historic preservation planning and management framework

8/7/2019 HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

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HISTORIC PRESERVATIONHISTORIC PRESERVATION

PLANNING ANDPLANNING ANDMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

FRAMEWORKFRAMEWORK


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Classic Planning ModelClassic Planning Model

SequenceSequence

SourceSource: Hall: Hall

19751975

SURVEY ANALYSIS PLAN


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SequenceSequence First worked out and taught by PatrickFirst worked out and taught by Patrick

Geddes and taught formerly from aboutGeddes and taught formerly from about19201920 1960.1960.

Planning is concerned with the productionPlanning is concerned with the productionof plans, which gave a detailed picture ofof plans, which gave a detailed picture ofsome desired future end state to besome desired future end state to be

achieved in a certain number of years.achieved in a certain number of years. The philosophy behind the process wasThe philosophy behind the process was

heavily oriented towards the concept of theheavily oriented towards the concept of thefixed master plan.fixed master plan.


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SequenceSequence Firstly, the planner made a survey, to collectFirstly, the planner made a survey, to collect

all the relevant information about theall the relevant information about thedevelopment of the area.development of the area.

Secondly, the data is analysed, seeking toSecondly, the data is analysed, seeking toproject them as far as possible into the futureproject them as far as possible into the futureto discover how the area was changing andto discover how the area was changing and

developing.developing. Thirdly, a plan is made which took intoThirdly, a plan is made which took into

account the facts and interpretations revealedaccount the facts and interpretations revealedin the survey and analysis, and which soughtin the survey and analysis, and which sought

to harness and control the trends accordingto harness and control the trends according


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SequenceSequenceAfter a few years the process should beAfter a few years the process should be

repeated:repeated:

the survey should be carried out again tothe survey should be carried out again tocheck for new facts and developments,check for new facts and developments,

the analysis should be reworked to seethe analysis should be reworked to see

how far the projections needed modifying,how far the projections needed modifying,

andand

the plan should be updated accordingly.the plan should be updated accordingly.


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Contemporary PlanningContemporary Planning

SequenceSequence

Source:Source: Hall 1975Hall 1975

GoalsContinuous

Information

Projection &

Simulation of

Alternative Futures

Evaluation Choice ContinuousMonitoring


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SequenceSequence Concentrates on the objectives of the planConcentrates on the objectives of the planand on alternative ways of reaching them,and on alternative ways of reaching them,all set out in writing rather than in detailedall set out in writing rather than in detailed

maps.maps. The emphasis is on tracing the possibleThe emphasis is on tracing the possible

consequences of alternative policies, onlyconsequences of alternative policies, only

then evaluating them against thethen evaluating them against theobjectives in order to choose a preferredobjectives in order to choose a preferredcourse of action.course of action.


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SequenceSequence Cybernetics is essentially a way ofCybernetics is essentially a way of

organizing existing knowledge about a veryorganizing existing knowledge about a verywide range of phenomena.wide range of phenomena.

Its central notion is that many suchIts central notion is that many suchphenomena can usefully be viewed asphenomena can usefully be viewed ascomplex interacting system.complex interacting system.

By introducing appropriate controlBy introducing appropriate controlmechanisms, the behavior of the systemmechanisms, the behavior of the systemcan be altered in specific ways, to achievecan be altered in specific ways, to achievecertain objectives on the part of thecertain objectives on the part of the

controller.controller.


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SequenceSequence The point here is that it is necessary toThe point here is that it is necessary to

understand the operation of the system asunderstand the operation of the system as

a whole (though not necessarily ina whole (though not necessarily in

complete detail throughout) in order tocomplete detail throughout) in order to

control it effectively; unless this is done,control it effectively; unless this is done,

actions taken to control one part of theactions taken to control one part of the

system may have completely unexpectedsystem may have completely unexpectedeffects elsewhere.effects elsewhere.


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Heritage Tourism PlanningHeritage Tourism Planning

The need for coordinated and integratedThe need for coordinated and integratedheritage tourism planning arises out of theheritage tourism planning arises out of theneed to balance the interests of differentneed to balance the interests of different

groups in the destination area and ensuringgroups in the destination area and ensuringthat tourism remains a viable andthat tourism remains a viable andsustainable industry.sustainable industry.

Planning is concerned with anticipatingPlanning is concerned with anticipatingand regulating change in a system, toand regulating change in a system, topromote orderly development so as topromote orderly development so as toincrease the social, economic andincrease the social, economic and

environmental benefits of the developmentenvironmental benefits of the development


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ColliersColliers Steps in PlanningSteps in Planning

It involves an analysis of the future and theIt involves an analysis of the future and thesetting of basic goals and objectives forsetting of basic goals and objectives forthe destinationthe destination (Collier 1991)(Collier 1991). The steps Collier. The steps Collier

proposed are:proposed are: Establish a goal or objective, ie. theEstablish a goal or objective, ie. the

desired end result or target.desired end result or target.

Define the present situation, ie. aDefine the present situation, ie. adetermination of how far we are from thedetermination of how far we are from thestated goal and what resources arestated goal and what resources areavailable.available.


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CollierColliers Steps in Plannings Steps in Planning

Identify aids and barriers; these are theIdentify aids and barriers; these are thefactors which will help or hinder thefactors which will help or hinder theachievement of objectives.achievement of objectives.

Develop a set of action plans; analyze andDevelop a set of action plans; analyze andchoose the most suitable action planchoose the most suitable action planwhich will achieve the objectives.which will achieve the objectives.

Monitor performance; to ensure that it isMonitor performance; to ensure that it ison track and that the objectives set will beon track and that the objectives set will beachieved within the stated time.achieved within the stated time.


