historical tripos part i paper 21 empires in world history ... · l. matthew & m. oudijk, eds....

Historical Tripos Part I Paper 21

EMPIRES IN WORLD HISTORY

FROM THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR

READING LIST, 2019-20

Japanese world map, 1914 (http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_world.html)

Course convenor – Hank Gonzalez [ jhg36] (2019-20) This r ead ing l i s t has been prepared by Andrew Arsan in consu l ta t ion wi th members of the World His tory sub j e c t

g roup

Paper 21 reading list 2018-19

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Course description This course addresses one of the most important historical questions of our time: how did the modern world come to be? To answer this, the course covers the long run of global history and ranges over much of the world, from the silver mines of Peru and the sugar plantations of Barbados to the Eurasian heartlands of the Qing and Ottoman empires. For this was a world characterised both by connection and growing convergence, and by dogged differences and brutal coercion, by hybridity and cultural synthesis and stark political and economic inequalities. For this reason, the course focuses in particular on the part played by imperial states and populations – European and non- European alike – in this process. What systems of economic extraction, production, and exchange did imperial states devise at different moments in world history? How did imperial rulers govern, and what means of coercion, persuasion and negotiation did they have at their disposal? And how did imperial populations respond to these methods of imperial rule? This course focuses not just on the administrative structures and great men of empire, from Suleiman the Magnificent to Clive of India, but also on the actions and thoughts of imperial subjects –on merchants and missionaries, peasants, slaves and settlers, on their religious beliefs and conversions, their accommodations and evasions, their resistance and their revolutions. The course begins with the growth of the Ottoman, Mughal and Qing empires and the growing ambitions of the Iberian states that sent their soldiers, friars and merchants out into the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. It then moves on to consider the ‘great divergence’ and the establishment of Dutch and English corporate imperialism in the Indian Ocean, the revolutionary upheavals and slave revolts of the eighteenth century, and the ‘great divergence’. Finally, it turns to the nineteenth-century world, examining the novel financial, legal and technological instruments European states deployed in their pursuit of imperial domination, and the efforts of non-European empires to reform government and society, and of Asian, Middle Eastern and African thinkers to imagine a political future free of European domination. Throughout, it never loses sight of the specificities of regional history and the singularity of human experience. This is a course that moves up and down scales, seeking to introduce you at once to the large-scale processes that made the modern world and to the rich regional historiographies of Africa, the Middle East, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific, and South, South-East, and East Asia. Teaching This course rewards an integrated approach. Your supervisor will help you to select topics that follow on from one another, enabling you to pick out a path through the course. It should be emphasised, however, that you are strongly encouraged to take full opportunity of the course’s breadth, and not to concentrate on a particular region or period. You are also encouraged to set particular topics in context and to think in comparative terms. In other words, it is worth thinking about the connections, comparisons, similarities and contrasts between particular topics, and not to think of each essay as a freestanding unit. The lectures are designed to help you to see these thematic connections. An introductory set of lectures on key topics in global and imperial history will provide a foundation, before we move on to lectures on the various parts of the world covered by this paper: Latin America, Africa, South Asia, the Ottoman world, and East Asia. These are designed to give you a firm grounding in specific histories and historiographical debates, enabling you to combine specific knowledge with an awareness of broader themes. You are encouraged to attend all lectures.

The Faculty Reading Lists for Part I papers are revised annually to a greater or lesser extent. In designing examinations, setters take into account both reading lists operative during a two-year period. This is a guide to themes, questions, and reading, and not a prescribed syllabus.

Readings are arranged in alphabetical order for ease of reference. Important works are starred, but your supervisor will guide you towards relevant works and provide advice on the order in which to tackle the reading.

For links to online resources, hand-outs, etc. please visit this paper’s Moodle site: https://www.vle.cam.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=91111 (Raven login required)

Librar i e s ( in addi t ion to the See l ey and UL): CAS: Centre of African Studies, Alison Richard Building, www.african.cam.ac.uk CSAS: Centre of South Asian Studies, Alison Richard Building (also for Southeast Asia) www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk FAMES: Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Sidgwick Avenue In addition, many journals can be accessed online through ejournals@cambridge and JSTOR Abbrev ia t ions : AHR American Historical Review IESHR Indian Economic & Social History Review IJMES International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies JAH Journal of African History JAS Journal of Asian Studies JICH Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History JSEAS Journal of Southeast Asian Studies


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MAS Modern Asian Studies P&P Past & Present OHBE Oxford History of the British Empire

General reading

*C.A. Bayly The Birth of the Modern World (2004) Jerry Bentley The Oxford Handbook of World History (2011) Lauren Benton Law and Colonial Cultures (2002) *J. Burbank & F. Cooper Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference (2010) F. Cooper Colonialism in Question (2005) John Darwin After Tamerlane (2007) Daniel Headrick Power over Peoples: Technology, Environments & Western Imperialism (2009) M.G.S. Hodgson Rethinking World History: Essays on Europe, Islam, and World History (1993) A.G. Hopkins, ed. Globalisation in World History (2001) J. Iliffe Africans (1995) P. Levine & J. Marriot The Ashgate Research Companion to Modern Imperial Histories (2012) Victor Lieberman Strange Parallels, vol. 2, Mainland Mirrors Adam McKeown ‘Global Migration 1846-1940’, Journal of World History, 15, 2 (2004) Jürgen Osterhammel The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century (2014) A. Pagden Lords of all the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain & France 1500-1800 (1995) P. Parthasarathi Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not (2012) *K. Pomeranz The Great Divergence (2000) S. Subrahmanyam et al. The Construction of Global World 1400-1800, vol. 6, Cambridge World History (2015) Joachim Radakau Nature and Power: A Global History of the Environment (2008) J. Richards The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World (2004) *Megan Vaughan ‘Africa and the Birth of the Modern World’, Trans. Royal Hist. Society (2006)


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Table of Contents

1. America and the creation of Spain’s global empire 2. The Portuguese empire 3. The Dutch empire 4. The Ottoman empire

(a) The Ottoman world, c. 1500-1800 (b) The late Ottoman empire, c. 1800-1914

5. Safavid and Qajar Persia (a) Safavid Persia, c. 1501-1722 (b) Qajar Iran, c.1794-1914

6. Early modern South Asia, c.1500-1800 (a) The Mughal empire (b) The early Company-state and the rise of British power

7. The Qing Empire (a) The Qing empire, c.1644-1800 (b) The Qing empire, c.1800-1911

8. Pre-colonial Africa after c.1500 9. The plantation complex: Atlantic slavery and its worlds 10. The Pacific Ocean 11. Global Christianities 12. The global age of revolutions, c.1760-1830 13. Independence and the invention of Latin America 14. Colonial South Asia, c.1800-1857 15. Settler colonialism 16. Imperial transitions, c.1840-1900 17. Japan in the nineteenth-century world 18. The Islamic world in the long nineteenth century 19. Africa under early colonial rule 20. Global intellectual histories of the nineteenth century: nationalism, liberalism, radicalism


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1. America and the creation of Spain’s global empire

Key themes and debates

• The Spanish colonial state as a ‘successor’ to Mesoamerican empires? • Metropolitan precedent or colonial contingency? • Cultural and religion conversion, hybridity and mestizaje • Indigenous resistance and adaptation • The creation of a global economy

Recent ques t ions

‘The Spanish colonial state owed nothing to metropolitan precedent and everything to local context.’ Discuss. (2014)

To what extent did indigenous societies adapt to Spanish colonial rule? (2014)

‘The further one gets away from the centres of imperial power, the less Spanish the colonial state seems.’ Discuss. (2015)

Were indigenous societies simply passive victims of the incorporation of Spanish America into global systems of production and exchange? (2015)

Sugges t ed r ead ing

Suzanne Alchon A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in a Global Perspective (2003) S. Alcock et al., eds. Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History (2001), esp. ch. by Deagan *Peter Bakewell A History of Latin America, 3rd ed. (2009) Arnold J. Bauer Goods, Power, History: Latin America’s Material Culture (2001) Thomas Benjamin The Atlantic World: Europeans, Africans, Indians and their Shared History, 1400-1900 (2009) D. Brading The First America (1991) Paul Cohen ‘Was There an Amerindian Atlantic? Reflections on the Limits of a Historiographical Concept’,

History of European Ideas, 34, 4 (2008) N. David Cook Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492-1650 (1998) Alan Covey ‘The Inca Empire’, in H. Silverman and William H. Isbell, eds., Handbook of South American

Archaeology (2008), 809-830 (available online) A. Cañeque The King’s Living Image: Culture and Politics of Viceregal Power in Colonial Mexico (2004) I. Clendinnen Aztecs: An Interpretation (1991) *John H. Elliott Empires of the Atlantic world: Britain and Spain in America, 1492-1830 (2006) N. Farriss Maya Society under Colonial Rule (1984) S. Gruzinski The Mestizo Mind (2002) H. Klein & B. Vinson African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2nd ed. (2007) A. Knight Mexico: The Colonial Era (2006) L. Matthew & M. Oudijk, eds. Indian Conquistadors: Indigenous Allies in the Conquest of Mesoamerica (2007) William McNeill Plagues and People (1998) (available online) Sidney Mintz Sweetness and Power (1985) Frank Moya Pons History of the Caribbean (2007) Matthew Restall Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest (2003) (available online) *M. Restall & K. Lane Latin America in Colonial Times (2011) T. Saignes ‘The Colonial Condition in the Quechua-Aymara Heartland’, in F. Salomon and S. Schwartz, eds.,

Cambridge History of Native Peoples of the Americas, v. III, pt. 2, 59-137 S. Subrahmanyam ‘Holding the World in Balance: The Connected Histories of the Iberian Overseas Empires, 1500-

1640’, AHR, 112, 5 (2007) C. Townsend ‘Burying the White Gods: New Perspectives on the Conquest of Mexico’, AHR, 108, 3 (2003)


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2. The Portuguese empire


• Predatory, parasitic or mercantile? • Maritime and landed empire • The integration of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans • Indigenous agency, resistance and adaptation • ‘Medieval’ or ‘early modern’?

