historical overview of the los padres national forest

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF LOS PADRES NATIONAL FOREST

E. R . (JIM) BLAKLEY

N a t u r a l i s t and H i s t o r i a n o f t h e Santa Earbara Eackcountry

and

KAREN BARNETTE

Cul tura l Resources S p e c i a l i s t Los Padres Nat ional Fores t

July 1985

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

1 . 0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose and Objec t ives .................................... 1

1.2 Methods ............. ....................................... 2

1.3 Organiza t ion of t h e Overview .............................. 2

2.0 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

2 .1 In t roduc t ion .............................................. 4

2 . 2 Hispanic Per iod

2.2.1 E a r l y Spanish Exp lo r a t i ons ........................ 4 2.2.2 The Missions and t h e Spanish Colonial Government

Miss ion iza t ion .................................. 8 . Timber Harvest ing During t h e Spanish Per iod ..... 12 . Spanish Land Grants : t h e Ortega Concession 1 3 . ..... m p e d i t i o n s t o t h e I n t e r i o r ..................... . 14

2 .2 .3 Mexican Per iod . Mission Ind ian Rebe l l ions and Mexican Expedi t ions to t h e I n t e r i o r ..................... 16 Mexican Land Grants and Secu l a r i z a t i on .......... . 21

2.3 Ear ly American Per iod ..................................... 2 8

2.3 .1 Conquest' Years .................................... 28 2.3 .2 Homestead Per iod .................................. 3 5

Southern Monterey County Coast .................. . 3 5 Monterey County I n t e r i o r ........................ . 36

. San Luis Obispo County, Lopez Canyon and t h e Upper Cuyama .................................... 3 6 Sisquoc River Val ley ............................ 3 7 . Other San ta Barbara County Fiomesteads ........... 4 5 . Cuddy and Lockwood Val leys ...................... 48 . Other Ventura County Homesteads ................. 5 0 .

TAELE OF CONTENTS ( ~ 0 n t . )

PAGE

2 . 4 Growth and Development

Es tab l i shment and ~ e v e l o p m e n t of t h e F o r e s t ~e s e i r e s / N a t i o n a l F o r e s t .......................... 5 1

5 4 ...................... . Management of t h e Reserves ......... . Ins Padres Rangers and Ranger Distr ic ts 5 7 E a r l y T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .............................. 5 9 CiviILian Conservat ion Corps Era ................... 6 4 Major Road C o n s t r u c t i o n - Highway 1 and Highway 3 3 ........................................ 6 7 Comiunications .................................... 6 9 F i r e .............................................. 7 0 Timber Harvest ing ................................. 75 Mining and Other Mineral Development .............. 7 7 Recrea t ion i n t h e Fores t ........................... 86 Archeo log ica l Research and t h e Management of C u l t u r a l P r o p e r t i e s ............................... 9 1

3 .0 CCWLUS IONS

3 . 1 P a t t e r n s of Land U s e ...................................... 9 3 3 .1 .1 Cont inuing Uses .................................... 9 3 3 .1 .2 Changing U s e s ..................................... 9 4

................. 3 . 2 F f f e c t s on C:ontemporary Fores t Management 9 5

3 . 3 Data Gaps ................................................. 96

............ 3 . 4 A p p l i c a t i o n of Pas t Lessons t o Fores t Planning 9 7

4 . 0 NOTES ........................................................... 9 9

APPENDIX A: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DOCUMENTS PERTAINING TO FOREST HISTORY .. A 1

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Three people a r e owed s p e c i a l thanks f o r t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h i s p r o j e c t . F i r s t , I would l i k e t o exp re s s my a p p r e c i a t i o n and g r a t i t u d e t o E. R. ( J i m ) Blakley, t h e overv iew 's pr imary au thor . H i s l o v e f o r t h e backcountry s h i n e s th rough h i s wr i t i ng . That persona l f e e l i n g , a s w e l l a s h i s tremendous knowledge o f t h e phys i ca l geography o f t h e F o r e s t ' s main d i v i s i o n and h i s seemingly i n e x h a u s t i b l e s t o r e of d a t a concerning Fo re s t h i s t o r y , made J i m t h e r i g h t person f o r t h e job. Many of t h e hours he s p e n t on t h e overview were l i t e r a l l y a l a b o r of love . I have s t r i v e d t o main ta in J i m ' s s t y l e and c o l o r a s I e d i t e d and added t o t h e overview, and hope fu l l y I have n o t a l t e r e d t h e meaning of o r o therwise misrepresented any of h i s o r i g i n a l informat ion. Copies o f h i s o r i g i n a l manuscr ipt submi t ted i n f u l f i l l m e n t of c o n t r a c t a r e on f i l e i n t h e Los Padres Nat ional F o r e s t Supe rv i so r ' s Of f ice .

Joan Brandoff-Kerr, Lands and Eagineer ing O f f i c e r on t h e Santa Barbara Ranger District, spen t two days providing in format ion about t h e Monterey Ranger District t o h e l p f i l l i n t h e gaps w i th r ega rd t o t h e F o r e s t ' s no r the rn s e c t o r . Although he r o t h e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s kep t Joan from doing a c t u a l research and p r o v i d i n g w r i t t e n t e x t , h e r l o n g e x p e r i e n c e a s t h e Monterey D i s t r i c t Archeo log is t and h e r canmendable memory saved t h e overview from being t o t a l l y l a c k i n g i n i t s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e Monterey D i s t r i c t and t h e o l d Honterey Nat ional Fo re s t . Much of t h e in format ion about t h e Monterey a r ea included i n t h i s document i s my r e c a p of Joan ' s r e c o l l e c t i o n s .

F i n a l l y , Stephen Horne , former Los Padres Fo re s t Archeologis t and presen t1 y Fo re s t Ehvironmental Coordinator , was a c o n s t a n t sou rce of suppo r t f o r a p r o j e c t t h a t he o r i g i n a l l y emris ioned. Steve was always w i l l i n g t o cons ide r my ques t i ons , drawing on h i s own exper ience a s Fo re s t Archeologis t t o p rov ide answers o r sugges t t h e proper source.

I am i n d e b t t o a l l of t h e s e people , p a r t i c u l a r l y J i m Elakley. However, whi le o t h e r s were major c o n t r i b u t o r s , t h e s o l e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e f i n a l p roduc t , and any e r r o r s of f a c t t h a t may b e con ta ined t h e r e i n , i s mine.

Karen Barne t te F o r e s t Archeo log is t

J u l y 26 , 1985

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose and Ob jec t i ve s

There are many noble reasons f o r p repar ing an h i s t o r i c a l w e r v i e w f o r a Nat iona l Fo re s t . These invo lve p r e se rv ing ev idence and knowledge o f t h e p a s t , l e a r n i n g i ts l e s s o n s , and using t h e in format ion gained t o p l a n f o r t h e f u t u r e . A l l app ly t o Los Padres Nat ional F o r e s t , b u t t h e immediate impetus f o r t h i s document i s t h e need t o i n c o r w r a t e h i s t o r i c a l d a t a i n t o planning f u t u r e management.

A l l F o r e s t s i n t h e Nat ional F o r e s t System are r equ i r ed t o c a n p l e t e 50-year Land and Resource Management P lans a s a r e s u l t o f t h e F o r e s t and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning A c t (19741, a s amended by t h e Nat ional F o r e s t Management A c t ( 1976 1 . The d i r e c t i o n f o r p r e p a r i n g p lann ing documents i n c l u d e s a requirement t h a t each Fo re s t P lan be accanpanied by a n w e r v i e w o f t h e F o r e s t ' s c u l t u r a l resources .

I n t h e Los Padres ' c a se , overview documents cover ing p r e h i s t o r i c c u l t u r a l r e sou rce s and Nat ive American concerns w e r e i n p l a c e a s complet ion of t h e F o r e s t P l an neared i n e a r l y 7984. Some w e r e prepared to f u l f i l l F o r e s t p lann ing requ i rements , wh i l e o t h e r s w e r e e i t h e r c o i n c i d e n t a l o r r e l a t e d t o other planning projects. There was an obvious gap i n t h e a r e a of h i s t o r y , s i n c e t h e o n l y p rev ious d e s c r i p t i o n of F o r e s t h i s t o r y had been prepared by W i l l i a m S. Brown i n 1945. ( 4 3 )

Seve ra l e lements of an werview o f Fo re s t h i s t o r y and t h e Forest's h i s t o r i c a l r e sou rce s a l r e a d y e x i s t e d . These inc luded a computerized i nven to ry of t h e a r c h i v a l document and photograph c o l l e c t i o n s housed i n t h e Fo re s t Research Archives , Brown's document c h r o n i c l i n g e v e n t s p r i o r t o 1945, and t h e F o r e s t o r a l h i s t o r y a r c h i v e s of approximately 80 t aped i n t e rv i ews . Two a r e a s of i n fo rma t ion were s p e c i f i c a l l y l a ck ing ; f i r s t , d e s c r i p t i v e d a t a concerning t h e pe r i od f r a n 1945 t o t h e p r e sen t , and second, a summary and gene ra l assessment o f changes i n l and u s e and l and u se management d u r i n g t h e h i s t o r i c e r a t h a t cou ld be u se fu l i n planning f u t u r e management. In a d d i t i o n , many of t h e s u b j e c t s touched on by Brown deserved more a t t e n t i o n .

The F o r e s t chose t o p repare an w e r v i e w t h a t would supplement Brown's d e s c r i p t i o n o f e a r l y Fo re s t h i s t o r y and ex tend it t o t h e p r e s e n t , a s w e l l a s p rov ide a gene ra l assessment of h i s t o r i c a l t r e n d s i n land use and land use management. There w e r e s e v e r a l a d d i t i o n a l , s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s , inc lud ing : a ccanp l i sh a s c a n p l e t e an werview a s p o s s i b l e w i th l i m i t e d funds: p r epa re a r e adab l e document, which cou ld b e enjoyed by t h e l a y r e a d e r as w e l l a s used f o r management purposes; and i d e n t i f y a r e a s where o r i g i n a l r e s ea r ch is needed, o r where s o much in format ion e x i s t s t h a t a s e p a r a t e t hema t i c s t u d y i s warranted .

1.2 Methods

The b e s t way t o a ccanp l i sh t h e s e o b j e c t i v e s seemed t o be through use of l o c a l knowledge and e x i s t i n g a r c h i v a l m a t e r i a l . The Fo re s t con t r ac t ed w i th l o c a l n a t u r a l i s t and backcoun1:ry h i s t o r i a n E. R. ( J i m ) Blakley t o do t h e groundwork f o r t h e h i s t o r i c a l over:view. J i m was a b l e t o work p r i m a r i l y from h i s own ex t ens ive h i s t o r i c a l and b ib l i og raph i c f i l e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e Fo re s t ( t h e Blakley Arch ives ) , wh i l e a l s o u s ing m a t e r i a l s made a v a i l a b l e by i n d i v i d u a l s i n t h e Los Padres canmunity o r found i n t h e F o r e s t c u l t u r a l r e sou rce s f i l e s and r e sea r ch a r ch ive s . I n a d d i t i o n , J i m ' s l a c k o f o f f i c i a l Fo re s t Se rv i ce a f f i l i a t i o n and h i s c o l o r f u l w r i t i n g s t y l e would hope fu l l y en su re an en joyab le a s w e l l a s in format ive document.

It was agreed t h a t J i m ' s d r a f t document would be prepared using a mutual ly agreed upon o u t l i n e . me Fore s t Serv ice would e d i t t h e document a s deemed necessa ry and i n s e r t d a t a r e l a t i n g t o t h e Monterey Ranger Distr ict , s i n c e J i m ' s knowledge and sou rce s of in format ion w e r e l i m i t e d t o t h e F o r e s t ' s main d i v i s i o n ( i nc lud ing t h e Santa Lucia , San ta Barbara, O j a i and M t . P inos Ranger Districts). One consecluence i s t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l r e l a t i n g t o t h e Monterey Ranger D i s t r i c t i s minimal o r inadequa te ly documented, d e f i n i t e l y on a d i f f e r e n t s c a l e t h a n t h a t f o r t h e . r e s t of t h e Fo re s t .

I n a d d i t i o n t o c anp l e t i ng t h e d r a f t overview manuscr ip t , t h e c o n t r a c t c a l l e d f o r p r e p a r a t i o n of a b ib l iography of p e r t i n e n t h i s t o r i c a l documents (see Appendix A ) and updating of t h e Ins Padres c u l t u r a l r e sou rce s s i t e a t l a s wi th in format ion about h i s t o r i c s t r u c t u r e s and h i s t o r i c a r cheo log i ca l sites. A l l i n a l l , t h e work requested and a c c m p l i s h e d f a r exceeded t h e monetary r e t u r n .

1.3 Organ iza t ion of t h e Overview

It i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t a ch ron i c l e and assessment of F o r e s t h i s t o r y no t be l i m i t e d by a d m i n i s t r a t i v e boundar ies . The Los Padres does n o t e x i s t , o r ope ra t e , i n a vacuum. Throughout t h e h i s t o r i c e r a , t h e s t a t e of t h e Fo re s t h a s been dependent p r ima r i l y on t h e needs and d e s i r e s o f people i n t h e surrounding environs . With t h i s i n mind, a c t i v i t i e s and even t s a r e included i n t h i s overview which occurred n o t on ly w i t h i n t h e p r e s e n t Fo re s t boundaries', b u t a l s o around t h e edges of t h e Fo re s t , i n San ta Barbara and San Luis Obispo, and even i n Washington, D.C. (among o t h e r p l a c e s ) .

The overview is organized f i r s t by chronolog ica l pe r iods . Th is was necessa ry , s i n c e it was intended t:o show c u l t u r a l change o v e r t i m e , s p e c i f i c a l l y changes i n land use and i n t h e ways t h e Fo re s t Se rv i ce manages l and . The ove r l aps t h a t occu r between pe r i ods a r e l a r g e l y t h e r e s u l t o f t r a n s i t i o n a l even t s , o f t e n t hose which induced o r eased t h e change f r m one government t o ano ther .

The information a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e most r ecen t per iod , lumped under "Growth and Development", i s understandably more s u b s t a n t i a l t han t h a t f o r e a r l i e r t i m e s . Th i s per iod a l s o has seen t h e most i n t ense a c t i v i t y wi th in t h e Fores t boundaries and i n c l u d e s t h e per iod of Fores t Serv ice a d m i n i s t r a t i v e h i s t o r y . For t h e s e reasons , a number of themes w e r e i d e n t i f i e d a s a means of organizing t h e da t a . Of course , t h e s e themes a r e i n t e r r e l a t e d ; and t h e r eade r should be c a r e f u l t o read t h e "Growth and Development" s e c t i o n a s a whole f o r t h a t reason. A good example of t h e over lap involved i s t h e C i v i l i a n Conservation Corps, which i s discussed i n i t s own sec t ion , bu t a l s o c u t s ac ros s o the r themes, such a s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , communication, and r e c r e a t i o n . There i s a l s o some o v e r l a p w i t h e a r l i e r p e r i o d s , s i n c e t h e r o o t s o f some a r e a s o f development a r e i n t h e h i span ic per iod.

The word "Forest" w i th an upper case F i s used throughout t h e document t o r e f e r t o t h e modern Los Padres boundaries. Locat ions and placenames a l s o u sua l ly r e f e r t o modern des igna t ions , un less otherwise s t a t e d .

I n gene ra l , t h e r eade r w i l l be moving from no r th t o sou th geographica l ly i n reading about even t s assoc ia ted wi th a t ime per iod o r theme; t h u s , t h e Monterey Ranger D i s t r i c t i s usua l ly , a l though n o t always, d i scussed f i r s t .

2.0 'HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

2.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n

Many of t h e e v e n t s which led t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of Los Padres Na t iona l F o r e s t t o o k p l a c e l o n g b e f o r e t h e i d e a o f a n a t i o n a l f o r e s t w a s e v e r conceived. It i s impor tan t t h a t many of t h e e v e n t s which i n f l u e n c e d a c t i o n s w i t h i n t h e F o r e s t occur red o u t s i d e t h e e v e n t u a l F o r e s t boundar ies , i n a d j a c e n t areas. This i s t r u e even today and r e s u l t s p a r t i a l l y f r m t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e S u p e r v i s o r ' s O f f i c e and most Ranger S t a t i o n s on t h e F o r e s t ' s f r i n g e s . Probably more impor tan t , t h e p o p u l a t i o n which i n f l u e n c e s t h e a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n t h e F o r e s t i s l o c a t e d p r i m a r i l y a d j a c e n t t o , r a t h e r t h a n w i t h i n , i t s boundar ies .

T h i s overview i s roughly d i v i d e d i n t o segments which have r e l e v a n c e f o r unders tand ing c u l t u r a l change. The amount o f o v e r l a p among p e r i o d s keeps them frcm being t r u e c h r o n o l o g i c a l d i v i s i o n s . These p e r i o d s are:

. Hispanic Per iod , i n c l u d i n g t h e Spanish, Mission and Mexican sub-per iods . American Conquest

. Growth and Development, i n c l u d i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f F o r e s t Reserves and t h e e a r l y p e r i o d of F o r e s t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n .

2.2 Hispan ic P e r i o d

2 .2 .1 Ear ly Spanish E x p l o r a t i o n s

J u s t f i f t y y e a r s a f t e r t h e d i s c o v e r y o f t h e Americas by Columbus, two major e x p e d i t i o n s were s e n t from Mexico t o e x p l o r e t h e l a n d s t o t h e nor th . The f i r s t of t h e s e e x p e d i t i o n s was t h a t of Vasquez d e Coronado. Coronado was never i n any p o r t i o n o f C a l i f o r n i a , b u t tales of h i s movement t o t h e e a s t were c i r c u l a t e d among I n d i a n t r i b e s u n t i l t h e s e s t o r i e s were no doubt known by t h e Chumash I n d i a n s l i v i n g a l o n g t h e C a l i f o r n i a c o a s t .

The second major e x p e d i t i o n was n o t a l and march l i k e Coronado's , b u t an e x p l o r a t i o n o f t h e c o a s t b y s h i p . Juan Rodriguez C a b r i l l o began h i s voyage up t h e c o a s t o f Baja C a l i f o r n i a and i n t o t h e r e g i o n of Alta C a l i f o r n i a i n 1542. This was 8 0 y e a r s b e f o r e t h e P i l g r i m s s e t t l e d i n New Eagland and 2 0 0 y e a r s b e f o r e t h e C a l i f o r n i a m i s s i o n s were e s t a b l i s h e d .

C a b r i l l o en te red t h e San ta Barbara Channel on October 7 , 1542. On October 10 he v i s i t e d t h e mainlanil, p o s s i b l y nea r t h e mouth of t h e Santa C l a r a River . Looking up t h e v a l l e y he mentioned seeing high mountains. Th is was probably t h e f i r s t view by a Eluropean o f t h e l and t h a t became Los Padres Nat iona l Fo re s t . S a i l i n g on up t h e coas t , he passed t h e f u t u r e sites of Ventura , C a r p i n t e r i a , and San t a Barbara. On October 16 t h e exped i t i on a r r i v e d a t t h e mouth of a canyon w i th a l a r g e Ind ian v i l l a g e on each s i d e , which C a b r i l l o c a l l e d Dos Pueblos. The l o c a t i o n i s s t i l l known by t h i s name, t h e o l d e s t place-name i n Al ta C a l i f o r n i a . C a b r i l l o continued west along t h e c o a s t , v i s i t i n g San Miguel I s l a n d , and on October 18, 1542, h e a t t empted t o round a p o i n t which he c a l l e d c>bo d e Galera ( P o i n t Conception); s t r o n g windp forced him t o r e t u r n t o San Miguel I s l a n d and t h e l o c a l c o a s t . On November 11 he rounded Po in t Conceptio:n, s a i l e d no r th along t h e c o a s t pass ing w i t h i n s i g h t of t h e p r e s e n t Santa Lucia. Ranger D i s t r i c t o f t h e Fo re s t , and passed t h e f u t u r e l o c a t i o n of Monterey. !Chis t r i p carried him a s f a r nor th a s Bodega Bay.

The exped i t i on r e tu rned t o Sari Miguel I s l a n d , where t h e y win te red , on November 23. C a b r i l l o d i ed dur ing t h i s per iod and was bu r i ed , probably a t s e a near t h e i s l a n d . H e i n s t r u c t e d h i s o f f i c e r s t o con t i nue t h e e x p l o r a t i o n o f t h e c o a s t , and on February 18 t h e y s a i l e d no r th a s f a r a s Cape Mendocino be fo r e r e t u rn ing t o San Miguel I s l and on March 5. From t h e r e t h e y s a i l e d back t o Mexico. While C a b r i l l o d id no t l and <and v i s i t any p o r t i o n of t h e Fores t , h e d id s a i l a long i t s sou thern and wes te rn edges and was t h e f i r s t Puropean t o d e s c r i b e t h e a r e a .

Following C a b r i l l o , S i r F r anc i s Drake s a i l e d along t h e C a l i f o r n i a c o a s t i n 1578, and Sebas t ian Vizcaino v i s i t e d t h e c o a s t and mapped t h e Monterey Bay a r e a i n 1602. Neither. Drake nor Vizcaino provided in format ion about t h e Los Padres v i c i n i t y , a l though Vizcaino was impressed w i th t h e Monterey a r e a and r epo r t ed it as a good bay f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g a harbor of r e fuge f o r t h e Manila Galleons. I n 1769 Don Gaspar d e Po r to l a was appointed m i l i t a r y governor o f A l t a C a l i f o r n i a and au thor ized t o l ead an expedi t ion t o e s t a b l i s h s e t t l e m e n t s i n t h e new t e r r i t o r y . A f t e r e s t a b l i s h i n g a ba se a t San Diego, Governor P o r t o l a s t a r t e d up t h e c o a s t i n s ea r ch of Monterey. He l e f t on J u l y 14, 1769, wi th Fa the r s Juan Cre sp i and Franc i sco Gomez, a s e r g e a n t , a n eng ineer and 3 2 s o l d i e r s , a s w e l l a s some Ind i ans f r m Baja C a l i f o r n i a . The exped i t i on s k i r t e d t h e Santa Yn~ez Mountains by fo l lowing t h e c o a s t l i n e p a s t Po in t Conception, t h e n heading nor th along t h e c o a s t t o a p o i n t j u s t beyond P i ed ros Elancos, i n San Luis Obispo County, where t h e y tu rned i n l and up San Carpoforo Creek t o ascend t h e San ta Lucia b u n t a i n s . Local informants r e p r t t h a t Po r to l a camped on San Carpoforo Creek e i t h e r w i th in o r j u s t s o u t h o f t h e p r e s e n t Monterey Ranger D i s t r i c t boundary. The expedi t ion passed through t h e sou thern p a r t of t h e D i s t r i c t a s t h e t r o o p s ascended t h e Santa Lucias and t hen descended t o t h e Nacimfiento River . Continuing nor th , t h e y reached t h e S a l i n a s River n e a r t h e present: King C i t y and followed t h e r i v e r t o i ts mouth nea r Monterey.

Arr iv ing i n t h e Monterey a r e a , t h e P o r t o l a exped i t i on d id ' n o t recognize t h e l o c a t i o n as t h e i r d e s t i n a t i o n and con t inued on northward. On t h e 25th day of October, 1769, t h e y d i s c w e r e d San F ranc i s co Pay. Fran t h e bay r eg ion t h e exped i t i on r e tu rned t o San Diego f o r s u p p l i e s . d gain t r a v e l i n g n o r t h up t h e c o a s t , P o r t o l a r e t r a c e d h i s o r i g i n a l r o u t e t o Monterey Bay, where he was m e t by a supply s h i p which had s a i l e d up t h e c o a s t from San Diego. The Monterey P r e s i d i o was e s t a b l i s h e d and later a miss ion (Miss ion San Car los d e l Borraneo) w a s begun. P o r t o l a ' s r o u t e t o Monterey.became what i s now known as "El Camino R e a l ." Today Highway 101 fo l lows on o r n e a r P o r t o l a ' s o r i g i n a l r ou t e .

I n May of 1772 Captain Juan B a u t i s t a d e Anza p e t i t i o n e d t h e Spanish Viceroy f o r permiss ion t o o rgan ize and l e ad an exped i t i on t o A l t a C a l i f o r n i a . For a time h i s r e q u e s t w a s r e j e c t e d . Late i n 1773 h i s p e t i t i o n was approved, and on January 9, 1774, Anza l e f t t h e P r e s i d i o of Tubac i n sou thern Arizona. The main purpose of t h e ven tu r e was t o open a l a n d r o u t e t o supply t h e s e t t l e m e n t s being e s t a b l i s h e d i n A l t a C a l i f o r n i a . Cn March 2 t h e group l e f t t h e Colorado River , and on March 22 t h e y reached San Gabr i e l Mission. From t h e r e Anza t r a v e l e d n o r t h wi th a smal l detachment t o Monterey. It took him 11 days t o make t h e journey. On May 26 Anza r e t u r n e d t o Tubac.

A second exped i t i on led by Anza set o u t £ran Tubac on October 22, 1775. This p a r t y w a s composed of 240 persons , 155 of them women. The f i r s t exped i t i on had found t h e r o u t e northward, and t h e second was canmissioned t o t ake settlers and t r o o p s t o e s t a b l i s h a mi s s ion and p r e s i d i o a t San Francisco. These c o l o n i s t s were ve ry impor tan t t o t h e f u t u r e dwelopment of C a l i f o r n i a a s t h e y were t h e fo r e runne r s o f many impor tan t A l t a C a l i f o r n i a f a m i l i e s . I n January , 1776, Anza's exped i t i on reached Mission San Gab r i e l . While t h e c o l o n i s t s r e s t e d , Anza and e i g h t e e n o f h i s men joined Rivera t o p u t down an Ind i an ug r i s i ng a t San Diego. On February 21 t h e exped i t i on aga in set ou t f o r Monterey, w i th a s t o p on March 2 a t San Luis Obispo t o o b t a i n supp l i e s . They reached Monterey on March 10. Anza followed approximately t h e same r o u t e as P o r t o l a , w i th t h e excep t ion t h a t Anza c ro s sed t h e Cuesta Grade, descended San t a Margar i ta Creek, passed Paso Robles and continued on down the S a l i n a s River toward Monterey, i n s t e a d o f c r o s s i n g through t h e Santa Lucia Mountains. The d i f f e r e n c e i n r o u t e s was due t o t h e es tab l i shment of Mission San Luis Obispo and t h e shor tened, improved r o u t e of El Camino Real. Thus, Anza's r o u t e passed through t h e nor thwest s e c t i o n of t h e p r e sen t Santa Lucia Ranger District.

Spanish e x p l o r a t i o n s a l s o occurred a long t h e e a s t s i d e of t h e Fo re s t . The f i r s t o f t h e s e exped i t i ons was l e d by Captain Pedro Fages i n 1772. Pursuing d e s e r t e r s £ran t h e San Diego P r e s i d i o , Fages crossed t h e Cuyamaca Mountains and passed through t h e Imper ia l Va l ley , Cajon Pass and t h e Mojave Desert i n t h e v i c i n i t y of Quail and Hughes Lake; h e then followed Grapevine Canyon and c ro s sed t h e southwestern end of t h e C e n t r a l (San Joaquin) Val ley t o reach Buena V i s t a Lake. ( 1 ) Fages descr ibed t h e scene much as w e see it today: "The range i n l and on t h e o t h e r s i d e of t h e r i v e r i s v e r y h igh and i ts peaks a r e permanently c w e r e d w i th snow. Many trees of a v a r i e t y o f species grow i n t h e e x c e l l e n t s o i l of t h e f o o t h i l l s . " ( 2 ) H e was d e s c r i b i n g t h e sou thern S i e r r a Nevada Fountains a s seen i n t h e d i s t a n c e £ram Buena V i s t a Lake. Flis d e p a r t u r e from t h e Cent ra l Va l ley w a s probably by t h e most d i r e c t r o u t e t o San L u i s Obispo: through t h e Temblor Range, a c r o s s t h e Ca r r i zo P l a i n , and through t h e La Panza a r e a of t h e Fo re s t t o reach Mission San Luis Obispo,

In Apr i l 1776 F a t h e r Franc i sco Garces v i s i t e d Ind ian r anche r i a s t h a t had been v i s i t e d by Captain Pedrro Fages some f o u r y e a r s e a r l i e r . From t h e Tehachapi Mountains he observed a range t o t h e e a s t which he named " S i e r r a de San Marcos." La t e r he came t o a l a r g e r i v e r which h e de sc r i bed as one "whose wa t e r s , c rys ta l ' ine , b o u n t i f u l , and p a l a t a b l e , flowed on t h e course from t h e e a s t through a s t r a i t e n e d channel ." ( 3 ) H e c a l l e d t h e r i v e r "San Fe l i pe ," now known as t h e Kern River . After an extended per iod of time i n which he explored t h e sou the rn t i p of t h e C e n t r a l Val ley and v i s i t e d numerous Ind ian r anche r i a s , h e l e f t the. v a l l e y v i a t h e Tehachapi Pass. Fran t h e r e he crossed t h e Mojave Deser t t o t h e Colorado River and passed o u t o f t h e a r e a never t o r e t u r n . His d i a r y of t h e exped i t i on was widely c i r c u l a t e d , acqua in t ing numerous o t h e r s w i t h t h e a r e a h e had v i s i t e d .

In 1796 Diego d e Borica wrote t o F e l i p e d e Goycochea, t h e cmmandante of Santa Barbara, and i n q u i r e d about t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f making a connec t ion w i th t h e Spanish i n New Mexico. Goycochea had gained some knowledge of t h e p o s s i b l e r o u t e from two s o l d i e r s under h i s command, Franc i sco Cayuel la and Mariano Cordero, who had once de se r t ed and f l e d i n t o t h e Cent ra l Va l ley . Cordero informed t h e commander t h a t t h e Ind i ans had t o l d him t h e r e were o t h e r wh i t e men about f i v e days t r a v e l t o t h e east of t h e S i e r r a s , who were no t whi te "because o f snow, b u t because t h e y were of whi te composition." ( 4 )

Unt i l t h i s t ime exped i t i ons ( w i t h t h e except ion of P o r t o l a i n t h e San ta Lucias) had passed e i t h e r t o t h e e a s t o r t o t h e w e s t of t h e mountainous i n t e r i o r a r ea s . The f i r s t recorded m i l i t a r y v i s i t t o t h e Santa Barbara backcountry occur red i n 1790. I t i s w e l l documented due t o t h e n a t u r e of t h e even ts .

The Commandante F e l i p e de Goycochea d i spa tched a p a r t y of n ine men, c o n s i s t i n g o f S e r g e a n t J o s e I g n a c i o O l i v e r a a n d e i g h t s o l d i e r s , and a n I n d i a n i n t e r p r e t e r , t o t h e bac!kcountry i n s ea r ch of a runaway Mission neophyte. The i r f i r s t s t o p w a s a t ~ a j a l a y e g u a , a l a r g e Ind ian v i l l a g e on t h e Santa Ynez River , where t hey picked up t h r e e a d d i t i o n a l Indians . La t e r 15 more Chumash accompanied t h e group u n t i l t h e y reached t h e San Fmigdio ~ o u n t a i n s , where t h e s o l d i e r s and Ind i ans par ted canpany. It l a t e r became known t h a t t h e Ind i ans from Najalayegua and t .hose l i v i n g i n t h e Castac and San m i g d i o a r e a s were enemies, w i th r a i d i n g and feuding going on between t h e r anche r i a s . ( 5 )

Sergeant Ol ivera w a s lo~oking f o r a runaway neophyte named Domingo from Mission San Wlenaventura. Goyc:ochea had a l s o ordered t h e p a r t y t o s ea r ch f o r mineral d e p o s i t s r epo r t ed t o be i n t h e San Fmigdio Creek a r ea . The p a r t y l e f t Santa Barbara on August 24, 1790, and upon a r r i v i n g a t t h e r anche r i a of Tinoqui , t h e y found t h e fug i t ive , n a t i v e . Camping a t a p l ace c a l l e d Cullamuhuasulugoy, t h e p a r t y began t h e z;earch f o r minera l s . Cn August 29, Sergeant O l ive r a detached a p a r t y of f i v e men t o con t i nue t h e search. Sergeant Ol ivera and t h r e e s o l d i e r s remainecj i n camp, b u t later t h e Sergeant took one of t h e men w i th him t o make a rec~onna issance of ano the r a r e a nea r t h e camp. This l e f t two s o l d i e r s , H i l a r i o Car lon and Gab r i e l ~ s p i n o s a , t o guard t h e camp.

Meanwhile a group of I nd i ans were g e t t i n g t o g e t h e r t o a t t a c k t h e r anche r i a of Najalayegua. There were about 58 I nd i ans invo lved i n t h i s r a i d . When t hey came a c r o s s s i g n s of t h e O l i ve r a pa r t y , t h e y l oca t ed t h e i r camp and, f i nd ing t h e two s o l d i e r s n o t on t h e a l e r t , a t t a c k e d . Gab r i e l Espinosa w a s s l e e p i n g and m e t d e a t h wi thout awakening. The guard was sewing h i s shoe and w a s k i l l e d by a k n i f e t h r u s t . "S t ea l i ng a f u l l y equipped h o r s e and s e v e r a l guns , and app rop r i a t i ng t h e dead s o l d i e r s ' g ea r , t h e I n d i a n s depar ted ." (6 )

The f i v e s o l d i e r s r e t u r n i n g from t h e i r m ine ra l s e a r c h found t h e i r dead ccmpanions, bu r i ed them, and s t a r t e d back t o San ta Barbara. On t h e way t hey m e t O l i ve r a and t h e s o l d i e r he had t aken w i th him, whom t h e y thought had a l s o been k i l l e d by t h e Ind ians . The group a r r i v e d i n San ta Barbara on September 1. ( 7 )

An exped i t i on c o n s i s t i n g of 28 s o l d i e r s and Sergean t O l ive r a under t h e canmand of A l f e r ez Pablo Cota set o u t t o b r i n g back t h e Ind i ans who had p e r p e t r a t e d t h e a t t a c k on t h e s o l d i e r s . Advance warning of Cota ' s i n t e n t i o n s was g iven t o t h e Ind i ans and t h e v i l l a g e s w e r e vacan t when t h e p a r t y a r r i v e d . They d i d succeed i n c ap tu r i ng two p r i sone r s , Soxol lue o f Taxicoo, who had taken p a r t i n t h e a t t a c k , and Domingo, from whom t h e d e t a i l s of t h e a t t a c k w e r e l e a rned . ( 8 )

Goycochea and O l i v e r a were censured f o r t h e i r parts i n t h e exped i t ion . The Spanish had l e a rned a l e s son , bu t a t t h e c o s t o f two l i v e s . La t e r exped i t i ons i n t o t h e i n t e r i o r w e r e r a r e l y s u r p r i s e d by I n d i a n a t t a c k , and s m a l l detachments were never s p l i t up under p o t e n t i a l l y dangerous c i rcumstances . ( 9 )

Spanish knowledge o f t h e i n t e r i o r of C a l i f o r n i a was scan ty a t t h e end of t h e 18 th cen tu ry , Much of what was known was l e a rned on e x p e d i t i o n s i n s ea r ch of m i l i t a r y d e s e r t e r s and runaway miss ion neophytes. In 1794 F a t h e r Tomas Pungua wro te t h a t g e n t i l e Ind ians l i v i n g i n t h e mountains and t h e Cen t r a l Val ley were a sou rce of dep reda t i ons t o t h e miss ions , and though occa s iona l l y t r o o p s had fol lowed them, t h e y had n o t been a b l e t o c a p t u r e them because t h e Ind i ans took r e f u g e i n t h e l ake reg ion where t h e t u l e s o f f e r e d remarkably good cover . In a d d i t i o n , l a c k o f personnel was always a problem and v e r y few t r o o p s w e r e a v a i l a b l e f o r guard du ty a t t h e miss ions and t h e p r e s i d i o s .

2.2.2 The Missions and t h e Spanish Colonial Government

Mi s s ion i za t i on

J o s e Galvez, V i s i t o r General of New Spain, chose Fa ther Jun ipe ro S e r r a , p r e s i d e n t o f t h e F r a n c i s c a n m i s s i o n s o f B a j a C a l i f o r n i a , t o b e t h e e c c l e s i a s t i c a l w e r s e e r f o r t h e es tab l i shment of a cha in of m i s s ions from San Diego t o Monterey. Galvez d i r e c t e d t h a t t h e s e mi s s ions be b u i l t a t i n t e r v a l s of one day ' s r i d e along t h e rou te . The f i r s t miss ion i n Al ta C a l i f o r n i a was founded on J u l y 16, 1769 and named San Diego d e Alcala .

A c h a i n of 2 1 miss ions was e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e Franc i scan f a t h e r s . It extended a l o n g . t h e c o a s t from Sari Diego on t h e s o u t h t o Sonoma on t h e nor th . E igh t o f t h e s e miss ions were d i r e c t l y a s soc i a t ed w i th t h e f u t u r e Los Padres Nat ional Fo re s t . The southernmclst miss ion a f f e c t i n g t h e F o r e s t ' s development was San Buenaventura, and t h e northernmost La Soledad. These miss ions exe r t ed a g r e a t d e a l o f i n f l u e n c e on t b e f u t u r e development of t h e a r e a , and t h e nearness o f t h e Fo re s t l ands 1ikewi.se a f f e c t e d t h e development of t h e miss ions . Each is d i s cus sed b r i e f l y he r e ; however, t h e l i t e r a t u r e d e a l i n g w i th t h e miss ion system i s v a s t and o f f e r s numerous o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r f u r t h e r de f i n ing t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e miss ions t o e a r l y l a n d u se w i t h i n t h e Fo re s t .

Mission San Antonio d e Padua was founded by Fa the r Jun ipe ro S e r r a near t h e c u r r e n t town of Jolon on ~ u l y 14, 1771. This miss ion had t h e l a r g e s t popula t ion of neophytes of any of t h e C a l i f o r n i a miss ions , wi th r e c r u i t i n g done a s f a r away a s Big Sur., M n t e r e y , and t h e C a m e l Val ley . (83) During t h e e a r l y h i s t o r i c pe r i od , t h e Mission sometimes served a s a r e fuge from marauding c o a s t a l p i r a t e s f o r women and c h i l d r e n from Monterey. Throughout i t s h i s t o r y t h i s miss ion has been i n t i m a t e l y a s soc i a t ed w i th nearby p o r t i o n s of t h e Nonterey Ranger D i s t r i c t , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e a r e a now known a s "The Indians ." Although t h e r e a r e no documentary r e c o r d s , former r e s i d e n t s i n t h e a r e a b e l i e v e t h a t t h e v i c i n i t y o f "The Ind i ansn was an ou tpos t of Mission San Antonio, favored f o r some uses because of i t s verdure . I n r e c e n t y e a r s , a b r o t h e r from t h e Missj-on found a v a r i e t y o f Mission Grape a t t h e Ind ians Ranch, one no t c u r r e n t l y found a t t h e Mission i t s e l f . The e a r l y owners of t h a t ranch, t h e Encina:Les fami ly , w e r e Sa l inan Ind i ans w i th t ies t o Mission San Antonio and Mission San Miguel. ( 8 4 )

On September 1, 1772, Mission San Luis Obispo d e Tolosa was founded by Fa the r S e r r a . Fa the r Cavalier, f i v e s o l d i e r s and two Ind i ans were l e f t t o begin t h e miss ion a s Fa the r Se r r a cont inued h i s journey t o San Diego. This miss ion he ld l and a t Santa m r g a r i t e , n e a r t h e nor thern p o r t i o n s of t h e Santa Lucia Ranger D i s t r i c t .

San Bueneventura Mission was t h e next founded i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e Fo re s t . It was e s t a b l i s h e d by 'Father S e r r a on March 31, 1782, and Fa thers Beni to and Cambon were t h e f i r s t persons i n charge. The miss ion was s t a r t e d i n t h e corner of what l a t e r became t h e o rchard , b u t h igh wate r i n t h e Ventura River damaged t h e walls and it was moved t o h ighe r ground where it i s loca t ed today.

S a n t a B a r b a r a M i s s i o n was e s t a b l i s h e d b y F a t h e r s Anton io Pa t e rma and Chr i s t ova l Oramer on December 4 , 1786. Fa ther S e r r a made p l ans t o b u i l d t h i s miss ion a t t h e same t i m e t h e Sari Buenaventura Mission was e s t a b l i s h e d . Because t h e m i l i t a r y f o r c e s were engaged then i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e p r e s i d i o a t San ta Earbara , h e reques ted t h a t t h e miss ion be de layed u n t i l work on t h e p r e s i d i o was f u r t h e r aldvanced. Fa ther S e r r a had d ied by t h e time t h e San ta Barbara Mission was e s t a b l i s h e d , so he d i d n o t d e d i c a t e t h e miss ion a s h e had hoped t o do. Because of i t s geographical l o c a t i o n and t h e nearness of t h e p r e s i d i o , t h i s miss ion f l ou r i shed and became known a s t h e "Queen o f t h e Missions." Between 1786 and 1846, 4,715 Churnash Ind i ans became C h r i s t i a n s a t t h i s miss ion.

Mission La Pur i s ima Cancepcion a t Lompoc was founded December 8 , 1787, o v e r a y e a r a f t e r Miss ion San ta Barbara. Due t o t h e f a v o r a b l e l o c a t i o n o f t h i s m i s s i o n , it showed g r e a t p r a i s e . La Pur i s ima developed r a p i d l y u n t i l December 8, 19 1 1, when a s e v e r e ea r thquake d e s t r o y e d t h e church and most of t h e b u i l d i n g s surrounding it. The miss ion was r e b u i l t a t a new l o c a t i o n .

Mission La Soledad was founded October 9, 179 1 , b y F a t h e r Lasuen. The word "soledad" a s used i n t h i s geographic a r e a had i t s o r i g i n i n a l o c a l I n d i a n d i a l e c t , p robab ly from t h e Esse len group. Some neophytes from t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of t h e Monterey Ranger District, p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e Arroyo Seco and o t h e r i n t e r i o r g roups , w e r e t a k e n t o Mission La Soledad.

San Miguel Archangel was e s t a b l i s h e d on Ju ly 25, 1797, o n t h e west bank of t h e S a l i n a s River , It was t h e s i x t e e n t h m i s s i o n added t o t h e m i s s i o n cha in . With l a r g e a r e a s of r o l l i n g g r a s s l a n d , t h e miss ion became r i c h i n l i v e s t o c k . "It w a s r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e miss ion and i t s dependent ranchos was t h e owner of 91,000 ca t t le , 1,100 tame horses , 3,000 mares, 2,000 m u l e s , 340 oxen and 47,000 sheep. A t t h e h e i g h t o f i t s power, it numbered among i t s dependents 6,000 I n d i a n s , b e s i d e s t h e s o l d i e r s and c i v i l i z e d p e o p l e ( g e n t e d e razon) n e c e s s a r y t o o p e r a t e such a n es tab l i shment . " ( 1 0 ) During t h e g o l d r u s h d a y s , San Miguel was used a s a sa loon and s t o r e h o u s e , b u t h a s s i n c e been r e s t o r e d and r e d e d i c a t e d .

The l a s t m i s s i o n b u i l t i n t h e F o r e s t ' s v i c i n i t y was S a n t a Ynez, which was founded September 17, 1804. " I n 1831, pe rhaps i t s most p rosperous p e r i o d , t h e m i s s i o n had under i t s charge 142 men, 136 women, 82 boys, and 96 g i r l s , making a t o t a l of 456 s o u l s ," ( 11 ) The o n l y recognized I n d i a n Reserva t ion n e a r t h e F o r e s t is t h a t of t h e San ta Ynez Band of Chumash I n d i a n s , who hold less t h a n 100 a c r e s l o c a t e d c l o s e t o t h e r e c o n s t r u c t e d Mission Santa Ynez.

With t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of t h e miss ions , t h e padres began an i n t e n s i v e program o f p r o s e l y t i z i n g t h e n a t i v e Ind ian popula t ion . Exped i t ions were o rgan ized t o v i s i t t h e I n d i a n r a n c h e r i a s i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e m i s s i o n s and seek c o n v e r t s t o t h e C a t h o l i c f a i t h , and workers f o r t h e m i s s i o n community.

I n d i a n s £ ran t h e upper S a l i n a s River area were almost c e r t a i n l y removed t o Miss ion San Luis Obispo d e Tolosa a t a r e l a t i v e l y e a r l y d a t e a f t e r i t s e s t a b l i s h m e n t i n 1772. In 1776, Font recorded r e c r u i t m e n t by Mission San L u i s Obispo e x t e n d i n g a c r o s s t h e F o r e s t area a s f a r eas tward as Yokuts (Noche) t e r r i t o r y . ( 1 2 1

" F r a n e a r l y t h e beginning of Miss ion S a n t a Barbara ' s e s t a b l i s h m e n t i n December 1786, t h e r e appeared i n t h e miss ion r e g i s t e r s t h e names o f a few c o n v e r t s who a r e n a t i v e s of mountain v i l l a g e s , Most e a r l y bap t i sms were drawn from c o a s t a l v i l l a g e s . . .Perhaps t h e most s i g n i f i c a n t e a r l y bapt isms were t h o s e of a 60-year o l d c h i e f and h i s son £ ran t h e v i l l a g e of Stucu i n J u l y 1788, . . ." (14)

The f i r s t recorded miss ionary v i s i t t o a mountain r a n c h e r i a took p l a c e on August 27, 1789, when t h r e e young g i r l s were b a p t i z e d a t Stucu r a n c h e r i a l o c a t e d i n S tuk Canyon i n t h e San Raphael Mountains. ( 1 3 )

"The p roce s s of conver t ing t h e mountain Chumash began i n e a r n e s t i n 1796. On March 26 o f t h a t y e a r , a group of I nd i ans accep t ed bapt ism, r e p r e s e n t i n g a t l e a s t f i v e f a m i l i e s , p r i m a r i l y from t h e mountain r a n c h e r i a s of Najalayegua and Siguaya. Inducements were o f f e r e d t o encourage p a r e n t s t o have t h e i r c h i l d r e n bap t i z ed and a l l bap t ized Ind i ans were provided w i th an annual a l l o tmen t of a b l a n k e t and s h i r t , even though t h e y l i v e d away from t h e miss ion . When bap t i z ed c h i l d r e n reached about t e n y e a r s of age t h e y were brought t o t h e mi s s ion t o r e c e i v e i n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e C a t h o l i c d o c t r i n e , and a t t h a t t i m e t h e i r p a r e n t s might a l s o choose t o j o in t h e miss ion canmunity.

"Af t e r a c c e p t i n g bapt ism, Ind ian neophytes p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e miss ion work f o r c e , b u t every f i f t h week excu r s ions were g r an t ed so t h a t C h r i s t i a n Ind i ans cou ld v i s i t r e l a t i v e s i n t h e i r n a t i v e v i l l a g e s . Two weeks were allowed f o r t h e mountain Chumash whose r anche r i a s were l o c a t e d f a r t h e s t from t h e miss ion. Also i n September, a f t e r t h e h a r v e s t of m i s s ion c rops , a l l miss ion neophytes were g iven six weeks l e a v e t o r e t u r n t o t h e i r n a t i v e r a n c h e r i a s t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e i s l a y and acorn harves t s . " ( 1 5 )

I n t h e San ta Barbara a r e a , after most of t h e c o a s t a l I nd i ans had been conver ted t o miss ion l i f e , t h e e f f o r t t o c o n v e r t t h e mountain Chumash w a s emphasized. In 1799 exped i t i ons were begun t o t h e mountain r anche r i a s . With t h e complet ion of t h e t r a i l ove r San Marcos Pass i n 1800 and the es tab l i shment of Santa Ynez Mission i n 1804, a n i n t e n s i v e r ec ru i tmen t program was begun i n t h e i n t e r i o r which reached a c r o s s t h e mountains i n t o t h e Cuyama Val ley.

Not a l l c o a s t a l and mountain Chumash wished t o be drawn i n t o t h e developing miss ion community. These Ind ians e i t h e r f l e d t o t h e mountain r a n c h e r i a s o r t r a v e l e d f u r t h e r t o j o in t h e g e n t i l e I n d i a n s o f t h e Cen t r a l [San Joaquinl Val ley. The t u l e l a k e s i n t h e sou the rn C e n t r a l Va l ley became t h e home o f miss ion neophytes who htad become d i senchanted w i th t h e i r l i f e a t t h e miss ions . These Ind i ans were a source o f g r e a t d i f f i c u l t y f o r t h e miss ion pad re s because o f t h e i n f l u e n c e t hey cont inued t o e x e r t on t h e neophytes a t t h e miss ions . The g e n t i l e s a l s o became i n c r e a s i n g l y bo ld i n t h e i r r a i d s on t h e h o r s e he rd s o f t h e miss ions . They were j u s t beginning t o recognize t h e mob i l i t y t h a t h o r s e s provided, a l though most o f t h e cap tu r ed h o r s e s were consumed f o r food soon a f t e r reaching t h e mountains or t h e Cen t r a l Va l ley . Most o f t h e e a r l y e x p e d i t i o n s t o t h e Cen t r a l Val ley i n t h e 1800 's were t o c a p t u r e escaped neophytes o r t o a t t empt t o r e c a p t u r e t h e s t o l e n ho r se s obtained f r m t h e miss ion h o r s e herds . Today, t h e Chumash descendants i n t h e Eake r s f i e l d a r e a bea r w i tne s s t o t h e t h e s e f l i g h t s from miss ion i n f l u e n c e .

In 1822 two o l d women from t h e r a n c h e r i a s o f Siguaya and Najalayegua w e r e b ap t i z ed a t Mission San ta Barbara. According t o miss ion baptism r eco rds , t h e s e were t h e l as t two i n d i v i d u a l s bap t i z ed who had been born a t mountain Chumash r a n c h e r i a s .

Timber Ha rves t i ng During t h e Spanish Pe r iod

The Ind i ans w e r e t a u g h t b y t h e Fa the r s t o make adobe b r i c k s and u s e them t o c o n s t r u c t b u i l d i n g s a t t h e miss ions and a t t h e Santa Barbara P r e s i d i o . Lumber was i n g r e a t demand f o r u s e above doors and windows, a s r a f t e r s , and f o r o t h e r purposes around t h e miss ions . Along t h e south c o a s t , no s t a n d s o f s u i t a b l e t imber w e r e found c l o s e t o t h e miss ions . Oak, willow, sycamore and cottonwood trees growing i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e miss ions d id n o t produce t h e long s t r a i g h t beams needed f o r b u i l d i n g cons t ruc t i on . In 1800 when Fa the r Rapis wro te h i s r epr t , h e descr ibed t h e opening of a t r a i l a c r o s s t h e S i e r r a d e Mesca l t i t an (Santa Ynez Mountains) t h a t was cons t ruc t ed i n e i g h t weeks by a g roup of 30 t o 40 Ind i ans under t h e i r own l e a d e r t o o b t a i n p ine beams f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e houses of t h e Ind i ans a t t h e Mission. A l o c a l f o l k ta le te l l s of p i n e beams being c u t on t h e t o p of Mission P ine Mountain and carried on t h e s h o u l d e r s o f t h e Ind i ans down t h e mountain t o a p o i n t where t h e y cou ld b e dragged t o t h e Mission by oxen.

F a t h e r R i p l l ' s n o t e s i n d i c a t e t h a t i n 1817 p i n e t imbers w e r e c u t a t a . p l a ce i n t h e mountains c a l l e d Sunpue i n t h e r eg ion n e a r Najalayegua. (16) The r a n c h e r i a of Na ja layegua was loca t ed a t t h e conf luence of C a l i e n t e Creek and t h e Santa Ynez River , and Little Pine Mountain i s t h e c l o s e s t l o c a t i o n w i th p i n e trees. The Cou l t e r p ine s on Little P ine Mountain do no t grow as t a l l a s t h e suga r p i n e o r ponderosa p ine found growing on Mission P ine Mountain. Pos s ib ly t h i s l a t t e r l o c a t i o n was reserved f o r ob ta in ing t h e long beams used t o roof t h e miss ion chape l and t hose from L i t t l e Pine w e r e used f o r sma l l e r b u i l d i n g s a t t h e miss ion.

The F o r e s t was a source of t imber f o r miss ions o t h e r t han San ta Barbara. In fact , timber w a s even more s c a r c e a t San Diego t h a n a t Santa Barbara. "When t h e f o r t a t P o i n t Gu i j a r ro s was b u i l t between 1795 and 1800 nea r t h e en t r ance of San Diego Bay, t imbe r s from t h e mountains around Santa Barbara and Monterey were shipped down ." ( 1 7

The p ine t imbe r s used i n c o n s t r u c t i o n of Mission San Buenaventura were brought about 40 m i l e s from t h e mountains around San Ehigdio, i n t h e p r e s e n t M t . P inos Ranger D i s t r i c t . The oak t imbers w e r e ob ta ined around San ta Ana and O j a i . (18) " I n t h e e a r l y p o r t i o n of t h e l as t cen tu ry , t h e Franc i scan miss ion f a t h e r s d id same c u t t i n g of b ig cone spruce, nea r t h e headwaters of ( t h e ) North Fork of Matilija Creek, s ecu r ing t imbe r s f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e M i s s i o n San Buenaventura." ( 1 9

There are a l s o s t o r i e s t o l d of t h e use of trees f r m t h e Fo re s t f o r beams i n t h e o r i g i n a l Mission San Antonio. A M r . Hargis , long t ime r e s i d e n t o f t h e J o l o n area, r e l a t e d t h a t as a c h i l d he played i n t h e o l d Mission r u i n s ( b e f o r e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n ) and no t i c ed t h a t incense c e d a r s had been used f o r some o f t h e roof beams. Later, h e found incense cedar stumps about 1/4 m i l e from t h e s a d d l e between t h e Santa Lucia and Bear Creek d r a inages , a long t h e sou th f o r k of San ta Lucia Creek, and assumed t h a t t h e s e were t h e source of incense cedar used a t t h e Mission. (88) Get t ing t h e trees from t h e stump l o c a t i o n t o t h e Mission m u l d have been a d i f f i c u l t t a s k , b u t n o t impossible .

Spanish Land Grants : t h e Ortega Concession

The s e a r c h f o r t imber (contr ibuted t o t h e beginning o f a g r e a t change i n t h e l and use of A l t a Ca1,ifornia. In 1804 Jo se Maria Ortega, son of Jose Franc i sco , wro te t o Golvernor Jose Joaquin de A r r i l l a g a r e q u e s t i n g t i t l e t o Refugio (Rancho). In h i s let ter , Jose Maria claimed t o have discovered Refugio w h i l e s ea r ch ing f o r t imber t o r e p a i r t h e Santa Barbara p r e s i d i o du r ing t h e t e n u r e of Governor Jose Antonio Romeu ( c i r c a 1791 1 . Jose Maria reminded t h e Governor t h a t t h e Ortegas rece ived permiss ion t o e s t a b l i s h t h e Refugio Rancho f r a n Governor Di.ego d e Borica and i n November of 1794 b u i l t houses and p l a n t e d a v ineyard and orchard a t Refugio. ( 2 0 ) Vicen te Ortega, in te rv iewed i n h i s l a te 80 '9 , spoke of a t r a d i t i o n i n h i s fami ly t h a t i n t h e e a r l y days t imber was c u t a t t h e Refugio Pines , e a s t of t h e famous Refugio Pass a t t h e summit of t h e San ta Yriez Mountains. The l o g s were t r anspo r t ed down Refugio Canyon t o t h e beach andl f l o a t e d t o Santa Barbara. Th i s seems t o back up J o s e . Maria ' s s t a t emen t i n h i s le t ter t o t h e g w e r n o r .