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Structured tourism plans recognize theStructured tourism plans recognize the

longlong--term implications of tourism activityterm implications of tourism activity

and attempt to minimize the negativeand attempt to minimize the negative

impacts, while at the same time extractingimpacts, while at the same time extracting

maximum benefits.maximum benefits.

Planning is necessary to avoidPlanning is necessary to avoid

deterioration of the very resources upondeterioration of the very resources uponwhich service businesses are based.which service businesses are based.


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Planning is also needed in many areas toPlanning is also needed in many areas toensure that tourist resources such as theensure that tourist resources such as theocean front and views are made availableocean front and views are made available

on an equitable basis.on an equitable basis. To develop a satisfactory tourist productTo develop a satisfactory tourist product

and acceptable image requires theand acceptable image requires the

cooperation of many sectors, so the widercooperation of many sectors, so the widerthe support for its goals the morethe support for its goals the moresuccessful will be the industry.successful will be the industry.


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When effectively implemented, planningWhen effectively implemented, planning

can reduce overcrowding and provide acan reduce overcrowding and provide a

more equitable spread of visitors for themore equitable spread of visitors for the

benefit of all tourist services.benefit of all tourist services.

Planning, therefore, requires goals toPlanning, therefore, requires goals to

provide a frame of reference for detailedprovide a frame of reference for detailed

physical planning and daily operation.physical planning and daily operation.


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As areas develop or becomeAs areas develop or become

overdeveloped, both crowds andoverdeveloped, both crowds and

transportation systems can destroytransportation systems can destroy

features of the destination that firstfeatures of the destination that first

attracted visitors.attracted visitors.

Hence, communities must start toHence, communities must start to

appreciate the fragility of certain resourcesappreciate the fragility of certain resources(such as heritage) and protect them if they(such as heritage) and protect them if they

are to develop a long term industry.are to develop a long term industry.


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The hypothesis of The hypothesis of Destination CycleDestination CycleModelsModels proposed by Butler, Plog andproposed by Butler, Plog andothers is that destinations carry with themothers is that destinations carry with them

the potential seeds of their ownthe potential seeds of their owndestruction if they allow themselves todestruction if they allow themselves tobecome overbecome over--commercialized and forsakecommercialized and forsakethe unique appeals which made themthe unique appeals which made thempopularpopular(Butler, 1980; Reime & Hawkins, 1979; Pierce, 1987).(Butler, 1980; Reime & Hawkins, 1979; Pierce, 1987).


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Destination Cycle ModelsDestination Cycle Models

Source: Butler, 1980


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Prolonging the lifeProlonging the life--cycles can be done ifcycles can be done ifsteps are taken to adapt to anticipatedsteps are taken to adapt to anticipatedchange and prevent degradation throughchange and prevent degradation through

enlightened planning.enlightened planning. To date, most tourism goals and planningTo date, most tourism goals and planning

have been oriented singlehave been oriented single--mindedlymindedlytowards business interests and economictowards business interests and economicgrowth, both on the part of the privategrowth, both on the part of the privatesector and governmentssector and governments (Murphy, 1985)(Murphy, 1985)..


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The tendency towards economicThe tendency towards economic--orientedoriented

goals is incomplete and can be damaginggoals is incomplete and can be damaging

as a planning goalas a planning goal (Gunn, 1979)(Gunn, 1979)..

A more suitable series of goals encourageA more suitable series of goals encourage

satisfactions to users, rewards to ownerssatisfactions to users, rewards to owners

and protected utilization of environmentaland protected utilization of environmental

resources.resources.


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McIntosh Tourisms GoalsMcIntosh Tourisms Goals

McIntosh (cited in Murphy, 1985:157)McIntosh (cited in Murphy, 1985:157)proposes the following goals within aproposes the following goals within acommunity framework:community framework:

Provide a framework for raising the livingProvide a framework for raising the livingstandard of local people through thestandard of local people through theeconomic benefits of tourism.economic benefits of tourism.

Develop an infrastructure and provideDevelop an infrastructure and providerecreation facilities for both visitors andrecreation facilities for both visitors andresidents.residents.


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McIntosh Tourisms GoalsMcIntosh Tourisms Goals

Ensure that the types of developmentEnsure that the types of development

within visitor centers and resorts arewithin visitor centers and resorts are

appropriate to the purposes of thoseappropriate to the purposes of those

areas.areas.

Establish a development program that isEstablish a development program that is

consistent with the cultural, social andconsistent with the cultural, social and

economic philosophy of the governmenteconomic philosophy of the governmentand people of the host area.and people of the host area.


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While the literature on planningWhile the literature on planning

frameworks has made some importantframeworks has made some important

contributions to the development ofcontributions to the development of

communities, it has rarely provided acommunities, it has rarely provided a

detailed, structured, role for local peopledetailed, structured, role for local people

within organizational frameworks.within organizational frameworks.


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This section:This section:

provides a background to pertinentprovides a background to pertinentplanning frameworks for heritageplanning frameworks for heritagetourism development,tourism development,

identify problems within the frameworks.identify problems within the frameworks.

highlight a framework that is of specifichighlight a framework that is of specific

relevance to historic regions.relevance to historic regions. also expand and refine the chosenalso expand and refine the chosen

framework, thereby rendering itframework, thereby rendering itapplicable to other communities.applicable to other communities.


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Tourism and the PlanningTourism and the Planning

ProcessProcess While master plans and other planningWhile master plans and other planning

frameworks are good in principle, they have beenframeworks are good in principle, they have been

criticized for imposing barriers to developmentscriticized for imposing barriers to developments

(Murphy, 1985)(Murphy, 1985)..