Recent ques t ions

‘The first global empire, but fundamentally archaic.’ Is this a fair assessment of Portuguese empire before 1800? (2010)

What determined the extent of indigenous assistance or resistance in the Portuguese empire? (2013)

‘An amphibious empire, as comfortable on land as on the sea.’ Discuss this view of the Portuguese empire (2015)


Atlant i c :

*P.J. Bakewell History of Latin America, 295–348 *F. Bethencourt & D.R. Couto, eds. Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400-1800 (2007), essays by Schwartz, Pearson, Thornton and Armesto D. Birmingham Trade and Empire in the Atlantic, 1400-1600 (2000) N. Canny & A. Pagden Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (1987) H. B. Johnson ‘The Leasing of Brazil, 1502-1515: A Problem Resolved?’ The Americas, 55, 3 (1999) J. Lang Portuguese Brazil: The King’s Plantation (1979), chs. 1-3 Malyn Newitt A History of Portuguese Expansion, 1400-1668 (2005) A.J.R Russell-Wood Society and Government in Colonial Brazil, 1500-1822 (1992) S.B. Schwartz Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society (1985) D. Studnicki-Gizbert A Nation upon the Ocean Sea: Portugal’s Atlantic Diaspora and the Crisis of the Spanish American Empire,

1492-1640 (2007) S. Subrahmanyam ‘Holding the World in Balance’, AHR 112 (2007) G.D. Winius Studies on Portuguese Asia 1495-1689 (2001)

Asia and Afr i ca : M. Alam and S. Subrahmanyam Writing the Mughal World: Studies on Culture and Politics (2012) *L and B.W. Andaya, A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400-1830 (2015), chs. 3-4 D. Birmingham & P. Martin, eds. History of Central Africa (1983), vol. 1, chapters 1, 4 and 6 J.C. Boyajian Portuguese Trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, esp. ch. 5 C. Boxer ‘Some Considerations on Portuguese Colonial Historiography’, in A. Disney, ed. Historiography of

Europeans in Africa and Asia, 1450-1800, vol. 4 (1995) A. Disney, ed. Vasco da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia (2005), chs. by Prakash, Couto, Winius P. Machado ‘“Without Scales and Balances”’ Portuguese Studies Review 9 (2001) M. Pearson The Portuguese in India (1987) *M. Pearson The Indian Ocean (2003), ch. 5 *A. Reid A History of South-East Asia: Critical Crossroads (2015), chs. 3-6 G. Scammell ‘Indigenous Assistance’, MAS (1980) A. Strathern Kingship and Conversion in 16th Century Sri Lanka (2007) *S. Subrahmanyam Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700 (1997) S. Subrahmanyam ‘Written on Water: Designs and Dynamics in the Portuguese Estado da India’, in S. Alcock et al,

eds., Empires (2001) L.F. Thomasz & S. Subrahmanyam, ‘Evolution of Empire’, in J. D Troy, ed., The Political Economy of Merchant Empires (1991) L.F. Thomasz ‘Faction, Interests and Messianism: The Politics of Portuguese Expansion in the East’, Indian Ec.

& Soc. Hist. Review 28, 1 (1991) J. Thornton The Kingdom of Kongo (1983), esp. ch. 6


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3. The Dutch empire

Key themes and debates • Corporate sovereignty and the Dutch imperial state • ‘Capitalism’ and ‘mercantilism’ in Dutch imperial expansion • Violence and coercion in Dutch imperial rule • The Dutch and the Indian Ocean world: resistance, accommodation and appropriation

Recent ques t ions

‘Systematic violence, rather than any putative propensity for capitalism, was the key to Dutch success in the Indian Ocean world.’ Discuss. (2015)

‘The Dutch empire was a company acting as a state.’ Discuss. (2013)

‘An empire of the ledger.’ Do you agree with this view of Dutch expansion overseas? (2010)


L. Blusse Strange Company: Chinese Settlers, Mestizo Women and the Dutch in VOC Batavia (1986) L. Blusse Visible Cities: Canton, Nagasaki and Batavia and the Coming of the Americans (2008) L. Blusse & F. Gaastra, eds.Companies and Trade (1981) U. Bosma and R. Raben Being ‘Dutch’ in the Indies. A History of Creolisation and Empire, 1500-1920 (2008) T. Brooks Vermeer’s Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World (2008) N. Canny, ed. OHBE, I (1998), ch. 19 by J. Israel *K.N. Chaudhuri Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean, chapter 4 A. Clulow The Company and the Shogun: The Dutch Encounter with Tokugawa Japan (2014) H. Cook Matters of Exchange: Commerce, Medicine and Science in the Dutch Golden Age (2009) W. Dooling Slavery, Emancipation and Colonial Rule in South Africa (2007), ch. 1 R. Elphick & H. Giliomee, eds., The Shaping of South African Society 1652–1840 (1989) *J.J.L. Gommans & C.A.P. Antunes, eds. Exploring the Dutch Empire: Agents, Networks and Institutions 1600-2000 (2015) C. Goslinga The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast *J. Israel Dutch Primacy in World Trade 1585–1740; Empires and Entrepôts W. Klooster Illicit Riches: Dutch Trade in the Caribbean

W. Klooster The Dutch Moment: War, Trade, and Settlement in the Seventeenth-Century Atlantic World (2016) Gert Oostindie and Jessica Vance Roitman (2012). 'Repositioning the Dutch in the Atlantic, 1680–1800’, Itinerario, 36, pp

129-160. *Om Prakash The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, esp. conclusion *A. Reid A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads (2015), chs. 3-7 J. Richards The Unending Frontier (2004), ch. 3 Alicia Schrikker Dutch and British Colonial Intervention in Sri Lanka, 1780-1815 (2007), pp. 1-140 [SAS] Heather Sutherland ‘The Makssar Malays: Adaptation and Identity c. 1660-1790’, JSEAS 32, 2001. Jean G. Taylor The Social World of Batavia: Europeans and Eurasians in Dutch Asia K. Ward Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company (2008) K. Zandvliet, ed. The Dutch Encounter with Asia (2006)


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4. The Ottoman empire

(a) The Ottoman world, c.1500-1800

Key themes

• The Ottoman world and early modern Eurasia: parallels and divergences • ‘Decline’, decentralisation or localisation? • Seventeenth-century ‘crisis’ and adaptation: the birth of a ‘second Ottoman empire’?

Recent ques t ions

‘The Ottoman empire was a marvel of decentralisation and flexible control over complexity.’ Discuss with reference to any period of one hundred years or more. (2011)

‘Neither decentralisation nor decline are helpful terms to describe the history of the Ottoman empire between c.1600 and 1800.’ Discuss. (2014)

Did the political, social, and economic crises of the seventeenth century result in the birth of a ‘second Ottoman empire’? (2015)

Sugges t ed r ead ing **Douglas Howard A History of the Ottoman Empire (2016) G. Ágoston Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire (2005) V. Aksan Ottoman Wars 1700-1870 V. Aksan and D. Goffman, eds. The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire (2007) M. Baer Honored by the Glory of Islam: Conversion and Conquest in Ottoman Europe (2008) K. Barbir Ottoman Rule in Damascus, 1705-1758 (1980) K. Barkey Empire of difference. The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective (2008) G. Casale The Ottoman Age of Exploration (2010) A. Mikhail ‘An irrigated empire: the view from Ottoman Fayyum’, International Journal of Middle

East Studies (2010) *S. Faroqhi and K. Fleet, eds. The Cambridge History of Turkey, vol. 2, The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453-1603, part II **S. Faroqhi, ed. The Cambridge History of Turkey, vol. 3, The Later Ottoman empire, 1603-1839, espec. chs. 5-8

[available online] *S. Faroqhi The Ottoman Empire and the World Around it (2005) *S. Faroqhi Subjects of the Sultan: Culture and Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire (2005) C.H. Fleisher Bureaucrat and Intellectual in the Ottoman Empire D. Goffman The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe (2002) J. Hathaway The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt (1997) J. Hathaway ‘Rewriting Eighteenth-Century Ottoman History’, Mediterranean Historical Review 19, 1 (2004) J. Hathaway The Arab Lands under Ottoman rule, 1516-1800 (2004) H. Inalcik & D. Quataert, eds. Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire (1995) C. Kafadar Between Two Worlds (1995) T. Krstić Contested Conversions to Islam: Narratives of Religious Change in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire (2011) G. Necipo�lu The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire (2005) Peirce, L. The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire (1993) T. Philipp Acre, the Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City (2001) D. Rizk Khoury State and Provincial society in the Ottoman Empire (1997) *A. Salzmann Tocqueville in the Ottoman Empire: Rival Paths to the Modern State (2004) P. Sugar Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule B. Tezcan The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World (2010) *C. Woodhead, ed. The Ottoman World (2010) A. Yaycioglu Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions (2016)


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(b) The late Ottoman empire, c.1800-1914

Key themes • Ottoman reform: endogenous drivers or exogenous influence? • The Ottoman empire and Europe: international relations, law, and sovereignty • Imperial identities

Recent ques t ions

By what means, and how successfully, did the Ottoman state attempt to assert central authority after 1800? (2010)

‘The sick man of Europe.’ To what extent, if any, is this an accurate assessment of the Ottoman empire between 1800 and 1914? (2012)

To what extent did Islam underpin the Ottoman state’s attempts at reform in the nineteenth century? (2015)

Sugges t ed r ead ing Sources: Khayr al-Din al-Tunisi The Surest Path: The Political Treatise of a Nineteenth-Century Muslim Statesman (1967) Daniel Newman, ed. An Imam in Paris (2004)

*Douglas Howard A History of the Ottoman Empire (2016) Butrus Abu-Manneh ‘The Islamic Roots of the Gülhane Rescript’, Die Welts des Islams (1994) V. Aksan Ottoman Wars 1700-1870 *Frederick Anscombe ‘Islam and the Age of Ottoman Reform’ P&P (2010) Carl L. Brown The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey, 1837-1855 (1974) Johann Büssow Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872-1908 (2011) Michelle Campos Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine (2011) Zeynep Celik Empire, Architecture, and the City: French-Ottoman Encounters (2008) M.W. Daly, ed. Cambridge History of Egypt, vol. 2, chapters 3, 5–7,9, 11 Roderic Davison Reform in the Ottoman Empire (1963) Selim Deringil The Well-Protected Domains (1998) *Khaled Fahmy All the Pasha’s Men (1997) Şükrü Hanioğlu Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography (2011) Albert Hourani Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (1962) Hasan Kayalı Arabs and Young Turks (1997) *Ussama Makdisi ‘Ottoman Orientalism’, AHR (2002) Ussama Makdisi The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Lebanon (2000) Mostafa Minawi The Ottoman Scramble for Africa: Empire and Diplomacy in the Sahara and the Hijaz (2016) Roger Owen The Middle East in the World Economy 1800–1914 (1981) S. Pamuk The Ottoman Empire and European Capitalism 1820–1913 Milen Petrov ‘Everyday Forms of Compliance: Subaltern Commentaries on Ottoman Reform’, CSSH (2004) T. Philipp and J. Hanssen, eds. The Empire in the City: Arab Provincial Capitals in the Late Ottoman Empire (2002) Eugene Rogan Frontiers of the State in the late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850-1921 (1999) Elizabeth Thompson ‘Ottoman Political Reform in the Provinces', IJMES (1993)


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5. Safavid and Qajar Persia

(a) Safavid Persia, c. 1501-1722

Key themes • Was the Safavid state an empire? • Safavid sovereignty, Shia Islam, and courtly culture • Safavid Persia and its neighbours • The disintegration of the Safavid state and its causes

Sample ques t ions

To what extent was the Safavid state an Islamic empire?