There were no Spanish l and g r a n t s i n t h e county of Santa Barbara. However, t h e Or tegas r e ce ived a concession named Nuestra Senora d e l Refugio which l a t e r became a Mexican l a n d g r a n t .

J o s e F r a n c i s c o O r t e g a , f o u n d e r of t h e p r e s i d i o a t S a n t a B a r b a r a , was t r a n s f e r r e d i n 1791 t o t h e p o s i t i o n of commandante a t Loreto . While t h e r e he r a n up a cons ide r ab l e deb t t o t h e government of New Spain. Af t e r h i s r e t i r e m e n t from t h e m i l i t a r y he r e tu rned t o Santa Barbara and a p p l i e d t o t h e government f o r a concession on which t o r a i s e s t ock so t h a t he could repay h i s deb t . The concess ion -was g r an t ed and Jo se Franc i sco Ortega r e t i r e d t o h i s rancho a t Refugio Canyon. ~ u s t t h r e e yea r s l a t e r J o s e Franc i sco d i ed , a t C a s i l nea r Refugio on, h i s way t o Santa Barbara. In 1803 Maria Antonia C a r r i l l o d e Or tega , Jolse ~ a n c i s c o ' s wi fe , d i e d . The son, J o s e Maria Ortega, unsucces s fu l l y pet i t ionied Governor A r r i l l a g a f o r t i t l e t o Refugio i n 1808. The f ami ly cont inued t o l i v e on t h e rancho; as sons marr ied t hey would move t o ano the r canyon on t h e rancho and set up housekeeping. In 1813 J o s e Franc i sco Maria unsucces s fu l l y p e t i t i o n e d f o r formal t i t l e t o Refugio.

I n 1818 t h e p i r a t e Bochard and h i s i n su rgen t s burned t h e Refugio Rancho. In 1822 Mexican independlence was r e a l i z e d , and f i n a l l y i n 1828 t h e Mexican Congress a u t h o r i z e d l a n d g r a n t s of f u l l t i t l e . Under t h e new l and laws of Mexico, Antonio Maria Ortega and Magdalena Cota d e Ortega received a formal g r a n t o f t i t l e t o Rancho Nuestra Senora d e l Refugio i n 1834.

By 1846 t h e American conquest of ~ a l i f o r n i a was canple ted and i n 1853 t h e Ortega f ami ly f i l e d a c la im f o r t i t l e w i th t h e United S t a t e s Land Commission; it was approved t h e nex t year. In 1864 a f t e r t h e d i s a s t r o u s drought i n sou thern C a l i f o r n i a , t h e fami ly began t o se l l o f f p o r t i o n s of t h e Ortega Rancho. ~ e d r o and aria Gonzaga Ortega d e Ortega s o l d Arroyo Hondo Rancho i n 1889. Th i s r e p r e s e n t s t h e las t p a r c e l of t h e o r i g i n a l Refugio g r a n t t o p a s s f r a n Ortega ownership. Thus was brought t o a c l o s e t h e h i s t o r y of t h e f i r s t and o n l y Spanish concession t o b e g ran ted i n Santa Barbara County. With t h e e s t ab l i shmen t of t h e Santa Ynez Fo re s t Reserve, t h e no r the rn boundary o f t h e Ortega Grant became t h e sou thern boundary o f t h e r e s e rve . With l i t t l e change t h i s same l i n e forms t h e boundary of t h e p r e s e n t Fo re s t along t h e f o o t h i l l s of t h e Santa Ynez Mountains.

Expedi t ions t o t h e I n t e r i o r

A number of e v e n t s and q u i t e a few y e a r s passed before most o f t h e o t h e r l a n d s surrounding t h e F o r e s t w e r e g ran ted . During t h e per iod from 1800 t o 1833, t h e miss ions reached t h e i r z en i t h , and t h e r e was cons ide r ab l e e x p l o r a t i o n of t h e backcountry and t h e Cen t r a l Valley. The Spanish and Mexican governments gained a much b e t t e r knowledge of t h e mountain ranges t h a t were t o become Los Padres Nat ional Fo re s t . Over a per iod o f about f i f t y yea r s , w h i l e t h e I nd i ans were being drawn i n t o t h e miss ion system, p r i e s t s , s o l d i e r s and o t h e r s were c o n t i n u a l l y r e ach ing o u t i n t o t h e i n t e r i o r . The numerous v i s i t s by t h e s e people l e f t t h e i r mark on t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e i n t e r i o r . D i a r i e s w e r e kep t du r ing many of t h e s e exped i t ions . Today, t h e s e d i a r i e s provide a p i c t u r e o f l i f e among t h e n a t i v e i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e mountains and t h e Cent ra l Va l ley .

Father Juan Mart in of San Miguel, p r o t e c t e d by one s o l d i e r , v i s i t e d a v i l l a g e c a l l e d Cholam. H e asked t h e c h i e f of t h e v i l l a g e t o g i v e him c h i l d r e n t o b a p t i z e , b u t t h e c h i e f t o l d him t o l e a v e t h e a r ea . A s e rgean t , a co rpo ra l and t h i r t e e n s o l d i e r s went t o t h e v i l l a g e and captured t h e c h i e f , h i s son, two sub-chiefs and s e v e r a l o t h e r s and brought them t o Mission San Miguel. While t h i s exped i t i on d id no t pa s s through t h e Fo re s t , it d id open up a r o u t e t o t h e Cen t r a l Valley.

One of t h e most important exped i t i ons of t h i s per iod was t h a t o f Fa ther J o s e Maria d e Zalvidea from J u l y 19 t o August 14, 1806. The exped i t i on was carried o u t a t t h e g w e r n o r l s d i r e c t i o n i n h i s o f f i c i a l let ter of J u l y 10, 1806. Because o f i t s importance t h e r o u t e o f Za lv idea ' s exped i t ion w i l l be followed i n some d e t a i l .

J u l y 19. The p a r t y l e f t Santa Barbara i n t h e morning and a r r i v e d a t t h e Santa Ynez Mission i n t h e evening. This was a f u l l d a y ' s t r i p , e i t h e r through Refugio o r San h r c O S Pass.

July 20. A f t e r Mass t h e y t r a v e l e d no r th , v i s i t i n g t h e v i l l a g e s of J ona t a s and S a c a , and f i n a l l y e n d i n g t h e d a y a t Olomosong a f t e r t r a v e l i n g some e l even leagues .

J u l y 21. The p a r t y cont inued t o t r a v e l no r th and i n four l eagues came t o t h e v i l l a g e of Gecp. Here Za lv idea ' s i n t e r p r e t e r s had t o t u r n back due t o i l l n e s s . Zalvidea continued up a canyon through broken mountains most o f t h e day.

J u l y 22. Ea r ly t h i s morning t h e p a r t y climbed over a mountain by a ve ry bad p a t h . They w e r e p r o b a b l y c r o s s i n g t h e S i e r r a Madre Mountains by one of t h e Ind i an t r a i l s which crossed t h i s range o f mountains. They descended i n t o t h e Cuyama Val ley e a s t o f t h e Spanish Ranch and continued e a s t up t h e v a l l e y f o r two leagues t o t h e v i l l a g e of Lisahua, pos s ib ly near t h e mouth of e i t h e r S a l i s b u r y o r San ta Barbara Canyon.

J u l y 23. A t f i r s t Zalvidea went e a s t f o r f o u r l eagues , t hen t u rned up t h e v a l l e y , probably up t h e Cuyama River t o t h e v i l l a g e o f Siguecin [Ciwikon] some f o u r l eagues t o t h e south. The p a r t y t h e n r e tu rned t o Lisahua where t hey spen t t h e n igh t .

J u l y

J u l y

J u l y

J u l y

J u l y

J u l y

J u l y

Aug .

Aug .

Aug .

2 and 3 .

4.

Aug. 6.

Aug. 7.

Aug. 8.

Pug. 14 .

The p a r t y aga in t r a v e l e d t o t h e e a s t t o t h e v i l l a g e of Sgene i n t h e lower bend o f t h e Cuyama River be fo r e it t u r n s toward t h e w e s t . con t inu ing toward t h e e a s t they crossed wer t h e San Andreas F a u l t nea r Camp Dix and descended i n t o one of t h e canyons which d r a i n s toward t h e no r th i n t o Euena V i s t a Lake.

They began t r a v e l i n g n o r t h down t h e canyon and came t o t h e v i l l a g e of Buenavista on Kern Lake, which i s fed by t h e Kern River.

The p a r t y t r a v e l e d along t h e southern and e a s t e r n shore of t h e l a k e u n t i l t h e y reached S i sup i s t u .

Trave l ing a c r o s s an open g r a s s y p l a i n they camped by a smal l stream a t t h e edge of t h e f o o t h i l l s .

On t h i s day t h e p a r t y explored t h e lower p o r t i o n s o f f i v e c r eeks emptying i n t o t h e Cen t r a l Valley. These p o s s i b l y inc luded Tejon, El Paso and P a s t o r i a Creeks.

P a r t o f t h e p a r t y explored Grapevine Canyon and v i s i t e d t h e v i l l a g e of Tacui (Tecuya?) . Spent t h e day i n camp r e s t i n g t h e horses .

In t h e a f te rnoon t r a v e l e d nor th a c ro s s an open p l a i n four l e agues t o a d r y camp.

In t h e morning continued nor th f i v e l eagues t o t h e Kern River and v i s i t e d v i l l a g e s i n t h e a r ea .

These two1 days w e r e spen t t r a v e l i n g south a c r o s s t h e p l a i n e a s t of Kern Lake.

A f t e r t r a ~ v e l i n g four l e agues t h e p a r t y en te red a canyon where a few y e a r s e a r l i e r I nd i ans had k i l l e d two s o l d i e r s . (This was San migc l io Canyon where H i l a r i o Carlon and Gabr ie l Espinosa of t h e Jo se Ignac io O l ive r a exped i t i on of 1790 were k i l l e d . ) They cont inued up t h e canyon, p o s s i b l y t o Mil l Po t re ro .

A s i d e t r i p over pine-covered r i d g e s d i d no t t u r n up t h e hoped-for watering- p lace , so they re tu rned t o camp.

Traveling. e a s t t h e f u l l l e n g t h of Cuddy Val ley, t h e p a r t y s topped somewhere i n t h e v i c i n i t y of Gorman a t a sag pond on t h e San Andreas Fau l t .

Th is day they made a s i d e t r i p t o t h e v i l l a g e of Casteque l o c a t e d nea r what i s now known a s Castac Lake.

C o n t i n u i n g e a s t w a r d bhe p a r t y e n t e r e d A n t e l o p e V a l l e y and c ro s sed t o t h e San Gabr ie l Mountains. Pass ing around t h e wes te rn end of t h i s range they continued .along t h e f o o t h i l l s .

They reached Mission San Gabr ie l . (21)

The Zalvidea expedi t ion passed ac ros s a po r t i on of t h e cu r r en t Santa Lucia Ranger Distr ic t , between t h e Sisquoc River and t h e Cuyama Valley, and again passed through t h e Fores t i n t h e M t . Pinos Ranger D i s t r i c t between San Emigdio and P raz i e r Park. Fray Zalvidea 's r e p o r t of t h e t r i p t o t h e governor g i v e s t h e l o c a t i o n of Indian v i l l a g e s wi th e s t ima te s of t h e number of i nd iv idua l s l i v i n g i n t h e s e v i l l a g e s . The r e p o r t a l s o d e s c r i b e s t h e vege t a t i on and water r e sou rces of t h e a r e a s he passed through.

In 1806 Lieutenant Gabriel Moraga and Father Pedro Munoz l e f t Mission San Juan B a u t i s t a and crossed wer i n t o t h e Cent ra l Val ley , which they explored while t r a v e l i n g southward. Crossing t h e Kern River t h e y ascended Grapevine Canyon, l e av ing t h e Cent ra l Val ley a t i t s southern end. On November 3 t hey reached Mission San Fernando. The t r i p took for ty- four days and was important because it gave t h e Spanish t h e i r f i r s t well-documented expedi t ion through t h e e n t i r e l e n g t h o f t h e Cent ra l Valley. An a s i s t e n s i a was l a t e r e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e Santa Barbara Mission a t San Elnigdio.

Moraga v i s i t e d t h e Central Val ley aga in i n 1807. H e en te red t h e v a l l e y from San Miguel Mission, v i s i t e d Buena Vis ta Lake, explored t h e Kern River, then headed north and l e f t t h e v a l l e y a t San Jose. The expedi t ion sought runaway neophytes and new converts . ( 2 2 )

In 1818 and 1819 condi t ions were becming very s e r i o u s f o r t h e coas t a l missions. The v a l l e y and Mojave Indians were invading t h e t e r r i t o r y of t h e missions, d r i v i n g o f f s tock and causing grave un re s t among t h e neophytes l i v i n g the re . During t h e s e two y e a r s and f o r s e v e r a l a d d i t i o n a l yea r s , numerous expedi t ions were s e n t ou t t o t r y t o ea se t he t ens ions on t h e once p e a c e f u l s o u t h e r n f r o n t i e r . I n most c a s e s t h e s e e x p e d i t i o n s were unsuccess fu l , b u t they cont r ibu ted cons iderab le knowledge about t h e geography and cond i t i ons e x i s t i n g i n t h e Cent ra l Val ley and i n t h e Mojave Desert f u r t h e r t o t h e e a s t .

Spa in ' s c o n t r o l of t h e p r w i n c e was f a s t drawing t o a c lo se . Beginning i n 1822 a new government would f a c e many o f t h e same problems. However, t h e t r a n s f e r of power had l i t t l e e f f e c t o r in f luence on cond i t i ons i n t h e a r ea of t h e Fo re s t , which was s t i l l used p r imar i l y a s a r o u t e f o r t r a v e l from t h e c o a s t a l missions t o t h e i n t e r i o r . Most of t h e Indian populat ion of t h e a r ea had been drawn i n t o t h e mission program. With t h e except ion of a few i n d i v i d u a l s , i n t e r i o r v i l l a g e s were uninhabi ted, o r v i s i t e d only f o r s h o r t pe r iods o f t i m e .

2.2.3 Mexican Period

Mission Ind ian Rebel l ions and Mexican Expedi t ions t o t h e I n t e r i o r

In 1822 Mexico obtained i t s independence from Spain. This had l i t t l e e f f e c t on t h e day t o day l i f e of t h e h i spanic populat ion l i v i n g i n Al ta Ca l i fo rn i a . Mexico was unable t o p r e s s t h e advantages o f f e r ed by h e r northern t e r r i t o r i e s and C a l i f o r n i a l a y v i r t u a l l y ignored. It has been estimated t h a t i n t h e l i t t l e more t han ha l f a cen tury t h a t e lapsed from t h e a r r i v a l of t h e Spanish a t San Diego u n t i l Mexican independence occurred, a populat ion of 3,500 h i span ic s developed i n Alta Ca l i fo rn i a .

With t h e dawning of t h e year 1824 c o n d i t i o n s f o r an Ind ian r e v o l t w e r e r i pen ing . The miss iona:r ies t r e a t e d t h e Ind i ans a s c h i l d r e n i n t h e i r c a r e , b u t t h e s o l d i e r s used and har rassed t h e I n d i a n s a t every oppor tun i ty . They r e q u i s i t i o n e d t h e Ind ians f o r work d e t a i l s w i th l i t t l e o r no recompense. The s l i g h t e s t i n f r a c t i o n of r u l e s brought on s w i f t and severe punishment.

On Sunday February 21, 1824, i t i s r e p o r t e d t h a t an Ind ian a t Mission Santa Ynez was whipped by a guard. This set o f f a genera l r e b e l l i o n . The r e v o l t sp read t o Mission La I?urisima, where cons ide r ab l e d e s t r u c t i o n occurred w i th t h e l o s s of l i f e of s e v e r a l t r a v e l e r s who a r r i v e d a t t h e miss ion dur ing t h e f i g h t i n g . The r e v o l t s a t Purisima and Santa Ynez w e r e crushed through t h e agency of t h e m i l i t i a and t r oops f r m t h e p r e s i d i o . Re t r i bu t i on was meted ou t t o t h e o f fenders . Det:ails are provided i n H. H. Banc ro f t ' s account o f t h e r e b e l l i o n ( 2 3 ) .

On Monday, February 22, t h e r e v o l t spread t o Mission San ta Barbara. The m a j o r i t y o f t h e l o c a l I nd i ans became v e r y e x c i t e d and u n s e t t l e d , and took up arms. Af t e r a number of i n e f f e c t u a l sk i rmishes wi th t r oops from t h e p r e s i d i o , t h e Ind i ans took provfisions and f l e d up Mission Canyon t o t h e s i t e o f an Ind i an v i l l a g e l oca t ed above t h e f i s s i o n Dam. While camped above t h e dam, t h e neophytes s e n t messages t o Fa ther ~ n t o n i o R i p o l l a t Mission Santa Barbara. When t hey could g e t no f i rm assurance of a pardon, t h e y picked up camp and moved a c r o s s t h e Santa Ynez Mountains t o Los P r i e t o s . (Los P r i e t o s r e ce ived i ts name from t h e f a c t t h a t t h e miss ion kep t i t s herd of sheep with dark-colored wool a t t h ~ i s l o c a t i o n ) . ( 2 4 )

While s t i l l camped i n f i s s i o n Canyon above t h e o l d Mission Dam, Andres (Sagimomatsse) s e n t t h r e e messengers t o t h e Ind i ans o f t h e Cen t r a l Va l ley r eques t i ng h e l p i n f i g h t i n g t h e Mexican s o l d i e r s . He s e n t R i l a r i o n , J o s e , and Luis Ca l a l a , who w e r e probably s e l e c t e d because o f t h e i r t ies t o t h e i n l a n d Chunash o r Yokuts. HLLarion Qlaaj had been born i n t h e Buenavista a r ea . J o s e was probably Jose Venadero whose w i f e was from t h e sou thern San Joaquin Val ley , and Lu i s Ca1a:La was t h e b r o t h e r of t h e ch i e f of Taxl ipu, a Chumash v i l l a g e i n San m i g d i o Canyon. (25 )

During t h e s t a y a t Lc>s P r i e t o s t h e I n d i a n s were joined by Ind i ans from La Pur is ima, Santa Ynez, and Rancho San Marcos. These lat ter Ind i ans brought two b a r r e l s of wine which were used f o r a b ig drunk by t h e assembled group. Messages were s e n t back t o Mission Santa Barbara, b u t w i th no p o s i t i v e r e s u l t s . A f t e r a week t h e Ind i ans c rossed t h e San Rafael Mountains by way o f t h e a n c i e n t Ind ian t r a i l up Mno Creek and down Santa Barbara Canyon, c ro s sed t h e Cuyama Val ley , and f i n a l l y reached t h e v i l l a g e s surrounding Buenavis ta Lake southwest o f Bakers f ie ld .

A f t e r t h e Ind i ans had been gone from t h e miss ion f o r a s h o r t time, it was dec ided t h a t it w a s d e s i r a b l e t o r e t u r n t h e C h r i s t i a n Ind i ans t o t h e miss ion environment. ALSO i t : was ve ry necessa ry t o remove t h e f u g i t i v e s from t h e Cen t r a l Va l ley , a s t h e y posed t h e t h r e a t o f l e ad ing a g e n e r a l r e v o l t a g a i n s t t h e Mexicans by t h e Cent ra l Va l l ey Ind ians . It was necessa ry t o send two m i l i t a r y exped i t i ons t ' o t h e Cen t r a l Va l ley b e f o r e t h e Ind ians were t a l k e d i n t o r e t u r n i n g t o t h e miss i~ons.

The f i r s t o f t h e two expedi t ions was under t h e command of Narciso Fabrega t , l i e u t e n a n t of Mazatlan. H e l e f t w i th 85 men and t r a v e l e d t o t h e v i c i n i t y of San b i g d i o where he m e t t h r e e Ind i ans on horseback wi th a f o u r t h Ind ian r i d i n g behind. The Mexicans gave chase and cap tu r ed t h e f o u r t h Ind ian who had been pu t o f f by h i s ccmpanions. A f t e r some d i s c u s s i o n t h e s o l d i e r s k i l l e d t h i s Ind ian , b u t due t o a ve ry s t r o n g .wind t h a t began t o blow and t h e g r e a t c l ouds of d u s t t h a t a r o s e over t h e a r e a , t h e Mexicans t h e n turned back. Af te r a running f i g h t w i th some o£ t h e f u g i t i v e s , t h e t r o o p s a r r i v e d a t Mission San Fernando. This exped i t i on accmp l i shed nothing towards b r ing ing back t h e f u g i t i v e Ind ians .

The second exped i t i on was under t h e d i r e c t i o n of Captain Pablo d e l a P o r t i l l a from San Diego. H e w a s accompanied by FY. Vicen te S a r r i a , t h e p r e s i d e n t of t h e C a l i f o r n i a miss ions , and by FY. Antonio R i p l l of Mission San ta Barbara. On June 2, 1824, t h e company set o u t from Santa Barbara P r e s i d i o toward San Buenaventura. Also i n t h e group were 30 men of t h e Mazatlan Squadron under Lieutuenant Juan Maria I b a r r a and 24 s o l d i e r s o f t h e p r e s i d i a 1 companies under Cadet Domingo C a r r i l l o of San Diego, who brought a c a l i be r -4 cannon p l u s muni t ions and t h e a r t i l l e r y m e n t o s e r v e it. On t h e same d a t e an exped i t i on of 50 men of arms wi th a cannon of t h e same c a l i b e r l e f t San Miguel Mission under t h e command of L ieu tenan t Antonio d e l V a l l e o f t h e San Elas In f an t ry . They w e r e t o meet t h e P o r t i l l a group a t San Emigdio.

P o r t i l l a kep t a d i a r y of t h e exped i t i on and f i l e d a r e p o r t . ( 8 2 ) From these a n a c c u r a t e record of t h e t r i p can be cons t ruc t ed .

June 5. Le f t San Buenaventura and fol lowed up t h e v a l l e y of t h e . Santa Clara River t o Camulos .

June 6. Cantinued up t h e r i v e r t o San Xavier , a sheep ranch of San Fernando Mission where t h e y t u rned n o r t h e a s t c r o s s i n g rocky, broken t e r r a i n .

June 7.

June 8.

June 9.

Continued over t h e rough count ry u n t i l they en te red Grapevine Canyon where t hey made camp.

Continuing down Grapevine Canyon, t h e y reached t h e p l a i n where t h e y headed westward t o San m i g d i o , a rancho of Mission s a n t a Barbara. There they m e t t h e group from Mission San Miguel which had a r r i v e d t h e day be fo r e .

The exped i t i on r e s t e d and a messenger was s e n t t o t h e f u g i t i v e s i n t h e t u l a r e s proposing a meet ing i n t h e a f te rnoon . The Ind i ans s a id t h a t t hey vmuld t a l k on t h e nex t day when P o r t i l l a came t o t h e t u l a r e s t o meet w i th them.

June 10. P o r t i l l a and t h e s o l d i e r s mwed c l o s e t o t h e t u l a r e swamp. H e and t h e two padres went forward t o meet w i th Jaime and o t h e r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e Ind ians . A pardon from t h e Governor was d e l i v e r e d and t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s were c a r r i e d o u t . The Ind i ans agreed t o accep t t h e pardon and r e t u r n t o t h e miss ion. It was agreed t o m e e t aga in t h e nex t day.

J u n e 11.

June 12.

J u n e 13.

J u n e 15.

June 15.

J u n e 16.

June 17.

J u n e 18.

J u n e 19.

J u n e 20.

The I n d i a n s came o u t of t h e swamp and a ceremony was he ld . The cannons w e r e f i r e d and f l a g s were u n f u r l e d . J u s t a s a l l was going w e l l , a n Ind ian from San Miguel came i n t o r e p o r t many s o l d i e r s coming t o a t t a c k them. These were a c t u a l 1 y from P o r t i l l a ' s p a r t y b u t h e had a ha rd t i m e convincing t h e f u g i t i v e s t h a t t h e y had a l r e a d y a r r i v e d . Many o f t h e f a m i l i e s f l e d back i n t o t h e swamp, b u t most e v e n t u a l l y r e t u r n e d and camp was s e t up.

More f a m i l i e s came o u t and jo ined t h e group.

New a l c a l d e s were appoin ted , Mass was sung and p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r t h e t r i p back t o t h e miss ion were made.

More missling I n d i a n s were rounded up.

De V a l l e began h i s r e t u r n march t o Mission San Miguel. F i n a l p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r d e p a r t u r e were made, and some f a m i l i e s s t a r t e d on t h e t r a i l back t o t h e m i s s i o n a t S a n t a Barbara.

The remainder o f t h e e x p e d i t i o n s t a r t e d home by c r o s s i n g t h e p l a i n a n d e n t e r i n g S a n t i a g o Canyon. They camped a t t h e abandoned v i l l a g e of Malapica.

Day of rest and r e o r g a n i z a t i o n .

After t r a v e l i n g t h r e e l e a g u e s , t h e y c r o s s e d a s t ream c a l l e d t h e Cuyam (Cuyama R i v e r ) , fo l lowed up a wide v a l l e y (San ta Barbara Canyon), and made camp a t abou t t h e l o c a t i o n o f San ta Barbara Canyon Ranch. Th is was two l e a g u e s from t h e Cuyam. " A t t h i s s p o t i s found a sp r ing which flows from t h e f o o t o f a b i g cave which i s c a l l e d Corpus." [Th is p robab ly r e f e r s t o an impor tan t a r c h e o l o g i c a l s i te, f o r m a l l y d e s i g n a t e d CA-SBa-1215, which was p a r t i a l l y excavated by t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , Santa Barbara , i n t h e e a r l y 1970 ' s l . E'rm Camup t h e y cont inued up Santa Barbara Canyon, f i n a l l y coming o u t over t h e r i d g e ( p a s s i n g t h e f u t u r e s i t e of t h e F o r e s t Service Madulce Guard S t a t i o n ) and c r o s s e d t h r o u g h t h e " P u e r t a S u e l a n ( m e a n i n g " g a t e w a y " ) t o descend (a long Robe1 Creek) t o C a s i t e c or San Pablo. This is t h e p r e s e n t l o c a t i o n of Dutch Oven Camp a t t h e j u n c t i o n of Alamar and Robe1 Canyons. The name C a s i t e c may b e a r e n d i t i o n o f t h e Chumash work Kash t iq , meaning " s p r i n g . " (27)

Leaving San Pablo , t h e y cont inued down Alamar Creek and down t h e "Caracol.en (Spanish f o r a s t e e p s t a i r w a y ) t o Mono Creek. They descended Mono, o r Siguaya, Creek t o t h e I n d i a n v i l l a g e s i te of Siguaya where J o s e Venadero had been born. The Mexicans named t h e s i t e San Gervasio. ( 2 8 ) C a r l Stoddard used t h i s name f o r h i s r anch on Mono Creek, which l a t e r became known a s t h e Ogilvy Ranch.

Rested i i t San Gervasio. ( 2 9 )

J u n e 21. The e x p e d i t i o n con t inued t o t h e mouth of Mono Creek a t t h e S a n t a Ynez R i v e r . They went down t h e r i v e r t o C ienegas , a s h e e p r a n c h o f t h e S a n t a Ea rba ra Miss ion . They named t h e s i t e T r i n i d a d and s p e n t t h e rest o f t h e d a y w a i t i n g f o r t h e s t r a g g l e r s t o c a t c h

up. ( T h i s was p r o b a b l y t h e presen t -day Rancho Oso) . .. June 22. They c l imbed o v e r t h e S a n t a Ynez Mountains b y t h e o l d I n d i a n

t r a i l known a s t h e Arroyo Eur ro T r a i l ; Descending t h e s o u t h side o f t h e moun ta in s t h e y a r r i v e d a t a p l a c e c a l l e d San Roque which vias o n e and o n e h a l f l e a g u e s from Mis s ion S a n t a Ba rba ra . I n t h e a f t e r n o o n a l l c o n t i n u e d t o t h e m i s s i o n where t h e s o l d i e r s l e f t t o r e t u r n to t h e P r e s i d i o . ( 3 0 )

Most o f t h e n e o p h y t e s who had f l e d d u r i n g t h e r e v o l t r e t u r n e d t o t h e m i s i i o n s . Some chose t o r ema in i n t h e C e n t r a l V a l l e y ; o f t h o s e , some l a t e r r e t u r n e d t o t h e m i s s i o n s o f t h e i r own f r e e w i l l . I t was conc luded t h a t a s o f June 29, 1824, 98 men and 65 women had n o t r e t u r n e d to t h e m i s s i o n .

The end o f t h e r e v o l t of 1824 d i d n o t b r i n g a b o u t a n immediate end t o t h e u s e o f t h e S a n t a B a r b a r a backcoun t ry . The Chumash con t inued t o v i s i t r e l a t i v e s i n t h e i n t e r i o r and i n t h e C e n t r a l V a l l e y , and d u r i n g t h e i r r e l e a s e - t i m e from t h e m i s s i o n program, some hunted and g a t h e r e d wi ld foods i n t h e F o r e s t . me e t h n o g r a p h e r J. P. H a r r i n g t o n no t ed s e v e r a l r e f e r e n c e s t o v i s i t s b y t h e Chumash t o t h e a r e a f o r r e l i g i o u s r e a s o n s . H e r e p o r t s t h a t two o l d I3d ians f rom t h e v i l l a g e o f S t u c u v i s i t e d t h e a r e a d u r i n g t h e s o l s t i c e t o make p a i n t i n g s . "Ano the r s t o r y , r e l a t e d by L u i s a Ygnacia , daugh te r - i n - l aw o f Y a r i a Ygnac ia , [ a H a r r i n g t o n . i n f o r m a n t ] d e s c r i b e d v i s i t s by Fndres , who had been l e a d e r o f t h e S a n t a B a r b a r a I n d i a n s d u r i n g t h e Chumash R e v o l t , t o a cave i n t h e moun ta in s where monos we re p a i n t e d . " (31 1

A f t e r t h e m i s s i o n revol t , t r a d e w i t h g roups o f I n d i a n s from t h e Co lo rado R i v e r V a l l e y i n c r e a s e d ( a l t h o u g h a t r a d i n g e x p e d i t i o n of Mojave I n d i a n s had t r o u b l e a t San Euenaven tu ra M i s s i o n , w i t h n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s on t h i s t r a d e ) . About t h i s t i m e t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e New Mexico t e r r i t o r y began t o send t r a d i n g e x p e d i t i o n s i n t o t h e c o a s t a l a r e a o f C a l i f o r n i a , s u p p o s e d l y t o t r a d e ; a c t u a l l y , t h e i r s t o c k - r a i d i n g w a s much more p ro f i t a b l e . The v i s i t o r s from t h e t e r r i t o r y o f New Mexico set up b a s e s i n t h e mounta ins o r a t t h e t u l a r e s and s e n t o u t p a r t i e s o f l o c a l I n d i a n s and f u g i t i v e s from t h e m i s s i o n s t o r a i d a l o n g t h e c o a s t f r m San L u i s Obispo s o u t h to Los Angeles . On F e b r u a r y 17, 1833, F ray V i c e n t e Pasqua l O l i v a s e n t a let ter t o Governor F igue roa d e p l o r i n g t h e c o n t i n u e d & h e f t o f s t o c k from t h e m i s s i o n s and s e t t l e m e n t s . H e ended by s a y i n g , " I f you r E x c e l l e n c y d o e s n o t f i n d some remedy i n t h e s e m a t t e r s , the m i s s i o n s w i l l b e l e f t w i t h o u t p r o p e r t y , a s i s a l r e a d y happening ." ( 3 2 )

A s o r t o f w a r f a r e e x i s t e d between t h e I n d i a n s o f t h e C e n t r a l V a l l e y and t h e coastal m i s s i o n s and s e t t l e m e n t s from t h e e a r l y 1830 ' s u n t i l about 1846, when t h e Americans t o o k C a l i f o r n i z from Mexico. A t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e Anglo p e r i o d i n C a l i f o r n i a h i s t o r y , t h e r e were some 6,900 p e r s o n s o f H i span i c n a t i o n a l i t y i n C a l i f o r n i a . With t h e d i s c o v e r y o f g o l d i n 1849 and t h e Inass m i g r a t i o n o f m i n e r s i n t o t h e g o l d r e g i o n , t h e I n d i a n t r i b e s o f t h e n o r t h e r n C e n t r a l V a l l e y were soon dec ima ted . They were unab l e t o f i g h t s u c c e s s f u l l y a g a i n s t t h e s u p e r i o r f i r e power o f t h e Americans, whose p i s t o l s and r i f l e s were much s u p e r i o r t o t h e muske t s o f t h e Mexicans.

Mexican Land G r a n t s and S e c u l a r i z a t i o n

During t h e p e r i o d frat1 1822 t o 1846 two i n t e r r e l a t e d e v e n t s t o o k p l a c e i n A l t a C a l i f o r n i a which were t o have c o n s i d e r a b l e i n f l u e n c e on t h e a r e a which became Los P a d r e s N a t i o n a l F o r e s t . The f i r s t o f t h e s e was t h e l and g r a n t s o f t h e Mexican Government. !The second was t h e s e c u l a r i z a t i o n and d e s t r u c t i o n . o f t h e mis s ions .

Most o f t h e l a n d g r a n t s were e s t a b l i s h e d around t h e f r i n g e s o f t h e F o r e s t , and i n many c a s e s g r a n t b o u n d a r i e s became F o r e s t bounda r i e s . There was a t o t a l o f 90 spani .sh and Mexican g r a n t s i n Monterey County, b u t o n l y f o u r were c l o s e enough t o t h e p r e s e n t Monterey Ranger District b o u n d a r i e s t o d i r e c t l y a f f e c t t h e f o r e s t e d l a n d s .

Rancho E l Sur was a g r a n t g i v e n t o Juan B. Alvarado and da t ed J u l y 30, 1834. El Su r i n c l u d e t w o l e a g u e s o f l a n d and was l o c a t e d a t P o i n t Su r on t h e P i g Sur C o a s t , i n c l u d i n g t h e mouth of t h e Big Sur River . T h i s was t h e o n l y g r a n t made a l o n g t h e Big Sur Coas t . San M i g u e l i t o and El P i o j o w e r e a d j a c e n t l a n d g r a n t s o n t h e e a s t e r n s i d e o f t h e San ta Lucia Range, i n t h e Nacimiento and San Antonio R i v e r v a l l e y s . San M i g u e l i t o w a s g r a n t e d September 25, 1839; t h e name i s a d i m i n u t i v e o f t h e placename San Miguel. El P i o j o was named a f t e r E l P i 0 j 0 Creek, a t r i b u t a r y o f t h e Nacimiento R ive r , and a b u t t e d San M i q u e l i t o ' s s o u t h e a s t e r n boundary;: " p i o j o " is a Spanish word meaning " louse . " E l P i o j o was g r a n t e d t o Juaqu in S o t o on August 20, 1842. N e i t h e r o f t h e s e g r a n t s was d i r e c t l y a d j a c e n t t o t h e p r e s e n t F o r e s t boundary, b u t t h e i r l o c a t i o n s were i m p o r t a n t i n l a t e r l a n d exchanges which r e s u l t e d i n t h e c u r r e n t b o u n d a r i e s between F o r t Hunter L i g g e t t and t h e F o r e s t .

The l a r g e s t a n d most i n f l u e n t i a l Monterey County g r a n t w i t h r e g a r d t o u s e o f t h e Forest was Las M i l p i t a s , d a t e d May 5, 1838. T h i s g r a n t is d i s c u s s e d f u r t h e r below.

In San L u i s O b i s p County t h e fo l lowing were t h e b e s t known g r a n t s .

The Asuncion g r a n t was a t t h e n o r t h e r n edge o f t h e p r e s e n t Santa Lucia Ranger P i s t r i c t . It was g e n e r a l l y wes t o f Atascadero. The g r a n t was made i n 1845 t o Pedro E s t r a d a , who w a s c l a i m a n t f o r 39,222 a c r e s p a t e n t e d March 22, 1866. F s h o r t d i s t a n c e s o u t h o f t h i s g r a n t was t h a t o f San ta M a r g a r i t a , l o c a t e d nea r t h e town o f t h e same name and j u s t wes t o f t h e F o r e s t . Four l e a g u e s w e r e g r a n t e d i n 1841 t o J o a q u i n E s t r a d a , who claimed 17,735 acres and r ece ived a p a t e n t on A p r i l 9, 186 1 .

The f o l l o w i n g g r a n t s were a long t h e west edge o f t h e F o r e s t ' s main d i v i s i o n , from n o r t h t o s o u t h . P o t r e r o d e San Lu i s Obispo was l o c a t e d t h r e e miles n o r t h o f t h e c i t y o f San L u i s O b i s p . One l eague was g r a n t e d i n 1842 t o M. Conception Boronda who w a s c l a i m a n t f o r 3,506 acres, p a t e n t e d J u l y 1 , 1870. ~ o v i n g s o u t h t h e Huasna G r a n t was n e x t . F ive l e a g u e s w e r e g ran ted i n 1843 t o Isaac J. Spa rks , who was c l a i m a n t f o r 22,153 a c r e s , p a t e n t e d Janua ry 23, 1879. T h i s was fo l lowed by t h e Suey Grant which was p a r t i a l l y i n S a n t a Earbara County. Ramona Carri1l .o was g r a n t e d Suey, n o r t h e a s t o f San ta P a r i a , i n 1837. Ramona C a r r i l l o d e Wilson was c l a i m a n t f o r 48,834 a c r e s f o r which s h e r e c e i v e d a p a t e n t August 10 , 1865.

Two o t h e r g r a n t s were i n bo th San Lu i s Obispo County and San ta Barbara County. These were t h e Cuyama g r a n t s . Cuyama No. 1, i n c l u d i n g 22,193 a c r e s , was a long t h e Cuyama River west of t h e town o f New Cuyama and cons i s t ed o f f i v e l e agues g r an t ed t o J o s e Maria Rojo i n 1843 and pa t en t ed t o Maria Antonia d e l a Guerra d e L a t a i l l a d e on J u l y 20, 1877. Cuyama No. 2, c o n s i s t i n g of 48,828 a c r e s , was l o c a t e d a long t h e Cuyama River , a l s o w e s t of New Cuyama b u t east of Cuyama No. 1. It cons i s t ed o f 11 l e agues and was g ran t ed i n 1846 t o Cesar io L a t a i l l a d e , whose h e i r s pa ten ted t h e g r a n t on January 10, 1879.

Along t h e * s t e rn boundary o f t h e F o r e s t , t h e Sisquoc Grant was g iven t o Maria Antonio Caba l le ro i n 1833, and by James B. Huie, e t a l . (35,486 acres) on August 24, 1866.

Moving sou th a long t h e Fores t* boundary, t h e nex t g r a n t was t h e Laguna Grant n o r t h o f Zaca. It c o n s i s t e d o f f o u r l e a g u e s and w a s g r an t ed i n 1845 t o Octavio Gu t i e r r ez , who pa ten ted 48,704 acres on May 17, 1867. Canada d e 10s Pinos , o r t h e Col lege Ranch, was l o c a t e d n o r t h o f t h e Santa Ynez Mountains. It c o n s i s t e d o f 6 l e agues and was g ran t ed t o t h e Ca tho l i c Church i n 1844. Tfie Col lege Ranch i nc luded 35,499 acres when pa t en t ed on February 28, 1861. I n t h i s same a r e a was t h e San Marcos Grant , some 12 m i l e s e a s t o f San ta Ynez. It was purchased i n 1846 by Richard S. Den and Nicholas A. Den and fo rmer ly had been part of t h e San ta Barbara Mission lands . The Dens claimed 35,573 a c r e s which were pa ten ted September 6, 1869.

ALSO no r th of t h e mountains was t h e Lomas d e l a P u r i f i c a c i o n Grant . It c o n s i s t e d of 3 l e agues g r an t ed i n 1844 t o Augustine Janssens , c la imant f o r 13,341 a c r e s , pa ten ted Apr i l 18, 1871. To t h e west was t h e Nojoqui g r a n t , . made i n 1843 t o Raimundo C a r r i l l o , c l a iman t f o r 13,285 a c r e s and pa t en t ed September 11, 1869. A t t h e extreme wes te rn end of t h e F o r e s t i n t h e San ta Ynez Mountains w a s t h e Las Cruces Grant. It w a s g r an t ed i n 1836 t o Miguel Cordero h o was c la imant f o r 8,888 acres, pa ten ted J u l y 7, 1883.

The Nuestra Senora d e l Refugio Grant w a s l o c a t e d between t h e ocean and t h e San t a Ynez Mountains. It c o n s i s t e d of 6 l eagues and was gran ted t o J o s e Franc i sco Ortega i n 1795 a s a Spanish concession and regran ted i n 1834 t o Antonio Maria Ortega, son of t h e o r i g i n a l c la imant . Ortega claimed 26,592 a c r e s , pa ten ted J u l y 28, 1886. J u s t e a s t o f t h e Refugio g r a n t w a s Canada d e l Co r r a l . It c w e r e d 2 l e agues and was gran ted i n 1841 t o J o s e D. Or tega , c la imant f o r 8,876 acres, pa ten ted May 13, 1886.

Continuing e a s t a long t h e c o a s t a l s h e l f was -Dos Pueblos, c o n s i s t i n g of t h r e e l e agues g r an t ed i n 1842 t o Nicholas A. Den. Den cla imed 15,535 acres, pa ten ted February 23, 1877. Next was La Goleta a t t h e town of Gole ta . It c o n s i s t e d o f one league g r an t ed i n 1846. La Goleta w a s t h e l as t l a n d g r a n t by Governor P i o P ico , t h e l a s t Mexican Governor of C a l i f o r n i a . It was made on June 10, 1846, t h e same day on which t h e Bear Flag w a s r a i s e d i n Sonoma, beginning t h e end of Mexican rule i n C a l i f o r n i a .

Eas t of La Goleta were miss ion lands . F a r t h e r east, t h e Rincon Grant extended f r a n C a r p i n t e r i a i n t o t h e no r the rn p a r t o f Ventura County. This g r a n t inc luded M a t i l i j a and c o n s i s t e d o f one l e ague g r an t ed i n 1835 t o Teodoro Are l lanes . Are l l ane s was c la imant f o r 4,460 a c r e s , pa ten ted November 22, 1872.

There were t h r e e o t h e r g r a n t s a d j a c e n t t o t h e Fo re s t i n Ventura County. Santa Ana, w e s t o f C a s i t a s Spr ings , w a s g r an t ed i n 1837 t o Crisogono Ayala, e t a l , c l a i m a n t s f o r 21,522 acres, pa ten ted December 22, 1870. The O j a i Grant of s i x l e agues w a s made i n 1837 t o Fernando Tico , c la imant f o r 17,717 a c r e s , pa t en t ed December 22, 1870. In 1821 J o s e d e l a Guerra y Noriega had t r i e d t o o b t a i n t h e O j a i g r a n t and a l s o San Fernando Mission l a n d s , b u t f a i l e d . The P i r u g r a n t had been part of t h e rancho of t h e San Fernando Mission.

A f i n a l g r a n t nea r t h e F o r e s t boundary was i n Kern County and was known a s San Einigdio. It had been a rancho of San ta Barbara Mission and was gran ted t o J o s e Antonio Domingues :in 1842. San Etnigdio con ta ined f o u r l eagues . Claimants f o r 17,710 acres were Ekancisco ~ominbuez , e t a l , who received a p a t e n t Apr i l 10, 1886.

While a l l of t h e s e l and g r a n t s exe r t ed some degree o f i n f l u e n c e on t h e F o r e s t , f i v e were perhaps more i n f l u e n t i a l t h a n t h e o t h e r s . These were:

. Las Mi lp i t a s , a d j a c e n t t o t h e modern Monterey Ranger District Sisquoc, a d j a c e n t t o t h e San Rafae l Wilderness

. IDS P r i e t o s y INajalayegua, whose western boundary was i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e modern Santa Barbara Ranger D i s t r i c t Of f i c e Cuyama N o . 1

. CuyamaNo. 2

Probably t h e most i n t e r a c t i o n between land g r a n t and Fo re s t use i n Monterey County occurred around Las M i l p i t a s , g r a n t e d on May 5, 1838. Las M i l p i t a s inc luded much of t h e San nn ton io River v a l l e y . The g r a n t extended from a sou thea s t e rn boundary ad jo in ing bo th t h e San Migue l i to and El P i o j o g r a n t s nea r t h e town of Jo lon and Mission San Antonio t o a p i n t ad j acen t t o t h e p r e sen t Fo re s t boundary n e a r a p l a c e commonly known a s "The Indians ." The l a t t e r a r e a g o t i t s name a f t e r s e c u l a r i z a t i o n of t h e miss ions by t h e Mexican government, when many o f t h e former San Antonio neophytes ga the r ed i n s i d e o r nea r t h e Fo re s t i n Re l i z Canyon and nea r t h e nor thwestern corner of t h e Las M i l p i t a s g r a n t . The two l o c a t i o n s were bona f i d e Ind ian communities. With t h e advent of American settlers, t h e l a t t e r a r e a became known a s " t h e Ind ians" o r " t h e Indian Reservation."

A f t e r t h e C i v i l War, M r . Ather ton, t h e n owner o f Las Mi lp i t a s , had problems w i th s q u a t t e r s on h i s p roper ty . Ather ton fo r ced o u t t h e former s o l d i e r s who had taken up r e s idence , b u t was sympathet ic t o some Ind ians l i v i n g on t h e p rope r ty and fo rmal ly conveyed t o them a 100 a c r e s t r i p a t t h e nor thwest co rne r of t h e g r a n t . ( 8 3 )

A 1909 r e p o r t of Fo re s t Superv i sors i n t h e California-Nevada d i s t r i c t of t h e Fo re s t Se rv i ce shows t h a t t h r e e Ind ian f a m i l i e s were known t o b e r e s i d e n t a t t h a t t ime w i th in t h e Monterey Nat ional Fo re s t . These were t h e Enc ina les ( 1 6 members) and Quintana ( 3 members) f a m i l i e s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of The Ind i ans , and t h e Mora family ( 3 members), l i s t e d a s r e s i d i n g t o t h e south a long t h e Nacimiento-Ferguson Road. Dave Mora, presumably from t h i s fami ly , se rved a s a primary informant f o r .the e thnographer John P. Harr ington n o t long a f t e r t h i s r e p o r t was i s sued .

The S i s q u o c G r a n t i n f l u e n c e d t h e F o r e s t i n numerous ways, i n c l u d i n g r e s t r i c t i n g homesteading a long t h e Sisquoc River and Manzana Creek. Th is was one of t h e las t g r a n t s made by t h e Mexican Government. It w a s g ran ted by Governor P io P ico on A p r i l 18, 1845, t o Marie Antonia Domingues d e Cabal lero . I n 1851 F r a n c i s c o Caba l le ro and h i s w i f e , Maria Antonia, s o l d t h e g r a n t t o James B. Huie f o r $12,500. I n t h e 1880 's t h e ac r eage came i n t o t h e possess ion of Rockwell Stone of Sari Francisco. A daugh t e r and son i n h e r i t e d t h e l and , b u t t h e s o n ' s s h a r e was acqui red through f o r e c l o s u r e by a M r . W i l l i a m Har r i s . John T. P o r t e r and Thomas B. Bishop acqui red t h e daugh t e r ' s i n t e r e s t f o r cash i n 1892. M r . Eiarris a t f i r s t r e fu sed t o sel l h i s h a l f b u t d i d s o i n 1893. Rober t Easton, a r e l a t i v e of t h e Eishops, came t o t h e ranch as a surveyor i n 1899 and la ter became manager,. . He he ld t h i s p o s i t i o n f o r 51 y e a r s u n t i l t h e e v e n t u a l s a l e of t h e ranch.

The Sisquoc Ranch was purchased by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin L. 'Green of Los Angeles and Claude Arnold of San Luis Obispo on January 31, 1951. ( 40 ) The Santa Barbara News-Press c i t e d ano ther s a l e i n 1952: "James Flood of San Rrancisco, t h e new owner o f t h e h i s t o r i c Sisquoc Ranch, was r e p o r t e d l a s t n i g h t a s planning t o o p e r a t e t h e v a s t a r e a a s a working c a t t l e ranch." (41 I t inc luded t h e o r i g i n a l g r a n t c o n s i s t i n g of 35,400 acres, 2,700 a c r e s o f t h e Rancho Tinaqua ic , and approximately 3,200 a c r e s o f pa ten ted government land i n LOS Padres Nat iona l Fores t . I n a l l , some 41,300 acres w e r e involved.

James Flood was n o t new t o t h e ca t t le ranching f i e l d i n C a l i f o r n i a . He had been t h e owner o f t h e Santa Margar i ta Rancho i n San Diego County, which was t aken over by t h e United S t a t e s Goverrnnent and became t h e Marine Corps base now known as Camp Penclleton. (42) The Sisquoc Ranch covered bo th s i d e s o f t h e S i squoc River . In l a t e r yea r s when t h e g a t e on t h e road running up t h e r i v e r th rough t h e ranch w a s c l o sed t o t h e p u b l i c , road a c c e s s t o t h e Sisquoc and Manzana a r e a o f th.e F o r e s t R e s e r v e w a s c l o s e d o f f , l o c k i n g o u t t h e homesteaders who had f i l e d c la ims above t h e ranch. I n a s ense , t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e Sisquoc gran. t and t h e a t t i t u d e of i t s owners shaped t h e western boundary o f t h e San Rafael Wilderness b y making homesteading imposs ib le i n t h e a r e a .

LOS P r i e t o s y Naja1;ilyegua was g ran ted i n 1845 t o J o s e Dominguez, who was c la imant f o r 48,729 a c r e s pa ten ted February 19, 1875. Th i s g r a n t i s p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a ~ i t because it was t h e on ly g r a n t c a p l e t e l y w i th in t h e boundar ies o f t h e f u t u r e Fores t . When t h e Pine Mountain and Zaca Lake, and San ta Ynez F o r e s t Reserves were c r e a t e d i n t h e l a t e 18001s, t h e y were s e p a r a t e d b y t h e l a n d s o f Los P r i e t o s y Najalayegua. Later, when the_ two r e s e r v e s were c a n b i n d t o i nc lude t h e g r a n t l a n d s , t h e y became Santa Barbara Nat iona l Fores t . S ince t h i s happened many y e a r s a f t e r t h e g r a n t was f i r s t i s s u e d , a d e t a i l e d l cok a t t h e o r i g i n a l g r a n t i s necessary.

The name Los P r i e t o s was based on l o c a t i o n s a t t h e w e s t and east ends o f t h e g r a n t and is der ived f r a t h e "borregos p r i e t o s " , o r sheep w i th dark-colored wool, t h a t were k e p t a t t h e sheep camp which t h e Santa Barbara Mission e s t a b l i s h e d a t t h e Chumash v i l l a g e of Snois . ( 3 3 ) One of J. P. Harr ington 's in formants , Juan Jus to , commented on LOs P r i e t o s , "There w e r e many bor regos p r i e t o s t h e r e , hense t h e Spanish name." ( 3 4 )

A t t h e e a s t end o f t h e g r a n t was t h e v i l l a g e o f Shnaxalyiwi, o r i n Spanish, Najalayegua. Th is was a major v i l l a g e and i t s " c a p i t a n , " o r v i l l a g e c h i e f , r u l e d t h e o t h e r v i l l a g e s o f t h e upper San ta Ynez Val ley. The n o r t h boundary o f t h e g r a n t w a s t h e f o o t h i l l s o f t h e San Rafae l Mountains, and t h e sou thern boundary was t h e f o o t h i l l s on t h e n o r t h s i d e o f t h e San ta Ynez Mountains. Due t o a v e r y poor unders tand ing o f t h e a c t u a l p h y s i c a l s i t u a t i o n o f t h e g r a n t l a n d s , t h e e a r l y h i s t o r y o f t h i s g r a n t is vague. A t one t ime t h e owners a t t empted t o f l o a t t h e g r a n t over t h e t o p o f t h e Santa Ynez Mountains t o i n c l u d e l a r g e a r e a s of c o a s t a l and f o o t h i l l l a n d . The g r a n t ' s t i t l e h i s t o r y somewhat e x p l a i n s t h i s problem.

On January 14, 1843, J o s e Lugo, a n i n v a l i d s o l d i e r who was a s q u a t t e r on t h e l a n d , s o l d h i s r i g h t s t o J o s e Dominguez f o r $20 i n s i l v e r c u r r e n c y and two b a r r e l s o f aquad ien te . These l a n d s were s t a t e d t o b e s i t u a t e d i n t h e Najalayegua g r a n t . (35) J o s e Dominguez a p p l i e d t o Governor P io P i c o f o r a l a n d g r a n t and submit ted a d i s e n o (map) o f t h e l and he hoped t o o b t a i n . H e r e c e i v e d t h e g r a n t i n September of 1845 and s o l d t h e rancho A p r i l 17, 1856, t o Thomas Cevasco, who i n t u r n s o l d it t o F e l i p e A r r e l l a n e s on December 26, 1856, f o r $1. On December 1, 1864, A r r e l l a n e s s o l d Najalayegua t o C. E. Huse f o r $1 00. It was t h e n s o l d t o Thomas A. S c o t t on March 16, 1865, f o r $1,000 and f i n a l l y s o l d by S c o t t t o Mward J. P r i n g l e on August 13, 1867, f o r $1. Although M r . C. E. Huse had s o l d t h e p r o p e r t y , he mainta ined c o n t r o l behind-the-scenes f o r some t i m e . Huse w a s t h e promoter o f t h e f l o a t o f t h e grant t o the south s ide o f the mountain, had a bogus survey prepared which he a t t empted t o p a s s o f f a s a n a u t h o r i z e d survey , and f i l e d numerous b r i e f s w i t h t h e c o u r t i n response t o h i s and o t h e r s o f h i s g r o u p ' s claims t o t h e p roper ty .

Numerous d e p o s i t i o n s were t a k e n from J o s e Dorninguez and o t h e r s a s t o t h e h i s t o r y and l o c a t i o n o f t h e g r a n t .

About t h i s t ime J o s e Moraga d i s c w e r e d q u i c k s i l v e r on t h e San ta Ynez River e a s t o f Los P r i e t o s . Th i s caused a change i n t h e Huse p l a n s , as he wanted t o i n c l u d e t h e mines i n t h e Najayalegua g r a n t . A f t e r s e v e r a l surveys and a long l e g a l b a t t l e , t h e g r a n t w a s f i n a l l y surveyed a s o r i g i n a l l y l a y e d o u t between t h e mountains a long t h e San ta Ynez River from LQS P r i e t o s up t o t h e Na ja layegua Canyon. The mines were soon abandoned, and ca t t l e r a i s i n g proved a poor-paying a c t i v i t y due t o t h e rough land and t h e many p r e d a t o r s i n t h e a r e a . On March 1, 1881, t h e r e were on ly 20 h o r s e s and 200 c a t t l e upon t h e rancho. The o l d t r a i l t o t h e rancho h e a d q u a r t e r s r a n up what is now c a l l e d Romero Canyon, which a t one t i m e was c a l l e d Najalayegua Canyon because i t con ta ined t h e t r a i l t o t h e Najalayegua.