These include:These include:

encroachment on citizens freedom and high costencroachment on citizens freedom and high cost

of intensive research for the creation of aof intensive research for the creation of adatabase,database,

inflexibility of the master plan to sufficiently adaptinflexibility of the master plan to sufficiently adapt

to changing conditions during the life of the plan,to changing conditions during the life of the plan,

the analysis often does not considerthe analysis often does not consider


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These barriers and shortcomings identifiedThese barriers and shortcomings identified

in traditional planning models promptedin traditional planning models prompted

the search for new paradigmsthe search for new paradigms (Murphy, 1985)(Murphy, 1985)..

As a result, the goals of tourismAs a result, the goals of tourism

development have expanded todevelopment have expanded to

incorporate community and environmentalincorporate community and environmental

issues, giving rise to an integratedissues, giving rise to an integratedapproach in planning (Figure 1.1).approach in planning (Figure 1.1).


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Figure 1.1: PASOLP Model for Tourism PlanningFigure 1.1: PASOLP Model for Tourism PlanningSource: BaudSource: Baud--Bovey and Lawson in Murphy 1985:16Bovey and Lawson in Murphy 1985:16


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Since the scope of the plan evolves overSince the scope of the plan evolves over

time, such flexibility enables it to adjust totime, such flexibility enables it to adjust to

changing circumstances, producing longchanging circumstances, producing long--

term results which are more complete andterm results which are more complete and

of superior quality than a series ofof superior quality than a series of

separate master plans.separate master plans.


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Further developments in the planningFurther developments in the planningprocess now include impact phasesprocess now include impact phaseswhere the sociowhere the socio--economic and naturaleconomic and natural

side effects are monitored and the planside effects are monitored and the planchanged if its external effects prove tochanged if its external effects prove tobe negative.be negative.

Figure 1.2 shows the monitoring andFigure 1.2 shows the monitoring andfeedback process in the Productsfeedback process in the ProductsAnalysis Sequence for Outdoor LeisureAnalysis Sequence for Outdoor LeisurePlanning (PASOLP) developed byPlanning (PASOLP) developed by

BaudBaud--Bovey and Lawson (1977).Bovey and Lawson (1977).


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Figure 1.2: System Planning using the PASOLP approachFigure 1.2: System Planning using the PASOLP approach

Source: BaudSource: Baud--Bovey and Lawson in Murphy 1985:161Bovey and Lawson in Murphy 1985:161


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Shortcomings still exist in these models, forShortcomings still exist in these models, for

as Murphy (1985) pointed out, the Baudas Murphy (1985) pointed out, the Baud--

Boveys model reveals no opportunity forBoveys model reveals no opportunity for

local citizen participation; Yet, thelocal citizen participation; Yet, the

residents must put up with congestion, putresidents must put up with congestion, put

on the smile, and live with the physicalon the smile, and live with the physical

developmentdevelopment (Murphy, 1985:163)(Murphy, 1985:163)..


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To become a self renewable resourceTo become a self renewable resource

industry and agent of hospitality, planningindustry and agent of hospitality, planning

models require greater local citizenmodels require greater local citizen

participation in the development of aparticipation in the development of a

tourist destination.tourist destination.


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The Personality PlanningThe Personality Planning

FrameworkFramework The need for the inclusion of citizenThe need for the inclusion of citizen

participation has prompted the developmentparticipation has prompted the development

of innovative techniques in the planningof innovative techniques in the planning

process.process.

One such innovationOne such innovation the Personalitythe Personality

Planning ModelPlanning Model proposed by Rosenowproposed by Rosenow

and Pulsipher (1979) tried to address thisand Pulsipher (1979) tried to address thisissue.issue.


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The model encompasses the broad principlesThe model encompasses the broad principles

of attraction developmentof attraction development (Rosenow & Pulsipher,(Rosenow & Pulsipher,1979):1979):

The basic integrity of the attraction shouldThe basic integrity of the attraction should

be maintained at all costs.be maintained at all costs.

Development should be done tastefully andDevelopment should be done tastefully and

with a sensitivity to the natural, historicalwith a sensitivity to the natural, historicaland cultural environment.and cultural environment.


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Emphasis should be on providing aEmphasis should be on providing a

meaningful visitor experience.meaningful visitor experience.

Wherever possible, users themselvesWherever possible, users themselvesshould help fund the upkeep of attractions,should help fund the upkeep of attractions,

especially for camping and other siteespecially for camping and other site--

intensive activity.intensive activity.


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The model aims at involving the peopleThe model aims at involving the people

affected by the plan in the entire planningaffected by the plan in the entire planning

process. This is important since many actionprocess. This is important since many action

programs must be implemented through theprograms must be implemented through the

initiative of individual landowners or citizens.initiative of individual landowners or citizens.

Provision must, therefore, be made in theProvision must, therefore, be made in the

planning process to provide for input, reviewplanning process to provide for input, reviewand feedback by both decision makers andand feedback by both decision makers and

citizens.citizens.

Th i t f iti ti i dTh i t f iti ti i d


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The importance of citizens action is expressedThe importance of citizens action is expressed

by Pearl Chase (community activist of Santaby Pearl Chase (community activist of Santa

Barbara):Barbara):

Government officials are really temporaryGovernment officials are really temporary--they come and gothey come and go--and this constantand this constant

turnover means that many citizenturnover means that many citizen

organizations have far greater continuity andorganizations have far greater continuity andrelative importance in community affairs.relative importance in community affairs.