In what ways, and with what success, did Safavid rulers build up their power?

Why did the Safavid state enter a period of crisis and fragmentation in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries?

Sugges t ed r ead ing R. Jurdi Abisaab ‘The Ulama of Jabal Amil in Safavid Iran, 1501-1736: Marginality, Migration and Social Change’, Iranian

Studies 27 (1994), 103-22 R. Jurdi Abisaab Converting Persia: Religion and Power in the Safavid Empire, London, 2004 S. A. Arjomand The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam (1984) M. Axworthy Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant (2009) M. Axworthy, ed. Crisis, Collapse, Militarism and Civil War: The History and Historiography of Eighteenth-Century Iran (2018) K. Babayan ‘The Safavid Synthesis: From Qizilbash Islam to Imamite Shi’ism’, Iranian Studies 27 (1994) K. Babayan Mystics, Monarch, and Messiahs: Cultural Landscapes of Early Modern Iran (2003) S. Blake Half the World: The Social Architecture of Safavid Isfahan 1590-1722 (1999) *S. Dale The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Mughals and Safavids (2010) W. Floor The Economy of Safavid Persia (2000) W. Floor and P. Clawson ‘Safavid Iran’s Search for Silver and Gold’, International Journal of Middle East Studies (2000) *W. Floor and E. Herzig, eds., Iran and the World in the Safavid Age, London and New York, 2008 J. Foran, ‘The Long Fall of the Safavid Dynasty: Moving beyond the Standard Views’, International Journal of Middle

East Studies (1992) P. Jackson and L. Lockhart, eds. The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. VI, The Timurid and Safavid Periods (1986) R. Matthee ‘The Career of Mohammad Beg, Grand Vizier of Shah Abbas II (r. 1642-1666)’, Iranian Studies 24 (1991) R. Matthee ‘Administrative Stability and Change in Late-17th Century Iran: The Case of Shaykh ‘Ali Khan Zanganah

(1669-89)’, International Journal of Middle East Studies (1994) R. Matthee The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver 1600-1730 (1999) R. Matthee Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan (2012) R. Matthee ‘Was Safavid Iran an Empire?’ Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (2010) R. Matthee ‘The Decline of Safavid Iran in Comparative Perspective’, Journal of Persianate Studies (2015) M. Mazzaoui, ed., Safavid Iran and Her Neighbors (2003) *C. Melville, ed. Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society (1996) *A. Newman Safavid Iran (2006) A. Newman, ed. Society and Culture in the Early Modern Middle East (2003) F. Robinson ‘Ottomans-Safavids-Mughals: Shared Knowledge and Connective Systems’, Journal of Islamic Studies 8 (1997) R. Savory Iran under the Safavids (1980) R. Savory Studies on the History of Safavid Iran (1987) J. Thompson and S.R. Canby, eds., Hunt for Paradise: Court Arts of Safavid Iran 1501-1576 (2003)


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(b) Qajar Iran, c.1794-1914

Key themes • The Qajar state and Iranian society • Military and bureaucratic reform • Informal imperialism and Iranian sovereignty • The constitutional revolution of 1905-6

Sample ques t ions How far were Qajar rulers able to assert their authority over Persian society?

Why, and with what success, did Qajar rulers and statesmen attempt to reform Persian state and society?

In what ways did European encroachment limit the range of operation of Qajar rulers?

What were the causes of the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1906?

Sugges t ed r ead ing J. Afary The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911 (1996) *E. Abrahamian A History of Modern Iran (2008), chs. 1-2 H. Algar Mirza Malkum Khan: A Study in the History of Iranian Modernism (1973) H. Algar Religion and State in Iran 1785-1906 *A. Amanat Pivot of the Universe: Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896 S.A. Arjomand The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam (1984) S. Bakhash Iran: Monarchy, Bureaucracy and Reform under the Qajars, 1858-1896 (1978) M. Bayat Iran's First Revolution. Shi’ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909 (1991) E. Bosworth and C. Hillenbrand, eds. Qajar Iran: Political, Social, and Cultural Change H. Busse ‘Abbas Mirza’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, I, pp. 79-84 L. Diba and M. Ekhtiar, eds. Royal Persian Paintings: The Qajar Period 1785-1925 (1998) A. Hairi Shi’ism and Constitutionalism in Iran (1977) F. Kazemzadeh Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864-1914: A Study in Imperialism (1967) *N. Keddie Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution (2006), chs. 2-4 J.H. Lorentz ‘Iran's Great Reformer of the Nineteenth Century: An Analysis of Amir Kabir’s Reforms’ Iranian Studies 4 (1971) V. Martin The Qajar Pact: Bargaining, Protest and State in Nineteenth-Century Persia (2005) V. Martin Islam and Modernism: The Iranian Revolution of 1906 (1989) G. Nashat The Origins of Modern Reform in Iran, 1870-1880 (1982)


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6. Early modern South Asia, c.1500-1800

(a) The Mughal empire

Key themes

• The nature of the Mughal state: centralisation or local diversity? • The foundations of the Mughal economy: an ‘agrarian’ empire or an empire of trade? • Courtly culture and Mughal sovereignty • South Asia in the long eighteenth century: Mughal ‘decline’ and the growth of ‘successor-states’

Recent ques t ions

What cultural and political forces connected the Mughal emperor’s diverse subjects? (2018)

In what ways did Mughal rule in India continue to reflect Central Asian identities? (2017)


*M. Alam and S. Subrahmanyam, eds. The Mughal State, 1526-1750 (1998) M. Alam and S. Subrahmanyam Writing the Mughal World: Studies on Culture and Politics (2012) M. Alam The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and Punjab 1707-48 (2013), new ed. M. Alam The Languages of Political Islam: India 1200-1800 (2004) M. Alam ‘The Pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics’, Modern Asian Studies 32 (1998) S. Alavi The Eighteenth Century in India (2007) A. Ali ‘The Mughal Polity – A Critique of Revisionist Approaches’ Modern Asian Studies 27 (1993) C. Asher Architecture of Mughal India (1992) L. Balabanlilar Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire: Memory and Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia (2012) M. Barghava The Decline of the Mughal Empire (2014) M.C. Beach Mughal and Rajput Painting (1992) S. Blake ‘The Patrimonial-Bureaucratic Empire of the Mughals’, Journal of Asian Studies (1979) S. Blake Shahjahanabad: the Sovereign City in Mughal India, 1639-1739 (1991) S. Dale The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Mughals and Safavids (2010) S. Dale Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade (1994) M. Faruqui Princes of the Mughal Empire (2012) S. Gordon The Marathas, Marauders and State Formation in Eighteenth-Century India (1994) J.S. Grewal The Sikhs of the Punjab (2005) I. Habib, ed. Akbar and his India (1997) R. Lal Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World (2006) E.B. Moynihan, ed. Paradise as a Garden in Persia and Mughal India (1979) R. O’Hanlon ‘Manliness and Imperial Service in Mughal North India’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of

the Orient 42 (1999) R. Raychaudhuri and H. Irfan ‘The State and the Economy: The Mughal Empire’ in Raychaudhuri and Irfan, eds., The

Cambridge Economic History of India, vol. I, c.1200-1750 J. F. Richards The Mughal Empire (1993) F. Robinson ‘Ottomans-Safavids-Mughals: Shared Knowledge and Connective Systems’, Journal of Islamic Studies 8 (1997)


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(b) The early Company-state and the rise of British power

Key themes • Mughal ‘decline’ and British ascendancy? • The Company-state: foreign behemoth or Indian successor state? • Indigenous resistance and accommodation • The ‘transition from trade to dominion’ • The role of ideas: British understandings of sovereignty, law and empire

Recent ques t ions

‘If a desire for conquest had been absent at the start, the East India Company would not have equipped itself with the means which made territorial expansion possible.’ Discuss. (2010)

‘The control of the indigenous society and economy rather than collaboration with Indians laid the foundations of the Company Raj before 1830.’ Discuss. (2012)

Was the English East India Company always as much a state as a trading venture? (2015)


S. Alavi ‘The Company Army and Rural Society: Invalid Thanah 1780–1830', MAS 27, 1 (1993) R. Barnett North India Between Empires, 1720–1801 (1980) *C.A. Bayly Indian Society and The Making of the British Empire (1987), chapters 1-3 C.A. Bayly Empire and Information (1996), chapters 2-3 C.A. Bayly ‘The First Age of Global Imperialism 1760–1830’, JICH 26, 2 (1988) H.V. Bowen The Business of Empire: the East India Company and Imperial Britain, 1756-1833 (2006) R. Datta Society, Economy and the Market in Rural Bengal 1760–1800 (2000) Nicholas Dirks The Scandal of Empire (2005) M. Fisher Indirect Rule in India (1991), 1–66, 123–227, 269–363 M. Fisher ‘Office of Akhbār Nawīs: transition from Mughal to British forms’, MAS 27, 1 (1993) P.J. Marshall ‘Reappraisals: The Rise of British Power in Eighteenth-Century India’, South Asia 19, 1 (1996) P.J. Marshall Bengal: The British Bridgehead (1987), esp. ch. 3 P.J. Marshall, ed. OHBE, II, chapters 1, 22–24 by Marshall, Ray, Bowen P. Parthasarathi The Transition to a Colonial Economy: Weavers, Merchants and Kings in South India (2001) Sudipta Sen Distant Sovereignty: National Imperialism and the Origins of British India (2002) Philip Stern The Company-State: Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India

(2011) *Lawrence Stone, ed. An Imperial State at War (1993), chapter 12 by Bayly L. Subramanian Indigenous Capital and Imperial Expansion (1996) R. Travers Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth-Century India (2007) *R. Travers ‘The Eighteenth Century in India’, Eighteenth Century Studies (2008) R. Travers ‘“The Real Value of the Lands”: The Nawabs, the British and the Land Tax in Eighteenth-

Century Bengal’, MAS 3 (2004) D.A. Washbrook ‘South India 1770–1840: The Colonial Transition’ MAS 3 (2004) Jon Wilson The Domination of Strangers: Modern Governance in Eastern India, 1780-1835 (2010) Jon Wilson ‘Early Colonial India beyond Empire’, HJ (2007)


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7. The Qing Empire

(a) The Qing empire, c.1644-1800

Key Themes

• Racial and cultural constructions of Han and Manchu • Frontiers and borderlands in Qing conquest and expansion • Comparative colonialism

Sample Ques t ions

Was the Qing empire a Manchu or a Chinese empire?

