HISTORY OF 2Oth CENTURY ART TIMELINEBY: MELISSA CAMUA

AT THE BEGINNINGEarly into the 19th century, two new types of design emerged. PicturesqueThis type of design mixed styles, motifs, and media from Egypt, Greece, Rome, Byzantium, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and Rococo to create a hybrid design.

Proto-FunctionalistWith a large middle class emerging and mass consumerism on the rise, the second wave begins. Form over function prevails and faux veneering, fake surface, techniques become popular. The first use of cast iron and glass frame buildings, beginning of the ideas for modern skyscrapers. This is also known as bird cage steel in design.

ART NOUVEAU (1880-1910)Art Nouveau, literally meaning new art, began as a reaction to the lavish excessiveness seen in earlier 19th century design (Picturesque and Proto-Functionalist). The term, Art Nouveau, was coined by Parisian art gallery owner Samuel Bing. The design that Bing exhibited, at the Exposition De Beaux Arts in 1890, created interest, excitement, and reposition in the European art world at the end of the 19th century. Thus, expensive, handcrafted objects were created for the wealthy.

MOTIFSTECHNIQUES

Wilting and Drooping FormsFiligreeOrnamental metalwork that utilizes both positive and negative space.

Whiplash LineFaux VeneeringMaking surfaces look like a different form of material.

Abstraction in FormMajolicaCeramics are fired at high temperatures. Resistant to the fending and cracking.

Nature (Ex. Insects, Plants, Bats, and Women)Lacquer Wood

Wood coated in several layers of paint. Brought to Europe from East Asia.

Interplay Between Positive and Negative SpaceMarquetryWood is inlaid into furniture to make patterns and designs.

Pronounced AsymmetryFavrilleMeaning to swirl. Technique for coloring glass.

Byzantine and East-Asian InfluencesAcid EtchingThe use of a strong acid to etch the surface of material.

Form over Function

FRANCE The Parisian SchoolThis School focused on the abstracted form of objects and abstracted designs. Major artists include Hector Guimard, who is known for his furniture and architectural designs, and Rene Lalique, who is known for his beautiful jewelry and accessories.

The Nancy School This School, like the Parisian School, also focused on the abstracted form of objects but included a more realistic perspective. Major artists include Emil Galle and Louis Majorelle. They both created furniture based on this Schools aspect of design.

SPAIN The Modernista MovementThis movement, known as the Modernistas in Spain, centered in Barcelona. It was spear-headed by architect and designer, Antonio Gaudi. Gaudi's work incorporate the basic motifs of Art Nouveau mixed with Islamic and nautical elements of design. He also worked with non-traditional building materials in an overly elaborate style.

SCOTLAND The Glasgow FourThis movement begins in Glasgow, Scotland with a group of students, two men and two women, from the Glasgow School of Design and Architecture. With influences from Celtic and Japanese art, artists, such as Charles Rennie Macintosh, used elongated, rectilinear, curvilinear shapes, abstracted ovals, and the technique of lacquer wood into furniture.

AUSTRIA The Vienna SecessionThis movement begins with a group of architects, artists, and designers who decided to rebel against the rigid parameters posed on the art world by the Viennese Royal Academy. Artists sought to create a type of design that was based upon the common motifs of Art Nouveau combined with influences from Scotland and the ancient Byzantine world. Sources from Japan were also used. A new abstracted, stripped down, modern form is introduced and becomes the catalyst for modern design.

UNITED STATESThis movement is centered in the New York City and highlighted by jeweler and designer Louis Comfort Tiffany. Tiffany studied jewelry and glass design in France and was influenced by the designs of Lalique, Galle, and Majorelle. He used Art Nouveau motifs along with Japanese and Byzantine design. Tiffany secularizes stained glass design and created a design for coloring glass that is called Favrille.

ART MOVEMENTS LINKED TO: ART NOUVEAUThese movements are directly linked to Art Nouveau. They include the use of closed and open compositions.

Closed Composition A painting style where each value stays within its own border. Every item in the work is clearly recognized up close or at a distance.

Open CompositionA painting style where one value blends into the next. Items must be viewed at a distance to be recognized. It was introduced by impressionists of conceptual art.