Dont assume leadership will come from theDont assume leadership will come from the

professions; you often wont find it there. Ifprofessions; you often wont find it there. If

youre to succeed, you must be led byyoure to succeed, you must be led bycitizens and citizen groups, with the interestcitizens and citizen groups, with the interest

and support of key public agenciesand support of key public agencies (Rosenow &(Rosenow &

Pulsipher, 1979) [Pulsipher, 1979) [emphasis addedemphasis added]]..


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The personality planning process is designedThe personality planning process is designed

to:to:

help communities establish a vision of theirhelp communities establish a vision of theirpotential,potential,

define objectives for appropriatedefine objectives for appropriate

development,development,

then seek action programs meeting thesethen seek action programs meeting these

objectives while recognizing the rights andobjectives while recognizing the rights and

concerns of individual citizens.concerns of individual citizens.


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The preservation and creation ofThe preservation and creation of

community features are desirable.community features are desirable.

The process of Community PersonalityThe process of Community PersonalityPlanning could provide an effective way toPlanning could provide an effective way to

identify elements making a geographicidentify elements making a geographic

area unique, and assist in formulatingarea unique, and assist in formulating

specific action programs to enhance thatspecific action programs to enhance thatuniqueness.uniqueness.


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The four steps proposed by Rosenow andThe four steps proposed by Rosenow and

Pulsipher (1979) for the PersonalityPulsipher (1979) for the Personality

Planning Process are:Planning Process are:

1.1. Delineate Distinctive Features;Delineate Distinctive Features;

2.2. Plot Critical Zones;Plot Critical Zones;

3.3. Establish Use Objectives;Establish Use Objectives;4.4. Formulate Specific Action ProgramsFormulate Specific Action Programs


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Although the personality planningAlthough the personality planningframework emphasizes lead roles forframework emphasizes lead roles forcitizens organizations, it also recognizescitizens organizations, it also recognizes

the roles for government in the process.the roles for government in the process. The state is seen as the logical developerThe state is seen as the logical developerof attractions of a natural or historic nature,of attractions of a natural or historic nature,ensuring the public right of access andensuring the public right of access and

preservation of these resources.preservation of these resources.


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Where competing businesses cannot agreeWhere competing businesses cannot agree

on beneficial joint action, the state can helpon beneficial joint action, the state can help

to provide overall direction aimed atto provide overall direction aimed at

achieving the public good.achieving the public good.

The emphasis on community participation inThe emphasis on community participation in

the personality planning model makes itthe personality planning model makes it

appropriate for historic towns, since localappropriate for historic towns, since localparticipation is often a key objective.participation is often a key objective.


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In its four steps, however, the model failsIn its four steps, however, the model failsto show how, and at what stage, residentsto show how, and at what stage, residentsbecome involved in the planning process.become involved in the planning process.

It also made no mention of the postIt also made no mention of the post--implementation period.implementation period.

Another problem is the spatial andAnother problem is the spatial and

physical orientation of the model, for itphysical orientation of the model, for itdoes not address the features that aredoes not address the features that aretemporal and intangible.temporal and intangible.


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This authors contribution to furtherThis authors contribution to furtherrefining the model is through the inclusionrefining the model is through the inclusionof coordination of organizations as theof coordination of organizations as the

first step in the process.first step in the process. The incorporation of temporal features andThe incorporation of temporal features and

activities that make a place unique areactivities that make a place unique areadded, and issues that will make a planadded, and issues that will make a plansustainable over the long term aresustainable over the long term areaddressed.addressed.


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For Heritage Canada the creation ofFor Heritage Canada the creation of

steering committees to coordinatesteering committees to coordinate

fragmented efforts of organizationsfragmented efforts of organizations

throughout its Heritage Region programsthroughout its Heritage Region programs

has proven very successfulhas proven very successful (Bowes 1993; HC(Bowes 1993; HC1994).1994).

These steering committees consist ofThese steering committees consist ofrepresentatives from existing communityrepresentatives from existing community

organizations in the regions.organizations in the regions.


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The Heritage Region Program is basedThe Heritage Region Program is based

on the premise that members of aon the premise that members of a

community must have shared valuescommunity must have shared values

and a clear sense of identity, contextand a clear sense of identity, context

and continuity if they are to marshaland continuity if they are to marshal

their resources effectively and cope withtheir resources effectively and cope with

changechange (UNESCO, 1982, cited in Bowes, 1993:10)(UNESCO, 1982, cited in Bowes, 1993:10)..


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The approach taken by Heritage CanadaThe approach taken by Heritage Canada

for regeneration ties together education,for regeneration ties together education,

conservation and entrepreneurship, usingconservation and entrepreneurship, using

natural and cultural resources as thenatural and cultural resources as the

basis.basis.

Its main thrust is aimed at motivatingIts main thrust is aimed at motivating

existing organizations with isolatedexisting organizations with isolatedinitiatives to make partnerships forinitiatives to make partnerships for

progress.progress.


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The key principles of Heritage CanadasThe key principles of Heritage Canadas

approach include:approach include:

broad public involvement,broad public involvement, a communitya community--driven agenda,driven agenda,

a selfa self--help orientation,help orientation,

incremental change over time, andincremental change over time, and a continuous presence in thea continuous presence in the

community.community.


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Benefits to the communities usually occurBenefits to the communities usually occurthrough:through:

greater public awareness of heritagegreater public awareness of heritage

resources;resources;

raised confidence in heritage resources asraised confidence in heritage resources asviable business ventures;viable business ventures;

increased cooperation amongstincreased cooperation amongstjurisdictions, organizations, businesses,jurisdictions, organizations, businesses,other interest groups and individuals; andother interest groups and individuals; and

growth in tourism arrival and revenuesgrowth in tourism arrival and revenues (Bowes,(Bowes,1993; HC, 1994).1993; HC, 1994).