To what extent was the Qing empire a colonial empire?

Sugges t ed r ead ings Andrade, T., & Hang, X. (Eds.). (2016). Sea Rovers, Silver, and Samurai: Maritime East Asia in Global History, 1550-1700, intro. Andrade, T. (2014). How Taiwan became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han colonization in the seventeenth century Bello, D. A. (2016). Across forest, steppe and mountain: environment, identity and empire in Qing China’s borderlands * Crossley, P. K. (1999). A translucent mirror: history and identity in Qing imperial ideology * Elliott, M. C. (2001). The Manchu way: the eight banners and ethnic identity in late imperial China Giersch, C. P. (2006). Asian borderlands: the transformation of Qing China’s Yunnan frontier Hostetler, L. (2001). Qing colonial enterprise: ethnography and cartography in early modern China Mann, S. (1997). Precious records: women in China’s long eighteenth century, ch. 2. Millward, J. A. (1998). Beyond the pass: economy, ethnicity, and empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 Mosca, M. W. (2013). From frontier policy to foreign policy: the question of India and the transformation of geopolitics in Qing China * Perdue, P. C. (2009). ‘China and Other Colonial Empires’, The Journal of American-East Asian Relations, 16(1/2), 85–103. Perdue, P. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (2005) R. Po, The Blue Frontier: Maritime Vision and Power in the Qing Empire (2018) * Rawski, E. S. (1996). Presidential Address: Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History.

The Journal of Asian Studies, 55(4), 829–850 and Ho, P.-T. (1998). In Defense of Sinicization: A Rebuttal of Evelyn Rawski’s “Reenvisioning the Qing.” The Journal of Asian Studies, 57(1), 123–155.

* Rowe, W. (2009). China’s last empire: The great Qing. Teng, E. (2004). Taiwan’s imagined geography: Chinese colonial travel writing and pictures, 1683-1895 Wade, G. (Ed.). (2015). Asian expansions: the historical experiences of polity expansion in Asia, chs. 1-3.


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(b) The Qing empire, c.1800-1911

Key themes • ‘Decline’ or crisis? • The drivers of late Qing reform: endogenous change or exogenous influence • Civil war, revolt and the late Qing state • Foreign encroachment and intervention • From empire to republic?

Recent ques t ions

What were the consequences for China’s elites after 1860 of the mid-nineteenth rebellions and Western aggression? (2010)

‘Dissolution must follow as surely as that of any mummy carefully preserved in a hermetically sealed coffin, whenever it is brought into contact with the open air.’ [MARX] Discuss. (2011)

‘The internal problems of the nineteenth-century Qing empire outweighed the significance of external pressures.’ Discuss (2014)

‘An independent state in name only.’ Discuss this view of nineteenth-century Qing China. (2015)

To what extent did late Qing elites seek to reform and modernise China along Western lines?


R. Bin Wong China Transformed (1997), esp. 1–157 Robert Bickers Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing empire, 1832-1914 (2010) Paul Cohen History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Myth, History and Event (1997) *Pamela Crossley The Wobbling Pivot. China Since 1800: An Interpretative History (2010) Henrietta Harrison The Man Awakened from Dreams (2005) Henrietta Harrison China: Inventing the Nation (2001) James Hevia English Lessons: the Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-century China (2003) Ono Kazuko Chinese Women in a Century of Revolution, chs. 1-4 Philip Kuhn The Origins of the Modern Chinese State (2006) Julia Lovell The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams and the Making of China (2011) Tobie Meyer-Fong What Remains: Coming to Terms with Civil War in Nineteenth-Century China (2013) Elizabeth Perry Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945 (1980) Platt, S. Imperial Twilight: The Opium War and the End of China’s Last Golden Age (2018) K. Pomeranz The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (2000) Mary Rankin Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China: Zhejiang Province, 1865-1911 (1987) E. Rawski The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions (2001) *William Rowe China’s Last Empire: The Great Qing (2009) R. Keith Schoppa Revolution and its Past: Identities and Change in Modern Chinese History (2006) J. Spence God’s Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan (1996) Hans van de Ven ‘Recent Studies of Modern Chinese History’ MAS 30, 2 (1996), esp. 225–45 Hao Yen-p’ing The Commercial Revolution in Late Imperial China (1986) Peter Zarrow After Empire: the Conceptual Transformation of the Chinese State, 1885-1924 (2012) Peter Zarrow ‘The Reform Movement, the Monarchy, and Political Modernity’, in

Rebecca E. Karl and Peter Zarrow, eds., Rethinking the Reform Movement of 1898: Political and Cultural Change in Modern China (2002)


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8. pre-colonial Africa after c.1500

Key themes • Relatively low population density: its causes and its economic, social, cultural and political consequences • African agency and global political economy: interactions between ‘internal’ and ‘external’ sources of change • Slavery and gender within Africa and in the external trades • The slave trade and African society

Sample ques t ions Account for the persistent diversity of scales and forms of political organisation in precolonial Africa.

Given that population densities were relatively low in most of precolonial Africa, why and for whom was it profitable to sell captives out of Sub-Saharan Africa?

Sugges t ed Readings

General readings *Iliffe, J., Africans: the History of a Continent (2nd edition, 2007), chs 1-8. Reid, R. ‘Past and presentism: the “precolonial” and the foreshortening of African history’, Journal of African History, 52:2

(2011), 135-55.

Regional studies Arhin, K., ‘Trade, accumulation and the state in Asante in the nineteenth century=, Africa 60 (1990), 524-37. Austin, G., ‘“No elders were present”: commoners and private ownership in Asante, 1807-96’, Journal of African History 37

(1996), 1-30. Bennet, H., African Kings and Black Slaves: Sovereignty and Dispossession in the Early Modern Atlantic (2018) Coquery-Vidrovitch, C., ‘Research on an African mode of production’, in M.A. Klein and G. Wesley Johnson (eds), Perspectives

on the African Past (1972). (French original in Pensée, 144 [1969], 3-20). Crummey, D., ‘Abyssinian feudalism’, Past & Present, 89 (1980), 115-38. Green, T., A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution (2019) *Hopkins, A.G., An Economic History of West Africa (1973), chs 2-4. Iliffe, J., A Modern History of Tanganyika (1979), chs 2 & 3. Law, R. ‘Slaves, trade, and taxes: the material basis of political power in nineteenth-century West Africa’, Research in Economic

Anthropology 1 (1978), 37-52. Mandala, E., “Capitalism, kinship and gender in the Lower Tchiri Valley of Malawi, 1860-1960,” African Economic History, 13

(1984), 137-70. Miller, J. Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade 1730-1830 (1988), Parts 1 & 2. *Reid, R.J., Political Power in Pre-Colonial Buganda: Economy, Society and Warfare in the Nineteenth Century (2002). Rodney, W., ‘Gold and slaves on the Gold Coast’, Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana 10 (1969), 13-28. Searing, J. .‘“No kings, no lords, no slaves”: ethnicity and religion among the Sereer-Safèn of Western Bawol, 1700-1914’,

Journal of African History 43:3 (2002), 407-30. Sparks, R., Where the Negroes Are Masters: An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade (2014). *Vansina, J., Paths in the Rainforests: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa (1990). *Wilks, I. ‘The Golden Stool and the elephant tail: an essay on wealth in Asante’, Research in Economic Anthropology 2 (1979), 1-

36 (reprinted with ‘minor revisions’ in Wilks, Forests of Gold: Essays on the Akan and the Kingdom of Asante, 1993).


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9. The plantation complex: Atlantic slavery and its worlds

Key themes • The plantation complex and modernity • Cultures of slavery: planters, traders and slaves • Capitalism or feudalism? • Slavery, imperialism and industrialisation

Recent ques t ions

In what respects does an understanding of Atlantic slavery enhance our understanding of European imperialism? (2015)

‘The modern world was born in the Middle Passage.’ Discuss. (2014)


Sources: M. Craton, J. Walvin, & D. Wright, eds. Slavery, Abolition, & Emancipation, Parts 1, 2, 4, 5 E. Donnan, ed. Documents Illustrative of the Slave Trade, vol. 1, 282–301; vol. 2, 393–417, 632–42 P. Edwards, ed. Equiano’s Travels (1967) [and later editions]

Mary Prince The History of Mary Prince (1831)

Ian Baucom Specters of the Atlantic: Finance Capital, Slavery, and the Philosophy of History (2005) *Robin Blackburn The Making of New World Slavery: from the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800 (1997) --------- The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776-1848 (1988) C. Brown Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism (2006) V. Brown The Reaper’s Garden: Death and Power in the World of Atlantic Slavery (2008) T. Burnard Mastery, Tyranny and Desire: Thomas Thistlewood and his Slaves in the Anglo-Jamaican World (2004) Vincent Carretta Equiano the African: Biography of a Self-Made Man (2005) N. Canny, ed. OHBE, I (1998), chs. 2, 10, 11 *Philip D. Curtin The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex (1990) *Richard Drayton ‘The Collaboration of Labour: Slaves, Empires, and Globalizations in the Atlantic World, c.1600-