A t a l a t e r t ime Blue Canyon was a l s o shown on one of t h e o l d maps o f t h e g r a n t and c a l l e d Najalayegua Canyon because t h e t r a i l r a n down i t t o t h e mouth o f C a l i e n t e Canyon a t what i s now known as t h e Pendola F o r e s t S e r v i c e S t a t i o n . J u s t s o u t h o f t h e s t a t i o n , t h e founda t ions o f t h e o l d Pendola Adobe a r e s t i l l v i s i b l e . T h i s b u i l d i n g was b u i l t by t h e Pendola family on t h e s i te of t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h e Najalayegua rancho. I n la ter y e a r s t h e Pendola fami ly o f San ta Barbara l e a s e d p a r t of t h e rancho l a n d s f o r c a t t l e r a i s i n g , u n t i l G i b r a l t a r Dam w a s b u i l t and a l l g r a z i n g w a s p r o h i b i t e d on l a n d s above t h e dam.

The remaining two v e r y i n f l u e n t i a l g r a n t s were Cuyama No. 1 and Cuyama No. 2. They were l o c a t e d on t h e no r th s i d e o f t h e S i e r r a Madre Mountains i n t h e v a l l e y o f t h e Cuyama River , which flows e a s t t o west on i t s way t o t h e ocean. The Cuyama Va l l ey i s a l a r g e , semi-deser t p l a i n extending a long each s i d e of t h e r i v e r f o r a d i s t a n c e o f some 30 m i l e s .

Cuyarna No. 1, now known a.s t h e Spanish Ranch, c o n s i s t e d of 22,193.21 a c r e s . It was gran ted by Governor Manuel Micheltorena t o J o s e Maria Royo on Apr i l 24, 1843. A Frenchman, Cesar io L a t a i l l a d e , purchased t h e g r a n t and upon h i s e a r l y d e a t h it passed t o h i s widow, Maria Antonia d e l a Guerra, who subsequent ly marr ied Don Gaspar Orena. The Spanish Ranch i s p r e s e n t l y owned by a descendant of t h e De l a Guerra and Orena f ami l i e s , Super io r Court Judge John Rickard, a former mayor of Santa Barbara. (36)

Cuyama No. 2, now known as t h e Russe l l Ranch, c o n s i s t s o f 48,827.50 a c r e s . It , was g ran t ed by Governor P io P i co t o Don Cesar io L a t a i l l a d e on June 9, 1846.

A f t e r C a l i f o r n i a became a s t a t e , t h e owners o f land g r a n t s had d i f f i c u l t y e s t a b l i s h i n g t i t l e t o t h e i r p roper ty . I n 1852 t h e L a t a i l l a d e t i t l e t o Cuyama No. 2 w a s ques t ioned . Alex is Godey, a Frenchman who was a gu ide f o r F'remont when h e l e f t St . J a u i s , Missour i , i n 1844, squa t t ed on t h e g r a n t , Godey had m e t J e s u s Cordava whi le Frenont was camped on Ca l i en t e Creek and aga in i n 1850. Godey asked Cordova about vacan t l ands i n t h e a r e a , and Cordova showed Godey t h e Cuyama N o . 2 Gran t , which was t h en i n d i s p u t e and uninhabi ted. M r . Godey s q u a t t e d on t h e l a n d and J e sus Cordova went t o work f o r him as h i s majordano. It took ove r 2 0 y e a r s f o r t h e h e i r s t o p e r f e c t t i t l e t o t h e g r a n t . When t i t l e was p e r f e c t e d i n 1879, Alexis Godey, who had been s q u a t t i n g on t h e l and , had b u i l t a n adobe house and was running l a r g e he rd s o f c a t t l e , was fo rced t o v a c a t e t h e l a n d s o f t h e g r an t . Godey's t i m e i n t h e a r e a i s ranembered i n placenames, t h e s p e l l i n g corrupted to "Goode" on contemporary maps. When Maria Antonia d i e d t h e h e i r s s o l d t h e remainder o f t h e g r a n t t o t h e Cebrian family . ( 3 8 )

Sena to r George C. Pe rk in s bought 7,700 a c r e s o f t h e Cuyama No. 2 Grant i n 1906. H e w a s head of Perk ins Assoc ia tes of San Franc i sco , a c o r p o r a t i o n which made inves tments i n land. H e paid $10,000 f o r t h e p roper ty . "Pe rk in s was t h e Republican U.S. Sena tor from C a l i f o r n i a from 1893 t o 1915. A t t h a t t i m e he c o u l d have p u r c h a s e d C a t a l i n a I s l a n d f o r t h e same p r i c e , b u t a f t e r cons ide r ab l e deba t e , dec ided on t h e Cuyama piece." ( 39 ) The l and i s c u r r e n t l y owned by M r . Hub R u s s e l l , who makes h i s home a t t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e o l d ranch headqua r t e r s and o p e r a t e s t h e ranch bo th f o r a g r i c u l t u r e and c a t t l e r a i s i n g .

All of t h e Mexican land g r a n t s around t h e boundar ies of t h e F o r e s t exe r t ed an i n f l u e n c e on t h e f u t u r e F o r e s t r e s e rve . C a t t l e g r az ing on t h e g r a n t s o f t e n s p i l l e d a v e r on to l ands of t h e rese rve . Ebr some of t h e ranches g r az ing on F o r e s t l a n d was a n economic n e c e s s i t y ; t h i s i s still t r u e today. I n l a t e r y e a r s some owners of t h e g r a n t s c losed t h e i r g a t e s , s h u t t i n g o f f pub l i c a cce s s and i s o l a t i n g smal l homesteads l o c a t e d above t h e g r a n t s on f u t u r e Fo re s t l ands . Th i s was e s p e c i a l l y t r u e o f t h e Sisquoc Grant and t h e p o r t i o n o f t h e o l d Cuyama Grant t h a t became t h e Spanish Ranch.

The Mexican Land Grant per iod extending from 1822 t o 1846 l e d t o some 68 g r a n t s o f l and i n t h e t r i - c o u n t i e s (San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara , and Ventura) and Kern County. Iooking a t t h e p a t t e r n of t h e s e g r a n t s , it i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e that:, excep t f o r t h e year 1837 when some e i g h t g r a n t s were g iven , most of t h e e a r l y y e a r s had frcan one t o f i v e g r a n t s per year bestowed. Then beginning i n 1843 t h e number i nc r ea sed d r ama t i ca l l y . There were e leven g r a n t s i n 1843, dec r ea s ing t o four i n 1844, t hen r i s i n g t o twelve i n 1845. In t h e l a s t yea r , 1846, elfeven g r a n t s were au thor ized . A t f i r s t few g r a n t s were g iven , b u t a s t h e Mexican Government r e a l i z e d t h a t t ime was running ou t and Americans would soon t a k e over t h e s t a t e , t h e y a t tempted t o g e t a s much of t h e l and i n t o p r i v a t e hands a s pos s ib l e .

The rancho e r a reached i ts hey-day s h o r t l y a f t e r t h e d i s cove ry o f go ld c r ea t ed a ready market f o r beef c a t t l e among miners. Before, t h e o n l y market had been f o r t h e h i d e s and t a l l ow . In t h e l a t e 1850's t h e market f o r c a t t l e a t t h e mines began t o decrease . Then du r ing t h e extended drought of t h e e a r l y 18601s, most of t h e c a t t l e d i ed on t h e range f o r l a c k of feed and water . Thus ended f o r e v e r t h e rancho pe r i od i n Ca l i f o rn i a .

S h o r t l y a f t e r t h e beginning of t h e rancho per iod, a ve ry impor tan t d e c i s i o n was made t h a t helped b r i n g about t h e end of t h e Mission Per iod and e s c a l a t e d what ha s been called t h e Rancho Per iod. With t h e inc reased number of c o l o n i s t s coming i n t o C a l i f o r n i a and a l a r g e number of s o l d i e r s be ing mustered o u t of service, t h e r e was a growing dmand f o r land near t h e p r e s i d i o s and pueblos. Most o f t h e b e s t l and was be ing he ld by t h e mi s s ions f o r t h e Ind ians . But now, a f t e r n e a r l y 50 y e a r s of Spanish and Mexican "educat ion" , t h e C a l i f o r n i o s were beginning t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e Ind ians should b e a b l e t o t ake c a r e of themselves i f t h e y were ever t o be a b l e t o d o so. The Mexican Government had l o n g cast i t s e y e on t h e Pious Fund which produced abou t $50,000 a yea r , and had been set a p a r t as a fund f o r t h e propagat ion of t h e t r u e f a i t h . The Mexican Congress had s e v e r a l times c o n f i s c a t e d p o r t i o n s o f t h e fund, b u t n o t u n t i l Santa Ana became p r e s iden t d i d anyone have t h e nerve t o t a k e over t h e e n t i . r e fund. This c u t o f f most o f t h e funds f o r t h e miss ions . Ran t h en on, t h e Fa the r s had t o r e l y on t h e s a l e of miss ion produc ts t o suppo r t t h e i r work.

When Spain e s t a b l i s h e d t h e miss ion system it was intended t o con t inue i n o p e r a t i o n o n l y u n t i l t h e n a t i v e s had become " c i v i l i z e d n and cou ld t a k e t h e i r p l a c e i n t h e p l an o f c o l o n i z a t i o n of t h e new land . Now t h e Mexican Congress dec ided t h a t t h e Ind ians should b e f r e e and assume r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e i r own d e s t i n y . To b r i ng t h i s about t h e Congress i n 1824 and 1826 passed laws manumitting t h e I n d i a n , ~ and suspending t h e pay of p r i e s t s . I t soon became c l e a r t h a t t h e Ind i ans were n o t y e t c i v i l i z e d i n t h e sense used by t h e miss ion Fa thers . Many r e t u r n e d t o t h e mountains and r e s o r t e d t o v a r i o u s c r imes a g a i n s t t h e e s t ab l i shmen t i n o r d e r t o surv ive . In about a y e a r ' s t ime t h e law had become d i s a s t r o u s i n i t s e f f e c t s and was repea led . Most o f t h e Ind ians r e tu rned t o t h e i r f o m e r cond i t i ons and t h i n g s went a long much a s t h e y had be fo r e t h e manumitting laws were p u t i n t o e f f e c t .

P r e s su re on t h e miss ion l ands became even s t ronger . In 1833 General J o s e Figueroa a r r i v e d and a t t empted t o draw some o r d e r o u t o f t h e chaos t h a t e x i s t e d by e s t a b l i s h i n g two s e p a r a t e governments, one i n t h e nor thern and t h e o t h e r i n t h e sou thern p o r t i o n of C a l i f o r n i a , each t r y i n g t o c o n t r o l t h e d e s t i n y of t h e colony.

I n ~ u g u s t , 1834, Governor Figueroa i s sued a d i r e c t i v e of 23 p a r t s which when c a r r i e d o u t would b r i n g i n t o f o r c e the ' s e c u l a r i z a t i o n law of August 17, 1833. I f t h e 23 d i r e c t i v e s had been c a r r i e d ou t a s set f o r t h i n Governor F igue roa ' s i n s t r u c t i o n s , t h e even t might n o t have had t h e tumultuous e f f e c t t h a t s e c u l a r i z a t i o n c r e a t e d w i th in t h e miss ion canmunity. In most c a s e s t h e l a y persons appointed t o c a r r y o u t t h e d i v i s i o n of t h e weal th o f t h e mi s s ions had more i n t e r e s t i n ob t a in ing a s much of t h e weal th a s p o s s i b l e f o r t h e i r own pocke ts a s i n s ee ing t h a t an e q u i t a b l e d i s t r i b u t i o n was made t o t h e neophytes. I n a s h o r t time t h e miss ions were plundered of t h e i r weal th . The long bu i l t - up system o f management and produc t ion co l l ap sed , and w i th no means o f suppo r t t h e neophytes de se r t ed t h e miss ions , some t o work on t h e ranchos and o t h e r s t o f l e e t o t h e mountains and p r ey upon t h e ranchos. Many o f t h e mi s s ions f e l l i n t o d i s r e p a i r and were e v e n t u a l l y abandoned o r s o l d t o l a y persons , and passed o u t o f t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e church.

w i th t h e c a n p l e t e b r e a k d m of t h e miss ion system, it remained f o r t h e pueblos and ranchos under t h e poor p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e p r e s i d i o s t o c a r r y on t h e day-to-day l i f e o f t h e c a m u n i t y u n t i l t h e a r r i v a l of t h e North Americans.

2.3 E a r l y American Per iod

I n 1826 Jedediah Strong Smith, just 26 yea r s o ld , became the f i r s t American t o l e a d a n overland. p a r t y from t h e United S t a t e s T e r r i t o r y t o Spanish C a l i f o r n i a . The p a r t y came i n t o C a l i f o r n i a v i a t h e Mojave River and even tua l l y reached San Gabr ie l Mission. H e r e t h e good Fa ther Jose Earnardo Sanchez made Smith and h i s p a r t y welcane. However, when a c t i n g Governor Echeandia a t San Diego l e a rned of Smith 's a r r i v a l a t t h e miss ion , he forbade t h e new a r r i v a l s t o con t inue up t h e c o a s t a s t hey had planned and ordered them t o r e t u r n by t h e same . r o u t e over which t h e y had e n t e r e d C a l i f o r n i a . A f t e r r e s t o c k i n g h i s group, . w i t h pretended t o s t a r t back down t h e M j a v e River , b u t soon turned nor thwest c r o s s i n g t h e Tehachapi Mountains and e n t e r i n g t h e C e n t r a l Val ley. Progress ing up t h e e a s t s i d e of t h e v a l l e y , he attempted t o c r o s s t h e S i e r r a Nevada Mountains a t two l o c a t i o n s b u t was d r i v e n back by t h e deep snow pack. F i n a l l y , he and two o t h e r men were a b l e t o c r o s s t h e S i e r r a s , becaning t h e f i r s t pe rsons o f European de scen t t o c r o s s t h e mountains.

While Jedediah Smith d id n o t e n t e r any p o r t i o n of t h e Fo re s t , he d i d open up t h e l and r o u t e from t h e United S t a t e s i n t o C a l i f o r n i a and l a i d t h e groundwork f o r t hos e who followed. His glowing r e p o r t s o f t h e land and i ts abundant game i n s p i r e d o t h e r Americans t o e x p l o r e t h e l a n d w e s t o f t h e S i e r r a Nevada Mountains.

2.3.1 Conquest Years

For almost f o r t y y e a r s a f t e r Jeded iah Smith brought back h i s glowing accounts o f t h e l a n d t o t h e w e s t , Americans from t h e e a s t f i l t e r e d i n t o C a l i f o r n i a . A t f i r s t t h e r e were j u s t a few d e s e r t e r s from passing s h i p s v i s i t i n g t h e c o a s t t o t r a d e . La t e r over land exped i t i ons from t h e United S t a t e s began t o push i n t o Oregon t o t h e nor th , and some of t h e s e emigrants branched of f t o en te r Ca l i f o rn i a . One such e a r l y p ioneer fami ly was t h e Kelsey family .

The Kelseys were former ne ighbors of M r . John Marsh, who l e f t Jackson County, Missour i , i n 1837 and e s t a b l i s h e d a r a n c h n e a r t h e mouth o f t h e San Joaqu in River . A let ter h e s e n t home s t a r t e d t h e Kelseys on t h e i r t r i p t o C a l i f o r n i a . I n May of 1841 t h e y set o u t w i t h a g r o u p o f r e l a t i v e s who w e r e g o i n g t o Oregon. The g roup s p l i t up, and Benjamin and Nancy Kelsey and t h e i r young baby went w i t h t h e Bidwel l -Bar t leson p a r t y , t h e f i r s t o r g a n i z e d p a r t y t o a t t e m p t t o r e a c h Ca l i - fo rn ia by t h e over land r o u t e . Ascending t h e S i e r r a Nevada Mountains t h e y reached t h e crest on Nancy's b i r t h d a y , August 1, 1841, and headed down toward t h e San Joaquin River . A f t e r g r e a t d i f f i c u l t i e s t h e y reached M r . Marsh's r a n c h on October 4, 1841.

It was w h i l e t h e K e l s e y ' s were i n Sonma ". . .on June 14, 1846, t h a t t h e f i r s t Bear F lag was made and used ( f o r p roc lamat ion o f t h e s h o r t - l i v e d C a l i f o r n i a R e p u b l i c ) . It was a f i e l d of w h i t e wi th a b e a r i n t h e c e n t e r , a star i n t h e upper l e f t , and a r e d band on t h e bottom. While t h e d e s i g n was t h e e f f o r t of s e v e r a l peop le , Nancy provided t h e c l o t h and s t i t c h e d t o g e t h e r t h e f i r s t Bear Flag. Among t h o s e who des igned t h e f l a g was Wil l iam Todd (nephew o f Mrs. Abraham L i n c o l n ) . . ." ( 4 3 ) A f t e r t r a v e l i n g over most o f t h e w e s t , Ben Kelsey d i e d i n Los Angeles and Nancy moved t o n o r t h e r n San ta Barbara County t o b e n e a r h e r daugh te r . Nancy's l a s t days were s p e n t i n a c a b i n i n Kelsey Canyon on t h e n o r t h e r n s l o p e s o f t h e S i e r r a Madre Mountains and w i t h i n t h e Los Padres Na t iona l F o r e s t boundary. She died of c a n c e r on August 10 , 1896, and i s b u r i e d i n Kelsey Canyon between h e r d a u g h t e r and a s m a l l granddaughter . H e r s irnple monument r e a d s : Nancy Kelsey 1 82 3-1 896 FIRST WHITE WOMAN TO CROSS THE PLAINS INTO CALIFORNIA.

The Bear Flag Revo l t was a r e s u l t of t h e u n s t a b l e c o n d i t i o n s e x i s t i n g i n C a l i f o r n i a a t t h a t t ime. It b rough t i n t o a c t i o n a man who w a s t o l e a d C a l i f o r n i a f r m a Mex:ican p r o v i n c e to a n American state, John C. Fremont. Fremont had b e e n d i s p a t c h e d b y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Government o n t h r e e e x p e d i t i o n s a c r o s s t h e p l a i n s t o make a reconna i s sance of t h e wes te rn Uni ted S t a t e s ; i n f a c t , t h e r e was t h e unders tand ing t h a t i f t h e United S t a t e s and Mexico should became jinvolved i n a war, he would be a v a i l a b l e t o p r o t e c t t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e United S t a t e s s o t h a t no f o r e i g n c o u n t r y s u c h a s England would a t t e m p t t o annex t h e C a l i f o r n i a t e r r i t o r y .

On J u l y 7, 1846, t h e American F lag was r a i s e d o v e r t h e customs house and o t h e r p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s a t Monterey; o n J u l y 8 it was unfur led a t San F r a n c i s c o and two d a y s l a t e r a t Sonc~ma. On August 12, t h e o f f i c i a l news t h a t t h e Uni ted S t a t e s and Mexico were a t war was brough t t o Monterey by t h e United S t a t e s s h i p "Warren." Commodore S tock ton s a i l e d s o u t h from Monterey w i t h a f o r c e t o b r i n g abou t t h e p a c i f i c a t i o n o f t h e t e r r i t o r y . (3n h i s way s o u t h he s topped i n Santa Barbara f o r a s h o r t t i m e and l e f t a f o r c e o f t e n mar ines under L i e u t e n a n t Theodore Tab lo t . Cont inuing on s o u t h he and Franon t succeeded i n c a p t u r i n g Los Angeles and San Diego, l e a v i n g s m a l l g a r r i s o n s a t each l o c a t i o n . The rest of t h e army r e t u r n e d t o M n t e r e y by s h i p .

General Jose Maria F lores organized an up r i s ing i n t h e southern por t ion of Ca l i fo rn i a . General F lo re s r a i s e d a l a r g e f o r c e of n a t i v e Cal i ' fornians and invaded Los Angeles, f o r c ing t h e g r e a t l y outnumbered Lieutenant G i l l e s p i e t o su r r ende r t h e pueblo t o t h e f o r c e s of General Flores . F lo re s s e n t Don Manuel Garc ias and two hundred men t o rega in Santa Barbara. He a r r i ved a t t h e s a l t ponds ( E i r d Refuge) e a s t o f town and i s s u e d an ultimatum t h a t t h e Lieutenant su r r ende r o r f a c e death. Eugene Russe l l , a s o l d i e r under Ta lbo t ' s canmand, r e fused t o su r r ende r and convinced t h e o t h e r s t o suppor t him. They f l e d under cover of darkness up Mission Canyon and took up a defens ive p o s i t i o n above t h e o l d Mission Dam. The Ca l i fo rn ios set f i r e t o t h e c h a p a r r a l i n an a t tempt t o d r i v e t h e Americans ou t . Af t e r a per iod of t ime t h e Ta lbot pa r ty , seeing no American f o r c e s o r s h i p s a r r i v i n g t o r e s c u e them, decided t o make t h e i r way nor th . A l o c a l Indian guided them v i a t h e Mono-Santa Barbara Canyon t r a i l through. t h e San Rafael Mountains of t h e Los Padres u n t i l t h e y reached t h e Cent ra l Val ley.

The t r a i l which they followed was t h e same one t h a t Pablo d e P o r t i l l a had used a l i t t l e over 2 0 yea r s be fo re t o r e t u r n t h e neophytes t o t h e Santa Barbara Mission a f t e r t h e 1824 r e v o l t . The p a r t y worked t h e i r way up t o Monterey, a r r i v i n g on November 9, 1846. Once aga in a m i l i t a r y group had t r a v e l e d ac ros s t h e Fores t l ands . Almost 2 0 y e a r s l a t e r t h i s same t r a i l would again be used by a m i l i t a r y u n i t . This time it would be t h e United S t a t e s Army s t a t i o n e d a t F o r t Tejon.

F'remont organized a fo rce of about 428 men . i n t h e Monterey a r e a , p a r t of them h i s own r ange r s who had c rossed t h e p l a i n s w i th him. In November 1 8 4 6 , t hey set o u t f o r t h e south. Due t o t h e r a i n y season t h e t r a i l s were deep with mud and t h e r i v e r s swollen, making p rog re s s slow. Descending t h e Cuesta Grade they en t e r ed San Luis Obispo and obtained a number of sheep f o r food. They a l s o cap tured some Ca l i fo rn ios who had broken t h e i r p a t r o l and taken up arms a g a i n s t t h e United S t a t e s . It .was decided t o execute a member of t h e P ico fami ly a s an example, b u t Fremont-was convinced by a number of women who v i s i t e d h i s headquar te rs t h a t he should no t c a r r y o u t t h e order .

Continuing southward Fremont en te red Santa Barbara County and camped near t h e Foxen Adobe on Rancho Tinaquaic. Fran t h e r e he proceeded down Alamo Pintado Creek t o c r o s s t h e Santa Ynez River and San Marcos Rancho. H e ascended t h e n o r t h s i d e of t h e pass on t h e o l d t r a i l which ran up what is now c a l l e d Fremont Ridge (and c u r r e n t l y houses t h e Fremont Fuelbreak) . Across t h e canyon f r a n t h e p re sen t right-of-way of Highway 154, he encountered heavy r a i n a s a sou theas t e rn storm was raging. Although it was Christmas, t h e pa r ty was forced t o camp near t h e t o p of t h e pass and morale was low. The next day they descended by what l a t e r became t h e S l ippery Rock Stage Coach Road.

The w e t and bedraggled t roops spent t h e n igh t under t h e "Fremont Oak", j u s t no r th of Pa t t e r son Avenue i n t h e f o o t h i l l s above Goleta. The next day he marched h i s t r oops i n t o Santa Barbara and recaptured t h e town without f i r i n g a sho t .

Fran t h e v i s i t of Fremont t o t h e Foxen Rancho, t h e f o l k t a l e ha s grown t h a t t h e Mexicans were i n ambush a t Gaviota pa s s t o d rop rocks on t h e Americans a s t h e y went through. Hattie Stone Benef ie ld , i n h e r book "For t h e Good of t h e Country," s t a t e s t h a t Fremont undoubtedly had a ve ry good reason f o r n o t mentioning t ak ing t h e San Marcos Pas s r o u t e t o San ta Barbara i n h i s "Memoirs." ( 4 4 ) However, t h e s imple f a c t i s t h a t t h e San Marcos Pass r o u t e was cons ide r ab ly s h o r t e r , w i t h a c a r t road wer t h e mountains, whi le a t Gaviota j u s t a ve ry rough t r a i l r a n th rough t h e pa s s u n t i l 1861 when a road was f i n a l l y c u t through. Another p e r s i s t e n t rumor i s t h a t Fremont abandoned one of h i s cannons on t h e way over t h e pa s s , and numerous i n d i v i d u a l s have conducted ex t ens ive s ea r ches f o r it i n va in .

The San Marcos Pass--Marno P in tado Canyon--Foxen Canyon r o u t e soon became t h e main r o u t e of t r a v e l a c r o s s San ta Barbara County and w e n t u a l l y became t h e s tagecoach r o u t e s e r v i n g Santa Barbara and San Luis Cbispo. The f i r s t s t a g e t o use t h i s r o u t e was t h a t of t h e Coast L ine S tage Company owned by F l i n t Bixby Company of Los C e r r i t o s . They began o p e r a t i o n s i n 1869 c a r r y i n g passengers between San Franc i sco , Los Angeles and San Diego. The l i n e ceased o p e r a t i o n s i n 1877.

Although most people a r e acquainted wi th t h e gold rush which followed on t h e h e e l s o f t h e American conquest , few people r e a l i z e tha t the f i r s t gold s t r i k e i n C a l i f o r n i a was n o t a c t u a l l y t h e S u t t e r s M i l l s t r i k e a t Coloma i n 1849. The f i r s t d i s cove ry o f go1.d was made a lmost s i x y e a r s b e f o r e on March 9, 1842. Franc i sco Lopez, a n a t i v e California, was o u t searching f o r s t r a y ho r se s and s topped on t h e bank of a smal l c r e e k i n a canyon which l a t e r became known a s P l a c e r i t a Canyon. The scene of h i s d i s cove ry was a l i t t l e over t h r e e m i l e s east o f t h e p r e s e n t c i t y of Newhall, i n t h e wes t e r l y p a r t o f t h e Angeles Nat ional Fores t . It was l oca t ed near San Franc i squ i to , about 35 m i l e s nor thwest o f Los Angeles. While l e t t i n g t h e ho r se s g r aze , Lopez dug up some w i ld on ions growing near t h e s t ream and found a smal l nugget i n t h e r o o t l e t s o f t h e on ion bu lbs . F u r t h e r s ea r ch ing d i s c l o s e d more gold. Lopez took t h e go ld t o a u t h o r i t i e s who confirmed i t s worth.

Af t e r t h e d i s cove ry Lopez, w i t h o t h e r s , began t o s ea r ch f o r o t h e r p l a c e r s i n t h e a r e a , l e ad ing t o s e v e r a l d i s c o v e r i e s w i th in t h e Fo re s t i n n o r t h e a s t e r n Ventura County. The fo l lowing year Lopez made a second d i s cove ry o f go ld i n San F e l i c i a n o Canyon n o t f a r f r m t h e scene of t h e f i r s t d i scovery . Mexican m i n e r s f rom Sonora worked t h e p l a c e r s u n t i l 1846 , when t h e u n s e t t l e d cond i t i ons of t h e C a l i f o r n i a conquest brought about a n end t o most o f t h e p l ace r i ng .

These and t h e surrounding mines were c a l l e d t h e San Fernando P l a c e r s and were worked u n t i l t h e go ld r u s h of 1849 drew a l l t h e miners from t h e San Fernando a r e a no r t h t o t h e new d i scovery . As t h e nor thern mines became worked ou t and t h e exci tement o f t h e Kern River d i s c o v e r i e s of 1854 subs ided , miners d r i f t e d back t o t h e San Fernando p l ace r s . The mines became produc t ive aga in and "H i s to r i an J. M. Guinn tel ls of a gang of Ind ians working f o r E'rancisco Garcia who took o u t $65,000 i.n 1855. One nugget worth $1,900 was found." ( 4 5 ) For s e v e r a l y e a r s t h e r e wag a c t i v i t y u n t i l t h e b e s t l o c a t i o n s had been exhausted. Today weekend prospect:ors s t i l l wield t h e i r pans o r more s o p h i s t i c a t e d means o f sampling t h e g r a v e l beds o f t h e a r ea . Occas iona l ly someone's d i l i g e n t s ea r ch is rewarded by f i n d i n g a nugget missed by t h e e a r l y miners .

The g r e a t go ld rush brought t o southern C a l i f o r n i a a new market f o r t he v a s t he rds t h e rancheros owned. Before t h i s t i m e j u s t t h e h ides and t a l l o w had been of value f o r t r a d e to t h e v i s i t i n g s h i p s t h a t s a i l e d up and down the c o a s t t r a d i n g wi th t h e n a t i v e Cal i forn ios . Now a whole new market opened up f o r l i v e beef t o b e dr iven north t o t h e mines t o feed t h e hungry gold miners. I n t h e 1850's l a r g e herds were ga thered and d r i v e n no r th t o be s o l d a t high ,

p r i c e s . This brought sudden p rospe r i t y t o t h e rancheros. Their way of l i v i n g became ex t ravagant i n t h e extreme. Trading s h i p s brought a l l k inds of luxury i t ems which t h e Ca l i fo rn ios bought with no thought t o t h e fu ture .

The rancheros ' extravagances and t h e slowing down o f t h e nor thern markets began t o have an e f f e c t on t h e people i n t h e e a r l y 1860's. The Americans introduced e a s t e r n c a t t l e which were s u p e r i o r t o t h e rangy, half-wild c a t t l e o f t h e rancheros'. Then na tu re stepped i n t o add t o t h e problems facing t h e C a l i f o r n i a cat t lemen. The win te r of 1861-62 was one of t h e wettest seasons e v e r recorded i n t h e records of Ca l i fo rn i a =a the r . Floods destroyed l a r g e . amounts o f t h e proper ty of t h e rancheros, houses of adobe.melted down t o mud, t r a i l s =re washed ou t , roads =re o b l i t e r a t e d and and streams became raging t o r r e n t s washing away c a t t l e o r causing them t o become mired down i n t h e mud and quicksand deposi ted wer t h e lower a r e a s of t h e land.

The season o f t h e g r e a t flood was followed by a g r e a t drought , t h e worst i n recorded h i s t o r y i n t h e S t a t e of Ca l i fo rn i a . S t a r t i n g with t h e f i r s t month i n t h e year 1862, no r a i n f e l l f o r t h e d u r a t i o n of t h e year. In 1863 t h e winter r a i n s d id no t a r r i v e , and nothing more than s p r i n k l e s f e l l u n t i l l a t e . i n t h e w in t e r of 1864. The c a t t l e a t e a l l t h e a v a i l a b l e g r a s s and t h e range became b a r e with nothing but d u s t d e v i l s marching a c r o s s t h e parched ground. Streams and s p r i n g s t h a t had never be fo re gone d r y f a i l e d , and t h e t h i r s t - c r azed c a t t l e died i n droves. Ranchers c u t down l imbs of oak trees t o at tempt t o provide some feed f o r t h e s tock , b u t t h i s was o f l i t t l e value. The t a x r o l l s when t h e drought began i n 1862 l i s t e d aver 200,000 head .of c a t t l e f o r t h e County of Santa Barbara, b u t when t h e drought f i n a l l y p a s s 6 i n 1864, less t h a n 500 were l e f t a l i v e on the range. h e s a l e of 5,000 head of c a t t l e took p l ace i n Santa Barbara County f o r 37.5 c e n t s per head a t t h e he igh t of t h e g r e a t drought. ( 4 6 )

Many o f t h e rancheros were l e f t i n deep debt . C r e d i t a t high r a t e s of i n t e r e s t had been ea sy t o ob t a in , and u n t i l t h e drought one could j u s t round up some of t h e wild c a t t l e from t h e range t o use i n paying o f f t h e debt . Afterward, t h i n g s were changed. Americans h e l d many o f t h e mortgages and t h e y began t o fo rec lose , t ak ing land (which t h e Ca l i fo rn ios had i n abundance) t o s a t i s f y t h e debts . Up u n t i l now t h e land had meant l i t t l e t o t h e n a t i v e rancheros. The Americans d r i f t e d south from t h e playing-out p lacer mines of t h e no r th , and l a r g e numbers of immigrants began t o e n t e r t h e s t a t e each year , making t h e long t r i p a c r o s s t h e p l a i n s i n search of new farm lands.

Under t h e t r e a t y of Guadalupe Hidalgo, t h e United S t a t e s was t o honor t h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e Cal . i fornios which had been d i s t r i b u t e d t o them by t h e Federa l Government of Mexico. It soon became apparen t t h a t many g r a n t s had been made by t h e Mexican Governor j u s t b e f o r e t h e t akeover by t h e Americans t o reward f a i t h f u l suppori-ers and t o p reven t t h e l and from f a l l i n g i n t o t h e hands o f t h e conquerers . A United S t a t e s Land Commission was set up, and t h e C a l i f o r n i o s were reqn i red t o prove t h e v a l i d i t y of t h e i r land c la ims and e s t a b l i s h t h e e x a c t boundar ies . Because l and was of s o l i t t l e va lue u n t i l t h i s po in t , t h e boundar ies of a g r a n t were o f t e n ve ry vague--an oak t r e e , a cow s k u l l on a p i l e o f rocks , a c r eek , and i n come c a s e s a mountain range. A s had a l r e a d y occurred i n t h e e a s t e r n United S t a t e s , gwernment surveyors began surveying t h e l and i n t o townships, r anges and s e c t i o n s . This w a s impor tan t because some o r d e r l y development of t h e l and was necessa ry t o accommodate t h e l a r g e numbers o f inunig1:ants a r r i v i n g from t h e e a s t .

In 1862 t h e Homestead A c t was passed a s an inducement t o t h e s e t t l e m e n t of vacan t government l ands . While some settlers took advantage of t h e A c t i n t h e e a r l y 18601s, i ts major e f f e c t on t h e F o r e s t came a t a later d a t e and w i l l be d i s cus sed i n more d e t a i l i n t h e nex t s e c t i o n o f t h i s document.

With t h e inc reased Anglo popula t ion i n sou thern C a l i f o r n i a beginning i n t h e m i d t o l a t e 18601s, greater in teres t was shown i n the mountainous area of the reg ion . A t f i r s t t h i s was on ly an occas iona l exp lor ing o r hunting t r i p i n t o t h e mountains. However, e x p l o r a t i o n o f t h e backcountry i n t h e l a t e 19 th cen tu ry a l s o took on s c i e n t i f i c and p seudo - sc i en t i f i c importance i n some ca se s .

One example o f e a r l y s c i e n t i f i c u se o f t h e F o r e s t involved t h e nor thern p a r t o f t h e Santa Lucia Rnnge. Th is a r e a came t o be recognized a s a s u p e r i o r l o c a t i o n f o r a s t r o n ~ o m i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s b e c a u s e o f t h e l ow l e v e l s o f a tmoshper ic d i s t u rbance . Ekpedi t ions i nc lud ing as t ronomers v i s i t e d t h e San ta Lucias du r ing t h i s pe r iod , and s c i e n t i f i c i g t e r e s t h a s cont inued i n t o t h e modern e r a . Within t ' h e l a s t 10 y e a r s , a proposal t o b u i l d an observa tory on Junipero Ser ra Peak ( t h e "Dark Skyw o r Lick Observatory) was s t a l l e d due t o environmental and c u l t u r a l concerns, b u t t h e Chews Ridge Observatory of t h e Monterey I n s t i t u t e f o r Research i n Astronomy i s i n ope ra t i on today.

On t h e p seudo - sc i en t i f i c s i d e , t h e now-notorious Reverend Stephen Bowers made a r cheo log i ca l and geo log i ca l exped i t i ons i n t o t h e F o r e s t i n t h e 1870's. Bowers made s e v e r a l t r i p s through po r t i ons of t h e San Rafael Mountains, up t h e Sisquoc River and Manz.ana Creek, a long t h e upper Santa Ynez River , and up Mono Creek i n 1877, search.ing f o r Ind ian v i l l a g e s i t e s t o excavate . On June 4, 1877, he camped w i th ]David Brown, nea r t h e p r e s e n t Fo re s t Serv ice Davy Brown Campground. On June 15, Bowers and Uncle Davy Brown, whom he repor ted t o b e 77 y e a r s o l d a t t h e t i m e , made a t r i p up t h e r i v e r t o look a t a v i l l a g e s i te . Th i s was about seven yea r s before o t h e r r e f e r ences t o Davy Brown's camp on Manzana Creek.

Bowers a l s o v i s i t e d t h e m a z i e r Mountain a r e a of t h e M t . Pinos Ranger D i s t r i c t i n h i s c a p a c i t y a s an avoca t i ona l g e o l o g i s t . I n h i s d i a r y Reverend Bowers mentions numerous people a s l i v i n g i n t h e a r e a of h i s t r a v e l s , none of which later appear a s permanent r e s i d e n t s . (47) These people were probably p rospec tors , h u n t e r s and t r a p p e r s who v i s i t e d t h e mountains bu t l e f t no permanent developments t o mark t h e i r pass ing.

Some of t h e s e e a r l y t r i p s i n t o t h e backcountry w e r e p r i m a r i l y r e c r e a t i o n a l i n na tu r e . An example o f t h i s k ind of exp lo r i ng t r i p was one t aken on August 1, 1877, by t h e a u t h o r Anson Augustus Boyce w i th f r i e n d s , Judge Ord and Mrs. Shedd, t h e l a t t e r an a s s a y e r o f metal and a c t i n g supe r in t enden t o f t h e q u i c k s i l v e r mines ove r t h e Santa Ynez Mountains. They c ro s sed t h e Santa Ynez Mountains by t h e east f o r k of Mission Creek ( ~ a t t l e s n a k e Canyon) and descended t o t h e mines. A f t e r camping f o r t h e n igh t , t h e y followed a t r a i l f a r t h e r t o t h e east, which c ro s sed over t h e Santa Ynez range a g a i n and brought them o u t i n Montecifo. ( 4 8 ) These exp lor ing exped i t i ons t o t h e mountains cont inued t o b e popular . In 1893 J u l i u s S ta rke publ ished an account of a t r i p up t h e c o a s t t o Gavio ta , t h e n i n l and t o Nojoqui, a c r o s s t h e San ta Ynez Val ley t o near Zaca Lake and on t o t h e Sisquoc, and f i n a l l y t o t h e Cuyama River , which he followed w h i l e c o l l e c t i n g specimens of wood f o r woodworking.

La t e r S t a r k e te l l s o f hun t ing t r i p s up t h e Mono t o Big P ine Mountain and f i s h i n g t r i p s i n t o t h e Santa a u z Creek a r e a . His w r i t i n g s a r e found i n a p u b l i c a t i o n a'hed a t t h e t o u r i s t , c a l l e d " A r t T reasures The Yosemite Santa Barbaraw (1893) . ( 4 9 )

I n 1885 a Mr. John Spence c u t a t r a i l from Big P i n e Mountain down t o t h e head o f t h e Sisquoc River. This t r a i l w a s used by Lorenzo G. Yates i n 1895 t o e x p l o r e t h e San Rafae l Mountains. M r . Yates crossed t h e San ta Ynez Mountains v i a t h e Cold Spr ings T r a i l . H e t h e n followed up Mono Creek and c rossed t h e Loma P e l o n a down in to Indian Creek, went through t h e D e v i l ' s F l o w e r G a r d e n to Big P ine Mountain and f i n a l l y down i t s no r th s l o p e t o Bear Camp on t h e Sisquoc River. ( 5 0 )

Not a l l t h e camping exped i t i ons were i n t o t h e Santa Barbara backcountry. I n t e r e s t w a s a l s o shown i n t h e mountainous p o r t i o n s o f nor thern Ventura County. An ar t ic le by John R. G. Hassard i n "me Century I l l u s t r a t e d Monthly Magazinew f o r November 1886 - Apr i l 1887 g i v e s an e x c e l l e n t account o f t h e day-by-day e v e n t s t h a t occurred on an extended camping t r i p . The group s t a r t e d from O j a i and proceeded up M a t i l i j a Creek t o camp and f i s h . From t h e r e t h e y c ro s sed over i n t o Cherry Canyon and down t o t h e Sespe River. Ascending P ine Mountain, t h e y camped on t h e summit f o r s e v e r a l weeks. A good i d e a of c o n d i t i o n s a s t hey e x i s t e d when t h e ar t ic le was w r i t t e n is g iven and a t t h e end a c o s t account ing i s g iven f o r t h e t r i p . One o f t h e reasons f o r t h e a r t i c l e was t o inform o t h e r s who might b e i n t e r e s t e d i n a camping expe r i ence o f t h e joys and c o s t s o f a t r i p . (51)

. The e x p e d i t i o n s o f p e o p l e i n t e r e s t e d i n h u n t i n g , f i s h i n g and camping in t roduced many o f t h e newly a r r i v e d North Americans t o t h e p o t e n t i a l o f t h e mountainous a r e a s of southern Ca l i f o rn i a . mst of t h e e a r l y exped i t i ons followed t h e l a r g e r canyons up i n t o t h e mountains, and t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s no t i c ed t h a t on t h e s i d e s of t h e s e v a l l e y s t h e r e were o f t e n stream t e r r a c e s . I n some areas n e a r t h e t o p s o f some o f t h e mountain r anges were l a r g e g r a s s y areas c a l l e d po t r e ro s . Here was government land open t o homesteading t h a t cou ld be fanned o r used f o r c a t t l e g raz ing . A new e r a w a s about t o beg in , one i n which man was no t j u s t a casua l v i s i t o r t o t h e F o r e s t , b u t i n which he cou ld move i n , se t t le down and e s t a b l i s h r o o t s i n t h e form of a home by t a k i n g up a government homestead claim.

2.3.2 Homestead Per iod

The Homestead A c t of '1862 opened land f o r s e t t l e m e n t . While some settlers a v a i l e d themselves o f t h e A c t beginning i n 1862, it was n o t u n t i l t h e e a r l y 1880 's t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f people began t o e n t e r t h e f u t u r e F o r e s t a r e a and e s t a b l i s h homesteads. And many c la ims t h a t have shaped t h e mosaic of p u b l i c and p r i v a t e l a n d s i n some a r e a s w i th in t h e Fo re s t were f i l e d under t h e Fo re s t Homestead A c t of 1 906.

A f t e r i n i t i a l f i l i n g of a c la im, t h e settler had c m p l e t e ownership fol lowing f i v e y e a r s r e s i d e n c e o r a f t e r s i x months wi th payment o f $1.50 a n a c r e . Each c l a im was f o r 160 a c r e s , a q u a r t e r s e c t i o n of f r e e government l and . In some c a s e s t h e head o f t h e household would f i l e f o r a homestead p a t e n t on 160 a c r e s which, became t h e home p lace . Pdd i t i ona l a d u l t members of t h e family would f i l e c a s h e n t r y claim:; on ad jacen t 160 acre p a r c e l s t o i n c r e a s e t h e t o t a l f ami ly ho ld ings . Others loca ted c la ims, paid i n d i v i d u a l s t o f i l e , and a f t e r t h e s i x months were up, t h e f i l e r completed t h e e n t r y and s o l d t h e c la im t o t h e o r i g i n a l l o c a t e r . The c u r r e n t p a t t e r n of Fo re s t " inho ld ings" is p r ima r i l y a r e s u l t o f Homestead A c t c la ims.

Southern Monterey County Coast

The f i r s t homesteaders: on t h e Big Sur c o a s t a r r i v e d i n t h e l a t e 1850's o r e a r l y 1860's. Se t t l ement began i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e p r e s e n t community o f Big Sur , n e a r t h e Rancho El Sur land g r a n t , and spread sou th along t h e c o a s t r a t h e r s lowly. Homesteaders reached Big Creek i n t h e l a t e 1870 's ; t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e f i r s t f ami ly t h e r e , t h e Dolans, and o t h e r e a r l y Big Creek r e s i d e n t s a r e ch ron i c l ed i n a n o r a l h i s t o r y funded by t h e Big Sur Land Trus t . ( 8 5 ) .

Another concen t r a t i on of homesteads was l oca t ed i n t h e P a c i f i c Val ley a r e a . The P a c i f i c Val ley Cabin, which i s c u r r e n t l y i n t h e p roce s s o f nomination t o t h e Nat iona l R e g i s t e r of H i s t o r i c P l ace s , was b u i l t i n t h e l a t t e r part of t h e homestead pe r i od , around 1915, and i s a good example o f t h e q u a l i t y o f workmanship i nves t ed i n many of t h e homesteaders' r e s i dences .

Other c l u s t e r s o f homesteads on t h e Monterey c o a s t s i d e o f t h e Santa Lucias were found i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e Los Burros Mining Distr ic t town of Manchester and f u r t h e r sou th around San Carpoforo Creek. The l a t t e r a r e a has been researched and documented i n a manuscr ipt by a c u r r e n t r e s i d e n t , Mary Alice Baldwin. (83) -

The m n t e r e y County c o a s t and i ts homesteads w e r e profoundly a f f e c t e d by William Randolph Hears t and h i s Hears t Sunica l Land and Packing Corpora t ion . As e a r l y a s t h e 1920 's t h e Hears t Company began buying up homesteads n o r t h from t h e Hears t San Simeon Ranch. Hears t h e l d much o f t h e sou the rn Monterey County c o a s t u n t i l 1940, when t h e p rope r ty was so ld t o t h e U.S. Army (who used t h e a r e a , cons idered s i m i l a r i n some ways t o t h e Normandy c o a s t , f o r t r a i n i n g t r o o p s t o make beach l and ings and mountain marches). (831 I n 1957 t h e Fo re s t Se rv i ce acqu i red most o f t h e Army ho ld ings on t h e c o a s t s i d e o f t h e Santa Lucia Range, and opened up what is now. a n extremely popular r e c r e a t i o n a r e a t o p u b l i c r e c r e a t i o n a l use. Th is exchange w a s followed by a v i r t u a l exp los ion i n v e h i c l e access camping i n t h e e a r l y 1960's. Hears t ' s a c q u i s i t i o n of t h e c o a s t a l homesteads and t h e i r subsequent s a l e t o t h e U.S. Army changed t h e course of l and use i n t h a t area and was in s t rumen ta l i n a l lowing f u l l p u b l i c enjoyment o f t h e sp l end id r e c r e a t i o n a l s e t t i n g .

Monterey County I n t e r i o r

S c a t t e r e d homesteading took p l a c e on t h e in land s i d e o f t h e San ta Luc ias . Jamesburg is. named f o r a homesteader named John James. P a t Sp r ings and Comings Camps on Big p i n e ' Ridge are named f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l s o r f a m i l i e s who homes teaded a t t h o s e l o c a t i o n s . The now d e s t r o y e d H i g g i n s Cab in and placenames such a s Higgins Creek i n Ind ian Val ley at test t o t h e p e n e t r a t i o n of homesteading i n t o what i s now t h e Ventana Wilderness. And a s t o r y is t o l d about a M r . S u l l i v a n , who owned p rope r ty at Horse Bt idge ( n e a r t h e conf luence of Willow c r eek and t h e Arroyo Seco ~ i v e r ) , and would n o t s e l l h i s p r o p e r t y because of t h e "big moneyn i n t e r e s t s who wanted to put a road through t h e area. That road would have l i n k e d t h e Arroyo Seco area t o t h e c o a s t and t r a n s e c t e d t h e f u t u r e Wilderness a r ea .

There are a l s o s t o r i e s t h a t t h e m c i n a l e s c h i l d r e n f i l e d homestead c la ims around The Ind i ans Ranch, b u t d i d no t know o f t h e requ i rements f o r "proving upn on a c la im and t h u s l o s t t h e p roper ty . ( 8 3 )

San Lu i s Obispo County, Lopez Canyon and t h e Upper Cuyama

In t h e San Lu i s Obispo County po r t i on of t h e F o r e s t , homesteaders f o l l o m d up t h e S a l i n a s River and s e t t l e d i n t h e Pozo a r e a and on t o t h e e a s t toward La Panza. Because of t h e s c a r c e water resources of t h i s a r e a , most of t h e homesteaders depended more on ranch ing t h a n on farming f o r t h e i r l i v e l i h o o d .

F a r t h e r sou th s e t t l e r s .moved up t h e canyon of Lopez Creek east of Arroyo Grande, and even i n t o t h e upper r e aches o f t h e Huasna River and Alamo Creek t o e s t a b l i s h c la ims . Along t h e banks of t h e Cuyama River where it pas se s through t h e w e s t end o f t h e San Rafael Mountains on i t s way t o t h e ocean, s e v e r a l French f a m i l i e s e s t a b l i s h e d c la ims. Some of t h e s e e a r l y f a m i l i e s a r e s t i l l r ep re sen t ed i n t h e a r ea . Pe t e r Laborde came t o Santa Barbara County i n 1888 and "proved upn on h i s land c la ims i n 1898. With Bernard Permasse he cons t ruc t ed a l a r g e adobe house, t h e r u i n s of which s t i l l s t a n d on t h e s o u t h bank of t h e Cuyama River . Permasse l a t e r moved a s h o r t d i s t a n c e down r i v e r t o e s t a b l i s h h i s own ranch , a p o r t i o n of which i s now owned by Jean Garcin. A t one t ime John Libeu and P i e r Cazenare a l s o had c la ims f i l e d i n t h i s a r e a .

Sisquoc River V a l l e y

South of t h e Cuyama River t h e nex t l a r g e r i v e r v a l l e y t o g i v e acce s s t o t h e San Rafael Mountains i s t h e Sisquoc. The lower p o r t i o n o f t h e r i v e r r u n s through government land which was s e t t l e d because of i t s good farming p o s s i b i l i t i e s . Above t h i s a r e a on t h e r i v e r was t h e Sisquoc Land Grant which l a t e r became t h e Sisquoc Ranch. Above t h e ranch was more government l and , w i th in t h e c u r r e n t F o r e s t boundar ies , which was open t o homesteading.

The most ex t ens ive home!steading i n t h i s a r e a began i n t h e Santa Barbara County po r t i on of t h e San Rafael Mountains i n t h e 1880's. The Sisquoc River and i t s two .main t r i b u t a r i e s , La Brea Canyon and Manzana Creek, were t h e scenes of t h i s a c t i v i t y . Th is axes dese rve s . s p e c i a l mention, bo th because t h e homestead a c t i v i t y was more ex t ens ive t han , i n any o t h e r reg ion of t h e F o r e s t and because it g i v e s an i n s i g h t i n t o c o n d i t i o n s e x i s t i n g i n t h e a r e a when t h e F o r e s t Reserve was e s t a b l i s h e d . Therefore , t h e names of t h e homesteaders and t h e gene ra l l o c a t i o n of t h e i r c la ims a r e d e a l t w i th i n some d e t a i l .

The mouth of La Brea Canyon i s wi th in t h e Sisquoc Grant , and f o r s o m e d i s t a n c e above t h e t a r s e e p s t h a t g i v e t h e canyon i t s name, t h e l a n d was n o t open t o homesteading. The canyon wa.s open enough most of i t s l e n g t h s o t h a t a wagon road could be construc:ted a long t h e t e r r a c e s above t h e stream. I t c rossed back and f o r t h many t imes a s it ascended t h e canyon. Water flowed t h e l e n g t h of t h e canyon i n t h e w in t e r and a t many l o c a t i o n s yea r round. Claims were f i l e d on t h e l a r g e r t e r r a c e s w i th in t h e canyon.

Beginning a t t h e canyon mouth, t h e f i r s t c la im was t h a t of Wayne and Hannah Miller. A chimney o f c reek s t o n e s and boards grown around by an oak tree a r e a l l t h a t remain o f t h e homestead. Hannah s o l d h e r c la im t o t h e Sisquoc Ranch.

Continuing up t h e canyon i n t o t h e Fo re s t i s t h e junc t ion of t h e North and South Forks of L a Brea Canyon. A t t h i s junc t ion i s l o c a t e d what i s now known a s t h e G o d c h i l d Ranch. The s i t e was f i r s t claimed by John James Holloway and h i s mother, Nancy, who came i n t o t h e a r e a i n 1868. They b u i l t a house o f a l d e r l o g s which i s s t i l l s tand ing . The proper ty was s o l d t o James Wilson Goodchild. The ranch passed t o h i s son, Ralph who l i v e d on it a l l of h i s l i f e . It t hen passed t o h i s son, Robert , who a s a t h i r d gene ra t i on member of t h e family h a s s p e n t h i s e n t i r e l i f e on t h e ranch. A t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e , because t h e r e is no h e i r t o t ake over i ts management, t h e ranch is up f o r s a l e and w i l l p a s s o u t o f t h e family. A t t h i s s i t e a r e t h e o r i g i n a l l o g house, a l a r g e o l d barn and Ra:Lphls house. No c la ims o t h e r than t h e Goodchi ld 's were - ever f i l e d on t h e South Fork o f t h e La Brea.

The G o d c h i l d s added seeveral p a r c e l s up t h e North Fork t o t h e i r o r i g i n a l c la im t o complete t h e p r e s e n t ranch holdings . One of t h e s e c l a ims was t h a t o f Barnarel Mart inez, who o r i g i n a l l y came from t h e town of Garey, and is now t h e home of Bobby (Robe r t ) Goodchild.

Continuing on up t h e canyon of t h e North Fork, one canes nex t t o Ba r r e l Springs. The c la im of William S. McHenry was l oca t ed here . H i s c l a im d a t e s £ran 1891. J u s t a s h o r t d i s t a n c e up s t ream was t h e c la im of Wi l l i am 's b ro the r , Dan. Nothing remains of e i t h e r of t h e s e c la ims . A C i v i l i a n Conservation Corps (cCI" camp was l a t e r e s t ab l i shed a t Barrel Spr ings .

Next up t h e canyon a t t h e mouth of Bear Creek was t h e c la im of Char les B. Dutcher. H e f i l e d h i s c l a im i n 1897 and b u i l t a frame house, ba rn , b lacksmith shop and c o r r a l , a l l of which a r e s t i l l s tanding, In l a t e r y e a r s Char les s o l d t h e ranch t o h i s son-in-law, Dot Webber , who ope ra t ed it a s a ranch f o r many yea r s . He i n t u r n s o l d it t o J ean Garcin.

A s h o r t d i s t a n c e f u r t h e r up La Brea Canyon, on t h e w e s t s i d e i n a meadow, i s t h e site of t h e Jacob K i e v i e t homestead. He rece ived h i s p a t e n t i n 1896 and reconveyed it t o t h e government i n 1906 . A l a r g e s t o n e w a l l marks t h e s i te o f h i s claim.