PRE-RAPHAELITE BROTHERHOODENGLANDArtists involved in this movement sought to use themes and painting techniques common to the Medieval and Renaissance styles. Themes included myths, allegories, knights and damsels, chivalry, the idealized woman. They also included themes outside the parameters of the French Royal Academy and Japanese influences. Those who were accepted into this movement needed to be proficient in the fine and decorative arts and photography. This movement followed anti-industrial age sentiments and was craft oriented.

SYMBOLISMPARISThis movement spreads internationally. Themes included private meanings, sex, death, dreams, escape, sensuality, reality vs. artifice, the severed head, femme fatale (deadly women), grotesque, Satanism, the occult, and the writings of Edgar Allen Poe. Works were meant to evoke a sense or thought from a person's past experience. The movement also included painting, music, literature, poetry, sculpture, Japanese influences, and themes outside of the parameters of the French Royal Academy.

LithographsPrint created by cutting or etching the image onto a hard surface called a plate. There is a limited run of the prints and once all are completed, the plate is destroyed.

EXPRESSIONISMAUSTRIA AND GERMANYExpressionism is the use of line and color to evoke emotion in the viewer. This movement begins in Oslo, Norway and eventually spreads to Austria and Germany. Themes included sex, death, despair, isolation, betrayal, and Freudian psychoanalytic theories. The works of abstracted forms and conceptual art are used.

Gustav Klimt rendered his subjects in 3D. Their clothing and accessories always rendered in 2D. Subjects are always in front of gold leafed background. It is said that he was influenced by Byzantine icons and Japanese screen prints.

IMAGES FROM THE PERIOD1. Side Chair (1900) Hector Guimard< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Side_Chair,_1900,_Hector_Guimard.jpg>

2. Vase Marguerite Gall Petit Palais (1932) - mile Gall

3. Detail of Dining Room (1905-1908) - Gustav Klimt History of Modern Art #5.5

4. James Abbott McNeil Whistler (1876-1877) The Peacock RoomHistory of Modern Art #5.3

5. Table Lamp (1900) Louis Comfort TiffanyHistory of Modern Art #5.7

MACHINE AESTHETICS (1910-1930)The Machine Aesthetic occurs as a reaction to the overly decorative excesses of the Art Nouveau style. Because of this, stripped down, bare, geometric designs are now seen that mimic the new industrial apparatus of the 20th century. Also, the future, technology, and the beauty of the machine become part of the intrinsic designs of furniture, architecture, the decorative arts, and fine arts. The works of this movement take on pure rational form and unlike Art Nouveau, function over form prevails. Geometric forms such as chrome and steel tubes and gears dominate design.

The majority of art works connected to this tradition are conceptual and the themes center on non-empathetic art more than of empathetic.

Non-Empathetic ArtAn art form that does not elicit emotion when first viewed. It draws its effect from the viewer's acquired knowledge about the work. It is, in many cases, not classically figurative.

Empathetic ArtWorks of art, usually paintings and sculptures, which follow an aesthetic linked to the classical tradition. It elicits an immediate emotional reaction from the viewer. The viewer visually and emotionally connects without documented facts. Conceptual Art An art form where the intellectual idea and the process of creating the work are many times more important than the visual end result. This art form usually requires a mission statement that will accompany the work of art. It is anti Art for Art's Sake, meaning that the beauty of art is the reason for creating it.

MOTIFSTECHNIQUES

Stripped Down, Bare, and SimpleCantileverMeaning self-supported. Was used for roofs and chairs.

Geometric FormsMobilityChairs and walls are able to function and move.

Primary ColorsChrome TubingMade and used to create a machine and futuristic look in furniture and architecture.

Futuristic and Machine QualitiesPhoto MontageImages that are collected, passed down, and then photographed to make one cohesive work

Gears and Metal TubingSolarizationPhoto technique used to make pictures come out negative when taken.

ConceptualCurtain WallLarge bearing wall that consists primarily of glass.

Function over FormRibbon WindowHorizontal bends of windows that wrap around a building.