1850’, in A.G. Hopkins, ed. Globalization in World History (2000) S. Drescher Econocide: British Slavery in the Era of Abolition (1977) S. Drescher Abolition: A History of Slavery and Anti-Slavery (2009) D. Eltis The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas (2000) D. Eltis & J. Walvin, eds. The Abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade (1981), Introduction and Part 1 D. Eltis & L.C. Jennings ‘Trade between West Africa & the Atlantic world in the Pre-Colonial Era’, AHR 93 (1988) Alison Games ‘Atlantic History: Definitions, Challenges and Opportunities’ AHR (2006) J.E. Inikori Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England (2002) H. Klein & B. Vinson African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2nd ed. (2007) P.J. Marshall, ed. OHBE, II (1998), chapter 20 by Richardson P. Morgan ‘The Cultural Implications of the Atlantic Slave Trade: African Regional Origins, American

Destinations and New World Developments’, Slavery and Abolition 18 (1997) P.D. Morgan and S. Hawkins, eds. Black Experience and the Empire (2004) S. Newman A New World of Labour: The Development of Plantation Slavery in the British Atlantic (2013) P.K. O’Brien ‘Metanarratives in Global Histories of Progress’, International Hist. Review 23, 2 (2001) Derek Peterson, ed. Abolitionism and Imperialism in Britain, Africa and the Atlantic (2010) Markus Rediker The Slave Ship: A Human History (2007) C. Robinson ‘Capitalism, Slavery, and Bourgeois Historiography’, History Workshop J 23 (1987) V. Rubin & A. Tuden, eds. Comparative Perspectives on Slavery (1977), chs. by Curtin, Anstey, & Drescher S.B. Schwartz Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society (1985) Stuart Schwartz, ed. Tropical Babylons: Sugar and the Making of the Atlantic World (2004) B.L. Solow, ed. Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System (1991), intro, chapters 5 and 8 B.L. Solow & SL Engerman, eds. British Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery: the legacy of Eric Williams (1987) R.L. Stein The French Slave Trade in the Eighteenth Century (1979) James Walvin The Trader, the Owner, the Slave: Parallel Lives in the Age of Slavery (2007) *Eric Williams Capitalism and Slavery (1944; reprint 1966)


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10. The Pacific Ocean

Key themes • Indigenous and imperial ways of knowing • The Pacific and the history of science • Oceanic history as an approach • Labour and production systems

Recent ques t ions

Why and how were new knowledge and science a stimulus to European expansion in the Pacific (2010)

What did the Pacific Ocean contribute to the making of the modern world? (2012)

‘Pacific islanders dramatically altered both the empires and intruders who entered their ocean.’ Discuss. (2013)

‘Oceans are worlds unto themselves, and should be studied as such.’ Discuss. (2014)


Paul D’Arcy The People of the Sea: Environment, Identity and History in Oceania (2006) D. Armitage and A. Bashford, eds. Pacific Histories (2014) Rainer F. Buschman ‘The Pacific Ocean Basin to 1850’, in Jerry Bentley, ed., The Oxford Handbook of World History

(2011) Gregory Cushman Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World: A Global Ecological History (2013) Greg Dening Islands and Beaches: Discourses on a Silent Land, Marquesas, 1774-1880 (1980) Donald Denoon et al., eds. The Cambridge History of Pacific Islanders (1997) Bronwen Douglas Science, Voyages and Encounters in Oceania, 1511-1850 (2014) William Eisler The Furthest Shore: Images of Terra Australis from the Middle Ages to Captain Cook (1995) Alan Frost ‘The Pacific Ocean: The Eighteenth Century’s “New World”’, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth

Century 142 (1976) Kate Fullagar The Savage Visit: New World People and Popular Imperial Culture in Britain 1770-1795 (2012) Epeli Hau’ofa ‘Our Sea of Islands’, in The Contemporary Pacific (1994) David Igler The Great Ocean: Pacific Worlds from Captain Cook to the Gold Rush (2013) Margaret Jolly ‘Imagining Oceania: Indigenous and Foreign Representations of a Sea of Islands’, in The

Contemporary Pacific (2007) Shino Konishi and Maria Nugent ‘Newcomers, c.1600-1800’, in Alison Bashford and Stuart McIntyre, eds. Cambridge

History of Australia, vol. 1 (2013) Jennifer Newell Trading Nature: Tahitians, Europeans and Ecological Exchange (2010) Linda Newsom Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines (2009) Matt Matsuda Pacific Worlds: A History of Seas, Peoples and Cultures (2012) Gananath Obeyesekere The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific (1992) Osorio, J.K.K. Dismembering Lahui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887 (2002) Marshall Sahlins Islands of History (1985) Damon Salesa ‘The World from Oceania’, in Douglas Northrop, ed., A Companion to World History (2012) --------- Racial Crossings: Race, Intermarriage and the Victorian British Empire (2011) Anne Salmond The Trial of the Cannibal Dog: Captain Cook in the South Seas (2003) Sujit Sivasundaram Nature and the Godly Empire: Science and Evangelical Mission in the Pacific (2005) OHK Spate ‘“South Sea” to “Pacific Ocean”: A Note on Nomenclature’, Journal of Pacific History (1977) Bernard Smith European Vision and the South Pacific (1985) Vanessa Smith ‘Bank, Tupaia and Mai: Cross-Cultural Exchanges and Friendship in the Pacific’, Parergon (2009) Teresia Teaiwa ‘On Analogies: Rethinking the Pacific in a Global Context’, The Contemporary Pacific (2006) Nicholas Thomas Discoveries: The Voyages of Captain Cook (2007) Nicholas Thomas Islanders: The Pacific in an Age of Empire (2010) David Turnbull Masons, Tricksters and Cartographers (2000), ch. 4 Glyndwr Williams ‘Pacific: Exploitation and Exploration’ in P. J. Marshall, ed. OHBE II


19

11. Global Christianities


• Conversion and its meanings • Shared religious practice, ‘syncretism’ and ‘hybridity’ • Missionaries and imperialism • Missionaries and the history of knowledge

Recent ques t ions

How appropriate is it to view Christian missionaries as agents of new political, cultural and scientific ideas? (2012)

Have historians underestimated the extent of conflict between missionaries and imperial administrators? (2015)

Who held primacy in the cultural encounter between Christian missionaries and indigenous peoples? (2011)


Pre -1800: T. Alberts Conflict and conversion: Catholicism in Southeast Asia (2013) B.W. Andaya ‘Between empires and emporia: the economic Christianization in early modern Southeast Asia',

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (2010), 357-92 S. Bayly Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society (1989), chs. 9–10 H.W. Bowden American Indians and Christian Missions (1981) C.R. Boxer Japan’s Christian Century (1974) C. Brewer Shamanism, Catholicism and gender relations in colonial Philippines, 1521-1685 (2004) Luke Clossey Salvation and Globalization in the Early Jesuit Missions (2008) N. Farris Maya Society under Colonial Rule (1984), 286–355 J. Gernet China and the Christian Impact (1985) A. Hastings The Church in Africa 1450–1950 (1994) E. Kenton Black Gown and Redskins 1610–1791 (1956) Mary Laven Mission to China: Matteo Ricci and the Jesuit Encounter with the East (2012) P.J. Marshall, ed. Oxford History of the British Empire (OHBE) II (1999), ch. 6 K. Mills and A. Grafton, eds. Conversion: Old Worlds and New (2003) A. Pagden The Fall of Natural Man: the America Indian and the origins of comparative ethnology (1982) A.N. Porter Religion vs. Empire? British Protestant Missions and Overseas Expansion 1700-1914 (2004) Jonathan Spence The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (1985) J.F. Moran The Japanese and the Jesuits: Alessandro Valignano in Sixteenth-century Japan (1993) Gabriela Ramos Death and Conversion in the Andes (2010) Vicente Raphael Contracting Colonialism: translation & conversion in Tagalog society under early Spanish rule (1988) A. Strathern ‘Transcendentalist Intransigence. Why Rulers Rejected Monotheism in Southeast Asia and

Beyond’, CSSH 49 (2007) A. Strathern Kingship and Conversion in 16th Century Sri Lanka (2007) N. Tarling, ed. Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, vol. 1, ch. 9 J. Thornton The Kongolese Saint Anthony (1998)

Post -1800: J. and J. Comaroff Of Revelation and Revolution (1991) Nola Cooke ‘Early Nineteenth Century Vietnamese Catholics’, JSEAS, 35 (2004) Jeffrey Cox The British Missionary Enterprise since 1700 (2010) Marwa Elshakry ‘The Gospel of Science and American Evangelism in Late Ottoman Beirut’, Past &Present (2007) N. Etherington, ed. Missions and Empire (2005) Robert Frykenberg, ed. Christians and Missionaries in India (2003) Niel Gunson ‘An account of the Mamaia or Visionary Heresy of Tahiti’, J. Polynesian Soc. 71 (1962) P. Harries and D. Maxwell The Spiritual in the Secular: Missionaries and Knowledge about Africa (2012) Henrietta Harrison The Missionary’s Curse and other Tales from a Chinese Catholic Village (2013) A. Hastings The Church in Africa 1450–1950 (1994) Isabel Hofmeyr The Portable Bunyan: A Transnational History of the ‘Pilgrim’s Progress’ (2004) Paul Landau The Realm of the Word: Language, Gender and Christianity in a South African Kingdom (1995) Pier Larson Ocean of Letters: Language & Creolization in the Indian Ocean Diaspora (2009), chs. 2-3, or article in


20

AHR (1997) Ussama Makdisi The Artillery of Heaven: American Missionaries and the Failed Conversion of the Middle East (2009) Tomoko Masuzawa The Invention of World Religions (2005) J.D.Y. Peel Religious Encounter and the Making of the Yoruba (2001), esp. chapters 1 and 8 Brian Pennington The Invention of Hinduism: Britons, Indians, and the Construction of Religion in Colonial Bengal (2005) Derek Peterson ‘Religion’ in P. Levine and J. Marriott, eds. ,Ashgate Companion to Modern Imperial Histories (2012) A.N. Porter ‘”Cultural Imperialism” and British Expansion in the Long 19th century’, JICH 25 (1997) Sujit Sivasundaram Nature and the Godly Empire: Science and Evangelical Mission in the Pacific (2005) Sujit Sivasundaram ‘A Global History of Science and Religion’ in Thomas Dixon et. al, eds., Science and Religion: New

Historical Perspectives (2010) J.D. Spence God’s Chinese Son (1996) Brian Stanley, ed. Christian Missions and the Enlightenment (2001) Susan Thorne Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture (1999) O. White & J. P. Daughton, eds. In God’s Empire: French Missionaries in the Modern World (2012)


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12. The global age of revolutions, c.1760-1830

Key themes

• Convergence, connection or divergence? • Radicalism, revolt and revolution • ‘The first age of global imperialism’? • Imperial retreat or imperial meridian?