The nex t c la im was t h a t of F'reshouers. Today a small s t o n e wall marks t h e site. J u s t above t h i s claim w a s t h a t of John V. Jessee. It w a s l o c a t e d under a l a r g e o l d oak tree; h e never p r w e d up on t h e c la im, b u t used t h e si te a s a hun t ing camp. It became known as Jessee Camp and w a s mainta ined as a Fo re s t S e r v i c e p u b l i c camp u n t i l j u s t a few y e a r s ago when it was abandoned due t o u n c o n t r o l l a b l e vandal ism a t t h e si te.

J u s t below t h e j unc t i on of Smith and Kerry Canyons was t h e homestead of Jake Robinson, now known a s Wagon Camp. A t one t i m e t h i s was t h e end o f t h e wagon road up La Brea Canyon. A l l of t h e old-time h u n t e r s m u l d cane t h i s f a r by wagon and t h e n pack on up t o t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e hunt ing camps. Stone w a l l s and a h i s t o r i c t r a s h midden a r e a l l t h a t remain a t t h e site.

Following up Kerry Canyon one comes t o a side canyon from t h e e a s t named F l o r e s Canyon. Fu r the r up t h i s s i d e canyon are t h e remains of an o l d s t one chimney, now j u s t a p i l e o f rocks. Th is h a s been r e p o r t e d t o be t h e s i t e o f a c la im by t h e Kerry fami ly o r t h e E l o r e s family. No in format ion is a v a i l a b l e i n t h e r e c o r d s t o prove which i s c o r r e c t . Roque Canyon branches o f f F lo r e s Canyon, and near i t s head are t h e remains o f a n o l d sheep camp run by a sheepherder named Roque, f o r whom t h e canyon is named.

Back a t Wagon Camp, i f one fo l lows up t h e no r th o r Smith Fork, one canes t o t h e s i te o f t h e claim of William Smith. A s h o r t d i s t a n c e above it near a good sp r i ng i s t h e c la im of E. W. Anser, who was W i l l i a m Smi th ' s father-in-law. A few s t o n e w a l l s and i r o n o b j e c t s d r i v e n i n t o t h e l a r g e oak tree near t h e c reek are a l l t h a t r e n a i n of t h e homestead. Th is was t h e e x t e n t o f t h e homestead claims e s t a b l i s h e d i n La Brea Canyon.

The Goodchild and Webber Ranches dan ina ted t h e range i n La Brea Canyon. In l a t e r y e a r s a road w a s cons t ruc t ed by Dutcher and Je-ssee up Rat t l esnake Canyon t o connect wi th a road up Colson Canyon. They had begun ope ra t i ng a b a r i t e mine on t h e e a s t s i d e o f t h e canyon a s h o r t d i s t a n c e above Wagon Camp. The o r e was hauled o u t over t h e new road f o r a s h o r t per iod of t ime u n t i l t h e mine w a s abandoned due t o f o r e i g n b a r i t e be ing cheaper t han t h e l o c a l product . Th is road and later t h e one cons t ruc t ed up t h e canyon a l l t h e way t o t h e S i e r r a Madre Road a t Miranda Pine Mountain opened t h e upper p o r t i o n of La Brea Canyon t o r e c r e a t i o n .

A l l of t h e homesteader:; have gone today excep t t h e Goodchilds and Garcins , who have conso l i da t ed many of t h e p r o p e r t i e s i n t o t h e i r p r e s e n t c a t t l e ope ra t i ons . During t h e spr ing and aga in dur ing hunt ing season, t h e a r e a is s t i l l used by t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e n o r t h county f o r r e c r e a t i o n . Although t r a n s p o r t a t i o n methods have g r e a t l y improved, t h e t y p e s of use i n t h e a r e a remain v i r t u a l l y t h e same a s when t h e f i . r s t Anglo v i s i t o r s began moving i n t o La Brea Canyon.

Returning t o t h e S i s q i ~ o c R ive r and con t inu ing on up through t h e g r a n t , one aga in comes t o government l and above t h e g r a n t which was open t o homesteading. A wagon road r a n up t h e r i v e r , c r o s s i n g it many t imes and g iv ing t h e homesteaders a way t o g e t t o and from Santa Maria, t h e i r sou rce of s u p p l i e s and a market f o r t h e i r produce. , During t h e e a r l y yea r s of homesteading up t h e r i v e r , t h e owners o f t h e Sisquoc ranch d i d n o t o b j e c t t o t h e u se o f t h i s road , which was t h e l i f e l i n e of t h e homesteaders. In t h e e a r l y 1900's t h e ranch began t o o b j e c t t o t h e u s e of t h e road and f i n a l l y locked t h e g a t e . The homesteaders who were s t i l l l i v i n g up t h e r i v e r above t h e g r a n t were forced o u t because o f l a c k o f access t o t h e i r homesteads.

Following t h e r i v e r road one can t r a c e t h e homesteads, moving e a s t from t h e Sisquoc Ranch. The Tunnel l b r o t h e r s f i l e d nex t t o each o t h e r . F i r s t was t h e c la im of George Tunnel-1 on a small t e r r a c e on t h e no r th s i d e of t h e Sisquoc River. Today a l l t h a t remains i s t h e p i l e of rock t h a t was t h e c h i m n e y . The f l o o d s have washed away most of t h e t e r r a c e of h i s homestead. When t h e Sisquoc Ranch boundar ies were surveyed by Robert Faston, he found t h a t t h e l and was i n s i d e t h e Si.squoc Ranch, s o Tunnel l so ld h i s r i g h t s t o t h e p rope r ty and moved away a t a v e r y e a r l y d a t e .

The second b ro the r was William H. Tunnel l . He b u i l t h i s house a s h o r t d i s t a n c e f a r t h e r up t h e r i v e r t h a n George. When t h e n o r t h boundary o f t h e Sisquoc Ranch was surveyed, a po r t i on of W i l l i a m ' s homestead was found t o be j u s t o u t s i d e t h e ranch , b u t t h e house and much of t h e b e s t l and was i n s i d e t h e boundary o f t h e ranch. In 1899 t h e William Tunnel l homestead was a l s o so ld t o t h e Sisquoc Ranch. Because t h e house was i n good cond i t i on t h e ranch used it a s a l i n e cab in , and it i s s t i l l s tand ing today, used f o r t h a t purpose. Ups t a i r s on t h e sou th !side o f t h e house i s a doorway t h a t opens i n t o t h i n a i r . The room i n t o which t h e door was o r i g i n a l l y in tended t o l ead was never b u i l t a f t e r t h e ranch took twer t h e p roper ty . Across t h e r i v e r a t t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e ranch, a r i f f e l of white rock formed numerous pools , s o t h e a r e a was long known f o r i t s good f i s h i n g . On t h e w a l l a t t h e back porch o f t h e house a r e t h e o u t l i n e s of l a r g e f i s h t o g e t h e r w i th t h e names and d a t e s of t h e a n g l e r s who caught them. T0da.y t h e r i f f e l s are most ly covered up w i t h a deep l a y e r o f sand , g r a v e l and rock due t o t h e f i l l i n g i n of t h e r i v e r channel . -An o l d Gap o f t h e Sisquoc Ranch d a t e d 1882 shows t h e "Turner cab in" l oca t ed nea r t h e George Tunnel l s i te , b u t t h e r e was no phys ica l evidence of t h a t cab in i n 1980.

Walter H. Robinson obtained a t r a c t of land j u s t up stream from t h e William Tunnel l ranch i n March of 1897. Above him on t h e r i v e r a t t h e mouth of Horse Gulch ( t h e o l d maps c a l l e d it Brush Qeek) was t h e claim of W. K. Hobson who obta ined a p a t e n t i n 1885. W. K. ( B i l l y ) Hobson was t h e husband of El iza J. Tunnel l , t h e sister of George and W i l l i a m Tunnel l . Later he so ld t h e land t o Wward Eve re t t F o r r e s t e r , b e t t e r known a s Ed o r Whispering Ed. The l a t t e r name came f r m t h e f a c t t h a t he had a boaning vo ice t h a t c a r r i e d over a long d i s t ance . Ed developed h i s homestead a t t h e mouth of t h e gu lch and added a d d i t i o n a l p a r c e l s u n t i l he had a l a r g e holding. H e developed i r r i g a t i o n from t h e gu l ch and p l an t ed a l a r g e orchard which t h e r i v e r l a t e r washed away. H i s w i f e was Ehi ly Malinda Wells, a member of t h e Wells fami ly about whom we s h a l l soon hea r more.

I A t t h e p re sen t t ime rock walls, a t a l l s tone chimney, o l d farm machinery, and a h i s t o r i c midden mark t h e l o c a t i o n of Ed F o r r e s t e r ' s homestead. Across Horse Gulch up on a l i t t l e r idge t o p i s a walled-in a r ea of f i e l d s t o n e and mortar t h a t c o n t a i n s t h e grave of Ed's mother, Mrs. George W . (Cassandra Pinnick) F o r r e s t e r . Also buried near her grave a r e two Calderon boys who died of typhoid. Ed b u i l t up a r a t h e r ex tens ive ranch, b u t a f t e r s e v e r a l problems, he recomreyed t h e holdings back t o t h e government f o r an i n l i e u s e l e c t i o n of h i s . choice. A t t h a t t i m e , 1900, i r r i g a t i o n was developing i n t h e Imperial Valley and t h e a r e a was being opened up t o s e t t l emen t . Ed took h i s s e l e c t i o n i n d e s e r t l and i n t h a t v a l l e y and moved by wagon, d r i v i n g h i s c a t t l e along t h e road a l l t h e way t o h i s new land i n 1901.

Due t o l and exchanges and t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e f i n a l survey of t h e Sisquoc ranch land , t h e F d r r e s t e r homesite lies j u s t w i th in t h e e a s t e r n boundary of t h e ranch. Since t h e days when Robert Easton commissioned t h e f i r s t survey of t h e g r a n t boundary, t h e r e has been conten t ion about where t h e corner of t h e g r a n t was and where t h e l i n e s were. Numerous surveys have no t s e t t l e d t h i s problem. Recent ly , t h e Bureau of Land Management did an ex t ens ive survey of t h e a r e a which d i d no t settle t h e quest ion. The o l d homesteaders used t o s ay t h a t every t ime Robert Easton did a new survey, he t r i e d t o t ake some more of t h e i r l and away from them. In t h e end most o f them s o l d o u t , s o t h a t he f i n a l l y d i d g e t most of t h e land.

Horse Gulch i s a s i d e t r i b u t a r y 'of t h e Sisquoc River. It runs nor th t o d r a i n t h e south s l o p e of t h e S i e r r a Madre Range i n t h e nor thern p a r t of Santa Barbara County. Up t h i s gulch a lwel a r e a of land was homesteaded p r i o r t o 1894 by Mr. Fred Carver, who f i l e d a c la im and began t o e s t a b l i s h a ranch. The fol lowing n o t i c e s appear i n t h e Santa m r i a Times: January 12, 1895, "Mr. E l l i o t t has bought t h e Fred Carver ranch and i s making t h e d i r t f l y i n Horse Gulch." January 26, "Mr. E l l i o t t has been storm bound i n Horse Gulch f o r t h e p a s t week." Apr i l 6, 1895, " W i l l i a m E l l i o t t i n t e n d s going i n t o t h e bee business ." May 14, "E. E. Fo r r e s t e r and W. A. E l l i o t t have gone t o Santa B a r b a r a o n b u s i n e s s . On t h e i r r e t u r n M r . E l l i o t t i n t e n d s o p e n i n g a photography g a l l e r y i n Santa m r i a . W e wish him much success." This i s t h e l a s t mention i n t h e paper about Horse Gulch and M r . E l l i o t t . (52)

Continuing on up t h e Sisquoc River e a s t of t h e mouth of Horse Gulch one c r o s s e s a l a r g e , low f l a t a rea . A c la im was f i l e d on t h i s s i t e by a person named John Mi l l e r according t o M r . Davis, an e a r l y r e s i d e n t of t he community. Miller d i d no t prove up on h i s claim.

The o l d wagon ,road ascends a mesa c a l l e d Wheat Mesa on t h e nor th s i d e of t h e r i v e r . On t h e f l a t t o p of t h e mesa on t h e nor thwest a p i l e of s t o n e is v i s i b l e which was a t one time a chimney. Over t h e mesa edge is an o ld dump of broken pu rp l e g l a s s an~d some so ldered , r u s t i n g t i n cans . Th is i s a l l t h a t remains of t h e homestead of Hiram Perserved Wheat, t h e p a t r i a r c h of t h e Sisquoc homestead community. "Old Man Wheat" (as he was commonly known), t h e Wells, and t h e F o r r e s t e r s - a l l came f r a n Potawanie County, Kansas. These f a m i l i e s were r e l a t e d by i n t e rmar r i age . Wheat was head of t h e group and p r a c t i c e d f a i t h -hea l i ng . H e bel ieved i n t h e l ay ing on of hands and followed a s t r ict d i e t . Some o f t h e t h i n g s on t h e t aboo l i s t were pork, a l l animal f a t s and milk. They used coconut o i l f o r cooking. Numerous f o l k tales are t o l d about t h e r a t h e r unusual methods he used t o e f f e c t some of h i s supposed cu re s . The Wheat daughte rs married i n t o t h e Wells and m i t c h e l l f a m i l i e s . In l a t e r y e a r s , Hiram moved t o Oceano where he s p e n t h i s l a s t y e a r s t r y i n g t o b u i l d a group of d i s c i p l e s . Wheat Peak, d i r e c t l y a c r o s s t h e Sisquoc River f r a n t h e Manzana schoolhouse, i s named i n h i s honor.

On t h e east end of t h e mesa is t h e H. P. Wells homestead. A t one t ime t h e r e was a house, ba rn and numerous ou tbu i ld ings . Now no th ing remains excep t t h e founda t i ons and t h e f j - replace chimney. A s h o r t d i s t a n c e t o t h e w e s t of t h e r u i n s i s a small, fenced-in p l o t w i th a small marble g raves tone bea r i ng t h e i n s c r i p t i o n : B e s s i e , daughte r of H. P. Wells Aug. 1 , 1902-0ct. 1 4 , 1902.

From t h e Wells homestead t h e wagon road c ro s sed t h e Sisquoc River t o t h e mouth o f Manzana Creek. The Manzana school was b u i l t on a mesa southwest of t h i s j unc t i on i n 1893, sincle t h e Olive School down t h e r i v e r a t t h e mouth of Foxen Canyon was t o o d i s t a n t f o r t h e c h i l d r e n of t h e homesteaders. In t h a t year meeting was he ld and a board of t r u s t e e s chosen: Adolph Willmann, Ed F o r r e s t e r and W i l l i a m H. m n e l l . They chose a s t h e i r f i r s t t e ache r Cora McCroskey of Long Canyon near Sisquoc. Other t e a c h e r s a t t h e school were E l l a L i l l a r d , Goleta; M i s s Kinwan, San Marcos Pass ; Hattie Green, T a f t ; K i t t y Holland, Sisquoc; and Maude More, Garey. The l a s t t e a c h e r was Bertha Klein , f r a n B e t t e r a v i a , who was a sister of Adolph Willmann's wife . She l a t e r mar r ied Joe Libeu, a l o c a l f o r e s t ranger . (53) The Manzana Schoolhouse i s s t and ing s h a k i l y today and has been named a Santa Earbara County H i s t o r i c a l Landmark.

Along wi th a school t h e canmunity p e t i t i o n e d f o r a p o s t o f f i c e . The fou r th class s t a t i o n of "Adkimsn was opened on August 18, 1896, and resc inded January 12, 1897. Hiram P. Wheat was t h e postmaster . Adkins funct ioned f o r on ly a l i t t l e ove r f o u r months. I t i s rumored t h a t when t h e Pos t Of f i c e Department d i s c w e r e d t h a t t h e postmaster could no t read o r write, t h e y cance l led t h e p o s t o f f i c e . Adkins wiss t h e name of one o f "Old Man Wheat 'sw son-in-laws. (54)

~t t h e schoolhouse . t h e wagon road forked. The main road cont inued up t h e Sisquoc River , w h i l e a branch road r a n up t h e Manzana Creek t o above t h e Davis homestead. Eas t of Manzana Creek and sou th of t h e Sisquoc River is a l a r g e f l a t c a l l e d Rober t s F l a t . The o l d road r a n a c r o s s t h i s f l a t , p a s s ing t h e s i t e of t h e Rober ts homestead. Mr. Roberts was a s tepson of H i r a m P. Wheat; a f t e r h e proved up on t h e l a n d h e deeded it ove r t o Hiram Wheat and l e f t t h e a r e a . W i l l i a m Twi t che l l a l s o l i v e d f o r a s h o r t t ime on t h e Rober t s F l a t . In l a t e r y e a r s t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e b u i l t t h e Sisquoc Guard S t a t i o n nea r a s p r i n g on t h e e a s t end of t h e mesa. The s t a t i o n bu i l d ing was b u i l t of sa lvaged lumber from abandoned homesteads. During t h e w i n t e r of 1983, t h e o l d cab in c o l l a p s e d and i s now j u s t a p i l e o f r o t t i n g lumber. A t t h e e a s t end of t h e mesa t h e road descended t o c r o s s t o t h e n o r t h bank o f t h e Sisquoc River. Here w a s l o c a t e d t h e homestead of M r . William H. S p i t l e r . He f i l e d h i s claim i n 1885 and reconveyed it t o t h e government i n 1890. The remains o f h i s chimney and a l a r g e o rchard , a l l t h e trees of which a r e now dead, remain today.

The road fol lowed t h e n o r t h bank o f t h e r i v e r f o r some d i s t a n c e t o t h e homesteads of Lucien F o r r e s t e r , b r o t h e r of M F o r r e s t e r , and Ca lv in Davis, whose f a t h e r was a ha l f -b ro the r o f Moses S. Davis, a homesteader on Manzana Creek. John T w i t c h e l l homesteaded t h e mesa sou th of Water Canyon. He f i r s t b u i l t h i s house down n e a r t h e c reek , b u t moved it t o t h e t o p o f a smal l r i d g e a f t e r a f lood a lmos t washed it away.

Above Water Canyon the v a l l e y narrows and it i s some d i s t a n c e t o t h e homestead of Adolph Willmann. H i s l a s t name h a s been cor rup ted on maps o f t h e a r e a , s o t h a t t h e canyon and o t h e r p o i n t s a r e now known a s "Wellman"; however, o l d Fo re s t Se rv i ce t r a i l s i g n s c o r r e c t l y i d e n t i f y "Willmann Canyon." H i s w i f e was Louise Kle in , a sister of Ber tha , t h e last t e a c h e r a t t h e Manzana School and l a t e r w i f e of Joe Libeu, b r o t h e r o f t h e owner of Zaca Lake. Adolph was a ve ry i n d u s t r i o u s German, and ove r t h e yea r s he developed one of t h e most prosperous homesteads on t h e r i v e r . H i s b ro the r Herman, who homesteaded f a r t h e r up t h e r i v e r and cons t ruc t ed t h e on ly s t one house i n t h e a r e a , i s bu r i ed on a smal l mesa j u s t e a s t o f Adolph's house. Adolph Willmann gave up h i s homestead because of t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s of using t h e road through t h e Sisquoc Ranch and moved t o San ta Maria s o t h a t h i s son, Henry Leo, could a t t e n d h igh school .

Continuing up t h e r i v e r v a l l e y t h e nex t l o c a t i o n t o be f i l e d on was a f l a t a t t h e mouth of Miller Canyon. W i l l i a m M. M i l l e r f i l e d a claim b u t d i d n o t canpl ete t h e requ i rements and t h e c la im r eve r t ed t o t h e government. A p i 1 e of chimney s t o n e s marks t h e l o c a t i o n where h i s house once s tood .

The nex t homestead was t h a t f i l e d by Henry Abel, a ha rness and s a d d l e maker from Santa Maria. H i s son , Henry J. Abel, became t h e l o c a l game warden and f o r many y e a r s served wi th d i s t i n c t i o n i n t h a t c apac i t y .

Above t h e Abel Homestead, Joe Ruppert l i v e d on a c la im f o r a s h o r t pe r i od of time. Joe was a Mrmon; i n f a c t , he was t h e on ly Mormon t o l i v e i n t h e a r e a , a l though i n l a te r y e a r s t h e s t o r y c i r c u l a t e d t h a t a l l t h e homesteaders were Mormons. In f a c t , most o f them were fo l lowers of H i r a m P. Wheat.

The l a s t homestead t o be loca ted up t h e r i v e r ws t h a t of Ed Montganery. A t h i s house t h e wagon road ended. Ju s t a s h o r t d i s t a n c e f a r t h e r up t h e r i v e r was a long narrows t h a t was impossible t o pass through with a wagon. Even t h e horse t r a i l up t h e r i v e r was very dangerous and numerous a c c i d e n t s happened t o t r a v e l e r s passing through t h e narrows. It i s rumored t h a t H i r a m Wells at tempted t o homesteadl a t .South Fork above t h e narrows, b u t t h e r e i s no documentation of t h i s s t o r y .

Fran Ed Montganery's homestead a t r a i l ascended t h e nor th f ace of t h e Sisquoc River Canyon. It was c a l l e d t h e Jackson T r a i l a f t e r an o l d t i m e r who r an c a t t l e on t h e l a r g e mountain po t re ros . A t t h e upper end of t h i s t r a i l was a l a r g e p o t r e r o which l a t e r became known a s Montgomery Pot re ro . It was named a f t e r J o s i a h Montganery, t h e f a t h e r of Ed, who had b u i l t an adobe house and r a n c a t t l e on t h e p o t r e r o s a long t h e t o p of t h e S i e r r a Madre Mountains. J o s i a h s o l d ou t t o t h e Sisquc~c Ranch. The Ranch l a t e r exchanged t h e land with t h e Fores t Serv ice f o r lanil c l o s e r t o t h e Ranch headquarters . J o s i a h ' s c la im was t h e l a s t homestead assoc ia ted with t h e Sisquoc River.

Going back t o t h e mouth of Manzana Creek and progress ing upstream along t h e Manzana, one f i r s t canes t o t h e claim of Joseph M k i n s , whose family was r e l a t e d t o Hiram P. Wheat and t h e Wells family. The p o s t o f f i c e had been named f o r him, b u t h i s claim reverted t o Hiram Wheat.

J u s t below Cas t l e Rock, a well-known a rea landmark, was t h e homestead of Alvis H. Davis. His f a t h e r was Moses S. Davis, who had t ies with t h e Calvin Davis family of t h e Sisquoc. The s i te i s now t h e home of John Cody, a noted s c u l p t o r , who has farnaed t h e small f l a t a r ea e a s t of t h e house. The Cody homesite i s t h e on ly p r iva t e . inholding wi th in t h e San Rafael Wilderness Area.

J u s t a s h o r t d i s t a n c e upstream is t h e cabin of t h e Dabney family. The cabin was cons t ruc ted f o r Charles W i l l i a m Dabney i n 1914 on a r e c r e a t i o n l e a s e from t h e Fores t service. Mr. Dabney wished t o take advantage of t h e good hunting and f i s h i n g a v a i l a b l e i.n t h e a rea . In 1930 Paul Squibb opened Midland School near Los Olivos and 08btained permission £ran t h e Dabney family t o use t h e cab in f o r school t r i p s . In 1959 t h e cab in was given t o t h e school , b u t t h e 99-year Fo re s t Service? l ea se held by t h e family was non-transferable . A 10-year l e a s e was negot ia ted with t h e S i e r r a Club t o maintain t h e cab in . The o l d cabin was b u i l t o:E a l d e r l ogs which a r e now in fe s t ed with t e r m i t e s and very r o t t e n ; however, a new roof was placed on t h e cab in i n r e c e n t yea r s . The S i e r r a Club c u r r e n t l y main ta ins and uses t h e bu i ld ing under a Fo re s t Serv ice Granger-Thye permit. Santa Barbara County has a l s o des igna ted t h e Dabney Cabin a s a County H i s t o r i c a l Landmark.

The remains of t h e Alonzo Davis homestead a r e up t h e Manzana a t t h e mouth of Dry Creek. This fami ly was t h e l a s t o f t h e homesteaders t o l e a v e t h e Sisquoc-Manzana a r e a , f i n a l l y moving away i n t h e 1920's. Fred Davis, a C i v i l War v e t e r a n , was marr ied t o a sister of Ed Fo r r e s t e r . Be d i e d a f t e r a s h o r t i l l n e s s i n 1895 and i s bur ied near t h e Davis Sawmill site. Alonzo, F r ed ' s son, w a s marr ied t o Lucy P l a s k e t t from t h e Big Sur a r e a sou th o f Monterey. H e e s t a b l i s h e d a s a w m i l l t o c u t lumber f r g n t h e n a t i v e d igge r p ine trees of t h e a r ea . A t f i rst t h e m i l l w a s t o b e ope ra t ed by water power , b u t t h e a v a i l a b l e wate r was i n s u f f i c i e n t t o keep t h e m i l l opera t ing . Davis t hen obtained a donkey eng ine t o r un t h e m i l l . Some lumber was sawed and s o l d t o customers i n t h e San ta Maria a r ea . me boards used t o s h e e t t h e o u t s i d e of t h e Manzana Schoolhouse w e r e c u t a t t h e Davis sawmill. When t h e road through t h e Sisquoc Ranch was c lo sed , t h e s a w m i l l bu s ine s s ended. The m i l l was dismant led and moved no r th t o M i l l Creek on t h e Big Sur Coast where it was used t o c u t redwood t imber u n t i l being dest royed by a f i r e .

Arthur Davis never married. H e homesteaded a t Sulphur Spr ing on t h e no r th s i d e of Zaca Ridge. H e and Alonzo developed q u i c k s i l v e r and chrome c l a ims nea r t h e sp r i ng . During World War II a road w a s bu l ldozed from j u s t below Davy Brown through t h e head of Chiminea Canyon, past t h e mines down t o Sulphur Spr ing , and f i n a l l y down t o t h e o l d homestead on Manzana Creek which w a s t o b e used as a m i l l s i te f o r t h e chrcme mine. The Davis family now had a road t o t h e i r homestead t h a t d i d no t p a s s through t h e Sisquoc Ranch, b u t it came t o o l a t e , as t h e family had a l r e a d y moved away. The family s t i l l ho ld s t h e p roper ty , and it i s one o f t h e few p r i v a t e inho ld ings w i th in t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e Fores t .

The Khitney fami ly settled above t h e Davis homestead near t h e Horseshoe Bend o f Manzana Creek, b u t d i d n o t s t a y long. Then Frank Boyer, a s i n g l e man, moved i n t o t h e same place . H e showed a t t e n t i o n t o t h e school teacher , which w a s n o t app rec i a t ed by o t h e r young men of t h e community. One n i g h t on Frank ' s way home a s h i s ho r se passed under a low-hanging oak tree l imb, one of h i s r i v a l s dropped a sack o f hay on him and a t t h e same t i m e let o u t a s c r eech l i k e a mountain l i o n . mat d id it. Frank ' s horse took o f f l i k e a s h o t ou t of a gun, and h e w a s never s een a g a i n by any of h i s neighbors. H e j u s t packed up and l e f t t h e a r ea .

The W a t t s homesteaded j u s t below Cold Spring on Manzana Creek. They had a s t ep son by t h e name of Eddy F i e l d s . A t t h e s i te of t h e P r a t t house you can s t i l l see a l a r g e "En and "Fw carved i n t o t h e t r unk of a l i v e oak t r e e . The f ami ly d i d n o t s t a y l ong and s o l d t h e i r s t o v e and o t h e r s u p p l i e s t o F o r e s t Ranger Edgar B. Davison f o r $1 5.00. H e used it t o supply h i s F i r Canyon S t a t i o n . The P r a t t homestead was t h e l a s t on Manzana Creek proper .

Up a t r i b u t a r y of m v y Brown Creek a t Sunset Val ley, Vz. C. E. Munch f i l e d a c la im. H e was from t h e Ballard-Los Olivos a r ea . H e cons t ruc t ed a l o g cab in which was l a t e r used by Edgar B. Davison a s w in t e r headquar te r s f o r h i s ranger d i s t r i c t . I n t h e e a r l y 1930's Sunset Val ley became a CCC camp; a p o r t i o n o f t h e s t o n e founda t ions o f one of t h e camp bu i l d ings can s t i l l be seen. A t t h a t t i m e t h e o l d Munch cab in was burned a long wi th t h e Davy Erown cab in t o c l e a r t h e f o r e s t o f o l d , abandoned bu i l d ings .

A t t h e head of F i s h Creek j u s t below Cachuma Sadd le , a s i n g l e man by t h e name o f Louis Wineman f i l e d a claim and b u i l t a c a b i n . Everyone c a l l e d him "Dutch" and t o t h i s day t h e l o c a t i o n is known a s Dutch F l a t .

These were t h e most i m p o r t a n t members o f t h e community which grew up a l o n g t h e S i s q u o c R i v e r and i t s t r i b u t a r i e s . They were a v e r y h a r d y g r o u p of p i o n e e r s . (55) C a t t l e , t h e i r main p r o d u c t , w e r e d r i v e n t o m a r k e t i n B a k e r s f i e l d . Orcha rds and v i n e y a r d s were p l a n t e d and t h e f r e s h f r u i t peddled i n S a n t a Maria and Lompoc. Some was d r i e d f o r home u s e o r sale. Vege tab le g a r d e n s were a must . Chickens , t u r k e y s , and p i g s were grown, t h e l a t t e r two t o b e f a t t e n e d o n a c o r n s i n t h e f a l l . The Davis Sawmill w a s i n t e n d e d t o b e o f g r e a t b e n e f i t t o t h e cannnmity , b u t d i d n o t p rove t o b e s o . A t f i r s t t h e r e was t r o u b l e d e v e l o p i n g a s o u r c e o f power, t h e n t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problem had t o b e overcane . . A c t u a l l y , t h e mod was n o t v e r y good; it soon warped and s p l i t , and t h e r e f o r e w a s n o t good f o r f i n i s h work.

The envi ronment was a b i g f a c t o r i n t h e canmuni ty ' s i n a b i l i t y t o s u r v i v e . Years o f heavy r a i n and f l o o d s were fo l lowed b y d r y y e a r s . I n 1898 it was s o d r y t h a t t h e r e was n o c a t t l e f e e d e x c e p t o n t o p o f t h e San R a f a e l Mountains. The e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e P i n e Mountain and Zaca Lake F o r e s t Reserve i n t h a t y e a r a l s o had a profound e f f e c t o n t h e homesteaders ' l i f e s t y l e , When t h e Reserve was e s t a b l i s h e d , t h e area w a s closed t o f u r t h e r f i l i n g o f homestead claims, and t h e r a n g e r s began an i n t e n s e s t u d y o f t h e e x i s t i n g c l a i m s t o e s t a b l i s h which were v a l i d and which c l a i m a n t s had n o t p r o p e r l y f u l f i l l e d t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f r e s i d e n c y and improvements.

The Rese rve had a t w o f o l d impac t o n t h e ca t t le i n d u s t r y . F i r s t , t h e r a n g e r s b rough t a s t o p t o t h e canmon p r a c t i c e o f s e t t i n g f i r e t o t h e c h a p a r r a l i n l a t e f a l l t o clear t h e a r e a and encourage g r a s s growth t h e n e x t s p r i n g . The f i r e s were u s u a l l y p u t o u t by burn ing i n t o a n o l d bu rn o r be ing quenched by t h e f a l l r a i n s . A few y e a r s a f t e r t h e e n d o.f t h i s b u r n i n g , t h e b r u s h became s o heavy t h a t t h e c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y o f t h e l a n d ~ g r e a t l y d imin i shed . The second impact w a s t h e e s t a b l i s h m e r i t o f r a n g e c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y . I n t h e o l d d a y s homes teade r s had p u t a.s many c a t t l e o n t h e r a n g e a s t h e y owned w i t h l i t t l e o r no c o n c e r n f o r t h e o v e r - g r a z i n g t h a t o f t e n o c c u r r e d , e s p e c i a l l y d u r i n g d r y y e a r s . The S i squoc Ranch purchased a number o f t h e homesteads and o t h e r s were reconveyed t o t h e government f o r a n i n l i e u s e l e c t i o n . The l a t t e r p r a c t i c e made Ed F o r r e s t e r a w a l t h y man.

O t h e r S a n t a B a r b a r a County Homesteads

Numerous o t h e r , o f t e n i s o l a t e d , homestead c l a i m s were f i l e d w i t h i n o r a d j a c e n t t o t h e c u r r e n t F o r e s t boundar i e s . John Libeu, w h i l e c a r e t a k i n g a t Zaca Lake, d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e l a k e was n o t p a r t o f t h e Zaca Land G r a n t a s had p r e v i o u s l y been though t . H e f i l e d two homesteads t o c o v e r t h e l a k e and s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a , o n e i n h i s name and one i n h i s f a t h e r ' s name. Over t h e mountain t o t h e s o u t h i n F a l l a r d Canyon, t h e B i r a b e n t f a m i l y f i l e d a d j a c e n t c l a i m s f o r e a c h a d u l t member o f t h e f a m i l y and e v e n t u a l l y owned most o f t h e l a n d i n the canyon. Up a t t h e t o p o f F i g u e r c ~ a Mountain t h e F igue roa b r o t h e r s , J e s u s and P a c i f i c o , f i l e d c l a i m s . The m(ountain was l a t e r named a f t e r them. Also on t h e s o u t h s i d e o f t h e r ange , P e l e n d e l a Guerra f i l e d a t what l a t e r became known a s D e La Guerra S p r i n g s .

Across Cachuma Canyon Antonio Gonzales had a ranch and r a n c a t t l e a s f a r east as Peach T r e e Canyon. Up Cachuma Creek t h e Smiths had a homestead a t t h e j u n c t i o n of Lion and Cachuma Canyons. Above them and connected wi th t h e q u i c k s i l v e r mine were t h e S tewar t s . Over a t Peach Tree Canyon t h e Ruiz f a m i l y o r i g i n a l l y settled, b u t t h e Mission F a t h e r s contended it was part of t h e m i s s i o n l a n d s , and s i n c e Ruiz was t h e rnayordomo f o r t h e m i s s i o n , he gave up h i s c l a im and took up l and a t what l a t e r became Rancho Oso on t h e San ta Ynez n e a r Los P r i e t o s . The Grand f a m i l y c la imed 160 a c r e s a t t h e head of Stuke Canyon.

Cont inuing e a s t i n t o t h e S a n t a Cruz Creek d r a i n a g e , c l a i m s were f i l e d by C a r l o s F l o r e s a t F l o r e s F l a t s , f a r up t h e West Fork of San ta Cruz Creek. Below F l o r e s t h e Romo f a m i l y o f Gole ta f i l e d a claim on a l a r g e g r a s s p o t r e r o nea r t h e mouth of Black Canyon. MK. Alexander, who became t h e owner of Rancho O s o a t Los P r i e t o s , r a n c a t t l e up San ta Cruz Creek and on Romo P o t r e r o . F l o r e n t i n e Garc ia b u i l t a c a b i n a t t h e s p r i n g on t h e n o r t h s l o p e of Lit t le Pine Mountain and r a n some s t o c k and some g o a t s i n t h e a r e a . I n a let ter of March 5, 1905, L. A . B a r r e t t , t h e F o r e s t I n s p e c t o r , wrote t o M r . A. Mar t in of Gole ta , t h e l o c a l F o r e s t Ranger, " I am informed F l o r e n t i n e G a r c i a is running some s t o c k on t h e Little Pine Mountain. M r . Garc ia h o l d s no g r a z i n g p e r m i t , d i d n o t have a w r i t t e n p e r m i t l a s t y e a r , and h a s made no a p p l i c a t i o n as y e t and is v i r t u a l l y a t r e s p a s s e r . W i l l you p l e a s e l e t me know what i n f o r m a t i o n you habe i n r e g a r d s t o t h i s case ." F l o r e n t i n e was a Yaqui I n d i a n who marr ied t h e daugh te r of J o s e Ygnacio. H e l a t e r gave u p . h i s c l a i m on t h e mountain and h i s c a b i n was used a s a p a t r o l s t a t i o n by t h e F o r e s t service. ( 5 6 )

Up Mono Creek J o e l H i l d r e t h f i l e d a homestead i n 1894 on t h e s i te o f t h e o l d I n d i a n v i l l a g e o f Siguaya, c a l l e d San Gervas io by t h e Mexicans. H e s o l d ou t t o C a r l Stoddard, who i n t u r n s o l d t o Arthur Ogilvy. The ranch s i n c e h a s been known a s t h e Ogi lvy Ranch. It was l a t e r s o l d t o a Mr. W i l l i a m Walker, who q u i c k l y s o l d it t o Jimmy Andros and D r . Heimlich. They i n t u r n s o l d it t o a canmunal o r g a n i z a t i o n c a l l e d Sunburs t ( t h e Brotherhood of t h e Sun) . Sunburs t used t h e ranch a s a p l a c e f o r new members t o become a c q u a i n t e d wi th t h e brotherhood. They made numerous improvements t o t h e ranch and ran a l a r g e number o f g o a t s i n t h e a r e a . In 1980 t h e Brotherhood s o l d t h e ranch t o J i m Fndros, who kep t it f o r a s h o r t time b e f o r e s e l l i n g to t h e p r e s e n t owner, J i m Erucker . F u r t h e r up Mono Creek a t Loma Pelona, James Ord ob ta ined a p a t e n t to a homestead i n 1890. H e c o n s t r u c t e d a n adobe b u i l d i n g and r a n g o a t s . The s h a k e s f o r t h e adobe roof were c u t from i n c e n s e cedar t r e e s a t Bear Camp a t t h e head o f t h e Sisquoc River . J i m worked on t h e t r a i l t o t h e t o p o f Big P i n e and down t o Eear Camp from Loma Pelona. It became known a s t h e D e v i l ' s Flower Garden T r a i l . While c u t t i n g shakes a storm came up, f o r c i n g J i m t o camp a t t h e Sisquoc u n t i l t h e snow mel ted enough t o g e t back o v e r t h e t o p o f t h e mountain. While i n camp t h e p a r t y ' s s u p p l i e s r a n o u t and t h e y k i l l e d a b e a r f o r food. T h e r e a f t e r t h e p l a c e was c a l l e d Eear Camp. In 1895 Lorenzo G. Ya tes , i n h i s a r t i c l e "June i n t h e San R a f a e l Mountains," mentioned t h a t John Murray had t h e Loma Pelona claim. A F o r e s t S e r v i c e let ter da ted February 7, 1905, t o Mr. J. Ferod of Ventura c a l l s h i s a t t e n t i o n t o t h e f a c t t h a t he had 28 head of s t o c k on t h e Loma Pelona w i t h no g r a z i n g pe rmi t , s o would he p l e a s e remove h i s s t o c k a s soon as p o s s i b l e . B 1 1 t h a t r emains of t h e homestead today i s t h e s t o n e founda t ion of t h e house and a nea rby r o c k w i t h t h e i n s c r i p t i o n "R. C. Ord 1890."

The l a s t l a r g e water course t o t h e e a s t t h a t ex tends i n t o t h e c e n t e r of Santa Barbara County i s i n Santa Barbara Canyon. Santa Barbara is wide a t t h e mouth, where it opens i n t o t h e Cuyama Val ley , narrowing g r adua l l y toward i ts head. The o l d t r a i l from Santa Barbara t o t h e C e n t r a l Val ley r a n down t h i s canyon. The homestead of Henry E l i o t Cox was about 4.2 m i l e s up t h e canyon from Santa Barbara Canyon Ranch. H e r e ce ived h i s p a t e n t t o t h e homestead on November 21, 1902, and l a t e r s o l d ou t t o Cha r l e s Robinson. The p r e sen t owner is Gert rude Reyes.

Lower down t h e canyon, nea r i t s mouth, i s Santa Barbara Canyon Ranch. It i s l o c a t e d on t h e s i te of t h e Ind i an v i l l a g e of Camup. C. Douglas Fox homesteaded t h e s i t e i n t h e 1890's and added land u n t i l he owned a l a r g e p o r t i o n of t h e lower canyon. M r . Fox s o l d t o H. W. K l i p s t e i n , who i n 1920 s o l d t h e ranch t o t h e Snedden Land and C a t t l e Company. They added numerous p a r c e l s t o t h e ranch. In 1940 t h e company dec ided t o o p e r a t e a cow and c a l f ope ra t i on , b u t found t h a t t h e y d i d no t have enough graz ing land t o c a r r y t h e number o f c a t t l e needed t o make t h e o p e r a t i o n p r o f i t a b l e on a. l a r g e s c a l e , s o s o l d i n 1944 t o Juan Reyes and Gene Wegis. La t e r Juan purchased t h e s h a r e he ld by Wegis and now Juan ' s w i f e , Ger t rude, owns t h e ranch.

The Reyes ranch has a l i n e camp on S a l i s b u r y P o t r e r o and g r aze s most of i ts c a t t l e on Nat ional Fores t l and under a long-s tanding g r az ing permit . The

ranch f o r many y e a r s ac ted a s a g a t e which prevented v e h i c l e access t o t h e upper p a r t of Santa Barbara Canyon. The Fo re s t S e n i c e f i n a l l y worked o u t a land exchange and right-of-way agreement t o open t h i s a r ea t o veh i cu l a r t r a f f i c ; t h i s h a s improved a c c e s s t o a l a r g e a r e a of t h e Fo re s t .

Numerous homesteads were f i l e d on both s i d e s of t h e Santa Ynez range and even i n some l o c a t i o n s a long t h e t o p , such a s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of Refugio and San Marcos Passes . By t h e time t h e Santa Ynez Fo re s t Reserve was formed almost a l l o f t h e f l a t and d e s i r a b l e l and had been homesteaded. These homesteads a r e s o numerous t h a t it is imposs ib le t o d i s c u s s them i n d i v i d u a l l y i n t h i s overview. Their h i s t o r y and impact should be researched and eva lua ted i n a s e p a r a t e themat ic overview.

Cuddy and Lockwood V a l l e y s

Homesteading began a t a v e r y e a r l y d a t e i n Ventura County. The land i n t h e l a r g e r canyons which was a c c e s s i b l e b y road was c la imed f i r s t . One o f t h e f i rs t homesteads was t h e 160 a c r e s t h a t John ~ l e t c h e r Cuddy homesteaded i n 1862. When h e t o o k up t h e ranch i n what i s now c a l l e d Cuddy Val ley , t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a house was t h e f i r s t n e c e s s i t y . Logs from pinyon trees were c u t and used t o b u i l d t h e f i r s t cabin . Square i r o n n a i l s and pegs were used. T h i s f i r s t c a b i n had a d i r t f l o o r and no f i r e p l a c e . Cooking was done o u t s i d e . By 1867 t h e f a m i l y had grown and a new c a b i n was b u i l t c o n t a i n i n g f o u r rooms and a f i r e p l a c e . As t h e fami ly cont inued t o grow a l a r g e two-story house was c o n s t r u c t e d o f lumber hauled from t h e s a m i l l on M t . P inos . When Don Cuddy d i e d t h e ranch was d i v i d e d and h i s son Joseph Don Cuddy r e c e i v e d t h e home r a n c h and i t s buildingis. H e mainta ined t h e ranch a s a c a t t l e r anch b u t t r i e d d i f f e r e n t t h i n g s t o augment t h e fami ly incane . For y e a r s it was run a s a g u e s t r a n c h and la ter a s a t u r k e y ranch.. A f t e r t h e d e a t h of Joseph t h e t u r k e y b u s i n e s s was d i s c o n t i n u e d , and f i n a l l y p o r t i o n s o f t h e ranch were s o l d a s s u b d i v i s i o n s . One o f t h e s e became known as t h e Lake o f t h e Woods s u b d i v i s i o n . I n t h e 1960 ' s t h e remaining Cuddy d a u g h t e r s s o l d t h e ranch t o t h e Seventh-Day Advent i s t Church which s t i l l owns and m a i n t a i n s t h e p roper ty .

Lockwood V a l l e y , s o m e six m i l e s west of t h e Cuddy homestead, became t h e home o f a n o t h e r e a r l y p i o n e e r fami ly o f n o r t h e r n Ventura County, t h a t of Samuel and Anna O'Keefe Snedden. When t h e y were f i r s t mar r ied , t h e y moved t o t h e a r e a of Kelso Creek i n Kern County. A f t e r e s t a b l i s h i n g a r a n c h , t h e i r s i t u a t i o n became d e s p e r a t e dur ing t h e d r y y e a r s of 1876-1 877. The r a n g e was overstocked w i t h t o o many rancher!; running s t o c k i n t h e a r e a . I n t h e s p r i n g of 1879, Samuel took Anna and t h e i r t h r e e l i t t l e g i r l s t o s t a y wi th h e r sister, Hannah Gorman. With h e l p , Samuel and t h e boys drove t h e f a m i l y c a t t l e th rough t h e Mojave d e s e r t u n t i l reaching t h e Gorman a r e a . There, t h e fami ly was r e u n i t e d and moved i n t o Lockwood Val ley. Samuel had worked a g o l d mine i n t h e a r e a some f o u r t e e n y e a r s b e f o r e , s o he knew i t s p o t e n t i a l . me fami ly c o n s t r u c t e d a l o g house 20 by 24 f e e t o f pinyon l o g s and s e t t l e d i n t o c r e a t e a c a t t l e r a n c h i n t h i s h i g h vallLey.

Over t h e y e a r s t h e Sncaden fami ly purchased l and and acqu i red t h e home ranch b y homestead i n 1891. The l a n d purchased inc luded t h e Mutah F l a t s i n 1893 and Thorn Meadow i n 1895. L a t e r , t h e o l d e r c h i l d r e n a l l f i l e d homestead c la ims which gave t h e f a m i l y more meadow land . Samuel bought 160 a c r e s more i n Lockwood V a l l e y by "p~re-emption." In 1902 h e completed t h e purchase o f a l l t h e p r i v a t e l a n d i n t b e upper P i r u and Mutah F l a t s a r e a . I n 1907 a t e r r i b l e snowstorm caught t h e Snedden c a t t l e i n t h e mountains. Many d i e d , and it w a s dec ided t h a t i n t h e f u t u r e t h e y would d r i v e t h e c a t t l e down t o lower e l e v a t i o n s t o p r o t e c t them from the w i n t e r s torms. Land f o r t h a t purpose was f i r s t l e a s e d from t h e Hudson fami ly and o t h e r s a long t h e f o o t h i l l s . Because o f t h e u n c e r t a i n t y of o b t a i n i n g l eased l a n d , t h e fami ly e v e n t u a l l y purchased l a n d i n t h e S a n t i a g o Canyon a r e a .

Samuel Snedden passed away on January 18, 191 5. me fami ly decided t h a t t h e b e s t way t o p r o t e c t t h e ranch t h e y had b u i l t over t h e p a s t 4 5 y e a r s was t o form a c o r p o r a t i o n . As a r e s u l t , t h e Snedden Land and C a t t l e Company came i n t o b e i n g May 15, 1916. Bertram, Samuel's second son who had worked w i t h h i s f a t h e r t o b u i l d up t h e ranch, became head of t h e c o r p o r a t i o n .

I n 1920 H. W. K l i p s t e i n p u t t h e S a n t a Barba ra Canyon Ranch up f o r sale and t h e Snedden Land and C a t t l e Company purchased it. I n December of 1939 Bertram Snedden, p r e s i d e n t of t h e c o r p o r a t i o n s i n c e i t s i n c e p t i o n , passed away. The c o r p o r a t i o n had grown and p r o s p e r e d under h i s management. I n 1940 t h e S a n t a B a r b a r a Canyon Ranch was conver t ed i n t o a cow-and-calf r a n c h . T h i s d i d n o t work o u t s a t i s f a c t o r i l y because t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e r e s t r i c t e d t h e number o f c a t t l e t h a t c o u l d b e g razed on t h e pe rmi t - l and i n t h e F o r e s t . Eecause o f p rob lems which deve loped w i t h t h e o p e r a t i o n , t h e company s o l d t h e San ta B a r b a r a Canyon. Ranch, a t t h e t i m e c o n s i s t i n g o f a b o u t 3,400 acres, t o Juan Reyes and Gene Wegis i n 1944.

When t h e Snedden Land and C a t t l e Company was formed i n 1916, it owned 1,593 acres o f l a n d and a p p r o x i m a t e l y 600 head o f ca t t le . T h i r t y y e a r s la ter t h e canpany had grown u n t i l it owned a v e r 18,100 acres o f l a n d , l e a s e d some 8 ,569 acres o f p r i v a t e p a s t u r e , and l e a s e d a d d i t i o n a l r a n g e f rom t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e . The ca t t l e had i n c r e a s e d t o abou t 1,800 head . (571

The Reyes f a m i l y r a n c h a t Ozena was a b o u t 20 m i l e s w e s t o f t h e Snedden 's Lockmod V a l l e y Ranch. R a f a e l Reyes was born i n Ios Angeles i n 1834, o n e o f a f a m i l y o f f i v e b o y s and f i v e g i r l s . The Reyes f a m i l y o r i g i n a l l y owned t h e T r i u n f o Ranch, a Span i sh g r a n t , l o c a t e d a t C a l a b a s a s . In 1854 a s e v e r e d r o u g h t l e f t them s h o r t o f f e e d f o r t h e i r s t o c k . R a f a e l and h i s b r o t h e r s d r o v e 2 , 0 0 0 head of ca t t l e and 1,000 head of h o r s e s a c r o s s t h e Te jon P a s s and a l o n g t h e Camino V i e j o , t h e h i s t o r i c r o u t e between Los Angeles and t h e San J o a q u i n V a l l e y , u n t i l t h e y r eached t h e head o f t h e Cuyama V a l l e y , where t h e y s e t t l e d a t t h e mouth o f Reyes Creek i n t h e Ozena area.

I n 1870 Rafael Reyes mar r i ed Maria Ygnacia O r t e g a , a member o f a California f a m i l y t h a t traces i t s a n c e s t r y back t o Jose F r a n c i s c o Or tega , who came w i t h t h e P o r t o l a e x p e d i t i o n t o se t t l e C a l i f o r n i a and e s t a b l i s h t h e m i s s i o n s a long i t s c o a s t . R a f a e l and Maria had t e n c h i l d r e n . They made t h e i r home i n Ven tu ra f o r 20 y e a r s , u n t i l Maria's h e a l t h f a i l e d . It was t h o u g h t t h a t t h e climate o f t h e Cuyama V a l l e y would improve h e r c o n d i t i o n . She and a l l o f t h e younger c h i l d r e n were packed up and t r a n s p o r t e d by hor seback o v e r t h e rough t rai ls t o t h e Reyes Creek Ranch, where s h e l i v e d t h e rest o f h e r l o n g l i f e .

The e l d e s t son o f t h e Reyes f a m i l y was J a c i n t o Damien, b e t t e r known a s J. D. He was b o r n i n 1871 and d i e d i n 1953. For 31 y e a r s he was a f o r e s t r a n g e r o p e r a t i n g from t h e Reyes Ranch. A f t e r t h e d e a t h o f Rafae l t h e r anch was d i v i d e d among t h e t e n c h i l d r e n . I n l a t e r y e a r s a f t e r Maria Y g n a c i a ' s d e a t h , ownersh ip passed o u t of t h e f ami ly . The o l d adobe i s s t i l l s t a n d i n g j u s t o u t s i d e t h e N a t i o n a l F o r e s t boundary a t t h e mouth o f Reyes Creek and t h e Cuyama R i v e r , and i s c u r r e n t l y be ing promoted p r i v a t e l y f o r l i s t i n g on t h e N a t i o n a l R e g i s t e r o f H i s t o r i c P l a c e s .

Other Ventura County Homesteads

Another twenty o r so m i l e s t o t h e southwest a t P o t r e r o Seco was t h e homestead o f Maria Ygnac ia ' s b r o t h e r , Ramon Ortega. Ramon was known f o r h i s e x c e l l e n t horsemanship and skill a t c a p t u r i n g g r i z z l y b e a r s wi th a r i a t a . Ramon . b u i l t a n adobe c a b i n a t P o t r e r o Seco. The c a b i n i s s t i l l s t a n d i n g , i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o a more modern house which h a s been b u i l t around it. Ramon marr ied Cande la r ia Dminguez and had s i x sons and one daughte r . H e d i e d i n 1914 a t t h e age o f 83 w h i l e working ca t t le on t h e "Long T r a i l " down i n t o t h e Mono. H i s h o r s e f e l l , p lung ing him down i n t o t h e c r e e k o n t o some l a r g e rocks . H e r e c e i v e d a head i n j u r y and d i e d a s h o r t t i m e a f t e r t h e a c c i d e n t . Jack Warner rode some 28 m i l e s t o J. D. Reyes' s t a t i o n f o r h e l p w h i l e Teodoro Ortega s tayed w i t h Ramon. It took J. D. u n t i l t h e middle o f t h e n i g h t t o r e a c h t h e s i te o f t h e t r a g e d y and f i n d t h a t t h e o l d man had d i e d . Ramon had always f e a r e d having h i s body packed o u t draped wer a horse , so J. D. and t h e o t h e r s arranged f o r t h e o l d man's body t o b e t i e d u p r i g h t i n a s a d d l e on t h e g e n t l e s t h o r s e a v a i l a b l e . J u s t as t h e y g o t t h e o l d man loaded and were r e a d y t o s t a r t o u t , a thunders to rm broke. The r a i n came down i n t o r r e n t s and l i g h t n i n g f l a s h e d through t h e sky. A f t e r t h e storm aba ted , it was p i t c h dark . They t i e d a w h i t e p i e c e o f c l o t h t o t h e r e a r o f t h e i r mos t - t rus ted mule and l e t him show them t h e t r a i l a s t h e y headed f o r t h e s t a t i o n . It was a w e t and v e r y uncomfor table r i d e f o r a l l on t h e way back.

The Or tegas r a n c a t t l e i n t h e upper Sespe and a c r o s s t h e upper p o t r e r o s between Ventura County and Santa Earbara County. Ramon's son, J o s e F. Ortega, had an adobe a t t h e p o i n t where t h e t r a i l from t h e Sespe s t a r t e d t o c l imb up t o P o t r e r o Seco. J o s e a l s o had a c a b i n i n M a t i l i j a Canyon n e a r t h e mouth of Old Man Canyon; t h i s c a b i n was dest royed by a brush f i r e i n t h e l a t e n i n e t e e n t h o r e a r l y t w e n t i e t h cen tury .

When Ramon and C a n d e l a r i a were f i r s t marr ied t h e y b u i l t a m o d house, c o r r a l and b a r n , and p l a n t e d a n o rchard and an a l f a l f a f i e l d n e a r t h e c o n f l u e n c e o f b tu r ie t t a and t h e Middle and Upper North Forks of M a t i l i j a Creek. T h i s homestead was d e s t r o y e d b y f l o o d s d u r i n g t h e 1930's . In 1839 Rafae l Lopez b u i l t a n adobe house a t t h e mouth o f M a t i l i j a Canyon, a t t h e p robab le l o c a t i o n o f t h e Churnash I n d i a n v i l l a g e s i t e " M a t i l i j a . " In 1873 P. W. Soper immigrated t o C a l i f o r n i a and a s h o r t t ime l a t e r moved up i n t o i * h t i l i j a Canyon, j u s t above t h e e a r l y Lopez homestead, and began h i s own farming.