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These results can be gainedThese results can be gained

simultaneously with profitable returns onsimultaneously with profitable returns on

investments.investments.

It is critical that the regions have strongIt is critical that the regions have strong

local leadership, a large number oflocal leadership, a large number of

volunteers and a critical mass of interestedvolunteers and a critical mass of interested

communities.communities.


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Heritage Regions works with residents toHeritage Regions works with residents to

identify, protect and enhance their naturalidentify, protect and enhance their natural

and cultural heritage and use it as a basisand cultural heritage and use it as a basis

for economic revitalizationfor economic revitalization (Bowes, 1993)(Bowes, 1993)..

Sustainable tourism in this contextSustainable tourism in this context

contributes to the achievement of thiscontributes to the achievement of this

goal.goal.


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Initial steps includeInitial steps include (HC, 1994)(HC, 1994)::

establishing a coordinating organizationestablishing a coordinating organization

with an effective management structure;with an effective management structure; developing a logo to give a distinct image;developing a logo to give a distinct image;

undertaking successful fundundertaking successful fund--raisingraising

activities; andactivities; and

creating linkages with existing heritagecreating linkages with existing heritage

regions.regions.


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The coordinator in each region works withThe coordinator in each region works with

residents through regional committees onresidents through regional committees ona seven point approach:a seven point approach:

1.1. organization;organization;

2.2. heritage resources identification andheritage resources identification and

protection;protection;3.3. education and training;education and training;

4.4. economic development;economic development;

5.5. design;design;6.6. marketing;marketing;

7.7. monitoring and evaluation.monitoring and evaluation.


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Trends and Principles ofTrends and Principles of

Heritage RegionsHeritage RegionsThe common trends and principles identifiedThe common trends and principles identified

throughout the heritage region arethroughout the heritage region are (Bowes,(Bowes,1993; HC, 1994):1993; HC, 1994):

Community participation is important.Community participation is important.

Residents need to show interest.Residents need to show interest.

It is essential to have cooperation betweenIt is essential to have cooperation between

governmental, NGOs and privategovernmental, NGOs and privateorganization.organization.


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Heritage RegionsHeritage Regions Contributions by volunteers are essential.Contributions by volunteers are essential.

Economic revitalization occur in all cases.Economic revitalization occur in all cases.

Tourism increase in all cases which resultsTourism increase in all cases which resultsin positive economic impact.in positive economic impact.

The economic structure of theThe economic structure of the

communities changed.communities changed.

Preservation, conservation and restorationPreservation, conservation and restoration

increased.increased.


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Heritage RegionsHeritage Regions Public pride and awareness increased inPublic pride and awareness increased in

the communities.the communities.

Increase in job opportunities for localIncrease in job opportunities for local

residents.residents.

Creation of new business ventures inCreation of new business ventures in

tourism.tourism.


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Taking the above into consideration, theTaking the above into consideration, the[Expanded] Personality Planning Process[Expanded] Personality Planning Processbeing proposed for adaptation to historicbeing proposed for adaptation to historic

regions will include the following steps:regions will include the following steps:1.1. Coordination of organizations;Coordination of organizations;

2.2. Delineating of distinctive features;Delineating of distinctive features;

3.3. Plotting of critical zones;Plotting of critical zones;4.4. Establishment of use objectives;Establishment of use objectives;

5.5. Formulation of specific action programs.Formulation of specific action programs.


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The Expanded PersonalityThe Expanded Personality

Planning FrameworkPlanning Framework Coordinate Organizations;Coordinate Organizations;

Delineate Distinctive Features;Delineate Distinctive Features;

Plot Critical Zones;Plot Critical Zones; Establish Use Objectives;Establish Use Objectives;

Formulate Specific Action ProgramsFormulate Specific Action Programs


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Coordination of OrganizationsCoordination of Organizations

The idea behind this step is to coordinateThe idea behind this step is to coordinate

the fragmented efforts of the variousthe fragmented efforts of the various

organizations and groups in a communityorganizations and groups in a community

working toward plans of action in order toworking toward plans of action in order to

arrive at a consensus.arrive at a consensus.

Joining forces will achieve greater and moreJoining forces will achieve greater and more

enduring results.enduring results.

The community at this stage will be able toThe community at this stage will be able to

define objectives and policies for its owndefine objectives and policies for its own

development.development.


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A steering committee consisting ofA steering committee consisting ofgovernmental organizations, NGOs andgovernmental organizations, NGOs and

citizen organizations will coordinate thecitizen organizations will coordinate the

effort to define the objectives and policies.effort to define the objectives and policies. Organizations within the coalition wouldOrganizations within the coalition would

undertake their own activities to generateundertake their own activities to generate

ideas from their constituents on social,ideas from their constituents on social,

economic and developmental issues.economic and developmental issues.

These ideas would then be taken to theThese ideas would then be taken to the

steering committee for coordination andsteering committee for coordination and

ratification.ratification.


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The coalition will further seek consensus onThe coalition will further seek consensus oneffort such as:effort such as:

residential awareness programs;residential awareness programs;

plans of action;plans of action;

implementation procedures; andimplementation procedures; and

monitoring procedures.monitoring procedures.

For this to work, however, it is critical toFor this to work, however, it is critical tohave a mass of motivated volunteers and ahave a mass of motivated volunteers and acommunity that is interested in itscommunity that is interested in itsredevelopment.redevelopment.


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The steering committee will seek toThe steering committee will seek to

sensitize residents about heritagesensitize residents about heritage

resources and to make them moreresources and to make them more

conscious of opportunities in a heritageconscious of opportunities in a heritage

environment.environment.

