryModern Educational Technology History

• First instructional use of computers was as a flight simulator used to train pilots at MIT in 1950.

Mainframe Computer Systems

First use in public schools taught New York elementary students binary arithmetic in 1959.

Federal funds supported many large-scale projects in mainframe computer-assisted instruction (CAI) in schools, colleges, and universities through the middle of 1970’s.

Stanford University – first multimedia learning station, Course writer

Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations (PLATO)

BYU – Time-shared Interactive Computer-Controlled Information Television (TICCIT)

Mainframe Computer Systems

Mainframe Computer Systems

Designed to support personalized mastery learning: Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI) -

University of Pittsburgh Program for Learning in Accordance with

Needs (PLAN) - American Institutes of Research

National Education Computing Conference (NECC)

•Created by mainframe programming enthusiasts from universities nationwide.

•First conference held in1979.

•Today is the largest educational technology conference in U.S. with attendance of 10,000+ people.

• Introduced in late 1970’s.• Adopted by public school systems

during 1980’s.– Apple II– Commodore PET– Radio Shack TRS - 80

Microcomputers in Education

Software!

Software• Early courseware developed for mainframes were provided by:

– Large hardware manufacturers– Software systems companies– University development projects

• New microcomputer software market driven primarily by educators.

•Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC)-Initially largest provider of educational software.-Funded by National Science Foundation.

•MicroSift, EPIE -Provided courseware evaluations.

Authoring systems Response to educators quest for input into design of

educational software. Allowed educators to develop their own courseware.

Software

Authoring systems Required extensive expertise. Extended time commitment. Expanded work investment.

Computer Literacy

•Originally defined as programming skills and tools such as word processing.

•Today’s world can only agree that the term refers to skills that are constantly changing.

Seymour Papert

Educational theorist mentored by Jean Piaget.

Developed programming language for young children based on

constructivist theory of education.

Raised national consciousness about potential of technology to change the educational system.

The Internet and the WWW

Biggest challenge for the public educational system has been how to prepare schools physically and train teachers effectively for its use in the classroom.

Four Different ViewsFour Different Views

• Audiovisual Media Communications.• Begun in 1923.• Initially centered on radio.• Quickly extended focus to include instructional film strips and

educational television.• Today, it includes global satellite broadcasting, two-way audio, and

visual communications.

1. AECT

• “Branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning process.”

(Saettler, 1990, p. 9)• Publications:

– TechTrends– Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and

Technology

2. ISPI

• Instructional systems approach based on Behaviorist theories• “Systematic approach to designing, developing, and

delivering instruction matched to carefully identified needs.” (Heinich, Molenda, Russell, & Smaldino, 1997)

•Publications:

-Performance Improvement Journal-Performance Improvement Quarterly

3. ITEA

• Industry trainers and vocational teachers.• Schools should prepare students for work

force Learning about technology as used in the “real world” is essential.

•Includes robotics, manufacturing systems, computer-assisted design (CAD).

•Publications:-The Technology Teacher-Technology and Children-The Journal of Technology Education

4. ISTE

• Primary focus encompassed both instructional and support applications of computers.

• Begun by trainers and educators who predicted that computers would revolutionize education.

• Influenced by technical personnel, such as programmers and systems analysts.

•National Educational Technology Standards for Students and Teachers (NETS)

•Publications:-Learning and Leading with Technology (formerly The Computing Teacher)-Journal of Research on Computing in Education

WINTERTemplate

References

“EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY”

by Dr. Paz I. Lucido & Dr.

Milagros L. Borabo

http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=rNDFZo4zHaMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://www.slideshare.net/fvsandoval/history-of-educational-technology

http://www.myplick.com/view/1PsTtfSckr_/HISTORY-OF-EDUCATIONAL-TECHNOLOGY-TIMELINE

Thanks for Listening (^ - ^)Y