M a t i l i j a Canyon was impor tan t because it was t h e s i te of t h e main t r a i l from O j a i o r Ventura a c r o s s t h e mountains t o t h e Cuyama Val ley. I n l a t e r y e a r s t h e h o t s p r i n g s i n t h e canyon were developed a s h e a l t h r e s o r t s . These inc luded Lyon's " C l i f f Glen Resor t , " "Vicker ' s Hot Spr ings" and t h e " O j a i Hot Spr ings , " l a t e r t o b e known as t h e " M a t i l i j a Hot Spr ings" developed by A. W. Blumberg. The a r e a became a popula r r e s o r t a r e a u n t i l World War I.

S e v e r a l homesteads w e r e f i l e d along t h e Sespe River . However, due t o t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems t h e y were never developed beyond s m a l l i n h o l d i n g s w i t h l i m i t e d g raz ing . Some a c t e d a s b a s e s f o r h u n t e r s and f ishermen on o u t i n g s i n t h e area.

Many o f t h e most i m p c ~ r t a n t homesteads l o c a t e d w i t h i n o r n e a r t h e F o r e s t b o u n d a r i e s have b e e n b r i e f l y d i s c u s s e d b e c a u s e o f t h e i r i n f l u e n c e o n t h e development o f t h e moun4tainous p o r t i o n s of San L u i s Obispo, S a n t a Barba ra , and Ven tu ra C o u n t i e s . Some o f t h e homes teade r s remained f o r o n l y a b r i e f t i m e and made l i t t l e o r no c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e s e t t l e m e n t o f t h e t e r r i t o r y w h i l e o t h e r s were l o n g - l a s t i n g , e x e r t i n g an i n f l u e n c e on t h e growth o f t h e t e r r i t o r y and on F o r e s t management which c o n t i n u e s today .

The s e t t l e m e n t s o f r a n c h e r s and farmers set t h e s t a g e f o r t h e development o f t h e F o r e s t R e s e r v e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e west. Abuse by s h e e p h e r d e r s (who burned o f f t h e moun ta ins i n t h e f a l l t o remove b r u s h and promote g r a s s f o r t h e n e x t s e a s o n ' s g r a z i n g ) , o v e r g r a z i n g by t o o many c a t t l e on t h e r a n g e , and i n some c a s e s t h e removal o f t h e few trees f o r lumber and d i s t u r b i n g t h e v e g e t a t i o n cwer SO t h a t d r y f a n l i n g might b e a t t e m p t e d , wrought havoc i n t h e form o f s o i l e r o s i o n . I n t h e v a l l e y s below t h e mounta ins , f a rms had been developed which depended on w a t e r from t h e s t r e a m s which f lowed o u t o f t h e canyons f o r i r r i g a t i o n . I n t h e e a r l y 1890 ' s f l o o d s and f i r e s caused s o much damage t h a t a demand a r o s e from t h e p u b l i c f o r p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e mounta in v e g e t a t i o n i n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n t h e ~ ~ r e c i o u s water supp ly . Demands f o r government a c t i o n t o p r o t e c t t h e p e o p l e i n t h e v a l l e y s e s c a l a t e d and f i n a l l y b r o u g h t a b o u t ' the e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f F o r e s t Reserves and a sys t em o f r e s o u r c e management.

2.4 Growth and Development -

2.4.1 E s t a b l i s h m e n t and Development o f t h e F o r e s t Rese rves /Na t iona l F o r e s t s

An a c t p a s s e d i n March,, 1891 gave t h e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Un i t ed S t a t e s t h e power t o create reserves on w i l d l a n d s i n p u b l i c ownership . These l a n d s cou ld b e cove red w i t h t i m b e r o r c h a p a r r a l . T h i s a c t w a s fo l lowed b y t h e Organ ic A c t of J u n e 4, 1897, which i n c l u d e d watershed p r o t e c t i o n as a n i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e . T h i s was p r o v i d e n t i a l f o r s o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , s i n c e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e wa te r shed and s e c u r i n g a s t a b l e w a t e r f low were o f more impor tance t h a n t h e s m a l l t i m b e r reserves o f t h e area.

The f i r s t w i thd rawa l of l a n d s w i t h i n t h e p r e s e n t L o s P a d r e s N a t i o n a l F o r e s t b o u n d a r i e s w a s i n 1898 . A ser ies o f w i t h d r a w a l s , a g g r e g a t i o n s a n d d i s a g g r e g a t i o n s , and name changes fo l lowed b e f o r e t h e area was d e s i g n a t e d "Los P a d r e s n and assumed a semblance o f i t s c u r r e n t c h a r a c t e r i n t h e 1 9 3 0 ' s . These e v e n t s a r e c h r o n i c l e d i n t h e fo l lowing t a b l e , based p r i m a r i l y o n W i l l i a m S. Brown's " F i s t o r y o f L o s P a d r e s Na t iona l F o r e s t n (1945:33-37).

CHRONOLOGY OF ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIONS AFFECTING ESTABLISHMPNT OF LOS PADRES NATIONAL FOREST

Date Act ion Acres 3

March 2, 1898 Pine Mountain and Zaca 1,144,594 R e s i d e n t Lake Reserve c r e a t e d Will iam McKinley

June 2 9 , 1898 Addi t ion t o Pine M a . / 500 ,000 W. McKinley Zaca Lake Reserve

October 2, 1899 Santa Ynez Fores t R e s e r v e c r e a t e d

December, 1903 Merger of P ine M t n ./ Zaca Lake Reserve w i t h Santa Ynez Reserve

145 ,000 W. McKinley

P r e s i d e n t Theodore Roosevel t

J u n e 25, 1906 San L u i s Obispo F o r e s t 365,350 T. Roosevel t Reserve c r e a t e d : Monterey R e s e r v e 355,495 c r e a t e d

J u l y 18, 1906 P i n n a c l e s F o r e s t R e s e r v e 14 ,108 T. Roosevelt c r e a t e d

October 26, 1907 San Beni to F o r e s t Reserve c r e a t e d

March 4, 1907 " F o r e s t Reservesn changed t o "Na t iona l F o r e s t s n

J a n u a r y , 1908 Addi t ion t o Monterey Na t iona l F o r e s t

J u l y 1, 1908 San L u i s O b i s p Na t iona l F o r e s t i s changed t o San L u i s Na t iona l F o r e s t ; some a c r e a g e i s d e l e t e d .

J u l y 1, 1908 P i n e Rn. /Zaca Lake and Santa Ynez Reserves became S a n t a Barbara Na t iona l F o r e s t ; San Lu i s Obispo Reserve i s added to San ta Barbara Na t iona l F o r e s t

140,069 T. Roosevelt

25,105 T. Roosevelt

-7 ,380 T. Roosevel t

T. Roosevel t

CHRONOLOGY ( CONT. )

D a t e Act ion Acres BY

J u l y 2, 1908 C o n s o l i d a t i o n of Monterey, 51 4,777 T. Roosevel t P i n n a c l e s , and San Ben i to wi thd rawa l s i n t o Monterey N a t i o n a l F o r e s t

December 1 2, 191 0 E l i m i n a t i o n o f a c r e a g e -2 1,527 P r e s i d e n t from Monterey Na t iona l Wm. Howard T a f t Forerst

September 5 , 191 6 E l i m i n a t i o n of a c r e a g e -1 40,427 P r e s i d e n t from Monterey Na t iona l Woodrow Wilson Fore.&

August 18, 191 9 Merger o f Monterey and San ta Barbara N a t i o n a l F o r e s t s i n t o S a n t a Barba ra N a t i o n a l F o r e s t

W. W i l s o n

September 3 0, 192 5 E l i m i n a t i o n o f a c r e a g e -4,289 P r e s i d e n t from San ta Earbara N a t i o n a l Ca lv in Coolidge F o r e s t ; t r a n s f e r of a c r e a g e t o Pmgeles N a t i o n a l F o r e s t -265,538

Decenber 3, 1938 Change of name, S a n t a Barbara N a t i o n a l F o r e s t t o Los P a d r e s Na t iona l F o r e s t

P r e s i d e n t Frank1 i n Roosevel t

Many p e o p l e c o n s i d e r e d it i n a p p r o p r i a t e t h a t t h e name S a n t a Earbara Na t iona l F o r e s t shou ld b e r e t a i n e d f o r t h e new f o r e s t , as p a r t s o f it were i n San L u i s Obispo, Kern, Monterey and Ventura c o u n t i e s . Peop le i n t h e s e c o u n t i e s l o b b i e d t o have t h e name char!ged. me name Los P a d r e s N a t i o n a l F o r e s t was f i n a l l y chosen b e c a u s e t h e F o r e s t was s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e a r e a where t h e p a d r e s had performed t h e i r m i s s i o n a r y work d u r i n g t h e H i s p a n i c P e r i o d .

When t h e f o r e s t r e s e r v e s were c r e a t e d t h e y were p l a c e d under t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e Genera l Land Of £ i c e i n t h e Department o f t h e I n t e r i o r . It w a s up t o t h e Commissioner o f t h e Genera l Land O f f i c e t o e s t a b l i s h p o l i c i e s and p r o c e d u r e s t o c a r r y o u t t h e mandate f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e newly c r e a t e d reserves. Up t o t h i s t i m e t h e Land o f f i c e had been engaged p r i m a r i l y i n t h e d i s p o s a l of government l a n d s .

Because t h e r e s e r v e s had been e s t a b l i s h e d t o p r e v e n t f i r e and p r e s e r v e t h e w a t e r s h e d , p l a n n i n g e f i r e p r o t e c t i o n program was one o f t h e f i r s t s t e p s taken . The Department o f t h e I n t e r i o r appo in ted E.F. A l l e n a s S p e c i a l F o r e s t Agent f o r a l l t h e reserves i n Ar izona , Mew Mexico, and C a l i f o r n i a w i t h h e a d q u a r t e r s i n Los Angeles. He was g r a n t e d power t o spend f e d e r a l funds f o r f i r e s u p p r e s s i o n . (581

The demarcation o f boundar ies was another important i s s u e . How cou ld t h e boundar ies o f e ach r e s e r v e be def ined t o b e s t f u l f i l l t h e purpose of i ts c r e a t i o n ? Land Of f i c e Commissioner M. Iamoreaux explained t h e r a t i o n a l e which guided d e f i n i t i o n of boundar ies : " I n e s t a b l i s h i n g r e s e r v a t i o n s it h a s been t h e aim t o cwer t h e headwaters of s t reams , s o t h a t t h e water supply may b e p ro t ec t ed a s f a r a s pos s ib l e . The l a n d s s e l e c t e d have been rough and mountainous, b u t a r e a s of a g r i c u l t u r a l l ands n e c e s s a r i l y f a 1 1 wi th in t h e boundar ies it i s deemed proper t o e s t a b l i s h . " (59)

County boundar ies were i n most c a se s ignored. Because t h e impor tan t f a c t o r i n t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e r e s e r v e was watershed p r o t e c t i o n , two- th i rds o f t h e r e s e r v e l a n d s i n sou the rn Ca l i f o rn i a contained chapa r r a l i n s t e ad of f o r e s t s and whenever p o s s i b l e t h e boundar ies were drawn t o p r o t e c t t h e e n t i r e headwaters of a stream o r r i v e r . Ekamples of t h i s a r e t h e S a l i n a s , Sisquoc, and Santa Ynez R ive r s , and Sespe and P i r u Creeks.

With t h e e s t ab l i shmen t o f t h e f o r e s t r e s e r v e s i n sou thern C a l i f o r n i a , t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e s tate w a s covered w i th a r e a s rese rved f o r p r o t e c t i o n of watersheds . Opposi t ion i n sou thern C a l i f o n r i a was almost non-ex is ten t because of t h e importance o f watershed p r o t e c t i o n t o a l l segments of t h e popula t ion .

Watershed p r o t e c t i o n was an important cons ide r a t i on a l s o i n annexa t ions t o e x i s t i n g r e se rve s . One n o t a b l e i n s t a n c e w a s t h e combining o f t h e P ine Mountain and Zaca Lake Reserve with t h e Santa Ynez Reserve, and t h e annexat ion of Rancho Los P r i e t o s y Najalayegua. A p e t i t i o n s igned by ove r 600 pe r sons £ ran t h e Santa Barbara a r e a was presented, r eques t i ng t h e i n c l u s i o n of t h e Los P r i e t o s y Najalayegua Grant i n t h e f o r e s t r e s e rve . Those i n Washington were n o t i n f avo r , because t h e a r e a contained no t imber , most o f t h e watershed of t h e r i v e r w a s i n a l r e a d y e s t a b l i s h e d reserves, and t h e owners cou ld exchange t h e almost wor th l e s s land f o r i n l i e u s c r i p t under t h e Fo re s t Lieu A c t o f 1897 (which allowed t h e exchange of untimbered l a n d s i n a p a r t i c u l a r f o r e s t r e s e r v e f o r a more v a l u a b l e p l o t of equa l s i z e e l sewhere) . In t h e e a r l y days o f t h e f o r e s t reserves, t h i s law w a s o f t e n abused t o t h e de t r imen t of t h e Federa l Goverrnnent. However, t h e c i t i z e n s of Santa Barbara were looking f o r a more s t a b l e wate r supply and t h e headwaters of t h e Santa Ynez River cou ld p rov ide t h i s source. The cont inued p e t i t i o n i n g by t h e pub l i c and t h e d e s i r e t o p r o t e c t t h e watershed f i n a l l y won, and t h e Los P r i e t o s y Najaleyegua Rancho was added t o t h e e x i s t i n g reserves t o e s t a b l i s h t h e San ta Barbara Fbrest Reserve i n 1903.

Management o f t h e Reserves

F i r e suppress ion a s a canponent of watershed p r o t e c t i o n was t h e primary o b j e c t i v e f o r management o f t h e southern C a l i f o r n i a f o r e s t r e s e r v e s . I n o r d e r t o c a r r y o u t t h i s p o l i c y it was necessary t o s t a f f t h e reserves. Fo re s t supe rv i so r s were pla.ced i n charge of t h e reserves under t h e d i r e c t i o n of B. F. A l l en , t h e f i r s t Fo re s t Super intendent . Each f o r e s t supe rv i so r h i r ed r ange r s t o work under him.

The P i n e Mountain and :taca Lake Rese rve .was s e p a r a t e d i n t o two d i v i s i o n s by t h e San ta Barbara-Ventura County l i n e . The w e s t e r n d i v i s i o n was h e a d q u a r t e r e d i n S a n t a Barbara under t h e i n i t i a l s u p e r v i s i o n o f B.F. Crawshaw. The e a s t e r n d i v i s i o n was under t h e s u p e r v i s i o n o f Col. W i l l a r d S l o s s o n , w i t h h e a d q u a r t e r s a t t h e town o f Nordhoff ( O j a i ) . Old correspondence i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e was c o n s i d e r a b l e j e a l o u s y between Crawshaw a t San ta Barba ra and S l o s s o n a t EJordhoff. The l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n found it much e a s i e r t o g e t a long w i t h S l o s s o n , and t h e newspaper a t San ta Barbara was v e r y c r i t i ca l o f Crawshaw.

S l o s s o n was d i s c h a r g e d as a s u p e r v i s o r on October 15, 1899, b u t a few weeks l a t e r was r e i n s t a t e d . Local c i t i z e n s c o n s i d e r e d Crawshaw t o be a p o l i t i c a l a p p o i n t e e , and some o f h i s r a n g e r s came under f i r e f o r poor performance i n t h e f i e l d . I n 1904, F o r e s t I n s p e c t o r Louis A. B a r r e t t was s e n t t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e problems. On J a n u a r y 2!4, 1905, h e r ep laced Crawshaw i n t h e c a p a c i t y o f a c t i n g s u p e r v i s o r , s e r v i n g u n t i l A p r i l 20, 1905. On t h a t d a t e I n s p e c t o r B a r r e t t l e f t , and Col . W i l l a r d M. Slosson became s u p e r v i s o r o f b o t h d i v i s i o n s o f t h e P i n e Mountain and Zaca Lake Reserve, and t h e San ta Ynez Reserve , w i t h h e a d q u a r t e r s now a t S a n t a Barbara. In 1906 t h e San L u i s Cbispo F o r e s t Reserve w a s added t o t h e r e s t . o f t h e r e s e r v e s a d m i n i s t e r e d from t h e S a n t a Barbara o f f i c e of Col. S losson . The t i t l e "Colonel" was bestowed on M r . Slosson by a S a n t a Barba ra newspaper r e p o r t e r ; because o f t h e a d m i r a t i o n o f t h e r e s i d e n t s f o r him, it s t u c k and cont inued t o be used even a f t e r Col. S losson r e t i r e d from t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e i n 1914 and became mayor o f S a n t a Barbara f o r two y e a r s .

Col . S l o s s o n was fol lowed by a series o f d i s t i n g u i s h e d F o r e s t S u p e r v i s o r s .

Name Tenure

Col . W i l l a r d S l o s s o n

C h r i s t o p h e r E. Raclhford

Jesse R. H a l l

Thomas W. S loan

C h e s t e r A. J o r d a n

W i l l a m V. Mendenhall

S tephen A. Nash-Bc3ulden

Andrew Brenne i s

L. A. R i c k e l

Rober t E. J o n e s

Wil l iam A. Hansen

Rober t G. L a n c a s t e r

Al l en J. W e s t

F r e d e r i k G. deHol-1

t o 1914

t o 4-30-15

t o 1-31-20

t o 3-31-22

t o 11-30-25

t o 12-1 -29

t o 2-31-46

t o 2-1 -49

t o 7-4-54

t o 6-9-62

t o 4-1-71

t o 4-1 0-76

t o 6-18-79

t o p r e s e n t

The service o f each F o r e s t Superv i sor h a s been marked by s i g n i f i c a n t e v e n t s o r a c t i v i t i e s which have a l lowed e a c h t o l e a v e t h e i r mark on t h e Los Padres . Ches te r A. Jo rdan ' s t e n u r e as s u p e r v i s o r was a d i f f i c u l t one, i n c l u d i n g s e v e r a l v e r y bad f i r e s . H i s d e a t h w a s a t t r i b u t e d t o overwork on f i r e s .

Will iam Mendenhall and Stephen A. Nash-Boulden were bo th .from t h e "o ld s c h o o l w o f f o r e s t e r s . Both s t a r t e d a t t h e bottom of t h e l a d d e r and worked t h e i r way t o t h e t o p o v e r t h e y e a r s . Nash-Boulden served on t h e Cleveland and San Bernardino Nat iona l F o r e s t s b e f o r e coming t o t h e Los Padres on A p r i l 1, 1929. H e served a s s u p e r v i s o r d u r i n g a time of g r e a t change i n methods of f o r e s t management. The au tomobi le o r t r u c k was r e p l a c i n g t h e h o r s e a s a means o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and t h e r a d i o made it p o s s i b l e f o r a s u p e r v i s o r t o c o n t a c t members o f h i s s t a f f i n a n y p a r t o f t h e F o r e s t i n a matter o f minutes . T h i s provided a g r e a t c o n t r a s t t o Col. W i l l a r d S losson , who had depended on a le t ter b e i n g d e l i v e r e d t o t h e n e a r e s t p o s t o f f i c e and t h e r a n g e r p i c k i n g it up when h e made a t r i p i n t o town f o r s u p p l i e s . Nash-Boulden r e t i r e d from t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e and moved t o h i s r anch on t h e Santa Ynez River n e a r t h e San Fernando Rey Ranch and became patrolman f o r t h e ranch. He con t inued t o a c t i v e l y c a r r y on t h i s work u n t i l n e a r l y 90 y e a r s o f a g e when h e r o l l e d a jeep and was i n j u r e d i n t h e a c c i d e n t . Now i n h i s 9 0 1 s , he is s t i l l a c t i v e and i n t e r e s t e d i n management o f t h e Fores t . Many of h i s t h o u g h t s on h i s p e r i o d a s Los Padres F o r e s t S u p e r v i s o r and changes i n f o r e s t management p o l i c i e s and methods a r e recorded i n a n o r a l i n t e r v i e w done f o r t h e Los Padres Oral H i s t o r y Program (Holderman 1 9 7 9 ) .

F o r e s t S u p e r v i s o r Andrew B r e n n e i s was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c o n t i n u e d modernizat ion o f t h e Los Padres. During t h e t e n u r e o f Robert E. Jones, t h e massive Coyote F i r e o f 1964 caused major damage t o t h e watershed i n t h e San ta Ynez Mountains d i r e c t l y n o r t h o f San ta Barbara.

More r e c e n t l y , F o r e s t S u p e r v i s o r s have faced t r a d i t i o n a l crises, such a s l a r g e w i l d f i r e s , a l o n g w i t h i n c r e a s e d p u b l i c awareness w i t h r e g a r d t o F o r e s t p o l i c y and decisionmaking. The p r e s e n t s u p e r v i s o r , F r e d e r i k G. deHol l , h a s faced t h r e e o f t h e most i n t e n s e c h a l l e n g e s i n F o r e s t h i s t o r y : p r e p a r a t i o n o f a long-term management p l a n f o r t h e Fbrest; i n s t i t u t i o n of a camputer ized c o m m u n i c a t i o n s s y s t e m ; a n d t h e n e e d t o r e a s s e s s many a s p e c t s o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l F o r e s t S e r v i c e culture.

Los P a d r e s Rangers and Ranger Districts

When t h e F o r e s t was f i r s t c r e a t e d it was d i v i d e d i n t o r a n g e r d i s t r i c t s each p a t r o l l e d b y o n e " ranger . " The Monterey and San ta Barbara EJational F o r e s t s i n 1908 showed a t o t a l o:€ a p p r o x i m a t e l y 25 d i s t r i c t s . A 1907 r e p o r t on t h e F o r e s t g a v e t h e a v e r . a g e s i z e o f a d i s t r i c t as 79 ,284 acres. Brown (1945: 96-97) s t a t e d t h a t i n 191 3-1 91 4, when t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e reduced t h e number o f r a n g e r d i s t r i c t s and formed l a r g e r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e u n i t s , t h e r e were s t i l l e l e v e n r a n g e r d i s t r i c t s ( t o t a l ) f o r t h e Monterey and S a n t a Barbara Na t iona l F o r e s t s .

During t h e e x i s t a n c e o f t h e M n t e r e y N a t i o n a l F o r e s t , a r o t a t i n g , s e a s o n a l sys tem a p p a r e n t l y was used f o r l o c a t i o n o f t h e S u p e r v i s o r ' s O f f i c e . around 191 1, t h e Arbolado (Big S u r v i c i n i t y ) , Chews Ridge, and S a l i n a s S t a t i o n s s h a r e d t h e d e s i g n a t i o n ( M a n s e f i e l d , c i t e d i n [ 8 6 ] and [ 8 3 ] ) .

One of t h e l a r g e d i s t : r i c t s e l i m i n a t e d on t h e San ta Earbara N a t i o n a l F o r e s t between 1908 and 191 4 was t h e Zaca Lake D i s t r i c t . For many y e a r s John Libeu had been t h e d i s t r i c t r a n g e r and l i v e d a t h i s home a t t h e l a k e . The d i s t r i c t covered t h e w e s t e r n p o r t i o n of t h e San R a f a e l Mountain Range. From Happy Canyon s o u t h o f F i g u e r o a b u n t a i n , it extended n o r t h t o t h e Cuyama R i v e r and from Tepusquet Canyon on t h e w e s t t o t h e Ozena area on t h e Cuyama River, where

it joined J. D. Reyes' d i s t r i c t . Under L i b e u ' s command were s e v e r a l r a n g e r s and numerous p a r t - t i m e f i r e g u a r d s who worked o n l y d u r i n g t h e f i r e season . S i n c e horseback was t h e o n l y way t o t r a v e l ove r most o f t h e d i s t r i c t , it was a v e r y time-consuming p a r t o f t h e r a n g e r ' s d u t i e s j u s t t o v i s i t t h e f a r r e a c h e s o f h i s d i s t r i c t . Old o f f i c e f i l e s p rese rved by t h e Libeu f a m i l y p r o v i d e an e x c e l l e n t s o u r c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e d a y t o d a y a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e e a r l y f o r e s t r e s e r v e d i s t r i c t : .

I n 1923 t h e r e w e r e t e n f u l l - t i m e r a n g e r s on t h e San ta Barbara N a t i o n a l F o r e s t ( t h i s i n c l u d e d t h e Monterey Na t iona l F o r e s t , i n c l u d e d i n t h e S a n t a Barbara i n 1 91 4 ) . In 1925 o v e r o n e - q u a r t e r m i l l i o n a c r e s were t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e Angeles N a t i o n a l F o r e s t . A t t h a t t i m e seven r a n g e r d i s t r i c t s were e s t a b l s h e d : t h e Monterey, h e a d q u a r t e r e d a t King C i t y ; San L u i s w i t h h e a d q u a r t e r s a t San L u i s O b i s p o ; S a n t a M a r i a , h e a d q u a r t e r e d a t S a n t a M a r i a ; S a n t a B a r b a r a , headquar t e red a t Us P r i e t o s ; Cu yama , headquar t e red a t t h e Cuyama Ranger S t a t i o n i n t h e Cuyama V a l l e y ; O j a i , h e a d q u a r t e r e d a t O j a i ; and M t . P i n o s , w i t h h e a d q u a r t e r s a t Chuchupate Ranger S t a t i o n , F r a z i e r Park . In 1972 a f u r t h e r r e d u c t i o n was c a r r i e d o u t , w i t h t h e combining o f t h e San L u i s and S a n t a Maria d i s t r i c t s i n t o t h e S a n t a Luc ia D i s t r i c t headquar t e red a t S a n t a Maria, and t h e combining o f t h e Cuyama D i s t r i c t w i t h t h e M t . P inos District ( r e t a i n i n g t h e l a t t e r name) h e a d q u a r t e r e d a t F r a z i e r Park . These f i v e r a n g e r d i s t r i c t s c u r r e n t l y c o v e r t h e a r e a f i r s t a d m i n i s t e r e d w i t h approx imate ly 2 5 d i s t r i c t s . Improved canmunica t ions and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n were t h e major r e a s o n s f o r t h e d r a s t i c r e d u c t i o n s i n numbers o f r a n g e r d i s t r i c t s .

One o f t h e f i r s t dut . ies f a c i n g t h e e a r l y s u p e r v i s o r s was t h e s e l e c t i o n o f r a n g e r s t o c a r r y o u t t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e l a n d s a s s i g n e d t o them from f i r e and t r e s p a s s ( p r i m a r i l y s h e e p g r a z i n g wi thou t p e r m i t ) . On t h e S a n t a Barbara Na t iona l F o r e s t , t h e s u p e r v i s o r o f t h e w e s t e r n d i v i s i o n had a p p r o x i m a t e l y 800,000 a c r e s and e i g h t r a n g e r s ; t h e e a s t e r n d i v i s i o n was ccanposed o f some one m i l l i o n a c r e s and had t w e l v e r a n g e r s . During t h e f i r s t few y e a r s a f t e r t h e r e s e r v e was c r e a t e d , t h e r e was c o n s i d e r a b l e c h a n g i n g o f p e r s o n n e l .

Col. S losson r epo r t ed i n 1907 t h a t t h e personnel of t h e Santa Farbara Nat iona l F o r e s t c o n s i s t e d o f f i e l d and headqua r t e r s s t a f f s . A t t h a t t i m e t h e headqua r t e r s s t a f f was composed of t h e supe rv i so r , deputy supe rv i so r and a c l e r k . Those s e r v i n g i n t h e f i e l d w e r e broken down i n t o t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s , r ange r s , deputy r ange r s , and a s s i s t a n t r ange r s , as fol lows: Rangers - John B. Libeu, Stephen R. Douglas, Win. W. Gray, J a c i n t o D. Reyes, George A. Bald and C a r l Stoddard; Deputy Rangers - Edgar B. Ravison, R. G. H. Forsyth , A. D. Mart in , Robert H. Miller, Gerald V. Reyes, and Henry W. Mussal l ; and A s s i s t a n t Rangers - John Riis, Robert W. C l a rk , Eugene L. Slosson, Al f redo G. d e l a Riva, Harry F. Hunt, Joseph J. Libeu, 8. F. Van Winkle, Z . T. Davison, William A. Smith, O t to W. Hoeger, Thomas W. D inmore , Dwight Murphy, and Walter F. ESner i c k . A number of t h e e a r l y r ange r s were chosen from men l i v i n g w i th in o r near t h e reserve. Examples were John Libeu, who opera ted from h i s home a t Zaca Lake, Joseph P. H i l d r e t h who l i v e d on h i s ranch on Mono Creek ( l a te r known a s t h e Ogilvy Ranch), and J. D. Reyes who mainta ined h i s s t a t i o n headquar te r s a t t h e Reyes Ranch a t Ozena i n no r the rn Ventura County. Reyes served f o r a record 3 1 y e a r s i n t h e same f o r e s t , r ange r d i s t r i c t and a t t h e same s t a t i o n . A s f a r a s i s known t h i s record has n o t been equaled i n t h e Fo re s t Serv ice .

Gi f fo rd Pinchot placed t h e fo l lowing announcement i n a newspaper i n 1907:

"Men Wanted

The National F o r e s t s need more men. For those who l i k e a hard a c t i v e l i f e i n t h e open t h e work i s idea l . . .They must t h o r o u g h l y know t h e c o u n t r y , i t s c o n d i t i o n s , and i t s people ... The Ranger must be a b l e t o t a k e c a r e o f himself and h i s ho r se s under ve ry t r y i n g cond i t i ons ; b u i l d t r a i l s and cab in s ; r i d e a l l day and a l l n i g h t ; pack, shoot , and f i g h t f i r e w i t h o u t l o s i n g h i s head . H e mus t . . . a b o u t t h e t imber. . .be f a m i l i a r w i th lumbering and t h e sawmill bus ine s s , t h e handl ing of l i v e s t o c k , mining, and t h e land laws. A l l t h i s r e q u i r e s a v e r y r i go rous c o n s t i t u t i o n . " (60 )

Requirements have changed s i n c e t h e above d e s c r i p t i o n of ranger d u t i e s has w r i t t e n . Now t h e r a n g e r ' s d u t i e s have expanded i n t o a network of p o s i t i o n s needed t o manage t h e canplex requirements of a modern f o r e s t ope ra t i on . They i n c l u d e i n t h e S u p e r v i s o r ' s O f f i c e a l o n e a f o r e s t e n g i n e e r , r e s o u r c e management o f f i c e r , f i r e management o f f i c e r , l a n d s o f f i c e r , and r e c r e a t i o n o f f i c e r , a s w e l l a s less land-or ien ted p o s i t i o n s such a s p u b l i c a f f a i r s and admin i s t r a t i on . Even t h e f i r e management o f f i c e r has a number of people under him t o h e l p i n c a r r y i n g o u t t h e d u t i e s of t h e o f f i c e . These have inc luded : f i r e p r w e n t i o n o f f i c e r , a s s i s t a n t f i r e management o f f i c e r , f u e l management o f f i c e r , f i r e d i s p a t c h e r , a i r o p e r a t i o n s s p e c i a l i s t , and r a d i o communications s p e c i a l i s t . Many of t h e s e p o s i t i o n s have coun t e rpa r t s on each anger D i s t r i c t , headed by t h e person now formal ly t i t l e d "Ranger." F i n a l l y , Nat ional F o r e s t s now employ a network o f s p e c i a l i s t s such a s a r c h e o l o g i s t s , h y d r o l o g i s t s and w i l d l i f e b i o l o g i s t s t o b e t t e r p r o t e c t t h e F o r e s t ' s r esources .

The f i r s t r a n g e r s d u r i n g t h e e a r l y d a y s o f t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e r e c e i v e d a meager s a l a r y , anywhere from $50 t o $75. They had t o s u p p l y t h e i r own h o r s e s , pack mules , g e a r and a p l a c e t o l i v e . A l a r g e p a r t o f t h e r a n g e r ' s time was consumed i n growing f e e d f o r h i s h o r s e s and g o i n g t o town t o o b t a i n t h e m a i l and s u p p l i e s . Fo r some r a n g e r s t h i s t r i p t o o k two o r more days t o comple te and i f t h e w e a t h e r was bad it c o u l d t a k e l o n g e r . A r a n g e r ' s d a y o f e i g h t h o u r s p a t r o l o r t r a i l arork started when h e r eached t h e work area. A f t e r e i g h t h o u r s o f work h e had t o make h i s way b a c k t o camp. cooking, washing, and h o r s e - c a r e came a f t e r t h e r e g u l a r e i g h t h o u r s o f work.

Each o f t h e e a r l y r a n q e r s was r e q u i r e d t o k e e p a j o u r n a l ( c a l l e d a " d a i l y d i a r y n ) g i v i n g a de ta i l . ed a c c o u n t o f d a i l y a c t i v i t i e s and whereabouts . Through t h e s e t h e F o r e s t S u p e r r i s o r w a s a b l e t o k e e p t r a c k o f t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f e a c h r a n g e r i n h i s d i s t r i c t . 'Ihis j o u r n a l was mai l ed t o t h e s u p e r v i s o r e a c h month and l a te r r e t u r n e d t o b'e upda ted and a g a i n s u b m i t t e d t h e n e x t month.

An example o f a n e a r l y e n t r y r e a d s :

"February 15 , 1907. Cu t c a c t u s and c l e a r e d l a n d f o r hay f i e l d . Began 7 AM, q u i t 5:00 PM. Februa ry 18. Plowed ground f o r hay . Began 6:30 AM, q u i t 4:30 PM. August 18, 1908. P a t r o l e d wer Smi ths Trail and down i n t o Cary [ K e r r y ] Canyon and up t o head of French Canyon and back o v e r t o camp [ P i n e Canyon]." (From t h e d i a r y o f Wil l iam Smith i n t h e B l a k l e y Arch ives . )

The F o r e s t S e r v i c e U s e b o k evo lved as t h e R a n g e r ' s B i b l e , t o b e fo l lowed e x p l i c i t l y . F a i l u r e t o comply r e s u l t e d i n r ep r imands from t h e s u p e r v i s o r s . ( 6 1 The U s e Book h a s much more ccanplex modern c o u n t e r p a r t , t h e Farest S e r v i c e Manual.

"Our modern F o r e s t Rangers have been a s s i g n e d an i n t r i c a t e t a s k , one which a p p e a r s t o b e ever-changing and d e v e l o p i n g . Although w e n o l o n g e r have t h e horse-mounted r a n g e r o f o l d t o i d o l i z e , w e must acknowledge t h e f a c t t h a t t h e j o b b e i n g done p r e s e n t l y is n e c e s s a r y i n t h e u l t i m a t e management o f o u r N a t i o n a l F o r e s t s a n d t h e i r n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s . The mu1 t i d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o f e s s i o n a l w e c a l l a modern r a n g e r h a s a n i n t r i c a t e job and c a n no l o n g e r b e e v e r y t h i n g a t once a:s t h e r a n g e r of o l d . The a s s i s t a n t s , t e c h n i c i a n s and o t h e r p e r s o n n e l form a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e agency and t h e r a n g e r i s t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e coordin la tor o f t h e working o r g a n i z a t i o n . " (62

2 .4 .2 E a r l y Transpor t :a t ion

When t h e f o r e s t r e s e r v e s were e s t a b l i s h e d t h e f i r s t p r i o r i t y was p r o t e c t i o n o f wa te r sheds . F i r e was t h e main enemy and was g i v e n immediate a t t e n t i o n b y t h e new s t a f f o f r a n g e r s . It soon became a p p a r e n t t h a t i f t h e r a n g e r s were go ing t o be a b l e t o p a t r o l t h e i r d i s t r i c t s and t o pe r fo rm t h e t a s k o f f i r e p r e v e n t i o n and s u p p r e s s i o n , a t r a i l and road network must b e deve loped . T h e r e f o r e , t h e develompent o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r o u t e s w i t h i n t h e f o r e s t became v e r y i m p o r t a n t .

Because most of t h e area i n t h e reserves ( i n f a c t much of t h e a r e a now w i t h i n Los Padres N a t i o n a l F o r e s t ) was mountainous, t r a i l s were t h e o n l y way t o cover t h e t e r r i t o r y . Even today t ra i l s are t h e o n l y means of v i s i t i n g many a r e a s o f t h e F o r e s t , e s p e c i a l l y t h e w i l d e r n e s s a r e a s . T h e ' f i r s t t r a i l s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e I n d i a n s e i t h e r as t r a d e r o u t e s o r a s trails t o reach a r e a s o f food procurement. An example o f t h e former i s t h e Mono-Santa Barbara Canyon r o u t e t o t h e Cen t ra l V a l l e y , which i s shown on an 1853 d i s e n o ( l a n d g r a n t map) a s t h e "Camino d e Santa Barbara." - The Arroyo Burro T r a i l from t h e c o a s t t o t h e S a n t a Ynez River Va l l ey i s a n example o f t h e l a t t e r .

During t h e la te 1 8 t h and e a r l y 19 th c e n t u r i e s , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f t h e F o r e s t was e s p e c i a l l y d i f f i c u l t . Romesteaders on t h e c o a s t s i d e o f t h e San ta Luc ias found catt le r a i s i n g d i f f i c u l t because o f t h e h a r d d r i v e t o market o v e r poor mountain t r a i l s . The o n l y road a c r o s s t h e mountains w i t h i n t h e F o r e s t boundar ies a t t h a t t i m e i s a l s o t h e o n l y one which c r o s s e s t h e mounta ins t o d a y - t h e Nacimiento-Ferguson - and i n t h e e a r l y decades of t h i s c e n t u r y it w a s l i t t l e more t h a n a d i r t t r a i l . The Nacimiento-Ferguson Road a s such was s t a r t e d i n 1931 and f i n i s h e d i n 1937. Its c o n s t r u c t i o n was a c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t , w i t h F o r e s t service crews, CCC e n r o l l e e s , and S t a t e and coun ty work r e l i e f crews a l l t a k i n g p a r t .

There w a s a l s o a s t agecoach r o u t e th rough R e l i z Canyon d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , connec t ing Miss ion San Antonio wi th t h e S a l i n a s V a l l e y and p o i n t s n o r t h . ( 8 3 )

I n 1904 F o r e s t Superv i so r B.F. Crawshaw submi t t ed a r e p o r t on t h e t r a i l s i n t h e wes te rn p o r t i o n of t h e sou the rn r e s e r v e t o t h e Commissioner of t h e General Land O f f i c e , Washington, D.C. I n t h i s . r e p o r t h e l ists t h e trails, o r s o - c a l l e d t r a i l s , i n e x i s t e n c e a t t h e t ime t h e reserve was c r e a t e d and "The new t r a i l s made s i n c e t h e r e s e r v e was c r e a t e d - - e i t h e r a l l e n t i r e l y new, o r some o f t h e o l d changed i n p a r t and improved, are a s f o l l o w s : . . ." ( 6 3 ) I n t h i s r e p o r t h e lists 142 m i l e s o f t r a i l s when t h e reserve w a s e s t a b l i s h e d and 249.5 m i l e s i n 1904. Frm t h i s we can deduce t h a t a l a r g e amount o f t r a i l b u i l d i n g o r r e b u i l d i n g took p l a c e d u r i n g t h e e a r l y d a y s o f t h e s e r v i c e . I n h i s r e p o r t Crawshaw s a y s t h a t , "E?o r o a d s [were] made."

E a r l y r o a d s i n s i d e t h e F o r e s t were few and f a r between. Numerous r o a d s w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d t o r anches i n t h e f o o t h i l l s , b u t t h e road up t h e S i squoc River was probab ly t h e l o n g e s t one i n t h e wes te rn p o r t i o n o f t h e reserve. The road from Ventura t o o j a i and t h e n up t h e canyon t o t h e h o t s p r i n g s , and t h e one from S a n t a Margar i t a t h r o u g h t h e La Panza mining d i s t r i c t t o t h e C a r r i z o P l a i n s and t h e C e n t r a l V a l l e y , were impor tan t r o a d s i n o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e F o r e s t .

I n 1899, one y e a r a f t e r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e f i r s t Los Padres a r e a f o r e s t r e s e r v e , S u p e r i n t e n d e n t Crawshaw s e n t le t ter #14 t o t h e Commissioner of t h e General Land O f f i c e , Washington, D.C. I n it he s t a t e d t h a t t h r e e r a n g e r s were a t work on t h e t r a i l wer t h e mountain from Zaca Lake t o Manzana Va l ley . Other work w a s b e i n g conducted on a t r a i l from t h e edge o f t h e r e s e r v e up Happy Canyon t o Cachuma. In t h e e a s t e r n d i v i s i o n the most i m p o r t a n t t r a i l was from O j a i up t h e M a t i l i j a Canyon over Ortega H i l l , down t o c r o s s t h e Sespe River , t h e n up and o v e r P i n e Mountain t o f i n a l l y r e a c h t h e Cuyama River. Th i s t r a i l was v e r y i m p o r t a n t because it was t h e o n l y means of communication between n o r t h e r n Ventura County and t h e c o a s t . For y e a r s mai l was c a r r i e d by pack-horse o v e r t h i s t r a i l .

Mrs. Yda Addis S t o r k e ~ n e n t i o n s two wagon r o a d s t h a t c r o s s e d t h e S a n t a Ynez Mountains i n 1891. They were t h e San Marcos P a s s Road and t h e Gaviota Road. She a l s o ment ions three t ra i l s , one over t h e mounta ins from Montec i to t o t h e Najalayegua Canyon, a n o t h e r t h a t c r o s s e d b y t h e Cold Stream [ c o l d Stream?] Canyon, and a t h i r d from S a n t a Barbara up Miss ion and Pedregosa Canyons t o branch near the top.

San Marcos Road was o r j - g i n a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d by I n d i a n s from t h e S a n t a Barbara Miss ion t o f a c i l i t a t e o b t a i n i n g t i m b e r from t h e San R a f a e l Mountains f o r u s e i n c o n s t r u c t i o n of b u i l d i n g s a t t h e Miss ion . I n 1804 t h e Miss ion e s t a b l i s h e d San h a r c o s Ranch t o i n c r e a s e t h e food s u p p l y f o r t h e growing I n d i a n p o p u l a t i o n a t t h e Miss ion . Some writers have c a l l e d t h i s r ancho a n " a s i s t e n s i a n b u t t h i s i s v e r y d o u b t f u l , because no r ema ins o f a c h a p e l have been found and t h e m i s s i o n r e c o r d s show n o e n t r i e s of b i r t h s , d e a t h s , o r bap t i sms t a k i n g p l a c e a t t h e San Marcos Rancho. Gra in , ca t t le and s h e e p were t h e main p r o d u c t s o f t h e r ancho . On t h e t o p o f a small mesa n e a r t h e o l d adobe r u i n s t h a t mark t h e s i te o f t h e r ancho h e a d q u a r t e r s i s a n ob long e n c l o s u r e f l o o r e d w i t h r i v e r b o u l d e r s t h a t was used as a t h r e s h i n g f l o o r t o s e p a r a t e t h e g r a i n from t h e c h a f f .

The S a n t a Ynez Miss ion , j u s t a few m i l e s down t h e r i v e r from t h e San Marcos Rancho, was a l s o found~zd i n 1804 and t o o k o v e r t h e non-secular needs o f t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e San ta Ynez V a l l e y . With t h e founding o f t h e Rancho and t h e San ta Ynez Miss ion , t h e San Marcos P a s s Road became a main r o u t e o f t r a v e l between t h e coast st S a n t a Barbara and t h e S a n t a Ynez V a l l e y .

I n 1843, t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r of Miss ion S a n t a Barbara l e a s e d t o Nicholas A . Den and Richard S. Den t h e mis s ion p r o p e r t i e s i n c l u d i n g t h e San Marcos Rancho f o r $1,200 a y e a r . On June 8, 1846, t h e Dens purchased t h e San Marcos Rancho from P i o P i c o , t h e Mexican governor , f o r t h e sum o f 1,500 s i l v e r pesos . A f t e r t h e r a n c h o was su rveyed it was found t o c o n t a i n 35,500 acres. I n 1818 and a g a i n i n 1833 t h e r e were r epr t s o f v e h i c l e s making t h e t r i p o v e r San Marcos P a s s . I n 1846 Colonel John C. Fremont b rough t h i s a r t i l l e r y o v e r t h e p a s s d u r i n g a heavy r a i n storm. A r o a d was b u i l t t h rough Gav io ta Pass i n 1860-1861 t h a t a l lowed wagon and s t a g e t r a v e l t o t h e n o r t h from San ta Barbara , b u t t h e r e s i d e n t s longed f o r a s h o r t e r r o u t e . I n t h e "Gazet te" pub l i shed i n S a n t a Barba ra , a r t ic les appea red r e q u e s t i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a wagon road o v e r t h e San Marcos Pass .

The S a n t a Ynez Turnpike Company was o r g a n i z e d on August 6, 1868, w i t h C h a r l e s F e r n a l d , p r e s i d e n t , and Henry Carnes , s e c r e t a r y . Members o f t h e board o f d i r e c t o r s were: C. Ec. Ause, ELI Runde l l , J. L. Ord, J. B. Shaw, Llewel lyn Bixby, Thomas B e l l , D r . M. 8 . Biggs, S. B. B r i n k e r h o f f and C h a r l e s Fe rna ld . I n t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f t h e month o f August, 1868, a g roup o f 25 Chinese l a b o r e r s s t a r t e d g r a d i n g t h e San Marcos Road. It was s t a t e d t h a t t h e r o a d was n o t c m p l e t e d u n t i l 1870 a t a c o s t o f $3,8,000. C o n s i d e r a b l e t r a v e l occur red o v e r t h e new t o l l r o a d i n t h e 1870 ' s when t h e San ta Ynez and Los P r i e t o s q u i c k s i l v e r mines were i n o p e r a t i o n . In t h e 1880 ' s t h e r o u t e o f t h e road was changed and c o n s i d e r a b l e work w a s done t o improve it. I n 1898 t h e San ta Barbara County Board o f S u p e r v i s o r s vo ted t o pu rchase t h e t o l l road and add it t o t h e c o u n t y r o a d s system.

The road th rough Gaviota Pass was cons t ruc ted with funds made a v a i l a b l e i n A p r i l o f 1860 t o c o n s t r u c t a wagon road through t h e county of San ta Earbara . The sum of $15,000 wzis voted f o r t h i s purpose and t h e County o f Santa Barbara was r equ i r ed t o match t h i s amount. T. Wallace Moore cons t ruc t ed t h e road. The f i r s t s t agecoach t r a v e l e d nor th over t h i s r o u t e i n Apr i l of 1 861 . Professor Brewer, i n h i s book "Up and Down Cal i fo rn i a , " te l ls about t r a v e l i n g over t h i s road wi th wagons i n 1861. The r o u t e was never popular because o f t h e numerous ups and down neces sa ry i n c r o s s i n g t h e many canyons t h a t d r a ined from t h e San ta Ynez Mountains t o t h e Ocean between Santa Barbara and Gaviota . When it r a i n e d i n w i n t e r , t h e road ( b u i l t much o f t h e way ove r c l a y s o i l ) became an impassable s e a of mud.

The Gaviota Pa s s Road continued t o be used f o r s tagecoaches t o bmpoc u n t i l t h e complet ion o f t h e r a i l r o a d i n t h e e a r l y 1900's p u t an end t o t h e s t a g e e r a . A f t e r t h a t it was used by l o c a l r e s i d e n t s , and later was improved and became t h e r o u t e o f e a r l y automobi les , which had d i f f i c u l t y p u l l i n g over t h e s t e e p g r ade on San h r c o s Pass Road. Now Highway 101 p a s s e s through t h e Gaviota Pa s s and i s t h e main-traveled c o a s t r o u t e between Los Angeles and San Franc i sco .

Between Gaviota and San Marcos Passes was Refugio Pass . The Ortega family (ho lde r o f t h e c o a s t a l Nuestra Senora d e l Refugio l and g r a n t ) cons t ruc t ed a c rude c a r t road wer t h i s pass . The Orteqas grew g r a i n i n t h e San ta Ynez Val ley which had t o be hauled over t h e r i d g e t o t h e rancho on c a r t s . When t h e p i r a t e Hippolyte Muchard invaded t h e c o a s t o f C a l i f o r n i a i n 1818, t h e Ortega fami ly took t h e i r possess ions over Refugio Pass t o t h e Santa Ynez Mission f o r safekeeping u n t i l t h e p i r a t e t h r e a t had passed. The Santa Barbara County Board of Supervisor!; ordered c o n s t r u c t i o n of a road over Refugio Pass on September 22, 1896, and work was c a r r i e d ou t u n t i l t h e road was f in i shed i n 1898. Cons t ruc t ion o f t h i s road helped b r i ng about t h e end of t h e t o l l road ove r San Marcos Pass.

In t h e l a t e 1890 's and e a r l y 1900's Santa Barbara became w e l l known a s a w in t e r i ng s p o t f o r weal thy e a s t e r n e r s who wished t o escape t h e c o l d and snow. The Ar l ing ton and 1a . t e r t h e P o t t e r Hote l s became famous as t h e p l a c e t o spend t h e win te r . One o f t h e forms of r e c r e a t i o n a v a i l a b l e t o t h e s e v i s i t o r s was horseback r i d i n g . Tfie many t r a i l s i n t h e f o o t h i l l s o f t h e Santa Ynez Mountains were a v a i l a b l e , and i n t h e September, 1900, church i s s u e of "Santa Barbaran o f t h e Sa:nta Barbara Chamber of Commerce, Mr. Joseph J. Perk ins w r i t e s about "Suburban Drives and Mountain T ra i l s . " In h i s a r t i c l e he s t a t e s :

"And no matter with how much e l s e of Santa Barbara one may have become acqua in ted , u n t i l he has explored h e r bewitching canyons ant3 climbed he r rugged mountains, and seen El Montecito Val ley from "E l Contento"; Mission Canyon and La Gole ta Val ley from "El Reposo"; t h e v a l l e y and t h e bay from "Cen t i ne l a d e l Abysmow; r e f r e shed himself a t t h e mountain s t ream a t "El Descanso"; l o s t h i s speech a t "La Sorpresa" and, f i n a l l y seen "a l l t h e kingdoms of t h e world" from "La Cumbre", h e c a n n o t c l a i m t o have s e e n h e r g r a n d e s t a t t r a c t i o n s . "

To f a c i l i t a t e e x p l o r i n g by t h e s e horseback p a r t i e s , t h e Chamber of Commerce p a i d f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n .of a t r a i l t h a t s t a r t e d on Mountain Drive and climbed t h e s o u t h f a c e o f t h e Santa Ynez Mountains. It passed t h e l a r g e rock w i t h s t e p s c u t i n t h e n o r t h e a s t s i d e c a l l e d "Lookout P o i n t n o r "E l Roco Grandern and cont inued on up t h e mountain thrbugh F l o r e s F l a t s u n t i l it u l t i m a t e l y reached t h e t o p of t h e range a t La Cumbre Peak. T h i s t r a i l was a l s o c a l l e d t h e La Cumbre T r a i l and was r e p o r t e d t o be t e n m i l e s long.

I n t h e 1920 ' s c o n s i d e r a b l e t r a i l a c t i v i t y occur red i n t h e Santa Barbara a r e a . On J u l y 16, 1921, t h e Riding and Hiking T r a i l s A s s o c i a t i o n was formed. James Marwick, George Whitelaw and J e f f r e y Courtney p r e s e n t e d a p l a n o r o r g a n i z a t i o n t o c o n s t r u c t and main ta in b r i d l e p a t h s and t r a i l s around t h e Santa Earbara v i c i n i t y . , P r e s c o t t Ray was secured a s t r a i l s u p e r v i s o r i n October 1921. A Ford car and t o o l s were provided him f o r main ta in ing t h e t r a i l s , b u t he was r e q u i r e d t o p rov ide h i s own horse . t o p a t r o l and i n s p e c t t h e t r a i l s under h i s s u p e r v i s i o n . T h i s i s a n e a r l y example o f t h e s t r o n g cmmuni ty i n t e r e s t i n and s u p p o r t f o r v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of F o r e s t maintenance t h a t c o n t i n u e s today.

~t t h e end of t h e 19201s, t h e g r e a t d e p r e s s i o n t e m p o r a r i l y pu t an end t o t h e p r i v a t e development and maintenance o f t r a i l s . I n t h e e a r l y 1930 's t h e C i v i l i a n Conservat ion Corps (CCC) program was developed t o put unemployed young men t o work a t g a i n f u l employment i n t h e out-of-doors. One o f t h e major a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e CCC program was t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t r a i l s i n t h e Na t iona l F o r e s t s and t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f new t r a i l s t o open up p o r t i o n s of F o r e s t s t h a t had n o t been a c c e s s i b l e t o t h e p u b l i c p rev ious ly . C i v i l i a n Conservat ion Corps camps and s p i k e camps w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d throughout t h e F o r e s t and a network o f t r a i l s was begun. IXlring t h e next n i n e o r t e n y e a r s t h e p r e s e n t network o f t r a i l s was completed i n t h e Fores t .

Very few new t r a i l s have been c o n s t r u c t e d s i n c e t h e CCC program ended a t t h e beg inn ing o f World War 11, and many o f t h e o l d t r a i l s c o n s t r u c t e d by t h e CCC have n o t been mainta ined. l b o f a c t o r s brought about t h i s g r a d u a l r e d u c t i o n i n t h e F o r e s t t r a i l s . The f i r s t was t h e s h o r t a g e o f manpower and funds d u r i n g World War I1 and immediately t h e r e a f t e r . The second was t h e mechanization o f F o r e s t S e r v i c e a c t i v i t i e s . The horse p a t r o l was r e p l a c e d by v e h i c l e s and a i r p l a n e s . IXlring t h e CCC per iod road c o n s t r u c t i o n was pushed forward, opening up l a r g e a r e a s o f t h e F o r e s t t o v e h i c u l a r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . With t h e new r o a d s came a change i n p u b l i c use of t h e F o r e s t . In t h e o l d days t h e emphasis was on pack t r i p s , us ing t h e t r a i l s t o reach remote hun t ing and f i s h i n g l o c a t i o n s . The r o a d s b r o u g h t i n d a y u s e f o r p i c n i c k i n g and car-camping i n e s t a b l i s h e d campgrounds a long o r a t t h e ends o f roads .

F o r e s t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n has evolved from t h e day o f t h e I n d i a n h ik ing along t r a i l s th rough t h e F o r e s t t o hun t o r t r a d e t o t h e u s e of v e h i c l e s and h e l i c o p t e r s , b u t t h e r e c r e a t i o n i s t s t i l l h i k e s a long t h e t r a i l s t o camp and e n j o y t h e w i l d e r n e s s exper ience. T h i s e x p e r i e n c e i s sought by many a s an escape from a world t r a v e l i n g a t a d i z z y pace w i t h l i t t l e room f o r s o l i t u d e and r e c r e a t i o n i n r e s t f u l surroundings .

2.4.3 C i v i l i a n Conserva t ion Corps Eka

I n t h e e a r l y 1930 ' s w i t h t h e g r e a t d e p r e s s i o n i n f u l l swing, l a r g e numbers o f men were unemployed. S e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t programs w e r e developed t o p u t t h e s e men back t o work.

