Alexandra Javier Borja. Frein Jarane Peliglorio Castañeda. Pia Vianca Nikka Quizon Garing. Gelyn Garduño Menorca. Dana Rosella

Dela Cruz Tolentino.

The Religious Schism

CAUSE: Conflict of races: Filipino civil and clerical groups against

the Spanish civil and clerical segment

• Majority if the Philippine Catholic Church belonged to oppressors. They

aided the policy of repressions of colonial government.

• Mabini wrote a letter to General Otis,

• Accusing the Spanish friars of supporting the colonial government

• Taking up arms against revolutionists

• Because of this, he also refused to free friar prisoners.

• Father Aglipay was sympathetic to Spain but hostile to the United States.

• Aglipay was used by Gov. Gen. Basilio Augustin and Archbishop Nozaleda as pawn

and oreded to confer with revolutionary leaders, unfortunately ,he failed.

• Aguinaldo sent Colonel Luciano San Miguel to Aglipay tto go to the north to

persuade the latter to work for the Filipino cause.

The Second Phase of Revolution

- It was not only political in nature but also religious.

- It commenced with Aguinaldo’s return from Hong Kong.

- It has Philippine Independent Church as the only living

- and tangible result of the Revolution.

• Nozaleda comissioned Aglipay to win over Aguinaldo to the Spanish cause.

• Aglipay

• Went to north to investigate the state of the diocese of Nueva Segovia

• Secured the release of two Jesuit priests

• Went to Cavite and joined Aguinaldo’s movement

• The Revolutionary Government recognized the validity of civil marriage. It

refused to recognize Nozaleda’s authority and prohibited Filipino priests from

accepting responsibility or occupying vacant parishes without their approval.

• These conditions made it propitious for the rebel government to win the full

support of the Filipino clergy.

• Aguinaldo made Aglipay Militar Vicar General ( religious leader of the

revolutionary movement)

Gregorio Aglipay

• As a Filipino, supports revolutionists

• As a Catholic priest, backs the head of the Church (a Spaniard)

• Chose to be Filipino first then Catholic second

• Issued a letter to the Filipino clergy

• Urging them to take charge of all vacant parishes

• Urged the priests under his jurisdiction to rally to the revolutionary

cause and support all favorable to the cause of the Filipino clergy

• Nozaleda charged Aglipay usurpation of power and made him

excommunicated, however, it did not work and didn’t caryy its usual weight

with the people.

• Aglipay, in return, excommunicated Nozaleda and charged him with

collaborating with the Spaniards and the American’s in the latter’s policy of

repression.

Apolinario Mabini

• Asked the Filipino clergy to organize a Filipino National Church

• Argued for the preservation of the Church but must be based upon the

appointment of the Filipino clergy of all positions

• The national church must cooperate with the Republic, uniting the Filipinos.

The Filipino Clergy

• Believed for the assertion of their rights to direct Philippine Catholicism at

the top

• An ecclesiastical assembly according to Aglipay. He discussed the

Filipinization of the Catholic Church and the prevention of anarchy in

religious matters and fought side by side with Filipino guerrillas.

Provisional Constitution of the Filipino Church

• Outlined the composition of the Filipino Church.

• Recognition of foreign bishops was forbidden.

• Declared independence of Filipino clergy from Spanish control and allowed

negotiation with Rome.

• However, the Filipino Church didn’t develop fully even the Filipino

Government was on the verge of collapse.

Mons. Placido Chapelle

• Pro-friar; Pope’s delegate; American

• He drive Filipinos away from Rome and Americans.

• He intends to dominate Filipino clergy, the “incompetent and capable of

holding only menial positions in the Church”, by force.

• Possibly caused the Filipino clergy to join the religious movement for a

Church independent of Rome.

THE SCHISM

Causes:

• Chapelle’s undiplomatic language and reaction to Filipino

reactions

• Filipino clergy agitated for a Filipino Church.

• Fr. Salustiano Araullo and Fr. Jose Chanco had an audience with

the Pope in Rome; however, the Pope was more inclined to the

Spaniards and promised nothing to the Filipinos.