Increased public pride and awareness inIncreased public pride and awareness in

the communities is also a key objective.the communities is also a key objective.

This will be done through existingThis will be done through existing

organizations and new ones, if required toorganizations and new ones, if required to

incorporate different subsectors.incorporate different subsectors.


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The methods of delivery will be throughThe methods of delivery will be throughschools, the print media, television and radioschools, the print media, television and radioand public meetings.and public meetings.

Programs will highlight elements in thePrograms will highlight elements in thecommunity that residents will be able tocommunity that residents will be able toidentify withidentify with the importance of local tradethe importance of local tradeand of traditional and vernacularand of traditional and vernacular

architecture.architecture. Programs will also include the storytellers,Programs will also include the storytellers,

craft artisans, musicians and other folkcraft artisans, musicians and other folkartists who will be encouraged to pass onartists who will be encouraged to pass on

this heritage to others so it can be preservedthis heritage to others so it can be preserved


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The coordination of tourism with otherThe coordination of tourism with othereconomic activities and the integration ofeconomic activities and the integration of

tourism development in the overall economictourism development in the overall economic

and physical development plans of the regionand physical development plans of the region

is a critical task.is a critical task.

To achieve such coordination, action plansTo achieve such coordination, action plans

will be developed that are in keeping with thewill be developed that are in keeping with the

vision of the community.vision of the community. The plans will seek to ensure that, as far asThe plans will seek to ensure that, as far as

practicable, the image presented by thepracticable, the image presented by the

destination is matched by the extent ofdestination is matched by the extent of


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These plans will include appropriateThese plans will include appropriate

projects that will enhance the personalityprojects that will enhance the personality

of the community.of the community.

They will also seek to develop socialThey will also seek to develop social

programs for the community from fundsprograms for the community from funds

generated by tourism; and develop directgenerated by tourism; and develop direct

marketing techniques for presenting themarketing techniques for presenting theproduct to the consumer.product to the consumer.


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Identifying and developing training needs forIdentifying and developing training needs for

the community such as workshops on thethe community such as workshops on the

operation of Bed and Breakfast businessesoperation of Bed and Breakfast businesses

as an objective.as an objective.

Coordination will also involve undertakingCoordination will also involve undertaking

successful fundraising activities to raisesuccessful fundraising activities to raise

capital for projects.capital for projects.

Finally, seeking official heritage designationFinally, seeking official heritage designation

from the state to prevent inappropriatefrom the state to prevent inappropriate

development taking place in the area.development taking place in the area.


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The creation of an implementation plan willThe creation of an implementation plan willpromote orderly development through thepromote orderly development through thedefinition of roles for the variousdefinition of roles for the various

organizations.organizations. This will require proper phasing of actionThis will require proper phasing of action

programs and the identification ofprograms and the identification ofappropriate organizations to implement theappropriate organizations to implement theprograms.programs.

This often requires state investment inThis often requires state investment inareas that cannot attract private investorsareas that cannot attract private investors

and in the provision of incentives such asand in the provision of incentives such as


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Another important role of the committeeAnother important role of the committee

will be to monitor overall changes in thewill be to monitor overall changes in the

community.community.

This will help determine whether toThis will help determine whether to

continue present policies or whethercontinue present policies or whether

modification or remodification or re--planning is required.planning is required.

Change and modification of strategies willChange and modification of strategies will

be necessary if social problems developbe necessary if social problems develop

or if performance goals and targets areor if performance goals and targets are

not met.not met.


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Finally, new conditions will also influenceFinally, new conditions will also influencepolicies and earlier decisions.policies and earlier decisions.

Specific actions may include modifyingSpecific actions may include modifying

allocations and emphasis in theallocations and emphasis in thepromotional budget;promotional budget;

making investors more aware ofmaking investors more aware of

investment opportunities;investment opportunities; modifying subsidies for implementation ofmodifying subsidies for implementation offacilities; andfacilities; and

reconsidering selected programs.reconsidering selected programs.


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DelineatingDistinctive FeaturesDelineatingDistinctive Features

Distinctive Features are the elements in aDistinctive Features are the elements in acommunity that give it a special character. Theycommunity that give it a special character. They

include:include:

historical resources;historical resources;

urban and rural landscape features;urban and rural landscape features;

ethnic and cultural features;ethnic and cultural features;

recreation areas;recreation areas;

scenic resources;scenic resources; natural areas;natural areas;

waterfronts; rivers and stream; wetland;waterfronts; rivers and stream; wetland;

geologic/ecological features and dominant landgeologic/ecological features and dominant land


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The existing features are inventoried andThe existing features are inventoried and

mapped out along with planned futuremapped out along with planned future

ones.ones.

The next move is to establish a hierarchyThe next move is to establish a hierarchy

establishing the relative importance of theestablishing the relative importance of the

features.features.

Out of this accumulated information aOut of this accumulated information atangible delineation of those elements thattangible delineation of those elements that

are most important if the community is toare most important if the community is to

perpetuate its cultural birthright will begin toperpetuate its cultural birthright will begin to


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In the critique of the personality planningIn the critique of the personality planning

framework by Rosenow and Pulsipherframework by Rosenow and Pulsipher

(1979), it was pointed out that the(1979), it was pointed out that the

framework emphasizes only physical,framework emphasizes only physical,identifiable features, while little or noidentifiable features, while little or no

attention is given to intangible features.attention is given to intangible features.