In Nat ional F o r e s t s t h e NIRA program was a n e a r l y example. N I R A was t h e acronym f o r t h e Na t iona l I n d u s t r i a l Recovery A c t . The North Coast Ridge Road on t h e Monterey Ranger Distr ic t was c o n s t r u c t e d through t h e NTRA program, w i t h F o r e s t S e r v i c e pat rolman Ralph Rhyne p r o v i d i n g superv i s ion . Cold S p r i n g Campground i s one of s e v e r a l on t h e Monterey Ranger District which d a t e from t h e NIFU e r a . F u r t h e r s o u t h , a NIFU work camp was set up on Manzana c r e e k i n t h e San Rafael Mountains, a t t h e end of t h e new road being c o n s t r u c t e d from Cachuma Saddle northward. The work camp was l o c a t e d a t a campground t h e n known a s Manzana Camp, b u t a f t e r t h e work camp was set up a t t h a t l o c a t i o n peop le began t o c a l l t h e a r e a NIRA. That campground h a s been c a l l e d Ni ra e v e r s i n c e . About f i v e m i l e s up Manzana Creek a new camps i te was c o n s t r u c t e d by t h e C i v i l i a n Conservat ion Corps; t h a t campground was t h e new Manzana Camp.

The CCC was t h e b e s t known of t h e s p e c i a l programs e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h i n t h e Fores t . Numerous main camps. w e r e set up, t h e n a s s p e c i a l p r o j e c t s provided a need f o r a temporary camp n e a r t h e work a r e a , " s p i k e camps" w e r e set up. The U.S. Army was i n c h a r g e o f t h e day-to-day l o g i s t i c s o f m a i n t a i n i n g t h e camps, w h i l e t h e work program c a r r i e d o u t by t h e men ass igned t o t h e camp was under t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e F o r e s t Serv ice . It i s beyond t h e s c c p e o f t h i s overview t o g o i n t o a d e t a i l e d account of t h e l o c a t i o n s of t h e camps and t h e numerous p r o j e c t s t h a t w e r e c a r r i e d o u t under t h e CCC program. The v a r i o u s camp l o c a t i o n s are l i s t e d i n a manuscr ipt on f i l e i n t h e Los Padres Na t iona l F o r e s t S u p e r v i s o r ' s O f f i c e . Fvidence o f t h e e x i s t e n c e o f i n d i v i d u a l camps i s s c a r c e , marked by a chimney i n one l o c a t i o n and perhaps a s t o n e founda t ion i n ano ther . More obv ious a r e t h e m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f t h e p r o j e c t work c a r r i e d o u t by t h e CCC.

The Arroyo S e c o - I n d i a n s Road on t h e Monte rey Ranger D i s t r i c t and t h e E?acimiento-Ferguson Road w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d p a r t i a l l y w i t h CCC l a b o r , and t h e p r e s e n t Distr ic t o f f i c e a t King C i t y i s a n example of CCC c o n s t r u c t i o n . Perhaps more e s t h e t i c a l l y p l e a s i n g i s t h e evidence of t h e CCC camp a t Arroyo Seco, which i n c l u d e s f i n e s t o n e c ra f t smansh ip i n t h e form of s t o n e w a l l s . According t o a former Los Padres employee whose g r a n d f a t h e r worked on t h e s t o n e s t r u c t u r e s a t Arroyo Seco, t h e CCC members t h e r e considered themselves craf tsman and t o o k g r e a t p r i d e i n t h e i r work. (89)

On t h e S a n t a Barbara Ranger District t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Camuesa and Buckhorn Roads w a s p r o b a b l y t h e CCC p r o j e c t t h a t had t h e most l a s t i n g i n f l u e n c e o n t h i s p o r t i o n of t h e F o r e s t . The Euckhorn Road connected t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e F o r e s t w i t h t h e Cuyama Va l l ey . It p u t a n end t o t h e u s e o f t h e Mono-Alamar pack t r a i l , which p r e v i o u s l y had been t h e main t r a i l . c r o s s i n g t h e F o r e s t . The Madulce and Mono-Pendola Ranger S t a t i o n s were n o l o n g e r o n t h e main t r a i l and soon f e l l i n t o d i s u s e . New s t a t i o n s were b u i l t a t L i t t l e P i n e , B lu f f Camp and Alamar Saddle . Today, b o t h t h e L i t t l e P i n e and t h e Alamar S t a t i o n s a r e gone. E e a r s d e s t r o y e d t h e Alamar S t a t i o n and human vanda l i sm caused s o much damage t o t h e L i t t l e P i n e "Happy Hollow" S t a t i o n t h a t t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e f i r l a l l y c r u s h e d and burned it. The s i te o f F l u f f Camp S t a t i o n w a s o n e o f t h e t empora ry s p i k e camps used b y t h e CCC w h i l e t h e y were c o n s t r u c t i n g t h e road .and t h e t r a i l s i n t h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e F o r e s t . Now, i n 1984, t h e s t a t i o n is used b y t r a i l crews, s t u d y programs., and t h e i n t e r a g e n c y Condor R e c w e r y Team when t h e y are working i n t h i s part o f t h e . F o r e s t .

A f t e r t h e Buckhorn Road w a s comple ted down S a n t a E a r b a r a Canyon, t h e road crew s t a r t e d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e S i e r r a m d r e Road. T h i s road was t o run a c r o s s t h e t o p o f t h e S i e r r a Madre Mountains from Highway 166 on t h e w e s t t o S a n t a Ea rba ra Canyon and t h e Cuyama V a l l e y o n t h e e a s t . P a r t s of t h e road were c o n s t r u c t e d , s t a r t i n g a t e a c h e n d , b u t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f World W a r I1 b r o u g h t a n end t o both t h e cCC: and t h e road. When the e a s t e r n end reached Vontgcmery P o t r e r o and t h e w e s t e r n end r e a c h e d ~ c P h e r s o n Peak, work o n t h e r o a d s t o p p e d . I n t h e 1950 ' s a d o z e r t r a i l was pushed th rough t o c o n n e c t t h e two e n d s , and f i n a l l y i n t h e 1960 ' s t.he p r e s e n t r o a d w a s comple ted . The F a t e s Canyon and La Brea Canyon b ranch r o a d s w e r e a l s o c o n s t r u c t e d by t h e CCC.

Another program p r o v i d i n g work d u r i n g t h e d e p r e s s i o n was t h e Works P r o g r e s s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (WPA). Most o f t h e p r o j e c t s unde r t aken b y t h i s depa r tmen t were i n t h e u rban sector, b u t i n t h e San ta Ea rba ra a r e a t h e y under took t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a road f r m S a n t a Ea rba ra t o t h e t o p of t h e S a n t a Ynez F o u n t a i n s and down t o G i b r a l t a r R e s e r v o i r on t h e San ta Ynez R i v e r . T h i s r o a d , now known as G i b r a l t a r Road, was a t f i r s t c a l l e d Depress ion Dr ive .

Some w e a l t h y c i t i z e n s i n t h e community c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e fund t o c o n s t r u c t a road a long t h e t o p of t h e S a n t a Ynez Mountains from Refug io P a s s t o Romero Sadd le and down t h e n o r t h s i d e o f t h e San ta Ynez Mountains t o what was t h e n known as Bear Camp ancl i s now known as J u n c a l Campground. T h i s is t h e r o u t e o f t h e r o a d known a s Camino C i e l o . A l a r g e CCC camp w a s e s t a b l i s h e d a t t h i s l o c a t i o n t o f u r n i s h l a b o r f o r p r o j e c t s i n t h e upper p o r t i o n o f t h e S a n t a Ynez R i v e r wa te r shed .

The r i d g e road p r o j e c t s t a r t e d a t t h e t o p of San Marcos P a s s and proceeded e a s t e r l y , p a s s i n g t h e s i te o f t h e George Owen Knapp Lodge. Mr. Knapp c o n t r i b u t e d a l a r g e p a r t of t h e f i n a n c e s f o r t h i s p o r t i o n of t h e road s i n c e it would b e n e f i t him i n r e a c h i n g h i s lodge. The road con t inued e a s t e r l y t o La Cumbre Peak and a s h o r t d i s t a n c e beyond jo ined t h e Depress ion Drive ( G i b r a l t a r Road). Cons t ruc t ion con t inued e a s t f o r some t e n m i l e s u n t i l it reached Romero Sadd le where it i n t e r s e c t e d a road be ing b u i l t up t h e sou th s i d e of t h e S a n t a Ynez Mountains from ~ o m e r o Canyon ( b a c k o f Montec i to ) . Next it descended t h e n o r t h f a c e o f t h e San ta Ynez Mountains u n t i l it crossed t h e r i v e r a t J u n c a l Campground. F e r e it jo ined a c o n t i n u a t i o n of t h e Camuesa Road which r a n up t o J u n c a l Dam. T h i s road was l a t e r pushed through M u r i e t t a Sadd le and down t h e M u r i e t t a Fork o f M a t i l i j a Creek t o Highway 33 and O j a i . Almost a l l o f t h i s road c o n s t r u c t i o n was done e i t h e r by hand wi th p i c k , shove l and wheelbarrow, o r w i t h a s m a l l s team s h o v e l and s m a l l dump t r u c k s . A t t h e v e r y end a s m a l l c a b l e d o z e r was added t o t h e working equ ipnen t used on t h e p r o j e c t . It was one o f t h e f i r s t u s e s o f t h i s new-fangled t r a c t o r d o z e r t h a t was j u s t beginning t o b e used on d i r t moving p r o j e c t s .

I n t h e San Lu i s Obispo a r e a r o a d s were c o n s t r u c t e d i n t o t h e upper p o r t i o n o f t h e watershed of t h e S a l i n a s River and i n t o t h e Pozo and La Panza a r e a of t h e Santa Lucia Ranger District. The accomplishments o f t h e CCC program i n t h i s p o r t i o n of t h e F o r e s t are v e r y p o o r l y documented; t h e r e i s a need f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h on CCC p r o j e c t s and t h e i r l o c a t i o n s .

I n a n o t h e r p o r t i o n of t h e S a n t a Lucia Ranger D i s t r i c t , n e a r t h e e n t r a n c e t o t h e San F a f a e l Wilderness , a CCC camp was e s t a b l i s h e d on t h e f l a t a t Sunse t Va l l ey . The e n r o l l e e s working o u t of t h e Sunse t Val ley Camp w e r e involved i n s u c h a c t i v i t i e s a s c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a road u p t h e Manzana t o Lost Va l l ey . O r i g i n a l l y , t h i s road was planned t o j o i n , o t h e r arms o f t h e F o r e s t road system; c o n t r o v e r s y o v e r i t s a p p r o p r i a t e n e s s r e s u l t e d i n c o n s t r u c t i o n b e i n g h a l t e d a t t h e Hur r i cane Deck. Today, Iost Val ley R a i l p a r t i a l l y f o l l o w s t h e r o u t e o f t h e o l d road. Evidence o f t h e camp b u i l d i n g s a t Sunset Va l l ey i s l i m i t e d t o meager s t o n e founda t ions .

The Sunse t Va l l ey CCC Camp was a s s o c i a t e d wi th a n important e p i s o d e i n development o f t h e F o r e s t ' s a r c h e o l o g i c a l r ecord . D.B. Rogers, a r c h e o l o g i s t w i t h t h e San ta Barbara Museum o f ~ a t u r a l H i s t o r y , ar ranged f o r a geographer , Milton Snow, t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e r o c k p a i n t i n g s known t o e x i s t i n t h e Hurr icane Deck a r e a . Snow made h i s base a t t h e Sunse t Va l l ey camp and used s e v e r a l e n r o l l e e s a s a i d e s i n h i s t r e k s i n t o P o t r e r o Canyon, F a l l s Canyon, and L o s t Va l l ey . H e a l s o excavated w i t h i n a p r e h i s t o r i c cemetery d i scovered dur ing d i g g i n g o f a t r a s h dump f o r t h e camp. H i s r e p o r t and photographs o f t h e rock p a i n t i n g s i n t h e a r e a were t h e e a r l i e s t i n d i c a t i o n s of t h e g r e a t c u l t u r a l v a l u e o f t h e Hurr icane Deck a r e a .

I n a d d i t i o n t o roads on t h e San ta Earbara and Santa Lucia Ranger Districts, s t a n d i n g examples o f CCC c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e s e a r e a s i n c l u d e t h e P i n e Canyon S t a t i o n b u i l d i n g s and some of t h e b u i l d i n g s a t Los P r i e t o s Ranger S t a t i o n .

Within t h e O j a i Ranger D . i s t r i c t , CCC camps were e s t a b l i s h e d a t Rose V a l l e y and S i s a r Canyon. These camps were a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a road from Rose Va l l ey t o Nordhoff Peak, a c r o s s t h e t o p of t h e r i d g e toward Topatopa Peak, and down S i s a r Carlyon t o Highway 154, a p r o j e c t v e r y s i m i l a r t o Camino C i e l 0 on t h e San ta Barbara Ranger District . The P i e d r a Blanca Camp n e a r Rose Valley'was known for its dr iver crew made up e n t i r e l y o f black youths.

2.4.4 Major Road C o n s t r u c t i o n - Highway 1 and Highway 33

While t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e r o a d s i n t h e F o r e s t were c o n s t r u c t e d d u r i n g t h e CCC p e r i o d , two r o a d s w h i c h h a v e had s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t s on t h e F o r e s t ' s development were n o t CCC! p r o j e c t s , though t h e y were c o n s t r u c t e d a t a b o u t t h e same time. These were Highway 1, a long t h e Big Sur c o a s t , and ' ~ i ~ h w a y 33, which connected t h e V e n t i ~ r a a r e a w i t h t h e i n t e r i o r v a l l e y s .

Highway 1 w a s c o n s t r u c t e d i n t h e 1 9 3 0 ' s b y t h e S t a t e o f ~ a l i f o r n i a . Cons t ruc t ion a l o n g t h e Big Sur c o a s t was a n ambi t ious p r o j e c t , w i t h b l a s t i n g th rough rock r e q u i r e d a t v a r i o u s p o i n t s . Loca l s remember t h a t some c o n v i c t l a b o r was used, and t h a t t h e r e was a road camp a t Kirk Creek, where a F o r e s t S e r v i c e campground o p e r a t e s today . Lloyd Junge, son of John Junge who b u i l t t h e h i s t o r i c P a c i f i c Va l l ey Cabin, d r o v e a g a s o l i n e t r u c k from Cambria t o supp ly t h e road crews. ( 8 3 )

The impacts of Highway 1 c o n s t r u c t i o n a long t h e pig Sur c o a s t on t h e Na t iona l F o r e s t w e r e n o t f e l t u n t i l t h e e a r l y 1960 's . A f t e r t h e l a n d i n t e r c h a n g e th rough which t h e Forest: S e r v i c e acqu i red much of t h e sou the rn Monterey County c o a s t from t h e U.S. A~my i n 1957, Highway 1 became t h e a u r i c l e f o r mass q u a n t i t i e s of r e c r e a t i o n a l v i s i t o r s t o t h e a r e a .

One o f t h e r o a d s t h a t h a s had t h e g r e a t e s t impact on t h e back c o u n t r y of Ventura County was begun1 p r i o r t o t h e CCC program. This was t h e Maricopa Road ( p r e s e n t Highway 33) which was opened b y a s p e c i a l program h e l d on October 22, 193 3.

During t h e Hispanic p e r i o d i n Ventura County f a m i l i e s such a s t h e Reyes and Or tegas moved i n t o t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f t h e coun ty t o e s t a b l i s h ranchos . Due t o t h e i r i s o l a t i o n , c a t t l e and h o r s e s were t h e products most e a s i l y moved t o market . L a t e r , w i t h t h e end o f t h e g o l d r u s h i n n o r t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , some o f t h e miners began t o move s o u t h and a number o f them were drawn t o t h e Cuyama V a l l e y and su r round ing a r e a o f n o r t h e r n Ventura County where t h e y took up homestead c lpims. For t h e s e peop le t o c m m u n i c a t e wi th t h e i r county s e a t of government, it was n e c e s s a r y t o make a week-long t r i p o v e r t h e Camino V i e j o and down t h e San ta Cla1:a River t o r e a c h San Buenaventura, t h e county s e a t of government. I n t h e 1890 's t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e Cuyama Val ley p e t i t i o n e d t h e

. board of s u p e r v i s o r s f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a good t r a i l from t h e Cuyama Val ley t o t h e c o a s t . T:he s u p e r v i s o r s a u t h o r i z e d t h e county su rveyor , John A . E a r r y , t o under take a su rvey f o r a t r a i l a v e r which t h e r a n c h e r s cou ld d r i v e t h e i r s t o c k t o market . T h i s i t e m o f news i s found i n t h e "Ventura Free P r e s s " of August 11, 1890:

"County Surveyor, John E a r r y , w i t h J. W i l l e t t and J. B e l l a h , who a r e l o c a t i n g t h e Cuyama T r a i l from Ventura , r e t u r n e d t o town Sa tu rday a f t e r n o o n , h o t , t i r e d , d u s t y and o u t o f g rub . They r e p o r t t h e Cuyama Val ley f o l k s a s t u r n i n g o u t e n masse, and tvorking l i k e beavers , c u t t i n g b r u s h , etc."

M r . Ba r ry c a n p l e t e d h i s su rvey , b u t t h i s d i d n o t sett le t h e q u e s t i o n a s t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e Cuyama con t inued t o p r e s s f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a road t o

. .. r e p l a c e t h e t r a i l t o t h e i r v a l l e y . I n t h e "Ventura F r e e P r e s s " f o r August 21,

1890, was a n e d i t o r i a l "The Road t o t h e Cuyama" i n which it was r e p o r t e d t h a t s u c h a road cou ld b e c o n s t r u c t e d f o r $1 5,000, o f which some $4,000 had been s u b s c r i b e d . It r e p o r t e d t h e d i s c o v e r y o f a l e d g e o f gypsum o f s u p e r i o r q u a l i t y i n t h e a r e a t h a t c o u l d be mined i f a d e q u a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o market c o u l d b e p rov ided f o r t h e o r e .

A g i t a t i o n f o r a road con t inued , b o t h £ ran t h e Cuyama p e o p l e and from t h o s e i n t h e B a k e r s f i e l d a r e a . On August 18, 1891, t h e "Ventura Free Press" pub l i shed t h e fo l lowing :

"The wagon road from Nordhoff t o t h e Cuyama, surveyed by Wal ter L. Ha l l and pronounced by competent e n g i n e e r s a s b e i n g o n e of t h e b e s t su rveys ever , made wer t h e mountain, a road which w i l l open t h e s h o r t e s t r o u t e from B a k e r s f i e l d t o t h e coas t must be bui l t , so say the Kern County Eoard of S u p e r v i s o r s . "

It was n o t u n t i l 191 2 t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e road began t o draw new a t t e n t i o n . With t h e development o f o i l r e s o u r c e s i n Kern County, t h e peop le o f Ventura and Kern Count ies pu t f u r t h e r p r e s s u r e on t h e l e g i s l a t u r e . In 191 3 a b i l l was passed s t a t i n g t h a t t h e road would become a p a r t o f t h e S t a t e Highway System when canp le ted .

The f i r s t s t e p toward b r ing ing t h i s abou t was t h e fo rmat ion o f a highway d i s t r i c t . Th i s was s t a r t e d i n 1926 when T. G. Gabber t , s u p e r v i s o r of Ventura County, J. I. Wagy, s u p e r v i s o r of Kern County, and Sam J . Stanwood, s u p e r v i s o r o f San ta Earbara County, m e t i n Ventura t o o r g a n i z e t h e d i s t r i c t . It was agreed by t h e boards of s u p e r v i s o r s t h a t t h e r a t i o s o f f i n a n c i a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n would b e 46% Ventura County, 36% Kern County, and 18% San ta Barbara County. S i x c o n t r a c t s w e r e l e t by t h e d i s t r i c t and t h r e e by t h e Federa l Government. "The p o r t i o n o f t h e road through t h e N a t i o n a l F o r e s t b e i n g b u i l t by t h e F e d e r a l Government under c o n t r a c t s l e t by t h e Bureau of P u b l i c Roads, th rough c o o p e r a t i v e agreements e n t e r e d i n t o between t h e S e c r e t a r y o f A g r i c u l t u r e and t h e J o i n t Highway District . ??unds f o r t h e s e s e c t i o n s were f u r n i s h e d by t h e Uni ted S t a t e s F o r e s t r y S e r v i c e and by t h e d i s t r i c t , w i t h t h e S t a t e o f C a l i f o r n i a matching funds £ran t h e t h r e e c o u n t i e s of t h e d i s t r i c t . " ( 6 4 )

The f i n a l s e c t i o n o f t h e road t o b e completed was known a s t h e Sespe S e c t i o n and c o n s i s t e d of 17.5 miles w i t h i n t h e Na t iona l F o r e s t . Th i s s e c t i o n was t h r o u g h t h e Sespe Gorge and was c o n s t r u c t e d b y Sharp and Fellows C o n t r a c t i n g Company f o r t h e sum o f $586,664.31. The c o n t r a c t was l e t i n Q c t o b e r of 1932, and t h e road was completed i n October of 1933.

On December 15 , 1933, t h e e n t i r e highway was c e r t i f i e d a s completed by t h e boa rd o f d i r e c t o r s o f t h e d i s t r i c t t o t h e S t a t e o f C a l i f o r n i a . On June 26 , 1934, t h e S t a t e of C a l i f o r n i a Highway Commission a c c e p t e d t h e e n t i r e road . A b a r b e c u e was h e l d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e comple t ion and a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e r o a d . It i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t more t h a n 35,000 p e o p l e a t t e n d e d t h e g a t h e r i n g h e l d a t t h e Wagy Ranch i n t h e u p p e r Cuyama Va l l ey . The i n v i t a t i o n s t a t e d , "Leave your p u r s e a t home, b u t b r i n g your t a b l e t o o l s . " A Span i sh o r c h e s t r a , s i n g i n g and d a n c i n g by Span i sh e n t e r t a i n e r s , and s p e e c h e s b y t h e d i s t i n g u i s h e d g u e s t s made it a v e r y e n j o y a b l e c e l e b r a t i o n o f t h e cample t ion o f t h e long s o u g h t - a f t e r Maricopzi Road. An a r t i c l e i n t h e R e g i o n 5 p u b l i c a t i o n , " C a l i f o r n i a Ranger" (November 3 , 1933) s t a t e d :

"It i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t 25 t r a f f i c o f f i c e r s went comple te 'cucoo' a t t e m p t i n g t o p u t two l i n e s o f cars o v e r a one-way r o a d a t t h e r . a t e of 10,000 i n 10 hours . However, t h i s w a s f i n a l l y a c c m p l i s h e d wer a one-mile s t r e t c h . It i s t h o u g h t t h a t t h e c o p s w i l l r e c o v e r ."

Also h e l p i n g t o make t h e a f t e r n o o n e n j o y a b l e were t h e v i c t u a l s p rov ided . The same C a l i f o r n i a Ranger a r t i c l e d e s c r i b e d t h e s c e n e a s f o l l o w s .

"The day was warm. The crowd w a s t i r e d and t h i r s t y and hungry . It d rank 13,776 b o t t l e s o f be.er and 5,000 b o t t l e s of soda pop. It consumed 4-1/2 t o n s o f s t e a k s , 900 g a l l o n s of c h i l i b e a n s and 1,000 l o a v e s of b r e a d . F i n a l l y i t l i s t e n e d t o no less t h a n 2 5 s p e e c h e s by p rominen t c i t i z e n s , l ooked i n o n a l o c a l t a l e n t rodeo and w i t n e s s e d some e x c e l l e n t Span i sh danc ing and s i n g i n g ."

P d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e p l ann ing and c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e ~ a r i c o p a Road i s i n c l u d e d i n t h e p e r s o n a l a r c h i v e s o f M r . E i l l F r i end of Ventura . The F r i e n d c o l l e c t i o n c o n t a i n s h i s t o r i c a l d o c u m e n t s a n d p h o t o g r a p h s o f t h e Maricopa Road p l a n n i n g and c o n s t r u c t i o n .

2.4.5 Communication

When t h e f i r s t reserves were e s t a b l i s h e d , m a i l was t h e o n l y means of communication between r a n g e r d i s t r i c t s and t h e F o r e s t S u p e r v i s o r . Each r a n g e r had t o make a t l e a s t one t r i p per month t o t h e n e a r e s t p o s t o f f i c e t o send i n h i s d a i l y l o g and o t h e r r e p o r t s . I n some c a s e s it t o o k two d a y s t o make t h e t r i p i n and o u t , and l o n g e r i n i n c l e m e n t wea the r . The need f o r a s p e e d i e r means o f communicat io l~ was soon e v i d e n t , b u t d i d n o t t a k e p l a c e u n t i l t h e CCC p e r i o d . The F o r e s t S e r v i c e and t h e CCC boys b u i l t m i l e s and m i l e s o f t e l e p h o n e l i n e o v e r v e r y d i f f i c u l t t e r r a i n . These l i n e s o f t e n were p u t o u t o f commission due t o l i g h t n i n g s t r i k e s , wind and i n some c a s e s f i r e .

I n 1934 t h e u s e o f a new means of c a m u n i c a t i o n , t h e r a d i o , was j u s t beg inn ing . Raymond R i c h a r t had worked f o r t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e a s a summer p a t r o l m a n i n 1916-17-18 and i n 1934 was back i n t h e CCC program a t t h e end of t h e g r e a t d e p r e s s i o n . A t t h a t t i m e h e h e l d a n amateu r r a d i o l i c e n s e and t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e was j u s t b e g i n n i n g t o show i n t e r e s t i n t h i s means o f c o m u n i c a t i o n . "My f i r s t r a d i o i n s t a l l a t i o n w i t h t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e was i n Fappy Canyon f o r a F o r e s t S e r v i c e road crew camp. The camp o p e r a t e d w i t h a camp o p e r a t e d b y A 1 Nolder on t h e stanwood p r o p e r t y o n t o p o f t h e San Marcos Pass." ( 6 5 ) I n 1935 R i c h a r t b u i l t r a d i o s i n t h e o l d Los P a d r e s S u p r v i s o r ' s O f f i c e i n t h e basement o f t h e Old F e d e r a l B u i l d i n g a t Anacapa and De La Guerra S t r e e t s . Ray wrote, "The r e c e i v e r s we c o n s t r u c t e d were b e t t e r t h a n any on t h e m a r k e t a t t h a t t i m e . T h i s , o f c o u r s e , p u t a f e a t h e r i n my c a p and Nash-Boulden made m e a s t a f f member i n c h a r g e o f r a d i o c m m u n i c a t i o n . Tha t p o s i t i o n I h e l d f o r n e a r l y twen ty y e a r s and under t h r e e s u p e r v i s o r s . " ( 6 6 )

The r a d i o made t h e t e l e p h o n e o b s o l e t e , and t h e phone l i n e s th roughou t t h e F o r e s t were a l l o w e d t o f a l l i n t o d i s r e p a i r . Now, most o f t h e o l d l i n e s have b e e n removed. O c c a s i o n a l l y i f you l o o k i n t h e p i n e trees a l o n g t h e r o u t e o f o n e o f t h e s e o l d l i n e s , you w i l l see a small w h i t e i n s u l a t o r s t i l l e x t e n d i n g f r m t h e s i d e o f a t r u n k . Examples o f t h e t e l e p h o n e s used a r e housed t o d a y i n t h e Los P a d r e s Resea rch Archives .

No p o r t i o n o f t h e F o r e s t is beyond t h e r ange o f t h e modern r a d i o a i d e d by r e p e a t e r s t a t i o n s . T h i s h a s g r e a t l y f a c i l i t a t e d communication. I t is e s p e c i a l l y e s s e n t i a l d u r i n g a f i r e t o b e a b l e to communicate q u i c k l y w i t h a l l t h o s e i n v o l v e d i n i t s s u p p r e s s i o n . Connnunication h a s come a l o n g way s i n c e t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e F o r e s t Reserves.

2.4.6 F i r e

F i r e i s n o t new t o t h e c h a p a r r a l and f o r e s t s o f s o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a . In J .P. H a r r i n g t o n ' s n o t e s f rom i n t e r v i e w s w i t h t h e Chumash, h e m e n t i o n s t h a t f i r e w a s u sed t o clear away t h e b rush and improve t h e h u n t i n g and food-ga the r ing p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f areas a l o n g t h e c o a s t a l p l a i n . Governor A r r i l a g a i s s u e d a n o r d e r t o t h e m i s s i o n s on May 31, 1798, s e t t i n g f o r t h punishment f o r I n d i a n neophy tes s h o u l d t h e y b e c o n v i c t e d o f s t a r t i n g a b r u s h f i r e .

During H i s p a n i c t i m e s f i r e s o f t e n swept a c r o s s t h e Sou the rn C a l i f o r n i a moun ta ins b u r n i n g e v e r y t h i n g i n t h e i r p a t h s . The f i r e s u s u a l l y c o n t i n u e d u n t i l t h e w i n t e r r a i n s came o r t h e y reached a n a r e a burned by a n earl ier f i r e . I n abou t 1823 Richa rd Henry Dana r e c o r d e d a g r e a t f i r e t h a t swept t h e moun ta ins n e a r S a n t a Barbara . A l f r e d Robinson i n "Life i n C a l i f o r n i a " gave t h e f o l l o w i n g d e s c r i p t i o n o f a f i r e :

"About t h i s t i m e we w e r e much alarmed, i n consequence o f t h e b u r n i n g o f t h e woods upon t h e mounta ins . For s e v e r a l d a y s t h e smoke had been s e e n t o rise frcm t h e d i s t a n t h i 1 1s o f S t . Buenaven tu ra , and g r a d u a l l y approach San ta Ea rba ra . A t l a s t i t reached t h e c o n f i n e s of t h e s e t t l e m e n t and endangered t h e f i e l d s o f g r a i n and t h e ga rdens . Soon it s p r e a d low upon t h e h i l l s , a n d n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g a s t r o n g w e s t e r l y wind w a s b lowing, t h e f l a m e s t r a v e l l e d s w i f t 1 y t o windward, consuming e v e r y t h i n g i n t h e i r course ." ( 6 7 )

Between 1860 arid 1880 t h e Americans moved i n t o C a l i f o r n i a i n i n c r e a s i n g numbers. They began t o c u l t i v a t e t h e v a l l e y s which had been used a s c a t t l e r a n g e s d u r i n g t h e Rancho e r a . ~ u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d o f t i m e numerous g r e a t f i r e s r a g e d i.n t h e moun ta ins . They were s t a r t e d i n s e v e r a l ways: s h e e p h e r d e r s c l e a r i n g b rush as t h e y l e f t t h e mounta ins i n t h e f a l l s o t h e r e would be g r e e n g r a s s t h e n e x t summer upon t h e i r r e t u r n ; campers and h u n t e r s . b e i n g c a r e l e s s w i t h c a m p f i r e s ; f a r m e r s bu rn ing b rush t o clear l a n d i n t h e f o o t h i l l s ; and i n a few cases l i g h t n i n g s t r i k e s . The e f f e c t s o f t h e s e f i r e s were f e l t m o s t l y b y t h e f a r m e r s i n t h e va : l leys due t o f l o o d i n g o f t h e l a n d a f t e r t h e f a l l and w i n t e r r a i n s , and t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f w a t e r s h e d s which p rov ided w a t e r f o r i r r i g a t i o n .

" F i r e s i n t h e Mountains"

"Someone w h o ' h ~ a s n o r e g a r d f o r t h e r i g h t s o f anyone, and who d e f i e s t h e l a o r and t h e vengeance o f a n o u t r a g e d p e o p l e , h a s l e t f i r e g e t o u t on t h e mounta ins t o t h e n o r t h o f town. W e are n o t s u r e , c o n s i d e r i n g a l l t h e consequences a t t e n d i n g s u c h n e e d l e s s f i r e s , b u t t h a t hanging is t o o m i l d a p e n a l t y f o r l e t t i n g o u t t h e s e f i r e s i n t h e mounta ins . The man who d o e s it f o r f e i t s h i s r i g h t s and d e s e r v e s t o s u f f e r . " ( 6 8 )

I n t h e 1800 ' s a c r y w a s r a i s e d by f a r m e r s and c o n s e r v a t i o n i s t s f o r some means o f c o n t r o l l i n g w i l d f i r e s . T h i s e v e n t u a l l y l e d t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e f o r e s t r e s e r v e s i n s o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a . The mounta in l a n d s were set a s i d e a s reserves t o p r o t e c t t h e wa te r shed and r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s were e s t a b l i s h e d t o a d m i n i s t e r t h e s e r e s e r v e s . The new o r g a n i z a t i o n which became t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e was e s t a b l i s h e d t o p a t r o l t h e reserves and see t h a t t h e rules and r e g u l a t i o n s were p u t i n f o r c e and t h a t whenever p o s s i b l e f i r e was suppressed .

A c c u r a t e r e c o r d s have been k e p t o f t h e f i r e s o c c u r r i n g o n t h e F o r e s t s i n c e 191 0. These r e c o r d s a r e on f i l e i n t h e Los P a d r e s S u p e r v i s o r ' s O f f i c e .

Throughout t h e y e a r s s i n c e t h e reserves were e s t a b l i s h e d , some f i r e s have been o u t s t a n d i n g i n s i z e a n d d e s t r u c t i v e f o r c e . I n J u n e o f 1917 t h e Mat i l i j a -Whee le r S p r i n g s f i r e burned f o r f i v e d a y s and n i g h t s o v e r more t h a n 30,000 a c r e s . T h i s f i r e swept o u t of t h e N a t i o n a l F o r e s t behind t h e town o f O j a i . A number o f b u i l d i n g s , homes and b a r n s i n t h e town were d e s t r o y e d . I n 1919 t h e Tujunga f i r e s t a r t e d on t h e Los P a d r e s and burned i n t o t h e F n g e l e s N a t i o n a l F o r e s t w i t h t h e l o s s o f some 80,000 a c r e s o f wa te r shed . I n 1921 t h e Branch Canyon f i r e burned 10,000 acres and t h e Eig P i n e f i r e burned wer 15,000 a c r e s . I n 1922 t h e K e l l y Canyon Eire of 100,000 a c r e s t o o k o v e r 30 d a y s t o c a n p l e t e l y c o n t r o l , and i n 1928 t h e A l i s o Canyon f i r e t o o k I d days and burned 43,000 a c r e s .

One of t h e l a r g e s t f i r e s i n s o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a was. t h e Pa t i l i j a F i r e . It b r o k e o u t on September 7, 1932, and was f i r s t s i g h t e d a b o u t 8:00 a . m . by a p a r t y o n Sulphur Mountain. The f i r e was l a t e r r e p o r t e d by t h e La Cumbre Lookout a t 10:OO a.m. T h i s l o o k o u t i s some 21 m i l e s away and t h e smoke had t o rise t o a n e l e v a t i o n of 2,900 f e e t t o t o p t h e i n t e r v e n i n g r i d g e s . A d e n s e b l a n k e t o f f o g a l o n g t h e c o a s t a l p l a i n a c t e d a s a background and p r e v e n t e d . t h e Reyes Peak Lookout frcm s e e i n g t h e f i r e a l t h o u g h it w a s o n l y f i v e m i l e s away.

A t 10: 06 Ranger Baxter o r d e r e d 3 5 men from O j a i and a d d i t i o n a l men and materials from S a n t a Ea rba ra . The f i r s t men o n t h e f i r e t r a v e l e d 13 m i l e s b y a u t o and f i v e b y hor seback and r eached t h e f i r e a t noon. A t t h i s t i m e t h e f i r e had burned a b o u t 300 acres. They checked t h e p o i n t o f o r i g i n f o r t h e c a u s e and found f o o t p r i n t s b u t n o t enough e v i d e n c e t o b e c o n c l u s i v e . qr 2:30 men began a r r i v i n g on t h e f i r e l i n e . U n t i l .4:00 p.m. t h e f i r e r e a c t e d normal ly w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 m i l e s o f l i n e c o n s t r u c t e d and 600 acres burned .

A sudden change i n c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e fire area caused a s u r g e which s p r e a d t h e f i r e s o u t h e a s t to s o u t h w e s t v e r y r a p i d l y , c o n t i n u i n g u n t i l 12:OO p.m., b u r n i n g approx ima te ly 20,000 acres, and r e a c h i n g a t o t a l a c r e a g e a t daybreak o f a round 23,000 acres. It was concluded t h a t t h e f i r e g a s e s r i s i n g a g a i n s t t h e b u r n i n g r i d g e caused a i r c i r c u l a t i o n t h a t f i n a l l y r eached c y c l o n i c p r o p o r t i o n s . A l l d u r i n g t h e day t h e f i r e c o n t i n u e d t o s p r e a d , and i n t h e even ing t h e crews were a l l p u l l e d b a c k t o r e o r g a n i z e . T h a t even ing f i r e was r e p o r t e d coming o v e r D i v i d e Peak and s p r e a d i n g i n t o t h e J u n c a l area and a l s o t o Coyote Creek.

On t h e morning o f September 8 t h a n a i r p l a n e was b r o u g h t i n f o r o b s e r v a t i o n work, and more men and e q u i p n e n t came i n . A s o u t h l i n e was e s t a b l i s h e d , b u t t h e o t h e r areas were too dangerous t o a t t e m p t t o send i n c r e w s b e c a u s e t h e f i r e was s p r e a d i n g too f a s t i n t h e rugged t e r r a i n . A t 2:00 p.m. t h e f i r e was s t i l l s p r e a d i n g r a p i d l y i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s , p r e v e n t i n g e n t r a n c e o f crews i n t o t h e n o r t h and east s e c t o r s .

On September 9 t h t h e l i n e s on t h e s o u t h and west were beg inn ing t o h o l d , and a l i n e from t h e Rincon t o Matili ja was e s t a b l i s h e d . Crews were s e n t t o t h e end of t h e Elaricopa-Ventura Highway (Hwy. 331, which was under c o n s t r u c t i o n a t t h e t i m e , t o - c o n s t r u c t a l i n e i n t o t h e Sespe. On September 10 t h e f i r e c r o s s e d t h e Sespe i n t h e a f t e r n o o n and r a n east from Sespe Gorge t o P i n e Mountain Lodge and Mutau F l a t , a d i s t a n c e o f 12 m i l e s , i n one hour . Ey t h a t e v e n i n g t h e a c r e a g e of t h e f i r e was a p p r o x i m a t e l y 80,000, and it was e s t i m a t e d t h a t 240 m i l e s o f f i r e l i n e were i n use .

By t h e morning o f September 11, t h e f i g h t was t o s t o p t h e f i r e a t J u n c a l Dam and p r e v e n t it from s p r e a d i n g t o t h e s o u t h s i d e o f t h e S a n t a Ynez Mountains. On t h e n o r t h e a s t and nor thwes t f r o n t s t h e f i r e was s h i f t i n g and s p r e a d i n g r a p i d l y w i t h no p o s s i b i l i t y o f e s t a b l i s h i n g l i n e s . On t h e 1 2 t h o f September t h e l i n e s on t h e s o u t h w e s t and s o u t h s i d e s o f t h e f i r e were h o l d i n g and t h e l i n e on t h e east w a s b e g i n n i n g t o ho ld . The f i r e was c o n t i n u i n g t o b u r n on t h e n o r t h and e a s t s i d e s . A t 4:30 p.m. t h e Reyes Peak Lookout burned w i t h t h e l o o k o u t man g e t t i n g o u t j u s t i n t i m e . Ey t h i s t i m e t h e f i r e had burned o v e r 1 20,000 acres and t h e e s t i m a t e d l e n g t h o f t h e f i r e l i n e was 360 m i l e s .

From September 14 t h r o u g h September 20 it was a l o n g , h o t and d a n g e r o u s j o b t o c o n t i n u e t o push l i n e s a l o n g t h e e d g e s o f t h e f i r e u n t i l t h e y c o u l d b e connected . Some o f t h e l i n e s were burned o v e r and had t o b e r e c o n s t r u c t e d f a r t h e r away from t h e f i r e . It was e s t i m a t e d t h a t some 500 miles o f f i r e l i n e were c o n s t r u c t e d i n c o n t r o l l i n g t h e f i r e . I n Ventura County 189,968 acres and i n S a n t a Barbara County 29,267 acres were burned o v e r f o r a t o t a l a c r e a g e o f 219,253 a c r e s .

T h i s f i r e i s n o t a b l e n o t o n l y f o r i t s magni tude , b u t a l s o f o r t h e two new methods o f communicati~on used . The p r o g r e s s o f t h e f i r e was obse rved from a i r p l a n e s , which f a c i l i t a t e d mapping t h e b e s t a c c e s s p o i n t s and d e c i d i n g where t o c o n s t r u c t f i r e lines3. The r a d i o w a s b r o u g h t i n t o u s e and a l l o w e d t h e f i r e b o s s t o b e i n c o n s t a n t c o n t a c t w i t h h i s f i r e camps and f i e l d crew c h i e f s . his g r e a t l y a i d e d i n making t h e q u i c k changes i n p l a n s n e c e s s i t a t e d b y t h e sudden r u s h e s o f t h e f i r e . Nora te b a n b e r s were n o t a v a i l a b l e d u r i n g t h i s f i r e ; t h e y would have d r a s t i c a l l y r e s t r i c t e d t h e p r o g r e s s o f t h e f i r e . A l so i f Highway 33 had been c a n p l e t e d , it would have p rov ided access t o some o f t h e most d i f f i c u l t t e r r a i n on t h e n o r t h edge o f t h e f i r e .

I n l a t e r y e a r s s e v e r a l l a r g e f i r e s have burned i n t h e S a n t a Barba ra f r o n t c o u n t r y o f t h e F o r e s t . The Refugio F i r e i n 1955 burned t h e s o u t h s i d e o f t h e S a n t a Ynez Mountains from Refug io Canyon t o San M r c o s Pass . In 1964 t h e Coyote f i r e s t a r t e d on Coyote Road i n Montec i to and burned o v e r t h e c o a s t r a n g e and up Mono Canyon u n t i l t h e wind d rove t h e f i r e back upon i t s e l f . It t h e n swep t down i n t o t h e o u t s k i r t s o f San ta Barba ra and t h e n u p t o P a i n t e d Cave. S h o r t l y a f t e r ' t h i s f i r e t h e Wellman F i r e broke o u t , r e s u l t i n g from a n a i r p l a n e c r a s h on Well-man Mesa, and s p r e a d o v e r a l a r g e p o r t i o n o f t h e San R a f a e l Wi lde rness b e f o r e it was c o n t r o l l e d . These f i r e s s a w t h e i n c r e a s e d u s e o f b o r a t e bombers t o knock down t h e h o t s p o t s and s t o p r u n s b e f o r e t h e y c o u l d g e t a good s t a r t .

The most r e c e n t l a r g e c o n f l a g r a t i o n was t h e Marble Cone F i r e on t h e M n t e r e y Ranger District, which burned 177,886 a c r e s i n Rugust , 1977. T h i s w a s o n e o f t h e two o r t h r e e l a r g e s t w i l d f i r e s i n r eco rded C a l i f o r n i a h i s t o r y . D e s p i t e modern f i r e f i g h t i n g equipment and heavy manpower, t h e Marble Cone saw two f i r e f r o n t s merge and b u r n f o r a t o t a l of 28 days .

I n t h e 1 9 5 0 ' s t h e " P r e - a t t a c k Plan" w a s p u t i n t o a c t i o n . F i r e l i n e s ( f u e l b r e a k s ) were bu l ldozed a l o n g t h e t o p o f many o f t h e r i d g e s i n t h e F o r e s t t o p r o v i d e access and i3 b a s i c l i n e from which t o f i g h t a f i r e . I n l a t e r y e a r s t h i s a m b i t i o u s p l a n h a s been g r e a t l y mod i f i ed and many o f t h e l i n e s have become overgrown and u s e l e s s . I n t h e l a s t few y e a r s t h e p r e f e r r e d method o f f u e l s management h a s been p r e s c r i b e d burn ing . P r e s c r i b e d , o r c o n t r o l l e d , b u r n i n g i s done i n a n e f f o r t t o s i m u l a t e t h e n a t u r a l f i r e c y c l e which was i n t e r r u p t e d by t h e program of f i r e s u p p r e s s i o n e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y c a r r i e d abou t b y t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e s i n c e t h e S e r v i c e ' s i n c e p t i o n .

One a s p e c t o f f i r e management which h a s waxed and waned i n t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e and o t h e r a g e n c i e s i s t h e u s e of l o o k o u t s f o r f i r e d e t e c t i o n . C o n s t r u c t i o n o f l o o k o u t s began a s e a r l y as t h e l a t e 1800 ' s i n C a l i f o r n i a , and t h e number o f l o o k o u t s i n c r e a s e d g r a d u a l l y th rough t h e f i rs t two d e c a d e s o f t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y . In 1933 a n in t e r - agency g r o u p working a t t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e ' s P a c i f i c Southwest Range Ekperiment S t a t i o n r e l e a s e d a r e p o r t recommending a n i n t e g r a t e d system of l o o k o u t s r e a c h i n g from t h e Oregon b o r d e r t o t h e Mexican b o r d e r . A s a r e s u l t , t h e numbers o f l o o k o u t s began t o i n c r e a s e r a p i d l y , and t h e CCC became a p r imary o r g a n f o r l o o k o u t c o n s t r u c t i o n .

Use a c c e l e r a t e d b e f o r e and dur ing t h e war a s t h e m i l i t a r y used lookou t s f o r t h e i r A i r c r a f t Warning System (AWS). Due t o i t s l o c a t i o n , t h e Los Padres had a much g r e a t e r t h a n average number of AWS p o s t s . A t t h e h e i g h t o f World War I1 t h e t o t a l number o f AWS p o s t s was 36. Most AWS o b s e r v e r s o p e r a t e d from e x i s t i n g l o o k o u t s , o c c a s i o n a l l y b u i l d i n g a one-room s t r u c t u r e nearby t o l i v e i n . (43) . .

The number of l o o k o u t s i n C a l i f o r n i a reached a peak i n t h e 1950 's . S i n c e t h a t t i m e , manned l o o k o u t s h a v e d e c r e a s e d i n number d r a m a t i c a l l y , a n d many s t r u c t u r e s have been demolished.

According t o Brown, t h e f i r s t s t a n d a r d lookou t i n t h e F o r e s t was b u i l t on m a z i e r Mountain i n 1917. S i x o t h e r s ( F i g u e r o a Mountain, La Cumbre, Cone Peak, H i m u n t a i n , Chews Ridge, and S a n t a Pau la Peak) were i n use by 1930. The remainder w e r e b u i l t p r i m a r i l y b y t h e CCC d u r i n g t h e h e i g h t o f t h a t program i n t h e mid-1930's. ( 4 3 ) Many o f t h e o r i g i n a l s t r u c t u r e s have been a c c i d e n t a l l y or i n t e n t i o n a l l y d e s t r o y e d , and modi f i ed o r r e b u i l t l o o k o u t s a r e m o s t common today .

F i r e l o o k o u t s a r e t h e s u b j e c t of a s t u d y c u r r e n t l y b e i n g completed by Mark Thornton f o r t h e P a c i f i c Southwest Region o f t h e F o r e s t Se rv ice . Although a f i n a l r e p o r t i s n o t y e t a v a i l a b l e , Thornton ' h a s i d e n t i f i e d t h e fo l lowing s t a n d i n g o r p a r t i a l l y s t a n d i n g Los Padres N a t i o n a l F o r e s t l o o k o u t s t h a t have demonstra ted or p o t e n t i a l h i s t o r i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e : J u n i p e r o S e r r a ; McPherson ; Branch Mountain; and Cuyama. Two AWS s t r u c t u r e s , one on f e d e r a l p r o p e r t y a t Black Willow Spr ing ( S a n t a Lucia Ranger C i s t r i c t ) and one on p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y n e a r Marble Peak ( moved from Anderson Peak, Monterey Ranger D i s t r i c t ) , a r e a l s o cons ide red s i g n i f i c a n t because o f t h e i r r a r e d e s i g n s , which i n c l u d e cupo las . Today, o n l y a n a v e r a g e o f f i v e Los Padres l o o k o u t s are manned r e g u l a r l y .

I n 1905 Louis R. Barrett, F o r e s t I n s p e c t o r , s e n t t h e fo l lowing le t ter t o Mr. A . D. Mart in , F o r e s t Ranger, a t G o l e t a , C a l i f o r n i a , w i t h c o p i e s t o r a n g e r s S toddard , Muzzall , Shoup and Forsy th :

"Dear S i r : It i s d e s i r e d t h a t you r e a d t h e enc losed c i r c u l a r c a r e f u l l y , and b e prepared t o f o l l o w i n s t r u c t i o n s con ta ined t h e r e i n . You are d i r e c t e d t o u s e e v e r y endeavor t o a r r e s t p a r t i e s who s t a r t f i r e s on t h e Reserve l a n d s , o r v i o l a t e any o f t h e F e d e r a l F o r e s t Reserve laws. I n c a s e s o f a r r e s t , you w i l l a t once canmupicate w i t h t h e S u p e r v i s o r . A c a r e f u l p e r u s a l o f t h i s c i r c u l a r w i l l g i v e a l l t h e i n f o r m a t i o n needed t o hand le such c a s e s . Very T r u l y Yours, Louis R. B a r r e t t , F o r e s t I n s p e c t o r ( 6 9 )

I n t h i s day and age it t a k e s much more i n f o r m a t i o n than t h a t found i n t h e c i r c u l a r mentioned i n t h e above l e t t e r t o p rov ide t h e f i r e p r o t e c t i o n n e c e s s a r y f o r Us p a d r e s Na t iona l F o r e s t .

2.4 .7 Timber Harves t ing

T h e f o r e s t r e s e r v e s o f s o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a w e r e c r e a t e d f o r w a t e r s h e d p r o t e c t i o n and n o t f o r t h e meager timber r e s o u r c e s t h e y inc luded . The t imbered a r e a s of t h e Los P a d r e s N a t i o n a l F o r e s t main d i v i s i o n o f f e r l i t t l e inducement t o t h e lumber i n d u s t r y , b e c a u s e o f t h e p o o r g r a d e and g e n e r a l i n a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f t h e t i m b e r . It h a s a lways been cheape r t o s h i p i n lumber f rom n o r t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a t h a n t o f a b r i c a t e it on t h e F o r e s t and h a u l it t o marke t i n t h e s u r r o u n d i ~ l g c m m u n i t i e s .

Nor h a s t h e Monterey Ranger D i s t r i c t been t h e s c e n e of much t i m b e r h a r v e s t i n g o n a commercial s c a l e . I n t h e l a t e 1 8 0 0 ' s and e a r l y 1900 ' s t h e r e were s e v e r a l sawmills i n t h e P a c i f i c V a l l e y a r e a . These inc luded ; t h e Davis sawmill, b r o u g h t n o r t h from Manzana Creek i n t h e S a n t a Luc ia Ranger D i s t r i c t , and a t l e a s t o n e o t h e r sawmi l l on M i l l Creek; m i l l s o n Prewitt and P l a s k e t t Creeks ; and p o s s i b l y a m i l l on 'Limekiln Creek. ( 8 3 ) Tan oak w a s h a r v e s t e d i n t h e a r e a f o r p r o d u c t i o n o f t a n n i c a c i d , and some redwood was h a r v e s t e d and used i n c o n s t r u c t i o n . Lumber was s h i p p e d f r o m P a c i f i c V a l l e y t o compensate f o r t h e l a c k of t ra i ls and roads ; s h i p s anchored a c r o s s from t h e p r e s e n t P a c i f i c V a l l e y F o r e s t S e r v i c e S t a t i o n l o c a t i o n , a v e r y dangerous anchorage b u t a p p a r e n t l y wor th t h e r i s k . The l a s t m a t e r i a l c u t t i n g o f t a n ba rk t o o k p l a c e between 191 9 and 1921 (Brown 1 9 4 5 ) . According t o Erown, t h e r e was a l s o a s m a l l sawmil l i n t h e Big Sur v i c i n i t y which o p e r a t e d i n t o t h e second decade o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y .

Af ter t h e reserves w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d and canb ined , it w a s dec ided t h a t a s u r v e y s h o u l d b e conducted t o r e c o r d t h e f o r e s t c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e San ta Barbara F o r e s t Reserve . In 1905 F r e d G. Plummer and H. G. Gowsell conducted a s u r v e y f o r t h e Uni ted S t a t e s Department o f t h e I n t e r i o r G e o l o g i c a l Survey. It w a s t i t l e d , " F o r e s t Condit:ions i n t h e S a n t a Barba ra F o r e s t Reserve C a l i f o r n i a . " T h i s r e p o r t gave: a g e n e r a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f b o u n d a r i e s , topography, d r a i n a g e , w a t e r s u p p l y and i r r i g a t i o n , p r e c i p i t a t i o n , f o r m a t i o n s and s o i l s , c r o p s , g r a z i n g , min ing , l o g g i n g , p r i c e s o f lumber and cordwood, b u r n s , and zones o f p l a n t l i f e ; a t ree l i s t f o r t h e a r e a ; and f i n a l l y a d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f e a c h townsh ip and r a n g ~ e i n t h e S a n t a Barba ra F o r e s t Reserve. I n t h e d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n t h e r e p o r t e r s g a v e a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e topography and an overview o f t h e t y p e o f v e g e t a t i o n . I f t h e townsh ip was t imbered t h e y l i s t e d t h e s p e c i e s and t h e i r c o n d i t i o n , and t h e e s t i m a t e d c o r d s o f wood and board f e e t o f lumber. T h i s ] p u b l i c a t i o n g a v e t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e a f i r s t hand idea o f t h e v e g e t a t i o n e x i s t i n c j i n t h e r e s e r v e .

I n t h e H i s p a n i c p e r i o d i n s o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , lumber was a v e r y scarce i t e m and w a s o b t a i n e d w i t h g r e a t d i f f i c u l t y . The m i s s i o n f a t h e r s d i d some c u t t i n g o f Bigcone s p r u c e n e a r t h e headwa te r s o f t h e n o r t h f o r k o f Matilija Creek t o o b t a i n t i m b e r s f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e m i s s i o n a t San Fuenaven tu ra . Wi l l i am Dewey Hobson of Ven tu ra g a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n : "The p i n e timbers u s e d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e m i s s i o n o f San Buenaventura were b r o u g h t frcan t h e moun ta ins o f San m e d i a , a d i s t a n c e o f 40 m i l e s , b y t h e I n d i a n s . The o a k timbers were p rocured n e a r e r o n t h e S a n t a Ana and Oja i . " ( 7 0 ) F a t h e r An ton io R i p 1 1 s t a t e d t h a t i n t h e S a n t a Barba ra a r e a i n 1817 " C o r t e d e madera d e a lamos d e 1817 B igas 90--morilos 570," and i n 1818, "Madera d e P i n o e n Sunpue po r S n a j a l a y e u a M o r i l l o s 120, Canes 159, B igas 0." [ C o r t e - c u t , madera-wood o r b u i l d i n g timbers, alamos-cottonwood trees, b i g a s ? vigas-beams, m o r i l e s ? m o r i l l o s - p o l e s , c a n e s - s h o r t t i m b e r s p l a c e d l e n g t h w i s e u n d e r a beam o r g i r d e r . ] ( 7 1 )

The f i r s t fo rma l r e q u e s t t o c u t t i m b e r o n p u b l i c d a n a i n l a n d s w i t h i n t h e F o r e s t came from San G a b r i e l under t h e d a t e o f Feb rua ry 24 , 1839, t o Governor Juan B a u t i s t a Alvarado. Adz and a x e were t h e canmon t o o l s f o r t h e Span i sh t o u s e i n woodworking. They a l s o b r o u g h t some 4- foot whipsaws and i n t h e 1 8 2 0 ' s t h e American wha l ing s h i p s b rough t and t r a d e d 7 - f o o t saws t o t h e C a l i f o r n i o s . I n March, 1847, t h e f i r s t known c i r c u l a r s a w was p u t i n t o o p e r a t i o n i n C a l i f o r n i a b y t h e American o c c u p a t i o n f o r c e a t m n t e r e y . T h i s s a w was p r o p e l l e d b y f o u r mules .