Isabelo de los Reyes

• Radical propagandist and scholar

• Wrote in the newspaper Filipinas Ante Europa that a Filipino Church

must be formed, conserving all good in the Roman Church and

eliminating the evil of Roman corruption

• Campaigned for the establishment of Filipino Church

• Founded the Union Obrere Democratica (Democratic Labor Union)

• Delivered an anti-friar speech and proposed the establishment of a

Filipino Church independent of Rome with Aglipay as Supreme Bishop in

a meeting of Democratic Labor Union

• His proposal was approved and the new church was called Iglesia

Filipina Independiente. This marked the commencement of schism with

Rome.

Aglipay and the Jesuits

• Jesuit priest, Fr. Francisco Foradada tried to persuade Aglipay to the

Catholic fold for four days. He promised Aglipay an appointment as

bishop/archbishop and bribed him with money.

• Aglipay wanted an assurancew that the Filipino Catholic priest problem

will be solved, but Fordada replied with insults.

• With this, Aglipay directly turned down Fordada’s offer and defend his

fellow Filipinos.

• The break with Rome was complete.

• The Jesuits tried to repair the damage done by Fordada.

• Fr. Joaquin Villalonga was accompanied by Fr. Santiago Fonacier to ofer

Aglipay again, however, Aglipay still resisted. Jesuit stopped trying to

make Aglipay return to the catholic fold.

American Protestants

• Persuaded by Aglipay to join him in dividing the ranks of the Catholics to

join his church, but he failed.

• They felt superior to the Filipino. They thought the Filipino church was

too Roman and too rationalistic.

• Aglipay then accepted the post of Supreme Bishop of the Independent Church

officially. He was consecrated Supreme Bishop by the bishops of Isabela,

Cagayan, Pangasinan, Abra, Nueva Ecija, Cavite, and Manila. The convertion

in the country was on its way without any other influence from the Pope or

his representatives.

Filipino National Church

• Reaction of the nationalistic priests to centuries of prejudice and

belittlement.

Bases of Spanish Prejudice:

• Feeling of Racial Superiority

• Alleged Incompetence of the Filipino Clergy

Spanish friars

• Handled Mausers and Remingtongs when the colonial government was

losing the battle

• Fought for the continuance of their power and authority in the Philippine

society

Results of the Revolution:

• Liquidation of the Spanish empire in the Orient

• Alienation of a Segment of the Population from the Catholic Church

The continuing resistance (1901-1913)

The resistance continued and can be seen in three sectoral perspectives:

• Christian community

• Muslim community

• Tribal community

The Katipunan Inertia

• Bonifacio initiated struggle continued to sustain the struggle for

independence.

• Despite Aguinaldo’s capture, the remaining leaders of the army, Gen.

Miguel Malvar in Batangas and Gen Vicente Lukban in Samar continued

the war.

• Macario Sakay attempted to keep alive the struggle fo independence even

after the surrender of Lukban and Malvar through putting up his own

Tagalog Republic with its own constitution.

• In Luzon, 1905

• Disturbances were reported in Cavite and Batangas

• Outbreaks were noted at San Pedro Tunasan, Parañaque, Taal, and San

Francisco Malabon by Gov. Shanks of Cavite

• By 1907, a strong mass movement was led by Salvador Felipe, “Apo Ipe”, whose

cause was Santa Iglesia, literally means crusade of the “Holy Church”. This

movement was spread ti Bulacan, Pamapanga Tarlac and Nueva Ecija.

• The Republican administration became Democratic during 1912.

• By 1913, Filipinization, a policy by Gov. Gen. Francis Burton Harrison was

initiated.

• In Bicol, 1902, a movement which Simeon Ola led with 1,500 “insurrectors”

worried the Americans.

• The American answer to Ola’s movement was a Reconcentration System. This wa

from March to October 1903. The authorities persude Ola and his men to

surrender. On September 22, 1903, Col. Bandholtz and Simeon Ola signed an

agreement promising Ola’s immunity and “other things”. Later, the authorities

denied promising Ola anything.