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The intangible features referred to are localThe intangible features referred to are localtraditions, customs, folklore, festivals,traditions, customs, folklore, festivals,celebrations, music, dances, religions andcelebrations, music, dances, religions andreligious ceremonies, arts, crafts, food,religious ceremonies, arts, crafts, food,

other cultural activities and oneother cultural activities and one--ofof--aa--kindkindevent that gives a place personality.event that gives a place personality.

BaudBaud--Bovey and Lawson (1977) considerBovey and Lawson (1977) considerthat these resources are the most fragilethat these resources are the most fragileand often are threatened byand often are threatened bycommodification, a result of the economiccommodification, a result of the economicdevelopment that come from tourism.development that come from tourism.


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BaudBaud--Bovey and Lawson comment, TheseBovey and Lawson comment, These

local characteristics may be authentic andlocal characteristics may be authentic and

have a genuine place in the life styles of anhave a genuine place in the life styles of an

area up to a certain low threshold ofarea up to a certain low threshold of

visitorsvisitors. As the visitors increase, the local. As the visitors increase, the local

traditions and customs accelerate and aretraditions and customs accelerate and are

replaced by staged events deliberatelyreplaced by staged events deliberatelyprovided as a spectacle for touristsprovided as a spectacle for tourists(Baud(Baud--

Bovey & Lawson, 1977:202) [Bovey & Lawson, 1977:202) [emphasis addedemphasis added]]..


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Local handicrafts are often substituted byLocal handicrafts are often substituted by

imported mass produced articles.imported mass produced articles.

They urge the implementation of a nationalThey urge the implementation of a national

tourism plan that encourages local crafts,tourism plan that encourages local crafts,

arts and cultural activities, by adaptingarts and cultural activities, by adapting

these to the tourist image and to thethese to the tourist image and to the

tourists needtourists need (Baud(Baud--Bovey & Lawson, 1977:202)Bovey & Lawson, 1977:202)..


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PlottingCritical ZonesPlottingCritical Zones

Critical zones are the most important zonesCritical zones are the most important zones

used by residents and visitors.used by residents and visitors.

To establish critical zones, the location ofTo establish critical zones, the location of

the distinctive features are examined inthe distinctive features are examined in

relation to visitors and residents activityrelation to visitors and residents activity

patterns.patterns.

Visual quality is of utmost importance withinVisual quality is of utmost importance withinthe critical zones since these zones are thethe critical zones since these zones are the

communitys public face.communitys public face.


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As such, both residents and tourists standAs such, both residents and tourists stand

to gain the most from quality developmentto gain the most from quality development

and the most to lose from inappropriateand the most to lose from inappropriate

development of these areas.development of these areas.

Here, every effort should be made toHere, every effort should be made to

provide visually pleasing andprovide visually pleasing and

environmentally compatible land uses.environmentally compatible land uses.


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Critical zones should include communityCritical zones should include communityentrance routes, major travel corridors,entrance routes, major travel corridors,distinctive features and areas where peopledistinctive features and areas where people

congregate. Visual foreground andcongregate. Visual foreground andbackground areas should be included.background areas should be included.

In regard to intangible features that areIn regard to intangible features that aredistinctive to a community, while they mightdistinctive to a community, while they mightnot be able to be mapped out in a physicalnot be able to be mapped out in a physicalsense, they can be visualized spatially andsense, they can be visualized spatially andin the seasonal contexts in which theyin the seasonal contexts in which theyoccur.occur.


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Establishing UseEstablishing Use--ObjectivesObjectives

UseUse--objectives within the critical zonesobjectives within the critical zones

establishes the type of actions to be taken.establishes the type of actions to be taken.

These actions may include: reenacting,These actions may include: reenacting,

rejuvenating, reproducing, revitalizing,rejuvenating, reproducing, revitalizing,

reviving, reanimating, reawakening,reviving, reanimating, reawakening,

repairing, preserving, retaining, enhancing,repairing, preserving, retaining, enhancing,

conserving, restoring, rehabilitating,conserving, restoring, rehabilitating,reconstructing, modifying or demolishing.reconstructing, modifying or demolishing.


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These strategies will guide developmentsThese strategies will guide developments

in critical zones. Table 1.1 lists possiblein critical zones. Table 1.1 lists possible

use objectives for physical features anduse objectives for physical features and

the degree of change implied.the degree of change implied.


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UseUse--objectives will also be implementedobjectives will also be implemented

for intangible distinctive featuresfor intangible distinctive features

discussed previously; the objective will bediscussed previously; the objective will be

to maintain and perpetuate theseto maintain and perpetuate theseelements without unduly sacrificing theirelements without unduly sacrificing their

traditional function and meaning.traditional function and meaning.

While one or more new useWhile one or more new use--objective mayobjective maybe appropriate for a critical zone, drasticbe appropriate for a critical zone, drastic

modification should be avoided.modification should be avoided.


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Drastic modification which allows extremeDrastic modification which allows extreme

alterations may develop features thatalterations may develop features that

visually dominate or destroys an areasvisually dominate or destroys an areas

character.character.

However, if drastic modification isHowever, if drastic modification is

unavoidable, every effort should be madeunavoidable, every effort should be made

to mitigate the negative impacts.to mitigate the negative impacts.


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A retention useA retention use--objective would provide forobjective would provide for

activities not visually evident, thusactivities not visually evident, thus

maintaining the character of themaintaining the character of the

landscape, buildings or other features.landscape, buildings or other features.

The guiding criterion would be theThe guiding criterion would be the

retention of the basic visual appearance ofretention of the basic visual appearance of

the area. The focus of enhancement is tothe area. The focus of enhancement is tocreate, alter or remove obtrusivecreate, alter or remove obtrusive

elements.elements.