I n t h e S a n t a Luc ia Ranger D i s t r i c t a s a w m i l l was e s t a b l i s h e d on F igue roa Mountain, n e a r what i s now known as Sawmill Bas in . I t ' w a s b u i l t by Harvey S t o n e b a r g e r , a b l a c k s m i t h £ram Los O l i v o s , i n 191 4. Ee o p e r a t e d t h e m i l l f o r a s h o r t p e r i o d b u t it was n o t a f i n a n c i a l s u c c e s s , s o h e d i s m a n t l e d t h e m i l l a n d moved it back down t o Los O l i v o s .

I n t h e 1 8 9 0 ' s t h e Alonzo Dav i s f a m i l y set up a m i l l a t t h e mouth o f Dry Creek o n Manzana Creek , a l s o w i t h i n t h e S a n t a Lucia Ranger D i s t r i c t . A t f i r s t t h e y a t t e m p t e d t o r u n t h e m i l l by w a t e r power, d i g g i n g a d i t c h from M i l l Creek and t h e Manzana a t t h e Horseshoe Bend. It w a s found t h a t t h e r e w a s n o t enough w a t e r t o o p e r a t e t h e m i l l , and e v e n t u a l l y a n e n g i n e was o b t a i n e d f o r p w e r . D igge r p i n e w a s common l o c a l l y and w a s t h e m a j o r s o u r c e o f l o g s f o r t h e m i l l . They c u t some v a l l e y oak a l s o . Lumber from t h e m i l l was used to expand and s h e e t t h e Manzana Schoolhouse , which s t i l l s t a n d s , and some w a s s o l d t o p e o p l e i n t h e S a n t a Maria a r e a . The lumber was o f p o r g r a d e , and s h o r t l y a f t e r o p e r a t i o n s began , a problem w i t h access t h r o u g h t h e S i s q u o c Ranch p u t t h e m i l l o u t o f b u s i n e s s . - The Dav i s Sawmil l was d i s m a n t l e d and moved up t o M i l l C reek o n t h e Big Sur C o a s t , where redwood lumber w a s c u t u n t i l t h e m i l l was d e s t r o y e d b y a f i r e .

More t h a n o n e sawmi l l o p e r a t e d i n n o r t h e r n Ven tu ra County f o r l i m i t e d p e r i o d s o f t i m e . Jo seph C a l e e s t a b l i s h e d a m i l l a t S a w m i l l P o t r e r o on t h e n o r t h s i d e o f M t . P i n o s . By 1857 h e was s u p p l y i n g lumber f o r t h e b u i l d i n g o f F o r t Tejon . G a l e had a n adobe i n Grapevine Canyon and t h e m i l l a t M t . P inos . Here h e logged l a r g e l y Bigcone s p r u c e o n t h e n o r t h s l o p e s and i n t h e canyons . L a t e r , a m i l l was e s t a b l i s h e d on t h e s o u t h s i d e o f t h e mounta in and was u s e d m o s t l y t o c u t min ing t i m b e r s f o r t h e m a z i e r Eorate Mining Company. Some c u t t i n g o f t i m b e r a l s o o c c u r r e d a b o u t 100 y e a r s a g o i n t h e F r a z i e r Mountain a r e a , t o p r w i d e min ing t i m b e r s when g o l d mining was a c t i v e i n t h e area.

I n t h e l a t e 1950's and e a r l y 1960's a sa lvage o p e r a t i o n was c a r r i e d ou t i n t h e Eas t P inery , n o r t h o f Ranger Peak, a f t e r t h e Davy Brown F i r e burned t h e a r ea . It was n o t ve ry succe s s fu l due t o t h e long d i s t a n c e t h e l o g s had t o be hauled t o a sawmill .

2.4.8 Mining and Other Mineral Development

S i n c e Hispanic t imes go ld mining has been c a r r i e d on i n va r i ous p a r t s of t h e F o r e s t w i th g e n e r a l l y poor r e s u l t s . Most o f t h e rocks t h a t make up t h e mountains of t h e Fbrest a r e of sedimentary o r i g i n and ve ry l i t t l e vo lcan ic a c t i v i t y h a s t aken p lace .

I n t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f '1840 o r e a r l y i n 1841 a %xican mine ra log i s t , Don Andrea C a s t i l l e r o , t r a v e l e d from Los Angeles t o Monterey. On t h e journey he d i s cove red smal l water-worn pebbles known by t h e Mexican p l ace r miners a s t e p o s t e t e , a form o f p y r i t e s . C a s t i l l e r o e x h i b i t e d t h e s e a t t h e r e s idence of Don J o s e Antonio d e l a Guerra y Noriega i n San ta Barbara , where he was a g u e s t . F ranc i sco Lopez:, a cowboy f o r t h e P i r u Rancho, l e a r n e d of t h e pebbles and l a t e r , wh i l e sea rch ing f o r s t r a y c a t t l e , stopped by t h e bank of a smal l s t r e am t o r e s t . Noting t h e wild onions growing where he s topped, Lopez dug some and found a few £.Lakes of gold adher ing t o t h e r o o t s . This was t h e f i r s t d i s cove ry o f go ld i n t h e S t a t e of ~ a l i f o r n i a and preceded t h e d i s cove ry o f g o l d a t Colcxna by some s i x years . Miners from Sonora, Mexico, worked t h e f i nd which became known a s t h e P l a c e r i t a Canyon F i e ld . Considerable p l a c e r mining t ook p l a c e i n t h e area.. F ranc i sco Lopez a l s o found go ld i n a s i d e canyon of P i r u Creek.

A f t e r t h e d i s cove ry of go ld i n t h e S i e r r a s most of t h e miners moved up i n t o t h a t r eg ion t o mine. When t h e a r e a a long t h e f o o t h i l l s o f t h e S i e r r a was exhaus ted , m ine r s began t o d r i f t sou th and west t o o t h e r s t r i k e s .

The Monterey County i n t e r i o r experienced a minor "gold rush" i n t h e 1870's d u r i n g t h e exodus frcm t h e nor thern f i e l d s . The town of Manchester was s i t u a t e d on a r i d g e between t h e Willow and Alder Creek d r a inages and served miners working p l a c e r s i n Willow Creek a s w e l l a s t h e Los Burros Mining D i s t r i c t . Manchester burned a f t e r being abandoned, and today i s marked o n l y by s t o n e founda t ions and chimneys. In Willow Creek a s t one wal l and stamp m i l l equipment a r e evyidence o f mining i n t h a t d r a inage . The road up Willow Creek provided acce s s t o t h e Cruickshank (now ranembered i n Cruickshank Camp) and o t h e r m i n e r ' s c a b i n s i n t h e a rea .

The Los Burros D i s t r i c t was loca ted west of Jo lon and covered dra inages ( i n c l u d i n g i t s namesake) on both s i d e s of t h e Santa Lucia Range. The d i s t r i c t was o r i g i n a l l y organized i n 1876 f o r q u i c k s i l v e r p rospec t ing ; i n 1887 a q u a r t z v e i n was d i s cove red , a 3-stamp m i l l set up, and e f f o r t s focused on gold mining. According t o s t a t e mining records , $150,000 worth o f gold was produced by 191 5, a s : i gn i f i c an t amount f o r Monterey County. A t o t a l of more t h a n 2,000 c la ims a r e thought t o have been recorded, and mining was repor ted i n t h e d i s t r i c t a s l a t e a s 1963. (90)

Gold mining i n the Mln te rey i n t e r i o r a l s o t o o k p l a c e i n some o f t h e Lockwood V a l l e y d r a i n a g e s , p o s : s i b l y a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e Los B u r r o s Dis t r ic t , and i n i s o l a t e d i n s t a n c e s , such as t h e infamous, d i s p u t e d c l a i m h e l d by "Nigger Mary.. O t h e r min ing w i t h i n t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e F o r e s t is p o o r l y documented o r n o n - e x i s t a n t , a l t h o u g h some r e f e r e n c e s , such as t h e placename "Mining ~ i d g e " a r e t o o o b v i o u s t o b e mis sed . ( 8 5 )

Mine r s f r m t h e S i e r r , a mines a l s o moved s o u t h t o t h e newly d i s c o v e r e d s t r i k e s i n Kern County. Lat 'e r some d r i f t e d i n t o n o r t h e r n Ventura County and began p l a c e r mining on lhckwood Creek and P i r u Creek.

P l a c e r min ing began i n t h i s p o r t i o n of Ventura County i n t h e 1 8 4 0 ' s and l o d e mining around 1865. , A c t i v i t y c o n t i n u e d &ti1 t h e 1890 's when most o f t h e work came t o a n end. I n t h e 19.20-1930 d e p r e s s i o n e r a men moved b a c k i n t o t h e area and d i d some a d d i t i o n a l p l a c e r mining. Again t h e mines were abandoned, and o n l y r e c e n t l y , w i t h t h e s h a r p i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r i c e o f g o l d , h a s t h e a c t i v i t y been renewed. Over t h e years s e v e r a l d i s t i n c t d i s t r i c t s where mining t o o k . p l a c e have b e e n i d e n t i f i e d , i n c l u d i n g F r a z i e r Mountain, Gold B i l l , and t h e Lockmod V a l l e y - U p p e r P i r u areas.

A t Leopold F l a t s n e a r ~ o c k m o d Creek a l a r g e number o f Chinese worked t h e c r e e k bot tom and s ide canyons u n t i l w h i t e m i n e r s i n t h e a r e a d r & e them o u t . Two o r t h r e e m i l e s dt~wn Lockwood Creek from t h e Snedden r a n c h , Colonel Alonzo Winf i e ld S c o t t ,With s e l e c t e d a l o c a t i o n f o r t h e town o f Lex ing ton , i n t e n d e d t o serve t h e m i n e r s i n t h e a r e a . It was o v e r 60 m i l e s from t h e n e a r e s t r a i l r o a d . Log c a b i n s w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d f o r some o f t h e men and o t h e r s l i v e d i n

- t e n t s . An a r r a s t r a was b u i l t b y t h e m i n e r s and q u a r t z o r e was crushed i n it, b u t t h e r e t u r n o f g o l d was v e r y small compared t o t h e l a r g e amount o f q u a r t z t h a t had t o b e c r u s h e d . In a y e a r o r so t h e o p e r a t i o n was abandoned and t h e m i n e r s moved on.

T h i s h a s been t h e s t o r y o f most o f t h e mines i n t h e a r e a . Samuel Snedden dug f o r g o l d a t t h e ~ i g i G i a n t Mine when he f i r s t came i n t o n o r t h e r n Ventura County. Tha t i s how h e knew t h e c o u n t r y and was a b l e t o move h i s ca t t le t o t h e Lockwood V a l l e y when h e g a v e up r a n c h i n g i n t h e Kern a r e a . The F r a z i e r and C a s t a i c mines have long been a c t i v e i n t h e F 'razier Mountain a r e a .

Both material and nori-material e v i d e n c e o f t h e s e mining a c t i v i t i e s i n n o r t h e r n Ven tu ra County r a n a i n s t o d a y . Material e v i d e n c e c o n s i s t s o f a few s t a n d i n g , a n d more p a r t i a l l y cbr t o t a l l y d e s t r o y e d , m i n e r s ' c a b i n s , such as t h e Baker Cabin and Mine r s Cabin o n m a z i e r Mountain; s c a t t e r e d a r t i f a c t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h min ing o r t h e m i n e r s 1 eve ryday l i f e ; and t h e min ing sites t h e m s e l v e s , sometimes s h a f t s w i t h t i m b e r s s t i l l i n p l a c e , other times i n d i c a t e d o n l y b y d i t c h e s o r o t h e r g round d i s t u r b a n c e . Non-material r e m a i n s abound i n such p lacenames a s Gold H i l l and Arrastra F l a t , and i n mine names which a r e r e t a i n e d o n modern maps (e .g . , Gold Dust Mine, Black Bob, Maule Mine) . T h e r e was a g o l d r u s h o f s o r t s i n t h e S a n t a Ynez V a l l e y i n 1855. Mariano Lopez d i s c o v e r e d f l a lkes of g o l d i n t h e sand o f a s m a l l c r e e k n e a r t h e S a n t a Ynez Miss ion w h i l e w a t e r i n g h i s h o r s e . Many p e o p l e f l o c k e d from S a n t a Barba ra t o t h e d i s c o v e r y , b u t t h e f l a k e s were few and f a r between and t h e e x c i t e m e n t soon d i e d down. ( 7 2 )

The p r e s e n t S a n t a L u c i a Ranger District h a s a l s o been t h e s c e n e o f v a r i e d g o l d min ing a c t i v i t y s i n c e t h e mid 1850 's . The re h a s b e e n some p l a c e r g o l d r e c o v e r e d i n t h e u p p e r p o r t i o n o f Laza ro and Mine Canyons n e a r Peach T r e e Canyon o n t h e s o u t h s i d e o f t h e San R a f a e l Mountains. A l so , t h e homes teade r s a l o n g t h e S i s q u o c R i v e r d i d some p l a c e r mining a t S l u i c e Box Camp o n Horse Gulch i n t h e 1 8 9 0 1 s , w i t h u n c e r t a i n r e s u l t s . ( 7 3 )

Another well-known mining d i s t r i c t was La Panza, l o c a t e d i n San L u i s Cbispo County o f f Highway 58 , o n t h e e a s t f l a n k o f t h e La Panza Range. The a r e a a l s o h a s been known t o g e o l o g i s t s and m i n e r s as t h e "San Juan" o r " G r a n i t e Range" District . S imple p l a c e r min ing was t h e f a v o r e d method i n t h e area, b u t h y d r a u l i c mining t o o k p l a c e i n a few l o c a t i o n s . I n 1878 t h e r e was a minor g o l d r u s h t o La Panza; t h e r e s u l t was t h e g rowth o f a small community w i t h a p o s t o f f i c e and s a l o o n , p r i m a r i l y e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e S t i l l f a m i l y . Evidence o f t h i s community ex i s t s t o d a y a t t h e l o c a t i o n marked "La Panza" o n modern maps, and i n S t i l l f a m i l y d e s c e n d a n t s l i v i n g i n t h e a r e a .

For a w h i l e , C h i n e s e workmen were h i r e d b y m i n e r s i n t h e La Panza a r e a ; however, t h e non-Chinese were angered when some o f t h e Ch inese began working t h e i r own c l a i m s , and t h e Ch inese e v e n t u a l l y l e f t t h e area. T h i s d e p a r t u r e was accanpan ied by u g l y i n c i d e n t s i n v o l v i n g p h y s i c a l a b u s e o f t h e Chinese b y o t h e r m i n e r s .

The earliest San L u i s Obispo County Mining C l a i m Records f o r t h e a r e a date t o 1899, and c l e a r l y show t h a t c e r t a i n f a m i l i e s (e.9, A l l e y , Case, and Ga ines ) had becane i n f l u e n t i a l f o r c e s i n t h e La Panza canmuni ty . A t l e a s t two a t t e m p t s were made i n t h e 1 9 2 0 ' s t o u s e heavy mpchinery f o r h y d r a u l i c min ing i n t h e La Panza area. One o f t h e h y d r a u l i c m i n e r s was B u r t A l l e y ; h i s e f f o r t s on t h e "Dredger" c l a i m s i n Navajo Canyon came j u s t p r i o r t o a series o f d r o u g h t y e a r s and were u n s u c c e s s f u l .

A l o d e mine i n t h e area c a l l e d t h e King David y i e l d e d 9,700 t r o y o u n c e s p r i o r t o 1896, when it c l o s e d . By 1888 t h e g o l d p r o d u c t i o n was e s t i m a t e d a t $1 00,000, and mining c o n t i n u i n g th rough t h e e a r l y 1 9 0 0 ' s w i t h some a c t i v i t y i n t h e 1930 ' s . A t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e t h e r e are 21 p l a c e r claims i n t h e a r e a w i t h s e v e r a l o p e r a t i o n s working on t h e Pozo and Navajo Creeks . In t h e n e a r b y Machesna Mountain area t h e Jehovah J i r e h p l a c e r a l o n g P l a c e r Creek a v e r a g e s 95 c e n t s per c u b i c meter.

T h i s d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e La Panza Mining District i s based i n p a r t on t h e C u l t u r a l Resources Element o f "Techn ica l R e p o r t s i n S u p p o r t o f t h e D r a f t E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t S t a t e m e n t f o r Lomex C o r p o r a t i o n ' s P r o p o s e d M i n e r a l E x p l o r a t i o n i n t h e Elava j o V i c i n i t y " (1 982: 14-15) .

B a r i t e

The White Elephant Mine i n La Brea Canyon, San ta Lucia Ranger D i s t r i c t , was f i r s t d i scovered and f i l e d on a s Fag le No. 1 i n 1906. The l o c a t i o n was d i scovered by t h e Jessie and Dutcher f a m i l i e s , and Dot Webber. Ex tens ive mining began i n 1 929 and con t inued through 1 93 0. The road from Colson Canyon down R a t t l e s n a k e Canyon t o La Brea was b u i l t by t h e mining c a p a n y t o hau l o u t o r e from La Erea Canyon t o t h e r a i l r o a d s i d i n g a t Sisquoc. From t h e r e it was shipped t o t h e C a l i f o r n i a T a l c Company, Los Angeles. About 4,000 t o n s o f b a r i t e averag ing 97 p e r c e n t p u r i t y w a s shipped. The road became t h e main a c c e s s r o u t e i n t o t h e upper La Brea Canyon a r e a and is i n use a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e b y peop le v i s i t i n g t h e a r e a f o r r e c r e a t i o n .

The mi te Elephant Mine Claims Nos. 1 and 2 were patented on December 3, 1954, and c o v e r 28 a c r e s . It i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t some 95,000 t o n s o f b a r i t e remain on t h e c l a i m s . and could be shipped wi th l i t t l e work t o b r ing t h e d e p o s i t i n t o product ion.

Coal

I n 1861 P r o f e s s o r William Brewer was v i s i t i n g i n Santa Barbara and was informed t h a t a c o a l d e p o s i t had been d i s c o v e r e d about 15 m i l e s n o r t h o f town. H e ar ranged wi th t h e d i s c o v e r e r , and owner of some of t h e s h a r e s i n t h e company t h a t had been formed t o d e v e l o p t h e mine, t o v i s i t t h e d e p o s i t . The p a r t y set o u t through Montecito, tu rned up Romero Canyon, and followed t h e canyon bottom a l o n g t h e s t ream u n t i l a t t h e head of t h e t r a i l t h e y ascended b y a series of z i g z a g s a t a n a n g l e of from 30 t o 40 degrees . P r o f e s s o r B r e w e r thought it was o n e o f t h e wors t t r a i l s h e had e v e r been over . Descending t o t h e S a n t a Ynez R i v e r , t h e y con t inued up t o an o l d cabin a t t h e I n d i a n ranch c a l l e d Najalayegua, where t h e y s p e n t t h e n i g h t . The n e x t day t h e y con t inued up a canyon, o v e r a r i d g e , and up a n o t h e r canyon t o a r r i v e a t t h e mine near noon. A t t h e t i m e t h e y found a few v e r y smal l seams of c o a l i n a v e r t i c a l outcropping of rock. About a peck o f c o a l was a l l t h a t had been d i scovered . When he r e t u r n e d t o Santa Barbara , he d i d n o t g i v e t h e s t o c k h o l d e r s much hope f o r t h e i r p r o j e c t . ( 7 4 )

Chromium

Also on t h e San ta Barbara Ranger Dis t r ic t , t h e r e i s a series of Franc i scan rock o u t c r o p s a long t h e n o r t h and s o u t h f a c e s o f Figueroa Mountain and e a s t o f Happy-Cachuma Canyons. S c a t t e r e d throughout t h i s a r e a a r e v a r i o u s chrome c l a i m s t h a t were f i r s t worked d u r i n g World War I. From t h e Acachuma L o s Olivos Mine about 16 t o n s of chrome w e r e shipped, and from t h e Montinero La Laguna Ranch Prospec t some 40 t o n s w e r e shipped. During World War 11, Harry L. Rober ts , owner of t h e Cachuma Mining Company, s e n t 35 t o n s o f o r e f o r process ing. A s r e c e n t l y a s July , 1982, t h e Cachuma Mining Company submi t t ed a p roposa l f o r o p e r a t i o n s a t a number of c l a i m s t h e campany owns. An environmental assessment was prepared f o r t h e development of t h e c l a i m s , b u t up t o now l i t t l e o r no work h a s been done.

A Canadian f i r m c o n s t r u c t e d a c h r m e m i l l During World War I1 i n White Rock Canyon, and a s m a l l amount o f p r o d u c t i o n t o o k p l a c e . The p r o p e r t y was abandoned when t h e p r i c e of c h r m e f e l l a f t e r t h e end of t h e war. Another m i l l w a s c o n s t r u c t e d by Harry R o b e r t s a t Chicken Spr ing . It o p e r a t e d d u r i n g t h e war, b u t a l s o was c:Losed and f i n a l l y r e n w e d from t h e site.

"There i s s p e c u l a t i o n t h a t a l o n g vein o f c o p p e r o r e r u n s a l o n g d i s t a n c e t h r o u g h t h e Los P a d r e s N a t i o n a l F o r e s t , from Chicken S p r i n g s runn ing nor thwes t a c r o s s t h e Janeway Ranch t h r o u g h Happy Canyon toward t h e F igue roa Campground, end ing n e a r Midland School . The e a r l y c l a i m s o n t h i s v e i n were e s t a b l i s h e d below t h e F igue roa Mountain Campground and s l i g h t l y t o t h e east o f t h e La Laguna and Tunnel r a n c h e s . The e a r l y p r o s p e c t o r s found samples o f g r e e n rock and m a l a c h i t e on t h e r o c k f o r m a t i o n s t h a t o c c a s i o n a l l y r o s e above t h e ground. These o r e samples were o f r e l a t i v e l y low g r a d e , b u t because o f t h e d e n s i t y o f copper , t h e r e was s p e c u l a t i o n t h a t t h e d e e p e r o n e dug , t h e b e t t e r t h e ore.

"These c l a i m s were e s t a b l i s h e d b e f o r e 1900 i n 20 a c r e p a r c e l s o f 600 x 1500 s q u a r e f e e t . The c l a i m a n t s were f i r s t , t h e King Mining Company, and second , t h e C a n f i e l d Mining Cornpany i n 1900. C u r r e n t l y , most o f t h e v e i n is c l a i m e d , b u t t h e o n l y work i s t o m e e t t h e y e a r l y a s s e s s m e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s t o m a i n t a i n t h e c l a i m s .

"The o n l y mined o r e was t a k e n d u r i n g t h e "30 ' s " when t h e c l a i m s were h e l d by Henry M. Rober t s . R o b e r t s and h i s f i n a n c i a l p a r t n e r , P e t e r B. Pon tana ro , d i d e x t e n s i v e d i g g i n g , l a i d r a i l s i n t o t h e t u n n e l s and had s i x cars i n which t h e y b r o u g h t o r e t o t r u c k s which t r a n s p o r t e d t h e l o a d s t o t h e o l d Gav io ta p i e r l o c a t e d n e a r t h e c u r r e n t o i l l e a s e . The o r e was loaded o n t o b a r g e s and t r a n s p o r t e d t o Tacoma, Washington, f o r s m e l t i n g .

"There a r e no r e c o r d s as t o what t h e o r e b rough t i n terms of money t o e i t h e r Rober t s o r Pontanaro . N e i t h e r of t h e f a m i l i e s t o t h i s d a y knows what w a s p a i d f o r t h a t small l o a d of o r e . However, problems emerged l a t e r w i t h t h e T u n n e l l f a m i l y who p rov ided a n easement i n r e t u r n f o r a p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e o r e . Eoth Montanaro and R o b e r t s passed away and R o b e r t s ' widow, V i r g i n i a , r e m a r r i e d . She and h e r husband, M. F. F r a z i e r , c u r r e n t l y r e s i d e i n t h e town o f Los O l i v o s and own six of t h e c l a i m s i n t h e Cher ry Creek Canyon. m a z i e r h a s done e x t e n s i v e s t u d y on t h e v e i n and f e e l s h i s s amples o f m a l a c h i t e and a z u r i t e i n d i c a t e h igh-grade o r e d e e p i n t h e e a r t h . A s h e began h i s p e r i o d i c v i s i t s t o F igue roa Mountain, h e r a n a c r o s s t h e T u n n e l l f a m i l y and d i s c o v e r e d t h e s t r o n g f e e l i n g s toward R o b e r t s and Montanaro. The T u n n e l l s f e l t t h e y had been c h e a t e d o u t o f t h e i r o r e p e r c e n t a g e f o r u s i n g t h e r a n c h easement. F r a z i e r l e a r n e d t o d e a l w i t h T u n n e l l by b r i n g i n g a n o c c a s i o n a l b o t t l e o f whiskey a s h e passed th rough . H e and o t h e r members o f t h e R o b e r t s f a m i l y c u t t r a i l s t h r o u g h b r u s h and d i d work around t h e claim t o m e e t t h e annua l $100 a y e a r a s ses smen t r euu i remen t .

"During t h i s t i m e , h e m e t a w e a l t h y S a n t a Barbaran , Ralph E. Davis , who t a l k e d a b o u t p u r c h a s i n g t h e c l a i m s a n d d e v e l o p i n g t h e m i n e s . A p e r c e n t a g e ar rangement was worked o u t w i t h m a z i e r and t h e n , o v e r a l a r g e b o t t l e o f bourbon, Tunnel1 ag reed t o a s i m i l a r p l a n f o r t h e c l a i m s i n t h e Cher ry Canyon a r e a . However, t h e opt imism and e x c i t e m e n t were s h o r t - l i v e d as a f a m i l y l e g a l d i s p u t e i n t h e Dav i s f a m i l y ended t h e agreement .

"The rock samples i n t h e a r e a c o n t a i n t h e copper which i s q u i t e heavy, y e t t h e o r e i s o f a low g r a d e and t h e c o s t s t o mine it are g r e a t . Some o f t h e owners f e e l t h a t , because of t h e weight o f t h e copper , a h i g h e r g r a d e of o r e w i l l be found d e e p e r i n t h e e a r t h b u t i t i s o n l y s p e c u l a t i o n . Apparent ly , l i t t l e h a s been done t o mine and p rocess t h e ore; b u t , w i t h a n i n c r e a s i n g va lue of our metal r e s o u r c e s , t h e t i m e may come when t h e Los Padres F o r e s t y i e l d s a n o t h e r v a l u a b l e t r e a s u r e -- copper." ( 7 5 )

Limestone

While p r o s p e c t i n g up Ind ian Creek on t h e S a n t a Barbara Ranger D i s t r i c t , J o s e Moraga l o c a t e d a l a r g e ou tc ropp ing o f l i m e s t o n e . T h i s i s known a s t h e S i e r r a Blanca Limestone and was d e p o s i t e d by a n i n t r u d i n g warm wate r s e a d u r i n g t h e Eocene a g e some 60 m i l l i o n y e a r s b e f o r e t h e p r e s e n t . Nine d i f f e r e n t c l a i m s were f i l e d on t h e l imes tone on December 2 , 1894. They were l i s t e d as being l o c a t e d between t h e Arroyo d e l Mono and Indo Muerto Canyon. P. camp was e s t a b l i s h e d a t what i s now h o w n a s I n d i a n Narrows Camp and a t u n n e l begun i n t h e f a c e o f t h e c l i f f on t h e east s i d e o f I n d i a n Creek. The t u n n e l is 4 f e e t wide, 6 f e e t t a l l and 37 f e e t long. I n s i d e t h e t u n n e l i s a n o l d i r o n wheelbarrow and a number o f o t h e r relics l e f t o v e r from when t h e t u n n e l was b e i n g dug. The o l d dump is covered w i t h low b r u s h and p i s o n oak and a l a r g e s c r u b oak comple te ly h i d e s t h e t u n n e l mouth.

When samples of t h e S i e r r a Blanca l i m e s t o n e were t aken t o L o s Fngeles t o b e used i n l i t h o g r a p h y , it was found t h a t t h e r e w e r e smal l f l e c k s o f q u a r t z a l l th rough t h e s t o n e , which ru ined it f o r l i t h o g r a p h y . ?he owners t h e n thought t h a t it c o u l d be used t o make cement, b u t f i n a l l y d e c i d e d t h a t t h e remoteness o f t h e ou tc ropp ing made it u n e c o n m i c a l t o a t t e m p t t o t r a n s p o r t t h e m a t e r i a l t o t h e n e a r e s t market . The p r e s e n t owner i s n e g o t i a t i n g w i t h t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e t o r e t u r n t h e pa ten ted c l a i m s t o t h e p u b l i c dana in .

Limestone a l s o h a s been mined a t P i c o Blanco Mountain n e a r Big Sur; mining i n t h i s a r e a i s c u r r e n t l y t h e s u b j e c t of a l a w s u i t which a l l e g e s t h a t f u r t h e r m i n e r a l a c t i v i t y on P i c o Blanco w i l l have unaccep tab le , a d v e r s e environmental impacts . Repor t s of mining l imes tone on Limeki ln Creek on t h e sou the rn Monterey County c o a s t a r e undocumented.

Uranium

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e go ld mining around Za Panza i n t h e S a n t a Lucia Ranger Distr ic t , many o f t h e prominent e a r l y f a m i l i e s i n t h a t a r e a p a r t i c i p a t e d i n a s m a l l - s c a l e uranium e x p l o r a t i o n and mining boom t h e r e i n t h e e a r l y 1950 's . P h y s i c a l remains from t h i s pe r iod are abundant th roughout t h e a r e a , i n c l u d i n g many c r e a t i v e c la im c o r n e r markers. And t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r l a r g e r s c a l e uranium mining i n t h e a r e a s t i l l ex i s t s . The Lomex Corpora t ion of Texas d i d some p r e l i m i n a r y work on a l a r g e number o f low-grade uranium c l a i m s i n t h e La Panza a r e a i n t h e e a r l y 1980 's . A f t e r a l e n g t h y b a t t l e between t h e p r o j e c t proponent and t h e p u b l i c , and p r e p a r a t i o n of a n e x t e n s i v e environmental a n a l y s i s by t h e F o r e s t Se rv ice which suppor ted t h e p roposa l w i t h r e s t r i c t i o n s , t h e canpany abandoned p l a n s f o r f u t u r e development of i t s p r o p e r t i e s .

I n t h e 1970 ' s t h e Homestake Mining Company s t a k e d a c l a i m w i t h p l a n s f o r uranium min ing above Ventura County ' s Lake C a s i t a s R e s e r v o i r ( O j a i Ranger District). A f t e r a l e n g t h y b a t t l e o v e r t h e p r o p o s a l , t h e Depar tment o f t h e I n t e r i o r f o r m a l l y wi thdrew t h e l a n d s w i t h i n t h e h i g h l y s e n s i t i v e C a s i t a s and Matilija Wate r sheds from mining , a l t h o u g h t h e a r e a r e m a i n s open t o m i n e r a l . l e a s i n g .

P r o s p e c t i n g f o r uranium h a s a l s o o c c u r r e d i n B a l l i n g e r ' C a n y o n w i t h i n t h e N t . P i n o s Ranger D i s t r i c t .

Magnesi t e

Joe Moraga and C. E. Ruiz of S a n t a B a r b a r a f i l e d a m a g n e s i t e c l a i m i n t h e Happy Canyon a r e a i n t h e l a t e 1800 ' s . A few k i d n e y - l i k e bunches o f f l o a t were found n e a r t h e head of Happy Canyon. In Cachuma Canyon t h e material o u t c r o p s i n t h i n v e i n s , and a s h o r t t u n n e l , now caved i n , was dug a t t h e s i te.

Manganese

A s m a l l d e p o s i t o f manganese ore occurs i n t h e F r a n c i s c a n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e San R a f a e l W u n t a i n s east of Los O l i v o s . T h i s d e p o s i t and a n o t h e r d e s c r i b e d a s S a n t a Barba ra County Manganese D e p o s i t N o . 2,, La Laguna Rancho, a r e o f l i t t l e a p p a r e n t v a l u e .

a s p h a l t u m , P e t r o l e u m an'd Gas

N a t u r a l s e e p s o f t a r , o i l , and g a s a r e cmmon i n t h e c o a s t a l a r e a s o u t h o f t h e S a n t a Ynez Range, and w e s t o f t h e San R a f a e l Mounta ins i n S a n t a Barba ra County , b u t none a r e known t o occur w i t h i n t h e b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e F o r e s t . Throughout t h e F o r e s t numerous d r y h o l e s , o r d u s t e r s a s t h e o i l men c a l l them, h a v e been d r i l l e d w i t h o u t s u c c e s s .

The f i r s t w e l l i n t h e F o r e s t was d r i l l e d i n 1856. O i l was f i r s t d i s c o v e r e d i n 1870 i n t h e O j a i r e g i o n . A t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e some 100 w e l l s o p e r a t e on 18 a c t i v e l e a s e s .

Much more o i l a c t i v i t y h a s t a k e n p l a c e w i t h i n t h e O j a i Ranger District o f t h e F o r e s t , i n Ven tu ra County, t h a n i n a n y o t h e r p o r t i o n o f t h e F o r e s t . The Sespe O i l F i e l d i n t h a t a r e a is t h e o l d e s t i n C a l i f o r n i a , d i s c o v e r e d i n t h e l a te 1880 ' s . The Sespe " . . . spans a n e r a o f e v o l u t i o n i n t h e o i l i n d u s t r y from e a r l y c a b l e - t o o l t o p re sen t -day , r o t a r y a i r d r i l l i n g n (Dosch 1967) . The f i r s t p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e Sespr? F i e l d o c c u r r e d i n 1887. O i l development h a s p l a y e d a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t i n t h e development o f i n d u s t r y i n Ven tu ra County, b u t a g a i n a s i n S a n t a Barba ra County, t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e o i l p r o d u c i n g a r e a s are o u t s i d e t h e F o r e s t b o u n d a r i e s .

Today, Los P a d r e s N a t i o n a l F o r e s t i s b l a n k e t e d w i t h a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r o i l and g a s lease a p p l i c a t i o n s , b u t t h e Sespe f i e l d r e m a i n s t h e o n l y s i t e o f s i g n i f i c a n t p r o d u c t i o n a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n t h e F o r e s t .

Q u i c k s i l v e r

A band of Franc i scan format ion rocks ou tc rops a t v a r i o u s p o i n t s from Figueroa Mountain a long t h e sou th s l o p e o f t h e San Rafael Mountains t o t h e no r th s l o p e of t h e Santa Ynez Mountains, j u s t e a s t of G i b r a l t a r Lake. m i c k s i l v e r o r e i n t h e form o f c i nnaba r occurs i n s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s a long t h e no r the rn edge of t h i s format ion. With t h e except ion of a few s c a t t e r e d r i c h shoots of o r e , most o f t h e d e p o s i t i s composed o f low-grade o r e which can b e mined a t a p r o f i t on ly a t t h e t ime of world crises such a s a war.

The e a r l i e s t mention of q u i c k s i l v e r mining i n t h e Fo re s t comes from t h e d i a r y of Judge Cha r l e s E. Huse, da t ed May 26, 1854. EIe no tes : "Thr ice showed m e a p i e c e o f c i nnaba r which t h e y had found i n t h e v i c i n i t y . Th is i s an e x c e l l e n t specimen." ( 7 7 1

Seve ra l mines were l oca t ed e a s t of Los P r i e t o s i n t h e G i b r a l t e r Dam v i c i n i t y , o n bo th s i d e s o f t h e Santa Ynez River. Those a long t h e sou th s i d e were f i r s t d i s c w e r e d and claimed by J o s e Moraga, an early-day California, who explored a l a r g e p o r t i o n o f t h e Santa Barbara backcountry and f i l e d a number o f mining c l a ims f o r d i f f e r e n t m a t e r i a l s . A cmpany was formed t o work t h e d e p o s i t by Jo se Moraga, Char les E. Huse, Alexander Gonzales, Thomas Sprague , Jose Lobero , and o t h e r s . The canpany f i l e d t h e No. 1 c la im on t h e e a s t end of t h e d e p o s i t . They worked t h e c l a im on and o f f f o r t h e nex t t e n years . In 1874, mining s t o c k was s o l d b y a company formed in San Franc i sco and e x p e r t s were s e n t down t o examine t h e p rospec t s . They r e tu rned w i th glowing r e p q r t s o f t h e p o t e n t i a l o f t h e mine and t h e e x i s t e n c e of c innabar i n immense q u a n t i t i e s . The c la ims were l o c a t e d on t h e Los P r i e t o s y Najalayegua Land Grant , and a M r . Casse l l of San F ranc i s co l e a sed t h e g r a n t wi th t h e r i g h t t o develop t h e mines. He and t h e o t h e r owners o f t h e c la ims f i n a l l y compromised on t h e i r d i f f e r e n c e s r a t h e r t h a n engage i n extended l i t i g a t i o n . ( 7 8 )

Later M r . J. S. Cassell joined o t h e r s t o form a company c a l l e d t h e Santa Ynez Mining Company w i th a c a p i t a l s tock o f $1,000,00C. The Los P r i e t o s Company was o rgan ized w i t h a c a p i t a l s t o c k o f $1 0,000,000 and e v e n t u a l l y absorbed t h e former canpany.

M r . Jones became t h e mining super in tendent , w i th headqua r t e r s a t L o s P r i e t o s . Pa l a r g e amount of money was expended on developing t h e mines. A road was cons t ruc t ed from t h e s t a g e road wer San Marcos Pass a t China Camp and up t h e Santa Ynez River. T r a i l s a l s o were opened from Santa Barbara t o t h e mines, because i n t h e w in t e r when t h e r i v e r was i n f lood s t a g e , it was imposs ib le t o reach t h e mines by t h e r i v e r road. Some 400 men w e r e employed t o make b r i c k f o r t h e fu rnace , and b u i l d and open t h e mine. Timber f o r support ing t h e t u n n e l s was a b i g problem, a s none was a v a i l a b l e l o c a l l y . A l a r g e b r i c k r e t o r t and s e v e r a l smal le r ones w e r e cons t ruc ted along t h e r i v e r . There was some produc t ion b u t i n 1877 t h e p r i c e of q u i c k s i l v e r dec l i ned on t h e world market, and it became no longer p r o f i t a b l e t o work t h e Santa Barbara mines. The o p e r a t i o n was abandoned and t h e b u i l d i n g s and equipment were allowed t o go t o r u i n .

Not u n t i l 1916 was t h e r e any f u r t h e r a c t i v i t y on t h e p r o p e r t y . A t t h a t t i m e t h e mines w e r e reopened and a smal l amount of p r o d u c t i o n c a r r i e d o u t . They w e r e a g a i n s h u t down and n o t u n t i l 1933 was any f u r t h e r work done a t t h e mine. From 1933 u n t i l 1939 some work was o c c a s i o n a l l y done w i t h a few f l a s k s of mercury be ing produced.

The o l d G i b r a l t e r Mine b u i l d i n g s and equipment have f a l l e n i n t o d i s r e p a i r ; t h e owners' d e s c e n d e n t s a r e engaged i n l e g a l s q u a b b l e s o v e r d i s p o s i t i o n , reopening t h e mine, etc.

The Lion Den Nine, a l s o known a s t h e Cal-Mer and i n c l u d i n g p a r t of t h e o l d San ta Rosa p r o p e r t y , i s l o c a t e d a t t h e head of Cachuma a e e k . Near it i s t h e p r o p e r t y o f t h e San ta Ynez Mercury Company. T h i s mine h a s been known i n t h e p a s t a s Eag le , Mercury and Red Rock. The mine was l o c a t e d i n 1867. The p r o p e r t y was o p e r a t e d o f f and on by t h e Red Rock Q u i c k s i l v e r Mining Company f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s . In. 1932 and aga in i n 1938 some produc t ion was made from t h e p r o p e r t y . In 193'7 a 30-ton m i l l was c m p l e t e d and opera ted u n t i l t h e company went i n t o r e c e i v e r s h i p . J. G. more s u b s e q u e n t l y o p e r a t e d t h e p r o p e r t y u n t i l t h e 1 9 6 0 ' ~ ~ when M r . Anton K. Money from Canada d i d q u i t e a b i t o f work on t h e proper t :y and produced some mercury, u n t i l t h e p r i c e o f mercury fo rced t h e c l o s u r e o f t:he mine.

The O s o Claim i s e a s t o f 19 Oaks Camp on Oso Creek. Some work was done h e r e p r i o r t o 1972, when t h e p r o s p e c t was abandoned. Numerous p i e c e s o f o l d , r u s t i n g equ ipnen t remain a t t h e campsite.

Q u i c k s i l v e r , o c c u r s a l o n g t h e s e r p e n t i n e o u t c r o p p i n g i n , t h e F r a n c i s c a n fo rmat ion . With t h e p r e s e n t low p r i c e of mercury on t h e world market , it i s n o t p r o f i t a b l e t o o p e r a t e t h e o l d mines.

S tone Quarrying

Colson Quarry n e a r t h e head of Colson Canyon w i t h i n t h e San ta Lucia Ranger D i s t r i c t i s o p e r a t e d c u r r e n t l y by Henry A n t o l i n i and Son. The q u a r r y i s opera ted t o o b t a i n "Santa Maria" s t o n e , which is e x t e n s i v e l y used i n t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n b u s i n e s s a l l over t h e west . Stone q u a r r y i n g i n t h i s a r e a a p p a r e n t l y h a s a long , b u t l a r g e l y undocumented, h i s t o r y .

Small s c a l e q u a r r y i n g h a s occur red a t numerous o t h e r l o c a t i o n s w i t h i n t h e F o r e s t i n t h e p a s t . :Cn 1907 t h e Blue ~ o c k Company o f Los Angeles had a q u a r r y n e a r t h e Frank Angula p l a c e a t t h e t o p of Refugio Pass . W.M. Tico, a t e a m s t e r , hauled s t o n e s weighing from four t o seven t o n s down t h e mountain t o t h e r a i l r o a d . R e d i d a l l t h e work himself w i t h t h e a i d o f a b lock and t a c k l e . In 1906 M r . J . M . Hogan q u a r r i e d s t o n e i n Sycamore Canyon near Mountain Drive . A t t h e same t i m e Mayor Thomas D. Wood was making s t r e e t paving of r e d rock found i n t h e San ta !Znez Mountains near t h e c i t y . In 1927 t h e Bly Stone Company of Santa Barbara was quar ry ing s t o n e i n Refugio Canyon t o b e used i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of .the new San ta Barbara cour thouse . I n l a t e r y e a r s t h e l imes tone c l i f f exposed on t h e n o r t h s i d e of t h e Santa Ynez Mountains a t Pee Rock was q u a r r i e d t o f a c e t h e s i d e s of Cachuma Dam.

Phosphate Mining

I n t h e mid-1 970 's t h e U.S. Gypsum Company made p l a n s t o e x t r a c t phosphate from a 500-acre a r e a i n t h e P i n e Mountain Region n o r t h of Oja i . The U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management prepared a n environmental impact s t a t e m e n t on t h e p r o p o s a l . P u b l i c h e a r i n g s w e r e h e l d a n d t h e S i e r r a C l u b a n d o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s , a l o n g w i t h numerous members of t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c , a t t e n d e d t h e h e a r i n g s and r e g i s t e r e d t h e i r o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e development o f t h e mining o p e r a t i o n . Denia l of t h e pe rmi t was decided on because o f t h e v i r t u a l l y unanimous r e g i o n a l opQos i t ion t o t h e p roposa l f o r s t r ip -min ing w i t h i n t h e F o r e s t .

The Cachuma Phosphate Corpora t ion began s t r ip-mining i n 1969 i n t h e f o o t h i l l s o f t h e S i e r r a Madre Mountains s o u t h o f t h e town .of New Cuyama. Due t o t h e poor market and low p r i c e s t h e o p e r a t i o n became u n e c o n m i c a l . In March o f 1975 t h e s t r i p mine reopened f o r a s h o r t p e r i o d o f t i m e b e f o r e a g a i n becoming u n p r o f i t a b l e .

R i d g e l i t e

Mineral c l a i m s were f i l e d on d e p o s i t s of Lockwood Clay a long Seymour Creek i n Lockwood Val ley i n t h e 192O1s, and expanded w i t h a d d i t i o n a l c l a i m s i n 1955. These c l a i m s c o n t i n u e t o b e mined by t h e R i d g e l i t e P roduc t s Company, which produces a n expanded c l a y used f o r s t r u c t u r a l b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s . The c l a y i s conver ted by r a p i d h e a t i n g i n t o t h e s a l e a b l e product , canmonly known a s " r i d g e l i t e . "

The s e a r c h f o r mines d u r i n g t h e Hispan ic and Anglo p e r i o d s h a s c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e opening o f t h e l a n d s which are now w i t h i n Los Padres Na t iona l F o r e s t . I t b rough t men i n t o t h e a r e a and r e s u l t e d i n road c o n s t r u c t i o n , and i n a few c a s e s wea l th poured i n t o t h e su r round ing community. A t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e t h e r e is l i t t l e mining a c t i v i t y i n t h e F o r e s t .

2.4.9 Recrea t ion i n t h e F o r e s t

When t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e was e s t a b l i s h e d , t h e main a c t i v i t i e s t h a t were managed b y t h e F o r e s t Reserves under a " t r i p l e usen program were lumber ing, g r a z i n g and mining. Lit t le or no c o n s i d e r a t i o n was g i v e n t o r e c r e a t i o n . During t h e e a r l y y e a r s t h e main r e c r e a t i o n a c t i v i t y was camping, and it was g e n e r a l l y connected w i t h e i t h e r hun t ing o r f i s h i n g . People l i v i n g around t h e e d g e s o f t h e F o r e s t would make e x p e d i t i o n s i n t o t h e mountains t o h u n t o r f i s h , g e n e r a l l y a f t e r t h e c r o p s were i n and t h e y had l e i s u r e time t o spend b e f o r e t h e f a l l r a i n s began.

An example o f e a r l y r e c r e a t i o n u s e was d e p i c t e d i n t h e Cen tu ry I l l u s t r a t e d Monthly Magazine f o r November 1886-Apri l 1887, i n a n a r t i c le b y John R.G. Hassard . T h i s a r t i c l e t o l d abou t a g r o u p o f men and a woman who s p e n t t i m e camping, f i r s t o n t h e n o r t h f o r k of Matilija Creek and la ter on t o p o f P ine Mountain. They l e f t O j a i and s p e n t 6 8 d a y s i n t h e w i l d e r n e s s . Hassard f i g u r e d t h a t t h e cost o f a p e r s o n a l o u t f i t was $20.00, . s h a r e o f t h e g e n e r a l o u t f i t was $6.43 ( p o t s and pans , e tc . ) , and g u i d e , cook and s t o c k cost $1 12.40 f o r a t o t a l o f $138.89. T h i s r e p r e s e n t e d a b o u t $2.00 p e r d a y p e r pe r son . H e f i n i s h e d t h e a r t i c l e by s t a t i n g : " A s we i i v e d l i k e gourmets , and made no g r e a t e f f o r t t o economize, t h i s , we t h o u g h t , was d o i n g p r e t t y w e l l . " ( 7 9 )

I n t h e 1890 ' s t h e S a n t a Maria Times r a n s e v e r a l a r t i c l e s a b o u t h u n t e r s v i s i t i n g t h e S i s q u o c arid Manzana a r e a and t h e r e p o r t s o f good h u n t i n g . Many o f t h e s e p e o p l e were f r i e n d s or r e l a t i v e s o f t h e homesteaders who were l i v i n g i n t h a t area. I n t h o s e d a y s a f a m i l y o r g r o u p o f f r i e n d s would s t a k e o u t a t e r r i t o r y back i n t h e San R a f a e l Mountains o r i n t h e P i n e Mountain a r e a o f Ventura County. T h i s s p o t became t h e i r p r i v a t e a r e a f o r h u n t i n g and o t h e r s s t a y e d o u t o f t h a t t e r r i t o r y . Many o f t h e p r e s e n t backcoun t ry F o r e s t camps were e s t a b l i s h e d t h i s way. Some, such a s Pe lch , Cottam and Forbush, a r e s t i l l i n u s e , b u t o t h e r s , i : nc lud ing Cooper, Jesse, Dinsmore, McGuire, Libby, Doty and Baker Camps c a n ble found o n l y on o l d F o r e s t maps. The s i tes a r e l o n g abandoned and the camps have e i ther weathered away or been physical ly removed.

When t h e CCC program began i n t h e e a r l y 193OVs, upgrad ing o f t h e s e o l d h u n t i n g camps began. T a b l e s and ice can s t o v e s were p laced a t t h e camps. The CCC r e f u r b i s h e d camps were i n u s e up u n t i l 1940, when World War I1 b r o u g h t a b o u t t h e F o r e s t ' s c l o s i n g . A f t e r t h e war, t h e f i r e c l o s u r e i n i t i a t e d d u r i n g t h e war was n o t r e t a i n e d i.n many o f t h e a r e a s which a c t e d a s w a t e r s h e d s f o r dams a l o n g t h e lower r e a c h e s of r i v e r s . Because d e e r hun t ing s e a s o n o c c u r r e d d u r i n g f i r e s e a s o n , t h e o l d d e e r h u n t i n g camps o f t e n f e l l i n t o d i s u s e . I t was d e c i d e d t o r m o v e many o f them, s i n c e t h e y w e r e n o t be ing ma in ta ined .

During t h e 1960 ' s and e a r l y 1970 ' s c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r e s t i n camping and backpacking deve loped . A l a r g e i n c r e a s e occur red i n t h e use o f t h e camping areas i n t h e F o r e s t . T r a i l s t h a t had f a l l e n i n t o d i s u s e were now f e e l i n g t h e t r e a d o f backpacker s ' f e e t . In t h e p e r i o d b e f o r e World War I1 a l m o s t a l l of t h e campers i n t h e b a c k c o u n t r y went i n b y horseback, b u t t h e new v i s i t o r s were h i k e r s . Some o f t h e o l d e r ccc camps were r e c o n d i t i o n e d , and w i l d e r n e s s g r a t e s t o v e s began t o r e p l a c e t h e o l d ice c a n s t o v e s which t h e CCC had p l a c e d i n t h e camps.

- About t h e t i m e o f t h i s renewed i n t e r e s t i n camping, p u b l i c conce rn f o r r e s o u r c e c o n s e r v a t i o n w a s a l s o g a t h e r i n g f o r c e . Many o f t h e campers who used t h e backcoun t ry deve loped a conce rn f o r t h e eco logy o f t h e r e g i o n and began t o f e a r t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t iha t u s e b y t o o many p e o p l e would r e s u l t i n a b u s e o f t h e f r a g i l e envi ronment . T h i s f lower ing of p u b l i c awareness came d e c a d e s a f t e r some i n d i v i d u a l s , agency o f f i c i a l s and members o f c o n g r e s s had r e c o g n i z e d a need t o m a i n t a i n p o r t i o n s o f undeveloped a r e a s i n F e d e r a l ownership i n t h e i r "wi ldn s t a t e .

I n 1929 t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e Department of A g r i c u l t u r e s p e l l e d ou t t h e f i r s t s p e c i f i c p rocedures by which t h e Chief of t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e could d e s i g n a t e P r i m i t i v e Areas. These a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e g u l a t i o n s were f u r t h e r r e f i n e d and s t reng thened i n 1 93 9. Under t h e s e r e g u l a t i o n s , t h e S e c r e t a r y , on t h e reccmmendation o f t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e , c o u l d d e s i g n a t e unbroken t r a c t s o f 1,000,000 a c r e s o r more a s "Wilderness Areas." Areas of 5,000 t o 100,000 a c r e s o r more were set a s i d e a s "Wild Areas" by t h e Chief of t h e F o r e s t Serv ice . The Nat ion 's f i r s t d e s i g n a t e d Wilderness was t h e Gi la Wilderness i n New Mexico. It inc luded 434,000 a c r e s and was e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1924.

The Ventana P r i m i t i v e Area w i t h i n t h e Monterey Ranger District was e s t a b l i s h e d by o r d e r of Chief F o r e s t e r R. Y. S t u a r t under t h e a u t h o r i t y o f Regulat ion L-20, which allowed t h e Chief o f t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e t o d e s i g n a t e P r i m i t i v e Areas. The Ventana o r i g i n a l l y c o n s i s t e d of 45,520 a c r e s and was en la rged in. 1937 t o about 55,884 a c r e s .

On January 19, 1932, t h e ~ a n ' m f a e l P r i m i t i v e Area was c r e a t e d , a l s o under t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e "L" r e g u l a t i o n . I n 1937 a g roup under t h e s t r o n g l e a d e r s h i p of Rober t Easton promoted t h e need t o p r o t e c t t h e C a l i f o r n i a Condors' use o f F a l l s Creek canyon, on t h e n o r t h s i d e of San Rafae l Mountain and s o u t h o f t h e S i squoc River . *is a r e a was known t o b e used by t h e condors a s a r e s t i n g , b a t h i n g , and p o s s i b l y n e s t i n g site. The s a n c t u a r y e v e n t u a l l y e s t a b l i s h e d con ta ined 1,200 a c r e s . Eh t ry i n t o t h e r e s e r v e is allowed o n l y under permit from t h e F o r e s t Supervisor . It is i r o n i c t h a t s h o r t l y a f t e r t h e area was set a s i d e , t h e condors us ing t h e a r e a s h i f t e d t o an a r e a nor th o f F i l lmore and t o o k up r e s i d e n c e t h e r e . Now o n l y o c c a s i o n a l use f o r b a t h i n g i s r e p o r t e d i n t h e Sisquoc Condor Sanctuary.

Not u n t i l a f t e r passage o f t h e Wilderness A c t of 1964 by Congress w e r e t h e San Rafae l and Ventana P r i m i t i v e Areas f o r m a l l y r e s e r v e d a s w i l d e r n e s s a r e a s by law, r a t h e r t h a n by a F o r e s t Service r e g u l a t i o n s u b j e c t t o change a t w i l l . The Wilderness A c t e s t a b l i s h e d a set o f governmental procedures f o r d e s i g n a t i n g and managing u n i t s o f t h e Na t iona l Wilderness P r e s e r v a t i o n System. The F o r e s t S e r v i c e was g iven i ts g u i d e l i n e s by t h e S e c r e t a r y o f A g r i c u l t u r e on June 1 , 1966, when he i s s u e d r e g u l a t i o n s on t h e o p e r a t i o n s o f t h e Na t iona l F o r e s t u n i t s o f t h e Na t iona l Wilderness P r e s e r v a t i o n System under i t s charge.