Recent ques t ions

‘A new wave of empire took off for revolutions and uprisings did not succeed.’ Discuss. (2013)

Were the decades between 1760 and 1830 marked by a concerted drive towards empire? (2014)

How can we explain the remarkable resurgence of empire amid the revolutions of the period from 1780 to 1830? (2015)


J. Adelman ‘An Age of Imperial Revolutions’, AHR 113 (2008) *D. Armitage and S. Subrahmanyam, eds. The Age of Revolutions in Global Context c. 1760-1840 (2010) D. Armitage The Declaration of Independence: A Global History (2007) Daniel Baugh The Global Seven Years War, 1754-1763: Britain and France in a Great Power Contest (2011) *C.A. Bayly Imperial Meridian (1989) --------- Birth of the Modern World (2004), chs. 2-3 Kate Brittlebank ‘Curiosities, Conspicuous Piety and the Maker of Time’, in South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies

(2007) Peter Carey The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the End of an Old Order in Java, 1785-1830 (1989) Adrian Carton ‘Shades of Fraternity: Creolization and the Making of Citizenship in French India, 1790-1792’,

French Historical Studies (2008) Richard Drayton ‘The Globalisation of France: Provincial Cities and French Expansion c. 1500–1800’, History of

European Ideas, 34 (2008) Laurent Dubois ‘The French Atlantic’, in Jack P. Greene and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Atlantic History: A Critical

Appraisal (2009) Laurent Dubois A Colony of Citizens: Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787-1804 (2004) James Fichter So Great a Profit: How the East India Trade Transformed Anglo-American Capitalism (2011) D. Geggus and N. Fiering, eds. The World of the Haitian Revolution (2009) N. Guyatt & J. Rendell, eds. War, Empire and Slavery 1770-1830 (2011) David Hancock Oceans of Wine: Madeira and the Emergence of American Trade and Taste (2009) Lynn Hunt, ed. The French Revolution in Global Context (2013) ‘Mutiny and Maritime Radicalism in the Age of Revolution’, special issue of International Review of Social History (2013), espec. 4, 6, 8, 9, 11 Maya Jasanoff Liberty’s Exiles: The Loss of America and the Remaking of the British Empire (2011) Peter Linebaugh and Markus Rediker The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic (2000) D.L. Mackay ‘Direction and Purpose in British Imperial policy 1783–1801’, HJ 17 (1974) P. J. Marshall The Making and Unmaking of Empires: Britain, India and America, 1750-83 (2005) Gabriel Paquette, ed. Enlightened Reform in Southern Europe and its Atlantic Colonies c. 1750-1830 (2009) J.R. Ward ‘British Imperialism 1750–1850’, Ec.H.R (1994), 344–63 Pernille Roge ‘La Clef de Commerce: The Changing Role of Africa in France’s Atlantic Empire ca. 1760-1797’,

History of European Ideas, 34 (2008) Sujit Sivasundaram ‘Ideas of the “Native” in the Rise of British Imperial Heritage’ in Peter Mandler and Astrid

Swenson, eds., From Plunder to Preservation: Britain and the Heritage of Empire (2012) David Todd ‘A French Imperial Meridian, 1814–1870', Past & Present (2011)


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13. Independence and the invention of Latin America

Key themes • Revolution and independence: long-term trends or short-term triggers? • Metropolitan and colonial causes of the revolutions • Informal imperialism and the ‘imperialism of free trade’ • The Monroe doctrine and the growth of U.S. involvement

Recent ques t ions

‘European revolutions rather than the need for national liberation dictated the political events of Latin American independence.’ Discuss (2010)

What were the new types of imperialism that came to subordinate Latin America after 1850? (2012)

Why did Latin America become independent by 1820, and with what results? (2014)


*J. Adelman ‘An Age of Imperial Revolutions’, AHR 113 (2008) T. Anna Spain and the Loss of America (1983) N. Appelbaum et al., eds. Race and Nation in Modern Latin America (2003) A. J. Bauer Goods, Power, History: Latin America’s Material Culture (2001) L. Bethell Brazil: Empire and Republic, 1822-1930 (1999), 3-42 J. Cañizares-Esguerra How to Write the History of the New World: Histories, Epistemologies, and Identities in the Eighteenth-Century

Atlantic World (2001), chs. 1-2 J.C. Chasteen Americanos: Latin America’s Struggle for Independence (2008) A. Ferrer ‘Haiti, Free Soil, and Antislavery in the Revolutionary Atlantic’, AHR, 117, 1 (2012) P. Gootenberg, ed. Cocaine: Global Histories (1999) G. Grandin Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States & the Rise of New Imperialism (2007) R. Holden & E. Zolov, eds. Latin America and the United States: A Documentary History (2011) A. Knight Mexico: The Colonial Era (2006) A. Knight ‘Rethinking British Informal Empire in Latin America’, in M. Brown, ed., Informal Empire in Latin

America: Culture, Commerce and Capital (2008) C. LeGrand ‘Living in Macondo: Economy and Culture in a United Fruit Company Banana Enclave in

Colombia’, in G. Joseph, C. Legrand and R. Salvatore, eds., Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of U.S.-Latin American Relations (1998), 333-367

N. Miller In the Shadow of the State: Intellectuals and the Quest for National Identity in Twentieth-Century Spanish America (1999), Part I, chapter 1; Part II, chapter 5

R. Miller Britain and Latin America in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (1993) G. Paquette Enlightenment, Governance and Reform in Spain and its Empire, 1759-1808 (2008) G. Paquette Imperial Portugal in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions: the Luso-Brazilian World, c. 1770-1850 (2013) *G. Paquette ‘The Dissolution of the Spanish Atlantic Monarchy’, Historical Journal 52,1 (2009) Louis Pérez Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution, 4th ed. (2010) Joseph, G., C. Legrand and R. Salvatore, eds., Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of U.S.-Latin American

Relations (1998), 69-104 *T. Skidmore & P. H. Smith Modern Latin America, 7th edition (2010)


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14. Colonial South Asia, c. 1800-1860

Key themes • Knowledge and imperial rule • Indian resistance and assistance • Liberalism and empire • The causes of 1857 • 1857: mutiny, rebellion, revolution or restoration?

Recent ques t ions

Restoration or revolution? Which of the two is a better description of the events of 1857-8 in India? (2010)

Why did liberalism accompany British advance in India? (2011)

‘Peasant rebels were the agents of the Indian Rebellions of 1857-9’. Discuss. (2012)

What was the role of ideas in the evolution of British imperialism in India before 1840? (2013)


(a) The Company Raj : C.A. Bayly Indian Society and the making of the British Empire, ch. 6 *C.A. Bayly Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire (2011) *S. Bose & A. Jalal Modern South Asia, 76–97 Partha Chatterjee The Black Hole of Empire: History of a Global Practice of Power (2012) K.N. Chaudhuri Economic Development under the East India Company, Introduction M. Dodson Orientalism and National Culture (2007) R. Frykenberg, ed. Land Control and Social Structure in Indian History, chs. by Cohn, Stein, Raychaudhuri Shruti Kapila, ed. Modern Intellectual History 4, 1 (2007), essays by Bayly, Wilson, Dodson S.N. Mukherjee Citizen Historian (1996), essays on Rammohan Roy, women etc. B. Raman Document Raj: Writing and Scribes in Early Colonial South India (2012) R. Singha & K. Prior Articles in MAS 1 (1993) S. Sivasundaram Islanded: Britain, Sri Lanka and the Bounds of an Indian Ocean Colony (2013) E.T. Stokes The Peasant and the Raj (1978), chapter 2 E.T Stokes English Utilitarians and India (1959), esp. Part 1 T.R. Metcalf Ideologies of the Raj (1995) D.A. Washbrook ‘Law, State and Agrarian Society in Colonial India’, MAS (1981) D.A. Washbrook OHBE III, chapter 18

(b) The Mutiny-Rebe l l ion : Sources: Sir John Kaye History of the Sepoy War in India, vol. 1 (1867) Sita Rama From Sepoy to Subahdar (UL West Room) S. Rizvi & M. Bhargava, eds. Freedom Struggle in UP, vols. 1 and 4 [documents]

C.A. Bayly Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, ch. 6 *C.A. Bayly Empire and Information (1996), chapter on Mutiny C.A. Bayly Origins of Nationality in South Asia (1998), ch. 3 E.I. Brodkin ‘Struggle for Succession’, MAS (1972) W. Dalrymple The Last Mughal (2007) R. Guha, ed. Subaltern Studies IV, article by G. Bhadra, ‘Four rebels of 1857’ N. Gupta & M. Hasan, eds. India’s Colonial Encounter, chapter by R. Ray T.R. Metcalf Land, Landlords and the British Raj (1979), chapters 6 and 7 T.R. Metcalf Ideologies of the Raj (1995) R. Mukherjee Awadh in Revolt 1857–58 Tapti Roy Article in MAS 1 (1993) E.T. Stokes The Peasant and the Raj (1978), chapter 2 *E.T. Stokes The Peasant Armed (1986), esp. chapters 1–3 Kim Wagner The Great Fear of 1857 (2010)


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15. Settler colonialism

Key themes • Race and settler colonialism • Gender, family and social relations in settler societies • The economics of settler colonialism • Assimilation, resettlement and elimination • Law and sovereignty in settler societies

Recent ques t ions

To what extent was coexistence between indigenous settlers and indigenous peoples possible in settler colonies? (2014)

What was the relationship between eighteenth-century stadial theory and settler colonialism? (2015)

‘Settler colonialism required either the assimilation or elimination of indigenous people’. Discuss.

What role did treaties play in British colonization of New Zealand and Australia, and how did this compare to the earlier colonization of North America?


