History and Development of History and Development of the Disciplinethe Discipline

What is Human What is Human Geography?Geography?

ObjectiveObjective

““Culturally literate Culturally literate global citizens”global citizens” What does that What does that

mean?mean? Today’s students Today’s students

will have 20 jobs in will have 20 jobs in 10 countries.10 countries.

ReviewReview

B.C.E.B.C.E. C.E.C.E. c1500c1500 IndustrializedIndustrialized DevelopingDeveloping UnderdevelopedUnderdeveloped Middle EastMiddle East Far EastFar East East IndiesEast Indies

Before Common EraBefore Common Era B.C.B.C.

Common EraCommon Era A.D.A.D.

circacirca More DevelopedMore Developed Newly IndustrializedNewly Industrialized Less DevelopedLess Developed All from #1 EnglandAll from #1 England ““West Indies”West Indies”

Geographic StudyGeographic Study

ESPNESPN EconomicEconomic SocialSocial PoliticalPolitical eNvironmentaleNvironmental

HIEHIE Archaic word “to Archaic word “to

hurry”hurry” = to be developed == to be developed = H – healthcareH – healthcare I – infrastructureI – infrastructure E – education [esp. of E – education [esp. of

women]women]

GeographersGeographers

While historians look at how the While historians look at how the world has changed through time, world has changed through time, geographers look at how the world geographers look at how the world changes over space.changes over space. The “Why of Where?”The “Why of Where?” Place and LocationPlace and Location

Spatial perspective Spatial perspective – The way places – The way places and things are arranged and and things are arranged and organized on the Earth’s surfaceorganized on the Earth’s surface

Satellite ImageSatellite Image

During the past 3,000 yearsDuring the past 3,000 years

The first geographers studied places and The first geographers studied places and regions for an entirely practical purpose.regions for an entirely practical purpose. Interested in trade routes to distant and Interested in trade routes to distant and

often dangerous lands.often dangerous lands. Literally lostLiterally lost

Who took the lead?Who took the lead? ChineseChinese GreeksGreeks North AfricansNorth Africans

Hegemonic PowerHegemonic Power

Culturally, socially, economically, militarily Culturally, socially, economically, militarily 622 C.E. = Islam began622 C.E. = Islam began 711 -1492 C.E. = Moors [Muslims]711 -1492 C.E. = Moors [Muslims] 1492 – 1588 C.E. = Spain1492 – 1588 C.E. = Spain 1588 – 1945 C.E. = U.K. [Queen Victoria = 1588 – 1945 C.E. = U.K. [Queen Victoria =

Sun never sets on the British Empire]Sun never sets on the British Empire] 1945 – 1991 C.E. = U.S. and Soviet Union1945 – 1991 C.E. = U.S. and Soviet Union 1991 – present = U.S.1991 – present = U.S.

The WorldThe World

Important Map FeaturesImportant Map Features

TitleTitle DateDate DirectionDirection ScaleScale KeyKey

Early World MapEarly World Map- c550 – 480 B.C.E.c550 – 480 B.C.E.- Hecataeus – Early Hecataeus – Early Greek historian Greek historian

- What looks familiar?- What looks familiar?

Babylonian MapBabylonian Map- c700 – 500 B.C.E.c700 – 500 B.C.E.- Ancient city-state in Ancient city-state in present-day Iraqpresent-day Iraq

- Mesopotamia- Mesopotamia- Babylon in the Babylon in the center, surrounded center, surrounded by 8 regionsby 8 regions-- Cuneiform - Cuneiform descriptions of the descriptions of the regions.regions.

Early GeographersEarly Geographers

EratosthenesEratosthenes Earth’s circumferenceEarth’s circumference Coined the term “geography”Coined the term “geography”

= “earth-writing”= “earth-writing” PtolemyPtolemy [lived 500 years after Eratosthenes] [lived 500 years after Eratosthenes]

Guide to GeographyGuide to Geography – – recalculated circumference of recalculated circumference of EarthEarth

16,000 miles [about 9,000 short]16,000 miles [about 9,000 short] A Global Grid systemA Global Grid system

George Perkins Marsh – George Perkins Marsh – 19th century geographer19th century geographer Emphasized human destruction of the Emphasized human destruction of the

environmentenvironment Mesopotamia – Fertile Crescent > barren desertMesopotamia – Fertile Crescent > barren desert

Carl Sauer Carl Sauer [1889-1975][1889-1975]

University of California at Berkeley, 1925University of California at Berkeley, 1925 Cultural LandscapesCultural Landscapes Products of complex interactions Products of complex interactions

between humans and their between humans and their environments.environments.

Should be fundamental focus of Should be fundamental focus of geographic inquiry.geographic inquiry.