THE NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND) De Stijl and Elementarism (Neo-Plasticism)De Stijl refers to architecture and the applied arts while Elementarism or Neo-Plasticism refers to paintings. This art movement was conceptual, created as a functional-decorative approach to design that had a social conscience. It was purposely to be viewed and enjoyed by the masses, despite educational or economic background. It was also Populist in nature. There is a trend in all of the arts toward Minimalism. Black and white grids with the primary colors set into them are created in different configurations. In the words of Piet Mondrian, When one attempts to filter down the world to its most basic essence, one can commune with the Divine.

RUSSIA (THE U.S.S.R.) ConstructivismArt, architecture, and design were created for the proletariat, also known as the lower social class. The constructivists were minimalists. Propaganda would play a prevalent part in all of the arts. It was the best way to express communist ideals. Here, the technique of photomontage and diagonal design is used for the first time. Most motifs mimic the shape of an airplane propeller when idle. They have many similarities to De Stijl, but Constructivism tried to create a new society vis-a-vis art and architecture.

SuprematismThis movement begins in U.S.S.R. with Wassily Kandinsky and Kasimir Malevich. Their works dealt with minimalism and abstraction. Influences from Expressionism and Neo-Plasticism (Elementarism) are present. Images were to create free association in the viewer but color, form, and line were the main subjects, not the images. These artists wanted to unveil a world not seen, limited to few components. Geometry was to be the supreme independent abstraction.

GERMANY The BauhausA school of design, art, and architecture that taught the concept of the Universality of Form. The design theories and school were founded by Walter Groupies, Mies Van De Rohe, and Marcel Breuer. Designs were created in art and architecture without forms that were intrinsic to a particular culture of time period. The Bauhaus changed the face of 20th century architecture and industrial design. Their ideas evolved out of 19th century Proto-Functionalism and the Vienna Secession.

FRANCEIn France, a new modernism is seen that leans toward Art Deco. There were some artists, architects, and designers that were drawn to the love of exalting the imagery of the machine. The leader of this movement in France was Charles-Edouard Le Jeanneret, also known as Le Corbusier. He believed that a house is a machine to live in.ART MOVEMENTS LINKED TO: MACHINE AESTHETICSCUBISMFRANCEHere, the visual world is reduced or filtered down to 2D, flat, geometric planes. Artists denied imaginary light sources. There are influences from Archaic Greek sculpture (Kouros) and Byzantine icons. There were also influences from Africa and Polynesia.

Analytic CubismFlat, geometric images and simultaneous views of a single object are displayed profiles & frontals at once.

Synthetic CubismFlat, geometric images and textures found in nature are copied in painted form. Technique of Frottage, texture rubbing, is introduced.FUTURISMITALYThis movement begins in Milan, Italy with the first group of young artists born into the modern age of technology. It is influenced by science, automation, and Einstein's theories on time and space. Glorification of war, anarchy, and the machine are present. This movement also introduces the concepts totemism, images in art that refer to an ambiguous life from, and photodynamica, paintings and sculptures that are influenced by action photography. Photodynamica also depicts matter cutting through space and violent motion or dynamic thrust.

AMERICAN ABSTRACTIONUNITED STATES OF AMERICAThis movement begins in East Rutherford, New Jersey. It includes artists, photographers, writers, and poets. A reductive, geometric style is seen, not unlike the Cubists and Futurists. Here, American Abstraction introduces of non-objective portraits. These are portraits of objects related to one person, without the person being present in the composition.DADASWITZERLAND AND FRANCEThis movement is an anti-art movement, anti-middle class movement, and anti-war movement that begin in Zurich, Switzerland by a young group of artists and designers trying to escape the escalating horrors of WWI. These artists sought to create a new language for the way a person views, thinks, and talks about art. They include conceptual art and performance art. Two major ideas running through Dada are joining the un-joinable and the subject of chance happening. This movement also elevated the decorative art of collage to a fine art form. Two major artist of this movement are Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray.

IMAGES FROM THE PERIOD1. Strasbourg Interior (1926-1928) Theo Van DoesburgHistory of Modern Art #13.7

2. Robie House (1909) Frank Lloyd WrightHistory of Modern Art #5.5

3. Standard Stoppages (1913-1914) - Marcel DuchampHistory of Modern Art #11.10

4. Sand-Blasted Colored Glass (1928) - Josef Albers History of Modern Art #14.8

5. Maquette for Guitar (1912) Pablo PicassoHistory of Modern Art #5.5

WORKS CITED H.H. Arnason and Maria F. Prather. History of Modern Art. Prentiss Hall, Inc. 6th Edition. 2010. Print.