Robert Aldrich Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion (1996) *Bain Attwood ‘Settler Histories and Indigenous Pasts: New Zealand and Australia’, in Axel Schneider and

Daniel Woolf, eds., The Oxford History of Historical Writing, vol. 5 (2011), 594–614 Bain Attwood Possession: Batman’s Treaty and the Matter of History (2009) *Tracey Banivanua Mar and Penelope Edmonds, eds. Making Settler Colonial Space (2010) Alison Bashford and Stuart Macintyre The Cambridge History of Australia, vol. 1 (2013), intro, chs. 2, 5 *James Belich Replenishing the Earth: The Settler Revolution and the Rise of the Angloworld, 1783-1939 (2009)

*James Belich The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict (1985/2015) Paul Carter The Road to Botany Bay: An Exploration of Landscape and History (1988)

Saliha Belmessous Assimilation and Empire: Uniformity in French and British Colonies, 1541-1954 (2013) Donald Denoon Settler Capitalism: The Dynamics of Dependent Development in the Southern Hemisphere (1983) Saul Dubow ‘How British was the British World? The Case of South Africa’, JICH 37 (2009), 1–27 Julie Evans et al. Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights: Indigenous People in British Settler Colonies, 1830–1910 (2003) Lisa Ford Settler Sovereignty: Jurisdiction and Indigenous People in America and Australia 1788–1836 (2010) Victoria Freeman ‘Attitudes toward “Miscegenation” in Canada, the United States, New Zealand and Australia,

1860-1914’, Native Studies Review 16, 1 (2005), 41-69 Richard Gott ‘Latin America as a White Settler Society’, Bulletin of Latin American Research, 26, 2 (2007), 269-289 Cole Harris ‘The Spaces of Early Canada’, Canadian Historical Review, 91, 4 (2010), 725-59 Margaret D. Jacobs White Mother to a Dark Race: Settler Colonialism, Maternalism, and the Removal of Indigenous Children in the

American West and Australia, 1880-1940 (2009) Ben Kiernan Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur (2007) Dirk Moses, ed. Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History (2008), chs. 1,

11, 12 Klaus Neumann et al., eds. Quicksands: Foundational Histories in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand (1999) Adele Perry On the Edge of Empire: Gender, Race, and the Making of British Columbia, 1849-1871 (2001) David Prochaska Making Algeria French: Colonialism in Bone, 1870-1920 (1990) Jennifer Sessions By Sword and Plow: France and the Conquest of Algeria (2011) *Lorenzo Veracini Settler Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview (2010) Lorenzo Veracini ‘Settler Colonialism: Career of a Concept’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 41, 2 (2013),

313-333 Patrick Wolfe ‘Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native’, Journal of Genocide Research, 8, 4 (2006),

387-409


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16. Imperial transitions, c.1840-1900

Key themes • The British hegemon? • The ‘imperialism of free trade’ and the ‘new imperialism,’ the rise of U.S. Empire • Imperial political economies: commodities, trade, finance and debt • Imperial state-building: race, law, sovereignty and force

Recent ques t ions

‘Capitalists were the main drivers of the partitioning of the world and its resources by force in the period between 1870 and 1914.’ Discuss. (2011)

‘The appropriation of indigenous capital rather than European “gentlemanly capitalism” drove free trade imperialism.’ Discuss. (2012)

Was the new imperialism of the late nineteenth century a distinct phase in the history of capitalism? (2014)

Readings

Sunil Amrith Crossing the Bay of Bengal (2014) R. Aldrich Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion (1996)

L. Benton, and L. Ford Rage for Order: The British Empire and the Origins of International Law 1800-1850 (2016) Sugata Bose A Hundred Horizons: the Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire (2006) Jan Breman Taming the Coolie Beast: Plantation Society and the Colonial Order in Southeast Asia (1989) P.J. Cain & A.G. Hopkins British Imperialism, 1688-2000 (2001) *J. Gallagher & R. Robinson ‘Imperialism of Free Trade’, Economic History Review 6, 1 (1953) Julian Go Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present (2011), ch. 5 C. Hall Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination (2002) T.N. Harper ‘Empire, Diaspora and the Languages of Globalism, 1850-1914’ in A.G. Hopkins, ed. Globalization

in World History (2000) Daniel Headrick Power over Peoples: Technology, Environments & Western Imperialism (2009) J. H. Houben ‘Colonial History Revisited', Itinerario, 17, 1 (1993)

Daniel Immerwahr How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States (2019) G. Ingham ‘British Capitalism, Empire, etc.’, Social History 20 (1995), 339–48 Turan Kayaoğlu Legal Imperialism: Sovereignty and Extraterritoriality in Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and China (2010) T. Keegan Colonial South Africa and the Origins of the Racial Order (1996), esp. chapters 3–5 Robert V. Kubicek ‘British Expansion, Empire, and Technological Change’ in OHBE IV (1999) J.H. Laffey ‘Municipal Imperialism in Nineteenth-century France’, Historical Reflections 1 (1974) R. Law, ed. From the Slave Trade to Legitimate Commerce in 19th-century West Africa (1995) J.T. Linblad ‘Economic Aspects of Dutch Expansion in Indonesia, 1870–1914’, MAS 23 (1989) Elsbeth Locher-Scholten ‘Dutch Expansion in the Indonesian Archipelago Around 1900 and the Imperialism Debate’,

JSEAS 25, 1 (1994) M. Lynn ‘The “Imperialism of Free Trade” and the Case of West Africa c.1830–c.1870’, JICH 15, 1 (1986) G.B. Magee & A.S. Thompson Empire and Globalisation: Networks of People, Goods and Capital in the British World, c.1850-1914

(2010) *K. Mantena Alibis of Empire: Henry Maine and the Ends of Liberal Imperialism (2010) R. Ray ‘Asian Capital in the Age of European Expansion’, MAS (1995) Jennifer Pitts A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Liberal Imperialism in Britain and France (2005) Robert A. Stafford ‘Scientific Exploration and Empire’, in OHBE IV (1999) Jennifer Sessions By Sword and Plow: France and the Conquest of Algeria (2011) E.T. Stokes ‘Late Nineteenth-Century Expansion: Mistaken Identity?’, HJ 12, 2 (1969) Eric Tagliacozzo Secret Trades, Porous Borders: Smuggling and States along a Southeast Asian frontier, 1865-1915 (2007) *David Todd ‘A French Imperial Meridian, 1814–1870’, P&P (2011) Hans van de Ven Breaking with the Past: The Maritime Customs Service and the Global Origins of Modernity in China (2014) H.L. Wesseling ‘The Giant That Was a Dwarf, or the Strange History of Dutch Imperialism’, JICH 16 (1988)


26

17. Japan in the nineteenth-century world

Key themes • Continuity and change in Japanese imperialism • The Meiji ‘revolution’: revolution or restoration? • ‘Modernisation’ and reform: endogenous drivers or emulation? • Japan and European imperialism

Recent ques t ions

Which of these terms best describes Japan in the period 1860-1914: nation or empire? (2011)

How far was the Meiji restoration an adaptation of Western ideas and institutions? (2012)

‘The Meiji restoration was an essentially conservative act.’ Discuss (2013)

Why did Meiji Japan succeed in the task of reform, where others seemingly failed? (2015)


Michael R. Auslin Negotiating with Imperialism: Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy (2006) H. Bull & A. Watson, eds. Expansion of International Society (1984), chapter by Suganami P. Francks The Japanese Consumer: An Alternative Economic History of Modern Japan (2009), chs. 1-3 Carol Gluck Japan’s Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji period (1985) *Andrew Gordon A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present, 2nd ed. (2008) H. Harootunian Towards Restoration: Growth of Political Consciousness in Tokugawa Japan, chapters 3–4 J. Hirschmeier The Origins of Entrepreneurship in Meiji Japan (1964) James Huffman Creating a Public: People and Press in Meiji Japan (2005) E. Ikegami The Taming of the Samurai: Honorific Individualism and the Making of Modern Japan (1995) M.B. Jansen, ed. Cambridge History of Japan, V (1989) Donald Keene Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912 (2005) Sho Konishi ‘Reopening the "Opening of Japan": A Russian-Japanese Revolutionary Encounter and the Vision

of Anarchist Progress’, AHR 112, 1 (2007) B.K. Marshall Capitalism and Nationalism in Prewar Japan (1967), chapters 2–3 F.V. Moulder Japan, China and the Modern World Economy (1977), chapters 3, 5–7 T. Nakamura Economic Growth in Prewar Japan (1983), Part 1 J. Nakamura Agricultural Production and Economic Development of Japan (1966) Mara Patessio Women and Public Life in Early Meiji Japan: Development of the Feminist Movement (2011)

M. Ravina To Stand with the Nations of the World: Japan’s Meiji Restoration in World History (2017) Naoko Shimazu Japanese Society at War: Death, Memory and the Russo-Japanese War (2009) Naoko Shimazu, ed. Nationalisms in Japan (2006) D.H. Shively, ed. Tradition and Modernization in Japanese Culture (1971), chapters 3–4 Alistair D. Swale The Meiji Restoration: Monarchism, Mass Communication and Conservative Revolution (2009) *C. Totman A History of Japan (2000) Jun Uchida Brokers of Empire: Japanese Settler Colonialism in Korea, 1876–1945 (2011) B.T. Wakabayashi, ed. Modern Japanese Thought (1998) Anne Walthall The Weak Body of a Useless Woman: Matsuo Taseko and the Meiji Restoration (1998) E.D. Westney Imitation and Innovation: The Transfer of Western Organizational Patterns to Meiji Japan (1987) W. Wray Mitsubishi and the N.Y.K. 1870–1914 (1984)


27

18. The Islamic world in the long nineteenth century

Key themes • Endogenous and exogenous causes of change • Reform and resurgence in Islamic thought and practice • Orthodoxy and heterodoxy in Islam • Knowledge, information and connection across the Islamic world • The creation of a ‘Muslim world’ • Islam and imperialism: resistance, accommodation or co-dependency?