Also referred to as environmental Also referred to as environmental geographygeography

W.D. Pattison W.D. Pattison [1964 – University of Chicago][1964 – University of Chicago]

Geography draws from 4 distinct Geography draws from 4 distinct traditions:traditions:

1. Earth-Science [1. Earth-Science [Physical GeographyPhysical Geography]] 2. Culture-Environment [2. Culture-Environment [Environmental Environmental

GeographyGeography]] 3. Locational [3. Locational [analysis of spatial dataanalysis of spatial data]] 4. Area-analysis [4. Area-analysis [Regional GeographyRegional Geography]]

5 Themes5 Themes

National Geographic SocietyNational Geographic Society 1980’s1980’s

Location Location PlacePlace Human Environment InteractionHuman Environment Interaction MovementMovement RegionRegion

Use of MapsUse of Maps

Map ProjectionsMap Projections Distortion: size, shape, distance, Distortion: size, shape, distance,

directiondirection Projections: cylindrical, conic, Projections: cylindrical, conic,

azmuthalazmuthal

Mercator Mercator ProjectionProjection-Direction is trueDirection is true- Aided NavigatorsAided Navigators-11stst for navigation for navigation between Europe and between Europe and the Americasthe Americas- Rhumb lines Rhumb lines [loxodromes] – lines [loxodromes] – lines of constant compass of constant compass bearing- true bearing- true directiondirection

Robinson Robinson ProjectionProjection-An attempt to An attempt to balance all balance all distortionsdistortions- Errors in all four Errors in all four areasareas- Often used for Often used for wall maps in wall maps in classroomsclassrooms

Peters ProjectionPeters Projection-Focuses on Focuses on keeping land keeping land masses equal in masses equal in areaarea- Shape is Shape is distorteddistorted- This one: This one: Standard of living Standard of living lineline

ChloroplethChloropleth

A A map showing the map showing the distribution of a distribution of a phenomenon, phenomenon, usually using usually using various colors; various colors; color gradations color gradations are correlated to are correlated to the density per the density per unit area of the unit area of the phenomenonphenomenon

CartogramCartogram

Contour mapsContour maps

Contour linesContour lines IsolinesIsolines

http://projects.nytimes.com/census/2010/explorer?ref=us

Map ScaleMap Scale

Scale:Scale: Fraction: 1/10,000Fraction: 1/10,000 Ratio: 1:10,000Ratio: 1:10,000 Graphic bar scaleGraphic bar scale WordsWords

GlobalizationGlobalization

Space-Time CompressionSpace-Time Compression With communication and transportationWith communication and transportation Local-Global ContinuumLocal-Global Continuum @ different scales@ different scales Ex: ChernobylEx: Chernobyl

LocalLocal Then EuropeThen Europe Then GlobalThen Global

Time ZonesTime Zones-Generally, 15* of Generally, 15* of longitude = 1 time longitude = 1 time zonezone-Time zone =‘s region Time zone =‘s region that uses “local time” that uses “local time” for the entire areafor the entire area-China has 1 time China has 1 time zonezone-““Solar time” before Solar time” before time zones – RR and time zones – RR and communication communication advancements made advancements made this a problemthis a problem

-Needed to be Needed to be standardizedstandardized

RegionsRegions

Formal [uniform]Formal [uniform] Area of striking similarities in terms of one Area of striking similarities in terms of one

or a few physical or cultural features.or a few physical or cultural features. Functional [nodal]Functional [nodal] Area organized around core areasArea organized around core areas Characteristics lessen as you travel into Characteristics lessen as you travel into

peripheryperiphery Perceptual [vernacular]Perceptual [vernacular] Reflects feelings in identityReflects feelings in identity

Perceptual [vernacular]Perceptual [vernacular]

PlacesPlaces

GlobalizationGlobalization Space-time compressionSpace-time compression

Brought closer through faster Brought closer through faster transportation and communicationtransportation and communication

Multi-national corporationsMulti-national corporations Coca-cola, McDonald’s, etc.Coca-cola, McDonald’s, etc. Operate in many parts of the globe.Operate in many parts of the globe.

Algiers, has one of the highest per capita Algiers, has one of the highest per capita ownership of satellite dishes.ownership of satellite dishes.

Globalization of EconomyGlobalization of Economy

Space-Time CompressionSpace-Time Compression

High Tech ToolsHigh Tech Tools

Remote SensingRemote Sensing Spatial data at a particular point in timeSpatial data at a particular point in time

Global Positioning SystemGlobal Positioning System Geographical Information SystemsGeographical Information Systems

Thematic layersThematic layers

GISGIS

Census BureauCensus Bureau

Census count every 10 years.Census count every 10 years. Problems:Problems: 7 Billion by UN – not Census Bureau7 Billion by UN – not Census Bureau Most difficult to count people without Most difficult to count people without

permanent residence.permanent residence.

Census taking in China - 2010Census taking in China - 2010