I m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r p a s s a g e o f t h e W i l d e r n e s s A c t , numerous p e o p l e and o r g a n i z a t i o n s began s tudy ing t h e San Rafael P r i m i t i v e Area w i t h t h e g o a l o f o b t a i n i n g w i l d e r n e s s d e s i g n a t i o n f o r t h e a r e a . The l o c a l S i e r r a Club, Audubon S o c i e t y , and many o t h e r s o rgan ized campaigns among t h e i r members t o lobby f o r l e g i s l a t i o n t o set t h e a r e a a s i d e a s Wilderness . Joy Parkinson, p r e s i d e n t o f t h e Audubon Soc ie ty , Robert Easton, a l o c a l writer and c o n s e r v a t i o n i s t , and Dick Smith, l o c a l newspaper writer, were among t h e many l o c a l people who a t t e n d e d numerous meet ings w i t h t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e t o i r o n o u t boundary l o c a t i o n s and o t h e r problems.

F o r r e a s o n s p r i m a r i l y r e l a t e d t o f i r e s u p p r e s s i o n and f u e l s management, t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e d i d n o t wi sh t h e w i l d e r n e s s t o c r o s s t h e Buckhorn Road on F i g P i n e Mountain o r encanpass t h e S i e r r a P a d r e Ridge Road. I n something o f a compromise s o l u t i o n , t h e Chief o f t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e p l edged t h a t i f t h e S i e r r a Madre Ridge r a n a i n e d o u t s i d e t h e San R a f a e l Wi lde rness , t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e w o u l d m a i n t a i n a n d u s e t h e r i d g e r o a d o n l y f o r e s s e n t i a l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e pu rposes . P r o t e c t i o n o f t h e s e n s i t i v e rock a r t sites on t h e r i d g e was s p e c i f i c a l l y ment ioned d u r i n g c o n g r e s s i o n a l h e a r i n g s on t h i s m a t t e r , w i t h t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e promis ing t o p r o v i d e needed p r o t e c t i v e measures .

.

The b i l l t o create t h e San R a f a e l W i l d e r n e s s was b r o u g h t up i n t h e S e n a t e on March 8 , 1968. M r . Ja.ckson s t a t e d : "It i s my c o n s i d e r e d judgment t h a t t h i s b i l l w i l l some d a y b e . r e g a r d e d a s landmark c o n s e r v a t i o n l e g i s l a t i o n . It i s t h e f i r s t p r o p o s a l t o be e n a c t e d t o add an a d d i t i o n a l w i l d e r n e s s a r e a t o t h e Wi lde rness System addpt.ed i n 1964." (80 1

The San R a f a e l Wi lde rness a r e a . compr i ses 148,170 a c r e s o f t h e F o r e s t and is l o c a t e d approx ima te ly '12 m i l e s n o r t h o f San ta Barbara . It h a s proven t o b e a haven f o r backpacking e n t h u s i a s t s .

On August 18, 1969, t h e Ventana W i l d e r n e s s Area was e s t a b l i s h e d . The Ventana i n c l u d e s 164,554 a c r e s o f p r i m a r i l y v e r y rugged t e r r a i n ' w i t h i n t h e S a n t a Lucia Mountains o f t h e Montcxey Ranger ~ i s t r i c t . The h igh u s e w i t h i n t h i s a r e a is a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e f a . c t t h a t t h e Ventana r o u g h l y p a r a l l e l s t h e Big Sur c o a s t l i n e and o f f e r s s u p e r l a t i v e v iews from t h e crest o f t h e San ta Luc ia Range.

The t h i r d d e s i g n a t e d w i l d e r n e s s a r e a w i t h i n t h e F o r e s t was t h e San ta ,Lucia i n San L u i s Obispo County. It i s l o c a t e d w i t h i n t h e San ta Lucia Ranger C i s t r i c t and was e s t a b l i s h e d a s a r e s u l t o f t h e Endangered American Wi lde rness A c t o f 1978. It c o n s i s t s o f 21 ,678 a c r e s and r a n g e s i n e l w a t i o n from 800 f e e t a l o n g Lopez Creek t o 3,000 f e e t n e a r Bi Mountain. Lopez Creek, which f l o w s t h r o u g h t h e w i l d e r n e s s , p r o v i d e s a c o n s t a n t s u p p l y o f w a t e r to Lopez Lake.

On August 6, 1984, a n o t h e r w i l d e r n e s s b i l l i n v o l v i n g l a n d s i n C a l i f o r n i a was passed a f t e r c o n s i d e r a b l e s t u d y and c a n p r a n i s e . The " C a l i f o r n i a Wi lde rness A c t of 1984" proposed t h a t ". . . c e r t a i n l a n d s i n t h e Los Padres N a t i o n a l F o r e s t , which c a n p r i s e a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w o thousand a c r e s , a s g e n e r a l 1 y d e p i c t e d on a map e n t i t l e d 'San R a f a e l Wi lde rness Addi t ions- -Proposed, ' and which a r e he reby i n c o r p o r a t e d i n , and which s h a l l be deemed t o b e a p a r t o f t h e San Rafae l Wi lde rness a s d e s i g n a t e d by P u b l i c Law 90-271." ( 8 1 ) T h i s a d d i t i o n adds l a n d on t h e sou thwes t s i d e o f Manzana Creek t o t h e e x i s t i n g w i l d e r n e s s . T h i s i s t h e f i r s t a d d i . t i o n t o t h e w i i d e r n e s s s i n c e it was c r e a t e d .

The C a l i f o r n i a Wildeirness kt of 1984 a l s o e s t a b l i s h e d two new w i l d e r n e s s a r e a s , and added 2,7!5O acres t o t h e Ventana Wi lde rness w i t h i n t h e Monterey Ranger Dis t r ic t . In San L u i s Obispo County t h e h c h e s n a Mountain Wi lde rness was c r e a t e d . It c o n s i s t s o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20,000 a c r e s , and i s l o c a t e d i n t h e La Panza Mountain rancle w i t h i n t h e S a n t a Luc ia Ranger District .

The Dick Smith Wilderness i s t h e second w i l d e r n e s s a r e a c r e a t e d by t h e 1984 A c t . When t h e San Rafae l Wilderness was e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1968 it was d e c r e e d t h a t t h e r e would be a new r o u t e c o n s t r u c t e d f o r t h e Buckhorn road around t h e s o u t h and e a s t s i d e s o f Big P ine Mountain t o l o c a t e it o u t s i d e o f t h e San R a f a e l Wilderness . In 1972 Don Vaughan t o o k a group of f i v e S i e r r a Club members up t o l o o k a t t h e proposed r o u t e f o r t h e new road. It was dec ided t h a t t h e new r o u t i n g of t h e road would c r e a t e numerous problems and s o l v e n o t h i n g , b u t w h i l e h i k i n g o u t on Madulce t h e t h o u g h t was b rough t up t h a t p o s s i b l y a Madulce Wilderness cou ld b e c r e a t e d wi th t h e Buckhorn Road a s a n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o r r i d o r between t h e w i l d e r n e s s e s .

I n 1973 t h e Fbrest S e r v i c e embarked on a review and e v a l u a t i o n of a l l r o a d l e s s areas--RARE I. Little was done w i t h t h i s s t u d y and i n 1977 a new rev iew and e v a l u a t i o n was c a r r i e d o u t under RARE 11. In t h e s p r i n g of 1978 a p r e l i m i n a r y p r o p o s a l f o r a b o u t 70,000 a c r e s o f new w i l d e r n e s s w i t h i n t h e Los Padres was made. The a r e a encanpassed by t h e proposed w i l d e r n e s s r a n w e s t t o e a s t from Big P i n e Mountain t o Highway 33 i n Ventura County. On t h e s o u t h it extended a l m o s t t o t h e San ta Ynez River . A c o a l i t i o n o f t h e S i e r r a Club, Audubon S o c i e t y , C i t i z e n s Comrn i t t ee . fo r Wi lde rness , and l a t e r t h e F r i e n d s of Dick Smith p u t f o r t h e f f o r t s p rano t ing and suppor t ing t h i s w i l d e r n e s s p roposa l . The F o r e s t S e r v i c e had some r e s e r v a t i o n s a b o u t t h e proposed boundar ies , s o a f t e r a meet ing between t h e Agency and t h e c o a l i t i o n , a compromise boundary was agreed upon. It was t h e n t h a t t h e name, "Dick Smith Wilderness ," was suggested i n honor of t h e man who had been s o a c t i v e i n t h e campaign t o c r e a t e t h e San Rafae l Wi lde rness and had devo ted much t i m e and energy t o s t u d y i n g t h e C a l i f o r n i a Condor. The b i l l was passed twice i n t h e House of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , o n l y t o b e s topped i n t h e Senate.

The Dick Smith Wilderness c o n t a i n s 64,700 a c r e s and i s l o c a t e d i n t h e San ta Barbara and M t . P inos Ranger Districts. It i s s i t u a t e d some 12 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of Santa Earbara. Within i ts boundar ies a r e t h e I n d i a n , Mono, Alamar and Santa Barbara Canyons. The a r e a r a n g e s i n e l e v a t i o n from 3,750 t o 6,541 f e e t a t i t s h i g h e s t p i n t a t o p Madulce Peak. The v e g e t a t i o n c o n s i s t s p r i m a r i l y o f c h a p a r r a l w i t h p i n e f o r e s t s on t h e h i g h e r e l e v a t i o n s . S e v e r a l i m p o r t a n t c u l t u r a l sites a r e found w i t h i n i t s boundar ies . The Madulce Guard S t a t i o n , a s i t e l i s t e d on t h e Na t iona l R e g i s t e r of H i s t o r i c P l a c e s , and t h e Mono-Santa Barbara Canyon I n d i a n T r a i l , used to t r a v e l from San ta Barbara ' s c o a s t a l r e g i o n t o t h e c e n t r a l v a l l e y o f C a l i f o r n i a , a r e b u t t w o o f t h e s e s i t e s . Some 7,680 a c r e s o f t h e a r e a a r e condor c r i t i c a l h a b i t a t .

Many o f t h e t r a i l s and camps i t e s i n t h e . a r e a a r e i n v e r y poor c o n d i t i o n , b u t w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e d p u b l i c i t y abou t t h e a r e a , c o n s i d e r a b l y more use w i l l be made b y t h e backpacking p u b l i c , and h o p e f u l l y t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e f a c i l i t i e s i n t h e Wilderness w i l l soon b e g r e a t l y improved t o p r o t e c t t h e environment.

The Wi lde rness A c t of 1964 s t a t e s , " A Wilderness , i n c o n t r a s t w i t h t h o s e a r e a s where t h e e a r t h and i ts cmmuni ty o f l i f e a r e untrammeled by man, i s a n a r e a where man h imse l f i s a v i s i t o r who d o e s n o t remain." The w i l d e r n e s s e x p e r i e n c e i s one which a l lows p h y s i c a l a s w e l l a s psycho log ica l escape from t h e mechanized urban confus ion o f t h e modern world. Man needs w i l d e r n e s s a r e a s where he can r e k i n d l e h i s s p i r i t and endure t e m p o r a r i l y t h e h a r d s h i p s o f t h e w i l d e r n e s s e x i s t e n c e . Th i s h a s been made a v a i l a b l e t o him th rough t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of f i v e w i l d e r n e s s e s w i t h i n t h e boundar ies of Los Padres Na t iona l F o r e s t .

However, t h e segment of t h e p o p u l a t i o n which seeks o u t and suppor t s t h e w i l d e r n e s s e x p e r i e n c e i.s surpassed i n a c t u a l u s e c o u n t s by t h o s e who p r e f e r v e h i c l e - r e l a t e d recrealzion. The s h i f t t o veh ic le -access a c t i v i t i e s was g r a d u a l i n some p l a c e s , b u t c o n s t i t u t e d a v i r t u a l e x p l o s i o n i n o t h e r s . A good example of t h e l a t t e r ims t h e f lood of pe rsons v i s i t i n g t h e wave-cut t e r r a c e s o f t h e s o u t h e r n Ponterey c o a s t beg inn ing i n t h e e a r l y 1 9601s , fo l lowing t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e a c q u i s i - t i o n of t h a t c o a s t a l p roper ty . Heavy u s e o f d r i v e - i n campgrounds th roughout t h e F o r e s t a t t e s t t o t h e p o p u l a r i t y o f "car-campingn, and many o t h e r s e n j o y t h e scenery wi thou t e v e r l e a v i n g t h e i r c a r s . The F o r e s t S e r v i c e and o t h e r l a n d management a g e n c i e s f a c e a c h a l l e n g e i n ba lanc ing t h e two c o n t r a s t i n g t y p e s of r e c r e a t i o n use.

2.4.10 Archeo log ica l Research and Management o f C u l t u r a l P r o p e r t i e s

The F o r e s t c o n t a i n s c u l t u r a l r e s o u r c e s t h a t r e p r e s e n t use dur ing t h e proto- h i s t o r i c and h i s t o r i c pe r iod by t h e Chumash, Esse len and. S a l i n a n I n d i a n s , peop le and e v e n t s of t h e Hispanic p e r i o d , American homesteaders, and f e d e r a l l a n d management agenc ies . mst c u l t u r a l sites w i t h i n t h e F o r e s t boundar ies a r e wel l -preserved due t o d i f f i c u l t a c c e s s , r e l a t i v e l y low v i s i t a t i o n and p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n .

The F o r e s t h a s long been t h e s i te of s p o r a d i c a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h through archeology. T h i s r e s e a r c h began w i t h r e c r e a t i o n a l , and i n some c a s e s mercenary, excavat ions . by i n d i v i d u a l s such a s D r . Stephen Powers i n t h e 1870 's . I n t h e 1 9 3 0 ' ~ t h e Santa Barbara Museum of Na tura l H i s t o r y a c t e d on long-time r e p o r t s of pa in ted rock a r t i n t h e San ta Farbara backcountry and sponsored a n e x p e d i t i o n i n t o t h e ~ u r r i c a n e Deck a r e a o f t h e San Rafae l Mountains. The r e s u l t s were manuscr ipts by museum a r c h e o l o g i s t D. B. Rogers and h i s f i e l d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e Milton Snow, d e s c r i b i n g and l o c a t i n g ( a l t h o u g h p o o r l y ) t h e numerous rock a r t s i t e s i n t h e a r e a . A f i n a l n o t a b l e i n s t a n c e of e a r l y a r c h e o l o g y was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e x c a v a t i o n s b y t h e S m i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n a t Buena 'Vista Lake i n t h e 1940 's . Archeo log i s t William Duncan S t rong s p e n t many happy weekends i n t h e nearby S i e r r a Madre Mountains ( a s w e l l a s i n o t h e r p a r t s of t h e Cuyama V a l l e y ) l o c a t i n g and removing a r t i f a c t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y b a s k e t r y , from cave s i t e s and d o i n g test e x c a v a t i o n s a t a few Chumash v i l l a g e s i t e s wi th in t h e Fores t .

The h i s t o r y of a r c h e o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h w i t h i n t h e F o r e s t ' s main d i v i s i o n i s t h o r o u g h l y reviewed i n a d i s s e r t a t i o n by Stephen P. Horne, former Los Padres F o r e s t Archeo log i s t (The Inland Chumash: Ethnography, M h n o h i s t o r y , and Archeology: 1981 ) . ( 8 2 ) . An overview o f r e s e a r c h w i t h i n ther Esse len a r e a ( M o n t e r e y Ranger D i s t r i c t ) i s i n c l u d e d i n a m a s t e r s t h e s i s by J o a n Brandoff-Kerr, former Monterey Ranger E i s t r i c t Archeo log i s t ( P r e h i s t o r i c Land U s e i n t h e San ta Lucia Mountains: An Overview o f t h e Esselen and t h e i r S e t t l anen t S t r a t e g y 1982 ) .

A l t h ~ u g h t h e r e have been numerous i n s t a n c e s of a r c h e o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h by b o t h a v o c a t i o n a l and p r o f e s s i o n a l a r c h e o l o g i s t s s i n c e S t r o n g ' s work, t h e e f f o r t s have been r e l a t i v e l y few g i v e n t h e tremendous r e s e a r c h p o t e n t i a l of t h e F o r e s t . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e p o s s i b i l i t y f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h which c o u l d l e a d t o a b e t t e r unders tand ing of t h e Hispanic p e r i o d and i ts r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e demise o f a b o r i g i n a l c u l t u r e s i n C a l i f o r n i a may n o t e x i s t i n o t h e r a r e a s .

Vandalism of c u l t u r a l r e s o u r c e s i s a problem i n t h e F o r e s t . An e x t e n s i v e and comprehensive e d u c a t i o n a l program t o e x p l a i n t h e c u l t u r a l h i s t o r y o f t h e F o r e s t and i t s s i g n i f i c a n c e t o our unders tand ing of h i s t o r y w i l l h o p e f u l l y h e l p i n t h e f u t u r e t o p r o t e c t t h e s e v a l u a b l e r e s o u r c e s .

380 CONCLUSIONS

3.1 P a t t e r n s of Land U s e

H i s t o r i c a l d a t a show t h a t some p a t t e r n s of land use w i t h i n t h e F o r e s t have remained v i r t u a l l y t h e same th roughout t h e h i s t o r i c e r a , w h i l e o t h e r s have changed s u b s t a n t i a l l y . Most of t h e t r e n d s have been recognized over t h e y e a r s by F o r e s t managers and l o c a l r e s i d e n t s w i t h a n i n t e r e s t i n t h e h i s t o r i c a l deve lopnen t of F o r e s t S e r v i c e p o l i c i e s and t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e Los Padres. Many a r e common t o o t h e r Na t iona l F o r e s t s and sometimes t o o t h e r l a n d management a g e n c i e s throughout t h e United S t a t e s . This overview d o e s n o t p rov ide any new r e v e l a t i o n s abou t p a t t e r n s o f l a n d u s e , b u t it d o e s s e r v e t o emphasize t h e impor t of c e r t a i n changes and t h e reasons changes have o r have n o t occur red .

3.1.1 Cont inuing Uses

I n a t . l e a s t two areas of u s e , mining and g r a z i n g , h i s t o r i c a l p a t t e r n s have r e s i s t e d change.

I n 1790, a p a r t y s e n t o u t by Goycochea t o search f o r I n d i a n neophy tes who had escaped from Miss ion Santa Earbara engaged i n a l i t t l e minera l e x p l o r a t i o n on t h e s i d e : t h e same s o r t of penny-ante mining i s widespread over t h e F o r e s t today. The l a r g e companies i n t e r e s t e d i n o i l and g a s development o r commercial mining of t h e few v a l u a b l e minera l d e p o s i t s found w i t h i n t h e F o r e s t a r e h e a v i l y r e g u l a t e d and o p e r a t e i n a manner t i g h t l y c o n t r o l l e d wi th r e g a r d t o p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e environment. But t h e smal l - sca le a c t i v i t i e s of b o t h s e r i o u s and r e c r e a t i o n a l "miners" a r e r e l a t i v e l y u n c o n t r o l l e d . They r e p r e s e n t a c o n t i n u a t i o n of p o l i c i e s based on laws designed t o p r o t e c t t h e p u b l i c ' s r i g h t t o e x p l o r e f o r and d e v e l o p m i n e r a l s on p u b l i c l a n d s .

P l a n s f o r widespread o i l and g a s l e a s i n g , and t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r s i g n i f i c a n t amounts o f deve lopnen t and p roduc t ion i n some a r e a s , w i l l no doubt i n c r e a s e t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e burden of t h e F o r e s t . However, t h e c o n t r o l l e d e f f e c t s of t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s , w i t h avoidance o r m i t i g a t i o n o f adverse impac t s a s t a n d a r d p a r t of each p r o j e c t , may be e a s i e r t o manage than those r e l a t e d t o s m a l l - s c a l e mining. Repor t s o f e n t i r e f a m i l i e s going on mining " v a c a t i o n s n a r e n o t u n h e a r d o f , and t h e s e r e c r e a t i o n i s t s may b e c a u s i n g s u b t l e environmental changes. The p a t t e r n o f smal l - sca le mining i s u n l i k e l y t o change, and p a r t i c i p a n t s w i l l con t inue t o seek r e c r e a t i o n or pursue dreams o f r i c h e s i n t h e F o r e s t ' s streams and canyons.

Grazing w i t h i n t h e Fo re s t has i t s r o o t s i n t h e Nexican land g r a n t ranchos and i n t h e homestead per iod . ~ h r o u g h o u t most o f t h e h i s t o r i c e r a , t h e g r a s s l a n d s o f t h e Los Padres have provided a r e l a t i v e l y inexpens ive way t o expand t h e g r a z i n g r a n g e f o r r a n c h e s a d j a c e n t t o o r somet imes w i t h i n t h e F o r e s t boundar ies . I n t h e ealrly yea r s a f t e r t h e Fo re s t Reserves were e s t a b l i s h e d , t h e Fo re s t promoted p o l i c i e s which had s u b s t a n t i a l e f f e c t s on t h e r anche r s ' use o f p u b l i c l a n d s f o r g raz ing . Fo re s t managers put a s t o p t o t h e popular p r a c t i c e o f i n t en t i ona l i burning i n t h e f a l l t o c l e a r l a n d s f o r p a s t u r e and encourage g r a s s growth. The Fores t a l s o r e s t r i c t e d g raz ing t o numbers compat ible w i t h an e s t a b l i s h e d c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y , t h u s c u t t i n g down on rampant overgrazing of t h e l a n d , and a l s o c u t t i n g t h e s i z e of t h e herds ranchers could main ta in .

Once such i n i t i a l sidleboards were accep ted , r anche r s and Fo re s t managers embarked on a p o l i c y of permi t ted g r az ing , w i th modest f e e s charged f o r u se o f F o r e s t l and . Th is . p o l i c y ha s survived t o t h e p r e sen t among agenc ies involved i n management o f public: l a n d and h a s t h u s f a r r e s i s t e d a t t e m p t s t o r a i s e f e e s by t h o s e who f e e l t h a t t h e government i s no t ob ta in ing f a i r market va lue f o r use o f t h e l and .

In one a r e a , r e c r e a t i o n , t h e use of t h e Fores t has been c o n s t a n t , b u t t h e t y p e s o f a c t i v i t i e s pursued have changed. This change i s d i s cus sed i n t h e fol lowing s e c t i o n .

3.1.2 Changing Uses

I n s e v e r a l a r e a s , t h e h i s t o r i c p a t t e r n of Fores t use ha s changed o r is changing.

Use of t h e F o r e s t £01: r e c r e a t i o n purposes ha s occurred throughout h i s t o r i c t i m e s , a l t hough t h e abundance o f r e f e r e n c e s t o r e c r e a t i o n a l t r i p s i n t h e e a r l y American pe r i od r e f l e c t s a n e s c a l a t i o n of a c t i v i t i e s dur ing t h a t e r a ( a s wel l a s t h e emergence o f t h e newsprint media) . The e a r l y r e c r e a t i o n i s t s went on pack t r i p s , hun ted , f i s h e d , and simply enjoyed t h e scenary from t h e back of a horse . Over t h e years; a s h i f t i n emphasis ha s occur red , and t h e m a j o r i t y o f t o d a y ' s F o r e s t u s e r s ]prefer veh i c l e - r e l a t ed a c t i v i t i e s , such a s car-camping , day-hiking, o r " d r i v i n g f o r pleasure ." However, many v i s i t o r s s t i l l engage i n a c t i v i t i e s t h a t invo lve s o l i t u d e and removal from t h e o rd ina ry exper ience . Thus, r e c r e a t i o n u s e r s o f t h e Los Padres embody elements o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l a s w e l l a s t h e "modernn F o r e s t user.

The need t o ba lance t h e two t ypes of r e c r e a t i o n use r e p r e s e n t s one o f t h e b i g g e s t c h a l l e n g e s f ac ing Los Padres management today. Th is i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e i n t h e s e t imes of a dec l i n ing budget, when hard d e c i s i o n s must be made r ega rd ing t h e a l l o c a t i o n of fewer d o l l a r s t han w e r e a v a i l a b l e i n y e a r s immediately p rev ious . b e s o l u t i o n t h a t has been advanced w e r t h e yea r s i s implementation o f r e c r e a t i o n u s e r f e e s ; however, t h e per person c o s t o f m a i n t a i n i n g t h e d e v e l o p e d and remote r e c r e a t i o n e x p e r i e n c e s i s h a r d l y comparable, and u s e r f e e s may no t h e l p c r e a t e t h e d e s i r e d ba lance .

A s econd a r e a i n which p a t t e r n s o f u s e have changed marked ly i s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . Trave l was t h e most important non-Indian use o f t h e Fo re s t f r a n t h e time of t h e Spanish e x p l o r e r s u n t i l t h e land g r a n t e r a . Compared t o t h e c o a s t o r v a l l e y s , t h e i n t e r i o r was no t p a r t i c u l a r l y h o s p i t a b l e , b u t it was o f t e n necessary t o t r a v e l through t h e Fores t t o accanpl i sh a given t a s k o r r e ach ano ther d e s t i n a t i o n . Forested l a n d s provided t r a v e l c o r r i d e r s f o r t h e Ind ians , t h e Spanish and t h e Mexicans.

The development o f major highways around t h e Fores t , and even tua l l y I n t e r s t a t e Highways 101 and 5, changed t h e focus o f t r a v e l . Rather t han pass ing through t h e Fo re s t t o reach a d e s t i n a t i o n e lsewhere , t h e ma jo r i t y o f t o d a y ' s t r a v e l e r s w i th in t h e Fo re s t have reached t h e i r d e s t i n a t i o n (one except ion i s use o f ~ w y . 1 5 4 , which r e c e i v e s l a r g e amounts o f commuter t r a f f i c be tween S a n t a Barbara-Goleta and t h e Buell ton-Santa Maria a r e a s ) . The pr imary g o a l of t r a v e l w i th in t h e F o r e s t today ( o t h e r than v e h i c l e use f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e purposes) i s r e c r e a t i o n .

Perhaps t h e most s i g n i f i c a n t change i n management p o l i c y h a s been t h e g radua l s h i f t away from t h e heavy f i r e suppress ion program of t h e e a r l y 1900 's . The Los Padres was e s t a b l i s h e d wi th watershed p r o t e c t i o n a s t h e major management o b j e c t i v e , and w i l d f i r e suppression was s e e n a s t h e p r i m a r y t o o l f o r accanpl i sh ing t h a t o b j e c t i v e . Over t h e yea r s , t h e weight of evidence and op in ion ha s s h i f t e d t o a phi losophy which recognizes f i r e ' s n a t u r a l r o l e i n watershed management and promotes use o f coo l , p resc r ibed burning t o r e p l i c a t e t h e n a t u r a l f i r e c y c l e . The r e s u l t i s an emphasis on a f u e l s management program which f o s t e r s a more h o l i s t i c approach t o watershed p ro t ec t i on .

3.2 E f f e c t s on Contemporary F o r e s t Elanagement

The e f f e c t s of h i s t o r i c a l p a t t e r n s of land use on contemporary Fo re s t management a r e many. This s e c t i o n does no t a t t emp t t o l i s t even t h e m a j o r i t y of those impacts. However, s e v e r a l ep i sodes i n Fores t h i s t o r y cropped up more t han once i n p r epa r ing t h i s overview, and t h o s e de se rve s p e c i a l mention because of t h e i r obvious e f f e c t s on c u r r e n t management.

Homestead and pa t en t ed mining c l a ims have shaped t h e c u r r e n t p a t t e r n of p r i v a t e ho ld ings w i th in t h e Fo re s t boundar ies ( i n h o l d i n g s ) , c r e a t i n g a mosaic t h a t ha s myriad e f f e c t s on Fo re s t management. The presence o f t h e s e non-Forest a f f i l i a t e d u se s a r e no t cha r ac t e r i z ed he r e a s good o r bad, b u t t h e y have c e r t a i n l y i nc r ea sed t h e F o r e s t ' s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e load . The e f f e c t s can be seen e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e l a n d l i n e l o c a t i o n , l and a c q u i s i t i o n and rights-of-way programs. Also, and perhaps more important i n t h e long run , d e c i s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g F o r e s t s p o n s o r e d o r p e r m i t t e d a c t i v i t i e s must c o n s i d e r t h e p o t e n t i a l e f f e c t s on t h e s e i nho ld ings and t h u s on any r e s i d e n t s l i v i n g on p r i v a t e l ands w i th in t h e Fo re s t .

I n one c a s e , t h e p o t e n t i a l e f f e c t s of homesteads on t h e F o r e s t were n o t r e a l i z e d a t l e a s t i n p a r t d u e t o a n even o l d e r l a n d a l l o d a t i o n system, t h e Mexican l and g r a n t s . T h i s i s , o f c o u r s e , t h e c a s e of t h e Rancho S i squoc and t h e S i s q u o c / ~ a n z a n a homestead d i s t r i c t . Ey b lock ing a c c e s s th rough ranch p r o p e r t y t o t h e homesteads, t h e ranch owners p u t a f i n a l n a i l i n t h e homestead c o f f i n s and helped shape t h e wes te rn boundary o f t h e San Rafae l Wi lderness . Today, t h e San Rafae l i n c l u d e s popula r h ik ing t r a i l s a long t h e Sisquoc R i v e r and Manzana Creek which migh t n o t be a p a r t of t h e Wilderness a r e a i f t h e homestead d i s t r i c t had surv ived .

The 1957 F o r e s t Service-U. S. Army i n t e r c h a n g e o f l a n d s i n s o u t h e r n Monterey County h a s d i r e c t l y i n f l u e n c e d l a n d u s e i n t h a t a rea . The F o r e s t S e r v i c e a c q u i r e d prime recreat f ion l a n d a t t h e s o u t h e r n end of t h e Big Sur Coast w h i l e g i v i n g u p l a n d on t h e i n t e r i o r s i d e o f t h e Santa Lucia Range. A s a r e s u l t , t h e c o a s t a l a r e a i s now p a r t of a r e c r e a t i o n a r e a of n a t i o n a l importance. Had t h e a r e a been i n p r i v a t e ownership , i t s c h a r a c t e r would no d o u b t be v e r y d i f f e r e n t today; t h e same would be t r u e had m i l i t a r y management con t inued .

The s t r o n g h i s t o r i c a l p a t t e r n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h g r a z i n g i n t h e F o r e s t c o n t i n u e s t o a f f e c t F o r e s t manacjement and t h e f e e schedu le f o r g r a z i n g permi t s . !The d r a f t F o r e s t Land Man,agement P lan ( S e c t i o n s 3.17 and 4.17, i n p r e p a r a t i o n ) r e c o g n i z e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e of g r a z i n g a l l o t m e n t s t o t h e s m a l l , economically-dependent ranches w i t h i n o r a d j a c e n t t o t h e F o r e s t and t h e p o t e n t i a l l y d i s a s t r o u s e f f e c t s f o r t h e r a n c h e r s and t h e smal l ranch l i f e s t y l e should t h e a l l o t m e n t sys tem b e s u b s t a n t i a l l y modif ied.

3.3 Data Gaps

A number o f g a p s i m t h e e x i s t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n were i d e n t i f i e d d u r i n g p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s overview. ~ o s t a r e f i e l d s which l e n d themselves t o t h e m a t i c s t u d i e s . Eacln i s a p p r o p r i a t e f o r f u r t h e r s tudy , e i t h e r because of

. i t s p o t e n t i a l f o r p rov id ing in format ion o f importance i n unders tand ing t h e h i s t o r y of growth and development of t h e F o r e s t and , consequen t ly , t h e f u t u r e c o u r s e of F o r e s t management

. i t s p o t e n t i a l f o r p rov id ing in format ion r e l a t e d t o t h e s t u d y o f h i s t o r i c a r c h e o l o g i c a l sites o r s t r u c t u r e s .

The fo l lowing themes should b e f u r t h e r resea rched and documented in amendments t o t h i s overview o r s e p a r a t e t h e m a t i c s t u d i e s .

1 ) The C i v i l i a n Conservat ion Corps (CCC) e r a , which i s impor tan t f o r i n c r e a s e d unders tand ing o f p a s t management d e c i s i o n s a s w e l l as t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of CCC-related a r c h e o l o g i c a l s i t e s o r s t r u c t u r e s .

2 ) The wes te rn Santa Ynez Range homesteads, which were s o numerous on b o t h n o r t h e r n and s o u t h e r n s i d e s o f t h e r a n g e t h a t t h e i r p a t t e r n d i c t a t e d t h e l o c a t i o n of F o r e s t boundar ies i n t h a t a r e a .

3 ) The names and l o c a t i o n s of e a r l y Ranger District headquar te r s and o t h e r e a r l y a d m i n i s t r a t i v e sites; t h i s h a s p a r t i c u l a r impor t f o r a s s e s s i n g t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of c e r t a i n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t r u c t u r e s i n l i g h t o f c u r r e n t s t u d i e s of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s i t e needs ( t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i v e S i t e s Needs Assessment Process , o r ASNAP).

4 ) E a r l y Recrea t ion Residences, e s p e c i a l l y c l u s t e r s of r e s i d e n c e s , which may d a t e from t h e e a r l i e s t d a y s of t h e Na t iona l F o r e s t s and were encouraged a t f i r s t a s a means of increasing recreation use of the f o r e s t s : such a study i s needed p a r t i c u l a r l y i n l i g h t of t h e c u r r e n t p o l i c y a g a i n s t renewing long-term r e c r e a t i o n r e s i d e n c e p e r m i t s .

The above is by no means an e x h a u s t i v e l ist . T h i s overview i s intended t o p r o v i d e a b a s e l i n e document which w i l l make i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f a d d i t i o n a l d a t a n e e d s e a s i e r and suppor t d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n a s a con t inu ing p a r t of t h e F o r e s t ' s p lann ing p r o c e s s .

3 . 4 A p p l i c a t i o n of P a s t Lessons t o F o r e s t P lann ing

Unfor tuna te ly , t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f a h i s t o r i c a l overview i n i t s e l f does n o t embody t h e a n a l y s i s necessa ry to app ly h i s t o r y ' s l e s s o n s t o f u t u r e management. I n t h a t s e n s e , t h i s document f a i l s t o f u l l y a c h i e v e one o f t h e i n t i a l o b j e c t i v e s , t h a t of providing a " . . .general assessment of changes i n l and use and l and u s e management t h a t could be u s e f u l i n p lann ing f u t u r e management." Elowever, s e v e r a l i n s t a n c e s can b e c i t e d i n which t h e overview s u p p o r t s t h e a n a l y s i s o f environmental e f f e c t s o f proposed management a l t e r n a t i v e s found i n t h e D r a f t Environmental Impact Sta tement f o r t h e F o r e s t Land Management Plan. These a r e i n t h e a r e a s of

. t h e h i s t o r i c a l p a t t e r n of g r a z i n g w i t h i n t h e F o r e s t and t h e p o t e n t i a l e f f e c t s of changes i n t h a t p a t t e r n on smal l , econcmically-dependent ranches and t h e l i f e s t y l e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h such ranches

. t h e g radua l chinnge i n t h e phi losophy a s s o c i a t e d wi th f i r e management, seaan i n t h e f a c t t h a t t h e proposed p r e s c r i b e d burning progran d r i v e s o t h e r r e s o u r c e management a c t i v i t i e s i n most a l t e r n a t i v e s ( i n c l u d i n g t h e p r e f e r r e d a l t e r n a t i v e ) cons idered i n t h e F o r e s t P lan

. t h e s h i f t i n r e c r e a t i o n use t o a m a j o r i t y p r e f e r e n c e f o r v e h i c l e - r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s , and t h e need t o ba lance r e c r e a t i o n management between such u s e s ( "developed s i t e r e c r e a t i o n n ) and t h e c o n t i n u i n g d e s i r e f o r a more p r i m i t i v e exper ience by o t h e r u s e r s .

In a d d i t i o n , t h e r e a r e immediate, t e c h n i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e overv iew ' s in fo rmat ion , some of which were e v i d e n t b e f o r e t h e document was completed. (The c a s e i n p i n t being i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and l o c a t i o n of a n h i s t o r i c s t r u c t u r e o f i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e F o r e s t C a d a s t r a l S u r v e y o r b e c a u s e o f a n e a r l i e r s u r v e y o r ' s " c a l l " t o one of t h e b u i l d i n g ' s corners ) . . Such s p e c i f i c uses o f t h e d a t a a r e expected t:o occur f r e q u e n t l y i n t h e f u t u r e .

F i n a l l y , t h i s overview shou ld g i v e c u r r e n t and f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s of Los Padres u s e r s a s e n s e of t h e r i c h h e r i t a g e o f t h e F o r e s t and an enhanced unders tanding of t h e f a c t that no public land management agency o p e r a t e s only w i t h i n i t s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e boundar ies .

4.0 NOTES

H e r b e r t L. Eo l ton , I n t h e South San J o a q u i n Ahead o f Garces . C a l i f o r n i a H i s t o r i c a l s o c i e t y Q u a r t e r l y 193 1, pps . 1-1 1.

F r a n c i s P. Farquhar , H i s t o r y o f t h e S i e r r a Nevada, U n i v e r s i t y of ~ a l i l f o r n i a P r e s s , Berke ley , 1965, p. 16.

E l l i o t t Coues, On t h e T r a i l o f a S p a n i s h P ionee r : The P i a r y , and I t i n e r a r y of F r a n c i s c o Garces, 1775-1776. New York, F r a n c i s P. Harper, 1 90 9.

F e l i p e Goycochea, T. Diego d e E o r i c a , S a n t a Barbara . J a n . 18, 1790, i n P r o v i n c i a l S t a t e Pape r s , Vol. XIV, p . 16 .

John R. Johnson, I n d i a n H i s t o r y i n t h e S a n t a Barba ra Fack Country. Los Padres Notes, Vol. 3, 1984, p. 5.

G o y c o c h e a t o F a g e s , S a n t a E a r b a r a , O c t . 9, 1790 , i n P.G.N. C a l i f o r n i a s , p. 46.

l o c . c i t .

C u t t e r , Dona ld C., S p a n i s h ~ x p l o r a t i o n o f C a l i f o r n i a ' s C e n t r a l Va l l ey . Ph. D. d i s s . (1 950 U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , Berke ley , p . 47.

Thompson and West, H i s t o r y o f San L u i s Obispo County. 1883. p. 36. O r i g i n a l , Oakland.

Thompson and West, H i s t o r y o f S a n t a Barba ra and Ven tu ra C o u n t i e s , 1883. R e p r i n t Berkeley , Howell-North, 1964, p . 3 2 .

E n g l e h a r d t , Zephyrin, Miss ion San L u i s Obispo i n t h e V a l l e y of t h e Bears . S a n t a P a r b a r a , W. T. Genns, 1963.

Miss ion S a n t a Fa rba ra Baptisms, #449 h #451. (Aug. 27, 1789) .

John R . Johnson, p. 4.

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C a l i f o r n i a Miss ion Documents 1930, S a n t a Barba ra Miss ion Arch ive L i b r a r y .

Huber t Howe B a n c r o f t , R i s t o r y o f C a l i l f o r n i a , San F r a n c i s c o , 1888, Vol. 1 , p. 652.

Ven tu ra County H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y Q u a r t e r l y , Vol. X X V I , No. 4, 1981, PPS. 91 11.

( 1 9 ) L e t t e r t o Governor from O r t e g a , i n U n c l a s s i f i e d Exped ien te #6, Span i sh Archives , S t a t e Arch ives o f C a l i f o r n i a .

( 2 0 ) E r i c H v o l b o l l , The P r o p e r t y God Has Given M e . S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y , 1978, p . 12.

( 2 1 ) S. F. Cook, C o l o n i a l E k p e d i t i o n s t o t h e I n t e r i o r of C a l i f o r n i a , C e n t r a l V a l l e y , 1800-1 8 2 0 , U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a P u b l i c a t i o n s , An th ropo log ica l Records , Vol. 16, No. 6. p . 245.

A l e x a n d e r S. T a y l o r , D i s c o v e r e r s , F o u n d e r s a n d P i o n e e r s o f C a l i f o r n i a . Manuscr ip t w i t h c l i p p i n g s , pamphle t s , maps, and p i c t u r e s , 2 v o l . (2:141-151).

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John R. Johnson, p . 10.

S . F. Cook, E x p e d i t i o n s t o t h e I n t e r i o r of C a l i f o r n i a , C e n t r a l Va l l ey , 1820-1 840. U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , An th ropo log ica l Records , Vol. 20, No. 5, p. 154.

J o h n R. Johr l son , The T r a i l t o K a s h t i q , J o u r n a l o f C a l i f o r n i a Anthropology, #5, 1978, p p s . 189 & 195.

C a r l S toddardY s F o r e s t S e r v i c e ~ a i l y R e p o r t Eook, A p r i l 9, 191 0.

E. R. B l a k l e y , Mountain R a i l s , Noticias, Vol. X X V I I , #3, 1982, p . 72.

S. F. Cook, C o l o n i a l E x p e d i t i o n s t o t h e I n t e r i o r o f C a l i f o r n i a , C e n t r a l V a l l e y 1800-1 820, U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a P u b l i c a t i o n s , Anthropo:Logical Records , Vol. 1 6, #6 , pps . 1 54-1 56.

John R. Johnson, from J. P. H a r r i n g t o n , Barbareno I n e s e n o Notes , N a t i o n a l A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l A r c h i v e s , S m i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n , 1984, p. 17; p o r t i o n s on f i l e , Los P a d r e s Na t iona l F o r e s t S u p e r v i s o r ' s O f f i c e , Go le t a .

F r a y V i c e n t e P a s q u a l O l i v a t o G o v e r n o r F i g u e r o a , San G a b r i e l . February 17, 1833. C a l i f o r n i a Archives . Depar tmenta l S t a t e Pape r s . Ben ic i a . M i l i t a r y . tomoLXXVI 19: 422.

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J. P. H a r r i n g t o n ' s P a p e r s , N a t i o n a l ~ n t h r o p o l o g i c a l A r c h i v e s , Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n ; p o r t i o n s on f i l e , Los Padres N a t i o n a l F o r e s t Superv i so r1 s Of f i c e , G o l e t a .

Thompson and W e s t , H i s t o r y o f San ta Barba ra and Ventura C o u n t i e s , 1883. R e p r i n t Berke ley , Howell-North, 1964, p . 196.

S a n t a E a r b a r a News P r e s s , Sunday, August 4, 1968. S e c . I, p . 5. Mexican Governor G r a n t e d F o r t y Ranchos i n S a n t a E a r b a r a County.

F r a n k F. u t t a , The Saga o f Rancho E l T e j o n , F e a r S t a t e Eooks, 1975, p p s . 164 & 167.

E i l l F r i e n d , p e r s o n a l c m m u n i c a t i o n , F e b r u a r y 1, 1984. E. R. E l a k l ~ y A r c h i v e s .

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S a n t a E a r b a r a News P r e s s , Sunday Morning, May 26, 1963.

S a n t a E a r b a r a News P r e s s , O c t o b e r 12, 1952.

S a n t a B a r b a r a News Press, O c t o b e r 1 1 , 1952.

Mabel R. Hansen, The K e l s e y Genea logy , MS, W i l l i t s , C a l i f o r n i a , 1967 , p. 50.

H a t t i e S t o n e P e n e f i e l d , F o r t h e Good o f t h e C o u n t r y . L o r r i n L. M o r r i s o n , Los Ange les , C a l i f o r n i a , 1 9 5 1 , p. 84.

\a. V. V e n d e n h a l l , Mining Days i n t h e P n g e l e s . P n g e l e s > : a t i o n a l F o r e s t , 1930.

Mn. S. Brown, H i s t o r y o f Los P a d r e s ~ a t i o n a i F o r e s t . >lS o n f i l e , Las P a d r e s N a t i o n a l F o r e s t , G o l e t a , C a l i f o r n i a , 1945 , p . 28.

S t e p h e n Bowers, D i a r y o f t h e Reverend S t e p h e n Powers . F n t h r o p o l o g y D e p a r t m e n t , U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , S a n t a B a r b a r a , 1877 .

Anson P u q u s t u s Eoyce, A u t o b i o g r a p h y w i t h a n Account of t h e 7-nc?stry , R e l a t i v e s and Fami ly o f Anson A u g u s t u s E'oyce, S a n t z 2 z r b a r 3 , 1891, p . 114.

J u l i u s S t a r k e , C a l i f o r n i a Woods, A r t T r e a s u r e s , The Y o s e n i t e , Sanca E a r b a r a . C. A . Murdock a n d Company, San F r a n c i s c o , 1993 .

L o r e n z o G. Y a t e s , June i n t h e San R a f a e l ~ o u n t a i ? . ~ . Sank3 ?.?r3ar? H e r a l d , Vol . X I , No. 38, C c t o b e r 18 , 1895 .

J o h n R. G. F a s s a r d , Camping Out i n C a l i l f o r n i a . The C e n t g r y I l l u s t r a t e d Monthly Magazine, Vol . X X X I I I , Vol . X I , ~ h s C e p t u r y Company, Ww York, 1886-1 887.

E. R . E l a k l e y , Horse Gulch, Unpubl i shed M a n u s c r i p t , E l a k l e y A r c h i v e s , S a n t a E a r b a r a , 1982.

E . R. B l a k l e y , The Manzana S c h o o l h o u s e . La R e a t a , i)5, F a l l 1093, S a n t a E a r b a r a C o r r a l o f t h e W e s t e r n e r s , S a n t a E a r b a r a .

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E. R. B l a k l e y , B l a k l e y ' s Back Country ~ r c h i v e s . ( V a r i o u s s o u r c e s of i n f o r m a t i o n ) , 1984.

E. R. B lak ley , , k t t e r from B a r r e t t t o A . M a r t i n , Ranger. E l a k l e y ' s Back Coun.try Archives , 1984.

G e n e v r a S i s s o n S n e d d e n , M o u n t a i n C a t t l e a n d - F r o n t i e r P e o p l e , 1867-1 947. S t o r i e s of t h e Snedden Family. S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1947.

MI. V. Mendenhal l , H i s t o r y o f P a s t F i r e s . Angeles N a t i o n a l F o r e s t , 1930.

U. S. Departmc?nt of t h e ~ n t e r i o r , Genera l Land O f f i c e Annual R e p o r t , 1893, p. 78.

G i f f o r d ~ i n c h o t , The U s e o f Na t iona l F o r e s t s . U. S. Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e . Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 907, p. 33.

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R e p o r t o f t h e Eoard o f D i r e c t o r s o f J o i n t Highway District #6 o f t h e S t a t e o f C a l i f o r n i a , 1933.

L e t t e r b y Raymond R i c h a r t t o E. R. B l a k l e y , 1984. E. R. B lak ley A r c h i v e s , S a n t a Barbara .

loc. c i t .

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S a n t a Barba ra D a i l y P r e s s , September 12, 1872.

L e t t e r from Lou i s R. B a r r e t t t o A. D. Mar t in , 1905. E. R. ~ l a k l e y Arch ives , , S a n t a Barbara .

C a l i f o r n i a Miss ion Document #1530, San ta Barbara Miss ion Archives .

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The S a n t a Ea rba ra G a z e t t e , September 13, 1855.

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APPENDIX A: BIBLIOGRAPHY

LOS PADRES NATIONAL FOREST HISTORICAL OVERVIFW

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DOCUMENTS PERTAINING TO FOREST HISTORY*

Abbott , Mamie Gulet . 1951 Santa I n e s Hermosa. Montecito, Ca l i f o rn i a : Sun r i s e P r e s s .

1957 Santa I ne s Hermosa: The Journa l of t h e Padre ' s Niece. Montecito, Ca1 i f o r n i a : Sun r i s e Press .

Abeloe , William N., ed . 1970 H i s t o r i c Spo t s i n C a l i f o r n i a by Mildred Brooke Hoover, Hero Eugene

Rensch and Ethe l Grace Rensch. Santa Clara: Un ive r s i t y of Santa C l a r a . O r i g i n a l l y published 1889.

Abercrombie , Stewar t . 1963 Rancho Ta j iguas . Santa Barbara H i s t o r i c a l Soc ie ty . N o t i c i a s 9 ( 1 ) .

Ainsworth, Fdwin and Kathleen Ainsworth. 1970 In t h e Shade of t h e Jun ipe r Tree, A L i f e of Fray Jun ipe ro S e r r a .

New York : Doubleday.

A l t r o c c h i , J u l i a . 1938 The Spanish Basques i n C a l i f o r n i a . Ca tho l i c World 1 4 6 ( January) . ca . Abercranbie and F i t c h Sport ing Goodes. Brochures a d v e r t i s i n g G r i z z l y 1930 Bear Hunting, Cent ra l C a l i f o r n i a Coast. New York.

Anderson, Abraham Archibald. 1932 Experiences and Impressions. New York: MacMillan Co.

Anderson, Winslow. 1890 Mineral Spr ings and Health Resorts of C a l i f o r n i a . San Francisco:

Bancrof t Company.

Angulo, Jaime de. 1974 L a Costa d e l Sur. In Coyote 's Pones, ed. by Bob Cal lahan. San

Francisco: Turtle I s l and Foundation.

* Some of t h e documents c i t e d i n t h i s b ib l iography a r e included i n a c o l l e c t i o n

o f o v e r 6 0 0 h i s t o r i c documents housed i n t h e Los Padres Nat iona l Fo re s t Research Archives, l oca t ed i n t h e Superv i sor ' s Of f i c e , Gole ta , C a l i f o r n i a . A completed l i s t o f t h e s e documents, p r ima r i l y Fo re s t Se rv i ce a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e p o r t s , r e s e a r c h documentation, e t c . , and con ta in ing Ranger D i a r i e s and a c o l l e c t i o n o f o r a l h i s t o r y i n t e rv i ew t a p e s , i s a v a i l a b l e from t h e C u l t u r a l F.e sour ces S e c t ion .

A n t w s , E r n s t . 1948 C l i m a t i c Changes and Pre-white Man. F u l l e t i n o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f

Utah 38(20):168-191.

1952 C l i m a t i c H i s t o ~ r y and t h e A n t i q u i t y o f Man i n C a l i l f o r n i a . U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a iZrchaeologica1 Survey R e p o r t s 22:9-23.

1955 Geologica l -Cl i rna te Dat ing i n t h e West. American A n t i q u i t y 20:317-335.

App lega te , R icha rd . 1974 Chumash Placenames. The Journal o f C a l i f o r n i a Anthropology

2: 187-205.

1975' An Index o f Chumash Placenames. In P a p e r s on t h e Chumash. San L u i s Obispo A r c h a e o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y , Occas iona l P a p e r s 9:21-46.

A r c h i b a l d , R o b e r t R. 1978 The Econanic Aspec t s o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a Miss ions ( 1769-1 82 1 ) .

Washington, D.C.: Academy o f American F r a n c i s c a n H i s t o r y .

Arnaz, Jose. 192 1 Memoirs o f a Pe rchan t . T r a n s l a t e d by N e l l i e d e G r i f t Sanchez .

Tour ing Top ics , Sept . 1928 (p .14) and Oct. 1922 ( p . 2 6 ) : two par ts :

Avina, Rose 1934 S p a n i s h and Mexican Land G r a n t s i n C a l i f o r n i a , 1782-1 822.

Master's t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , Berke ley .

B a e g e r t , Johann J a k o b , S. J. 1952 O b s e r v a t i o n s i.n Lower C a l i f o r n i a . T r a n s l a t e d b y M. M. Brandenbury

and C a r l L. Ba.uman. Berkeley and Los Angeles: u n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s .

B a i l e y , T. L. 1947 O r i g i n and M i g r a t i o n of O i l i n t o Sespe Red Beds. American

A s s o c i a t i o n of Pet ro leum G e o l o g i s t s B u l l e t i n 31 ( 1 1 ) . 1954 Geology o f t h e Western Ventura )?asin, S a n t a B a r b a r a , Ventura and L o s

Angeles Countj-es. C a l i f o r n i a D i v i s i o n of Mines B u l l e t i n 170, map s h e e t no. 4.

B a i l e y , T. L. and R. H,. J ahns . 1954 Geology o f t h e T r a v e r s e Range Province . C a l i f o r n i a D i v i s i o n of

Mines B u l l e t i ~ i 170.

Bancrof t , Huber t Howe . 1875-1876 The N a t i v e Races of t h e p a c i f i c S t a t e s . 5 v o l s . New York: D.

Apple ton and Company.

1883-1 890 The Works of Hubert How Bancro f t . 39 V o l s . San F'rancisco: A. L. Baincroft and t h e H i s t o r y Company.

B a n c r o f t ( c o n t .) 1884-1890 H i s t o r y o f C a l i f o r n i a . 7 Vo l s . San F r a n c i s c o : The H i s t o r y

Company.

18 86 P i o n e e r R e g i s t e r and I n d e x , 1 542-1 84 8. I n c l u d i n g I n h a b i t a n t s o f C a l i f o r n i a , 1769-1800, and l ist o f p i o n e e r s . San F r a n c i s c o : The H i s t o r y Company.

1888 C a l i f o r n i a P a s t o r a l . San F r a n c i s c o : The H i s t o r y Company.

Barnes , Warren E. 1969 Range r s of S a n t a B a r b a r a Ranger District. Manusc r ip t on f i l e ,

Los P a d r e s N a t i o n a l F o r e s t Resea rch L i b r a r y , G o l e t a , C a l i f o r n i a .

Parrett, L. A. 1970 haves f r m a F o r e s t Ranger Diary. Washington D. C. : Government

P r i n t i n g Off ice.

B a r r e t t , L o u i s R. 1905 letter t o A. D. Mar t in . E. R. B l a k l e y Arch ives , S a n t a Barba ra .

B a u r , John E. 1959 The H e a l t h S e e k e r s o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , 1870-1 900. San Marino:

The Hun t ing ton L i b r a r y .

Bean, Lowell J o h n and Thomas F. King, e d s . 1974 Antap: C a l i f o r n i a I n d i a n P o l i t i c a l and Economic O r g a n i z a t i o n .

B a l l e n a P r e s s A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l P a p e r s Number 2. Ramona, C a l i f o r n i a : B a l l e n a P r e s s .

Bean, Walton. 1968 C a l i f o r n i a : An I n t e r p r e t i v e H i s t o r y . New York: McGraw-Hill.

Beck, Warren A. and Ynez D. Haase. 1974 H i s t o r i c a l Atlas of C a l i f o r n i a . Noman: U n i v e r s i t y o f

Oklahoma P r e s s .

Becker , R o b e r t H. 1963 Lands o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a n s . C a l i f o r n i a Monthly 7 3 ( 6 , March).

1964 Disenos o f C a l i f o r n i a Ranchos; Maps o f Th i r ty - seven Land G r a n t s , 1822-1 846, f r m t h e Records o f t h e Un i t ed S t a t e s District C o u r t , San F r a n c i s c o . San F r a n c i s c o : Book Club o f C a l i f o r n i a .

1967 Disenos . The American West 4 ( 1 , Feb rua ry ) . 1969 Des igns o n t h e Land. D i senos o f C a l i f o r n i a Ranchos and t h e i r Makers.

~ o o k Qub of C a l i f o r n i a ( n o . 133) . San F r a n c i s c o : Book Club o f C a l i f o r n i a .

Beeler, M. S. and Kathryn Klar. 1974 I n t e r i o r Chumash. Manuscript on f i l e , Department o f Anthropology,

Un ive r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , Los Angeles.

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