Recent ques t ions

‘Local factors rather than pan-Islamism determined the nature of Muslim societies’ reactions to Western imperialism between 1800 and 1914.’ Discuss (2010)

In what ways did Europeans obtain information about the Islamic world and why was this so flawed? (2011)

How and to what effect did the political ideology and practice of Islam change after 1750? (2012)

How important were networks of Islamic connection in sustaining a response to European imperialism? (2013)

‘The Islam of the cities was founded on accommodation, while that of the countryside remained restive and rebellious.’ Discuss (2015)


Source: *N. Keddie, ed. An Islamic Response to Imperialism: Political and Religious Writings of Sayyid Jamāl Ad-Dīn "al-Afghānī"

(1968)

Cemil Aydin The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought (2007)

C.A. Bayly ‘Two Colonial Revolts: Java War and Indian Mutiny’, in C.A. Bayly and D.H.A. Kolff, eds., Two Colonial Empires

Amira K. Bennison ‘The New Order and Islamic Order’, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies (2004) J. Clancy-Smith Rebel and Saint: Protest in Colonial Algeria and Tunisia 1800–1904 (1994) Nile Green Bombay Islam: The Religious Economy of the West Indian Ocean, 1840-1915 (2011) Samira Haj Reconfiguring Islamic Tradition: Reform, Rationality, and Modernity (2008) C. Harrison France and Islam in West Africa 1860–1960 (1988) Albert Hourani Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939 (1962) P. Hardy The Muslims of British India (1972) M. Hasan A Moral Reckoning: Muslim Intellectuals in Nineteenth-Century Delhi (2007) *R. Heffner, ed. New Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 6 (2011), chapters by Feener and Dallal Engseng Ho ‘Empire Through Diasporic Eyes: A View from the Other Boat’, CSSH 46, 2 (2004) Justin Jones Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism (2011) Nehemiah Levtzion and John Voll, eds. Eighteenth-Century Renewal and Reform in Islam (1987) Barbara Metcalf Islamic Revival in British India (1982) Azmi Özcan Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain (1877-1924) (1997) Anthony Reid ‘Nineteenth Century Pan-Islam in Indonesia and Malaysia’, JAS 26, 2 (1967) M.C. Ricklefs Polarising Javanese Society: Islamic and Other Visions (c. 1830-1930) (2007) David Robinson Paths of Accommodation: Muslim Societies and French Colonial Authorities in Senegal and Mauritania, 1880-

1920 (2000) W.R. Roff, ed. Islam and the Political Economy of Meaning, chapters by Roff and Dobbin James Searing ‘God Alone Is King’: Islam and Emancipation in Senegal (2002) Eric Tagliacozzo The Longest Journey: Southeast Asian Muslims and the Pilgrimage to Mecca (2013) G.B. Trumbull An Empire of Facts: Colonial Power, Cultural Knowledge, and Islam in Algeria 1870-1914 (2009)


28

19. Africa under colonial rule

Key themes • From legitimate trade to colonial rule? • The drivers of partition: metropolitan forces or men on the spot? • Imperial discourses and African society: race, civilisation and progress • African responses to imperial intrusion • African society and the early colonial state

Recent ques t ions

‘You cannot destroy the practice of barbarism, of slavery, of superstition, which for centuries have desolated the interior of Africa, without the use of force.’ [JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN] Discuss. (2010)

‘Colonial rule depended critically on African participation.’ Discuss. (2012)

‘On one side were deemed to be the powers of reason, international law and Christianity, and on the other the forces of superstition, despotism and slavery.’ Discuss this assessment of the partition of Africa. (2013)

How important were local intermediaries on the one hand and capital disinterest on the other in shaping the outcomes of colonialism in Africa? (2013)

What best explains the partition of Africa in the late nineteenth century: metropolitan considerations or circumstances on the ground? (2015)


(a) The ‘Scramble ’ : M.E. Chamberlain The Scramble for Africa (1999) S. Conrad German Colonialism: A Short History (2012) S. Forster et al. eds. Bismarck, Europe and Africa: The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 J. Gallagher & R. Robinson Africa and the Victorians, 2nd ed. L.H. Gann and P. Duignan, eds., Colonialism in Africa: The History and Politics of Colonialism, vol. 1 (1969) A.G. Hopkins Economic History of West Africa (1973), chapter 4 A.G. Hopkins ‘The Victorians and Africa: Egypt’, JAH 27 (1986) R. Law, ed. From Slave Trade to 'Legitimate' Commerce (1995), intro., chs. 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 C. Newbury & A. Kanya-Forstner ‘French Policy’, JAH 10 (1969), 253–76 O. Pétré-Grenouilleau, ed. From Slave Trade to Empire: Europe and the Colonisation of Africa (2004) A.N. Porter, ed. OHBE III (1999), chapters 2, 3, 11, 16, 26–28 R. Price Making Empire: Colonial Encounters and the Creation of Imperial Rule in Nineteenth-Century Africa (2008) *R. Reid A History of Modern Africa (2012), 113-81 *G.N. Sanderson & R. Oliver, eds. Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 6 (1985), chapters 2, 12 A. Schölch ‘Men on the Spot’, Historical J 19, 3 (1976), 773–85 G. Steinmetz The Devils’ Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German State in Qingdao, Samoa and Southwest Africa (1997) H.L. Wesseling Divide & Rule: The Partition of Africa 1880–1914 (1996), conclusion

(b) Early co lon ia l Afr i ca : E. Allina-Pisano ‘Resistance and the Social History of Africa’, Journal of Social History (2003) J. Allman & V. Tashjian I Will Not Eat Stone: A Women's History of Asante (2000) K. Atkins The Moon is Dead! Give Us our Money! The Cultural Origins of an African Work Ethic, Natal, South Africa,

1843-1900 (1993) Alice Conklin A Mission to Civilize: Republican Idea of Empire in France & West Africa, 1895-1930 (2000) D.N. Beach ‘Chimurenga: The Shona Rising of 1896-97’, Journal of African History (1979) F. Becker ‘“Traders”, “Big Men”, and Prophets: Political Continuity and Crisis in the Maji Maji Rebellion’,

JAH (2004) M. Crowder West Africa under Colonial Rule (1968) D. Crummey, ed. Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in Africa (1986) J-G. Deutsch Emancipation without Abolition in German East Africa, 1884-1914 (2006) S. Feierman Peasant Intellectuals (1990), chs. 1-5 K. Fields Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa (1985)


29

J.B. Gewald Herero Heroes: A Socio-Political History of the Herero of Namibia (1999) J. Giblin and J. Monson Maji Maji: Lifting the Fog of War (2010) J. Glassman Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856-88 (1995) P. Harries Work, Culture and Identity (1994) A.G. Hopkins An Economic History of West Africa (1973), chapters 5 and 6 *John Iliffe Africans (1995), chapter 9 J. Lonsdale & B. Berman Unhappy Valley, Book 1 T. McCaskie Asante Identities: History and Modernity in an African Village, chs. 1-4 S. Miers & R. Roberts, eds. The End of Slavery in Africa (1988), chapters 1 and 17 Jane Parpart The Practical Imperialist: Letters from a Danish Planter (Leiden, 2006) J. Peries The Dead Will Arise (1989) P. Phoofolo ‘Rinderpest in Late Nineteenth-Century Africa’, P&P 138 (1993) A. Porter OHBE III (1999), chapter by T.C. McCaskie *Richard Reid A History of Modern Africa, Chapters 7-12 T. Sunseri Vilimani: Labour Migration and Rural Change in Early Colonial Tanzania (2002) I. Wilks Asante in the Nineteenth Century (1989), ch. 12


30

20. Global intellectual histories of the nineteenth century: nationalism, liberalism and radicalism

Key themes • The origins of nationalism: local patriotism or middle-class interest? • Nationalism as a derivative discourse? • Connection and disconnection in the extra-European world: global intellectual history or regional histories? • Liberalism, radicalism and syndicalism in the non-European world

Recent ques t ions

Was anti-colonial nationalism mainly a reaction to Western imperialism? (2010)

What common features, if any, characterised the emergence of nationalism across Asia and Africa before 1914? (2012)

How critical was the mobility of people and ideas in the rise of nationalism across Asia and Africa before 1914? (2013)

‘Nationalism was nothing more than a bourgeois pastime.’ Discuss with reference to any one or more region(s) of the extra- European world. (2014)


Sources: M.K. Gandhi Hind Swaraj [1910] and other writings (1997) Phan Boi Chau Overturned Chariot: The Autobiography of Phan-Boi-Chau [c. 1927] (Honolulu, 1999)

Benedict Anderson Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination (2006) Benedict Anderson Imagined Communities: reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism, 3rd ed. (2006) Cemil Aydin The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought

(2007) *C.A. Bayly The Birth of the Modern World (2004) C.A. Bayly The Local Roots of Indian Politics: Origins of Nationality in South Asia (1998) C. A. Bayly Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire (2011) S. Bose & K. Manjapra, eds. Cosmopolitan Thought Zones: South Asia and the Global Circulation of Ideas (2010) Mark Philip Bradley ‘Becoming Van Minh: Civilizational Discourse and Visions of the Self in Twentieth-Century

Vietnam’, Journal of World History, 15 1 (2004) D. Chakrabarty Habitations of modernity (2002), ch. 1 Partha Chatterjee Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World (1993) Juan R.I. Cole Colonialism & Revolution in the Middle East: Origins of the Arabi Movement (1993) Prasenjit Duara ‘Transnationalism and the Predicament of Sovereignty: China 1900-1945’, AHR 102 (1997) Ziad Fahmy Ordinary Egyptians: Creating the Modern Nation through Popular Culture (2011) Leela Gandhi Affective Communities: Anticolonial Thought, Fin-de-Siècle Radicalism and the Politics of Friendship (2006) Manu Goswami Producing India: From Colonial Community to National Space (2004) Ranajit Guha Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency (1983) *Isabel Hofmeyr Gandhi’s Printing Press: Experiments in Slow Reading (2013) *Shruti Kapila, ed. Modern Intellectual History 4, 1 (2007), essays by Sartori, Bose, Kapila Rebecca E. Karl Staging the World: Chinese nationalism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (2002) Rashid Khalidi, et al, eds., The Origins of Arab Nationalism (1991) Ilham Khuri-Makdisi The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860-1914 (2010) Sho Konichi Anarchist Modernity: Cooperatism and Japanese-Russian Intellectual Relations in Modern Japan (2013) Charles Kurzman Democracy Denied, 1905-1915: Intellectuals and the Fate of Democracy (2008) Michael Laffan Islamic Nationhood and Colonial Indonesia: The Umma Below the Winds (2002) David Marr Vietnamese Anti-Colonialism, 1885-1925 (1971) Anthony Milner The Invention of Politics in Colonial Malaya: Contesting Nationalism and the Expansion of the Public Sphere

(1994) A. Sartori Bengal in Global Concept History (2008) Hue-Tam Ho Tai Radicals and the Origins of the Vietnamese Revolution (1992) Jonathan Unger, ed. Chinese Nationalism (1996)