Formulating Specific ActionFormulating Specific Action


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Formulating Specific ActionFormulating Specific Action

ProgramsPrograms Action programs detail the methods andAction programs detail the methods and

phasing required to successfully implementphasing required to successfully implementthe policies and strategies previouslythe policies and strategies previously

defined.defined. Actions programs are the vehicles used toActions programs are the vehicles used to

promote the plan, implement new features,promote the plan, implement new features,organize the tourist industry, and controlorganize the tourist industry, and control

and protect features.and protect features.

These programs involve determining theThese programs involve determining thesequence of operation and the authority insequence of operation and the authority in

charge.charge.


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The launching phase should be designedThe launching phase should be designedso as to be attainable within the frameworkso as to be attainable within the frameworkof the existing legislative and administrativeof the existing legislative and administrative

structure.structure. This first phase should also promote theThis first phase should also promote the

gradual implementation and enforcement ofgradual implementation and enforcement ofnew regulations and authorities required fornew regulations and authorities required for

future stages of development.future stages of development.

There will also be a clear identification ofThere will also be a clear identification ofthe various bodies that will be responsiblethe various bodies that will be responsible

for carrying out each activity.for carrying out each activity.


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Subsequent action programs may includeSubsequent action programs may include

zoning,zoning,

expropriation,expropriation,

the purchase of scenic easements andthe purchase of scenic easements and

development rights,development rights, sign control ordinances,sign control ordinances,

landscaping,landscaping,

purchase and preservation of historicalpurchase and preservation of historicalbuildings,buildings,

united action for storefront improvementsunited action for storefront improvementsand so forth.and so forth.


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Mechanisms will also be developed toMechanisms will also be developed to

determine carryingdetermine carrying--capacity limits.capacity limits.

This may mean restricting and limitingThis may mean restricting and limiting

access to critical zones by people andaccess to critical zones by people and

vehicles and the scheduling of activitiesvehicles and the scheduling of activities

with respect to time and season.with respect to time and season.


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The action programs will also seek to addressThe action programs will also seek to addresscertain intangible features.certain intangible features.

This will call for the reThis will call for the re--enactment of celebrations,enactment of celebrations,festivals and events in their spatial, seasonal andfestivals and events in their spatial, seasonal andcontextual setting, to bringcontextual setting, to bring--back a sense of time.back a sense of time.

Such programs will diversify and reSuch programs will diversify and re--animateanimateevents and activities throughout the year and giveevents and activities throughout the year and givevisitors different events in which to participate.visitors different events in which to participate.

Events could include balls and dances in periodEvents could include balls and dances in periodcostumes and settings, public market places,costumes and settings, public market places,military parades, social settings and life styles ofmilitary parades, social settings and life styles ofethnic and religious groups and importantethnic and religious groups and importantpersonalities.personalities.


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Action programs can either be legislated orAction programs can either be legislated orvoluntarily enacted depending on theirvoluntarily enacted depending on theirnature.nature.

It would, however, take a combination ofIt would, however, take a combination ofeffort by the community, individual citizens,effort by the community, individual citizens,governments and tourism operators togovernments and tourism operators toimplement the actions.implement the actions.

Action programs should prevent theAction programs should prevent thedestruction of the character of places and,destruction of the character of places and,at the same time, stimulate growth thatat the same time, stimulate growth that

recognizes the objective of perpetuatingrecognizes the objective of perpetuating


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Action programs need to include trainingAction programs need to include training

to prepare the residents in the communityto prepare the residents in the community

to accept and participate in the overallto accept and participate in the overall

development.development.

Policies adopted and facilities providedPolicies adopted and facilities provided

must be sufficiently flexible to allow formust be sufficiently flexible to allow for

changing conditions.changing conditions.


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ConclusionConclusion

Traditionally, tourism development and planningTraditionally, tourism development and planningin peripheral destinations has followed a pathin peripheral destinations has followed a paththat is more often supportive of the TGAs and atthat is more often supportive of the TGAs and atthe expense of TDAs.the expense of TDAs.

If destinations seek to control their tourismIf destinations seek to control their tourismindustry they should develop distinctive andindustry they should develop distinctive andindigenous features to give visitors unique andindigenous features to give visitors unique andauthentic experiences.authentic experiences.

Following a sustainable path of developmentFollowing a sustainable path of developmentwill allow TDAs to gain tremendous economicwill allow TDAs to gain tremendous economicand social benefits from tourism and preventand social benefits from tourism and preventnegative impacts that often destroys the TDAs.negative impacts that often destroys the TDAs.


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ConclusionConclusion

Any planning and management frameworkAny planning and management framework

must establish a development process,must establish a development process,

which will guarantee that, in the end, allwhich will guarantee that, in the end, all

parties involved in the tourism industry willparties involved in the tourism industry willgain.gain.

Most importantly of all, is the realizationMost importantly of all, is the realization

that there are tremendous opportunities forthat there are tremendous opportunities forlocal residents in all levels of the industry.local residents in all levels of the industry.


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ConclusionConclusion Effective community participation in theEffective community participation in the

planning process is often hindered byplanning process is often hindered by

communication barriers and a lack ofcommunication barriers and a lack of

credibility for the process, as a result ofcredibility for the process, as a result of

cultural differences between planners andcultural differences between planners andresidents and inadequate understanding ofresidents and inadequate understanding of

local culture as a result of short visits bylocal culture as a result of short visits by

plannersplanners (Woodley 1993)(Woodley 1993)..

For plans to be effective; they should give aFor plans to be effective; they should give a

detailed outline and concrete examples ofdetailed outline and concrete examples of

how the community can actively andhow the community can actively and

historic preservation planning and management framework

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