TIMELINE1877The Pre-Raphaelite BrotherhoodProserpine Dante Gabrielle Rossetti

1880The Pre-Raphaelite BrotherhoodThe Golden Stair E. Burne-Jones

1885The Pre-Raphaelite BrotherhoodThe Wheel of Fortune E. Burne-Jones

1889SymbolismMy Irony Exceeds All Others Odilon Redon

1890France: The Parisian SchoolParis Metro Hector Guimard SymbolismSin- Franz Von Stuck

1891SymbolismThe Bride Jan Thorn-Prikker

1892France: The Nancy SchoolBat Vase Emil Galle

1894France: The Parisian SchoolBrooch (Lady Bat) Rene Lalique Art Nouveau PresentationHotel Solvay - Victor Horta

1895France: The Parisian SchoolLarge Buffet Hector Guimard CzechoslovakiaJob Poster Alphonse Mucha

1897CzechoslovakiaPoster for the play Gismonda Alphonse Mucha

1899France: The Nancy SchoolGrandfather Clock Louis Majorelle

1900sExpressionismThe Scream Edvard MunchMadonna Edvard MunchThe Dance of Life Edvard Munch

1901France: The Nancy SchoolBed Emil GalleAustria: The Vienna SecessionThe Majollica House Otto WagnerArt Nouveau PresentationBuntes Theater - August Endell

1902Scotland: The Glasgow FourThe Macintosh House Charles Rennie Macintosh

1903United StatesDragonfly Lamp Louis Comfort Tiffany

1904United StatesLarge Lamp Louis Comfort Tiffany

1905Spain: The Modernista MovementCasa Batlo Antoni GaudiUnited StatesFavrille Vase Louis Comfort Tiffany

1906Austria: The Vienna SecessionLounge Chair (Sitting Machine) Joseph Hoffmann

1907Scotland: The Glasgow FourSide Chairs Charles Rennie Macintosh Austria: The Vienna SecessionFledermaus Chair Joseph Hoffman

1908Art Nouveau PresentationAEG Logo - Peter Behrens

TIMELINE1907Analytic CubismLes Desmoiselles D'Avignon Pablo Picasso

1912Synthetic CubismStill Life with Chair Caining Pablo Picasso DadaNude Descending a Staircase Marcel Duchamp

1913FuturismDynamism of a Cyclist Umberto Boccioni FuturismSculpture for the Blind Constantin Brancusi

1914American AbstractionPortrait of a German Solider Marsden Hartley

1915DadaLHOOQ Marcel Duchamp

1917DadaFountain Marcel Duchamp DadaBicycle Wheel Marcel Duchamp

1918De Stijl/Elementarism Sideboard Gerrit Rietveld

1919FuturismThe Kiss Consantin Brancusi Machine Aesthetic PresentationCover for Chad Gadya- El Lissitzky

1920De Stijl/Elementarism Side Table and Chair Gerrit Rietveld The U.S.S.R.Boats Wassily Kandinsky

DadaBirds in an Aquarium Jean Arp

1921The U.S.S.R.Spatal Force Wassily Kandinsky

1922Machine Aesthetic PresentationBlock Screen - Eileen Gray

1923BauhausLamp Josef Albers Machine Aesthetic PresentationProun Room - El Lissitzky

1924American AbstractionI Saw the Figure Five in Gold Charles Demuth DadaThe Violin DIngres Man Ray

1925FranceLe Pavillion D'Esprit Nouveau Le Corbusier Machine Aesthetic PresentationThe Journalist Hannah Hoch

1927BauhausLamp Alfred Dell

1928BauhausSide Chair Marcel BreuerFranceChaise Lounge Le Corbusier

1929BauhausBarcelona Chair Mies Van Der Rohe

1930Bauhaus Kubis- Alfred DellDadaGiven Marcel Duchamp

1931BauhausMR20 Chair Mies Van Der Rohe