In the trial during November that year:

• Ola obtained executive clemency.

• Some of his men were freed, some were sentenced under Vagrancy Law, and

others were tried under Sedition Law of 1901.

• In Visayas, 1902

• The surrender of Gen. Lukban in Samar during 1902 caused outbreaks

until 1906.

• The Tauiran Affair took place on July 10, 1904 where hundred houses

were burned and 21 people were killed.

• Cantaguic Affair was led by Juliano Caducoy

• Outbreaks by the Pulahan movement in Negros, Panay, Cebu, and Leyte in

1905

• Disturbances in Leyte, which were encouraged by its governor, Gov. Jaime

De Veyra, began in June 1907

• In Mindanao, 1903

• Armed disturbances in Surigao by a group of “outlaws” took place on March

23, 1903. This inciident was reported by Civil Gov. William Howard Taft.

• In May 1903, an Attack in Misamis was led by real “insurrectors”.

The Muslim Struggle

• The Lanao Resistance, 1902- 1912

• The “Moro resistance” was led by traditional leaders like Sajiduciman,

Ampuanagus, and Datu Datu Grande.

• Datu Tungul of Onayan attacked Cam Vicars in June 1902.

• Sultan Ganduli and Sultan Tanagan, with 150 to 200 Muslims, fought

against the American soldiers in Maciu

• The Sulu Struggle, 1899 – 1913

• The Bates Treaty, 1899

• An agreement between the American government and the Sulu

Sultanate

• Datu Julkanain and Datu Kalbi of Patikul were the ones who refused

to join the Sultan and chose to continue the movement against the

Americans.

• Panglima Hassan, 1903

• Hassan’s band was a threat to the American forces so Governor Wood

decided to eliminate him and his followers.

• After his death, Pala, a rebel who had just returned from Borneo and

was associated with several crimes, organized his own band but was

also eliminated and his band was destroyed.

• Besides Pala, there were also local leaders from Jolo where Tausug

resistance was concentrated. Its leaders were Datu Usap, Paruka

Utik, Salip Masdal, Maharaja Untung, Jikiri, and Nakib Amir.

• Bud Dajo, 1906

• Rumors about the American intention of wiping out the Jolo Muslims

triggered Bud Dajo to form a movement against the American forces

• Jikiri, 1907

• Jikiri’s revolt was one of the most significant ones. He became known to

media as a result of his “piratical” attacks on trading vessels or villages

early in the American period.

• Bud Bagsak, 1913

• Sabilallah attacks on American troops became the source of colonial

horror.

• The entire population practically joined the rebellion.

• The American authorities appealed of non-combatants and combatanats to

retun to their abandoned farms and homes.

• Part of the compromise was the withdrawal of American troops from Jolo

Island.

• The Bud Bagsak affair ended with pax Americana dawning in Sulu as over

500 rifles were gathered from the island.

• The Cotobato Resistance, 1903 - 1912

• Datu Ali, 1903

• Datu Ali began to defy American offer of peace and to persuade the

Maranaos to join the anti-colonial movement.

• Ali changed tactics from the traditional method of confronting the

enemy to the guerrilla- type of engagement.

• They also used sabilallahs to harass the Americans during the day while Ali’s

warriors attacked American troop encampments in the evening.

• The prospect of success was neutralized by the collaboration of Datu Piang

with the American authorities.

• On October 31, Ali’s followers were killed, including him and three of his sons.

• Datu Alamada, 1912

• Datu Almada and 300 followers rose in rebellion, supported by

thousands of sympathizers who vowed not to accept American

sovereignty.

• The movements were concerntrated in Buldon and Upper Cotobato.

• There were other Muslim disturbances in the Muslim south but these

were either isolated, personal or small group encounters staged by

recalcitrants from the Muslim masses.

A Glimpse of Philippine Culture and Past Governance

The Highlander’s Reaction

• Back to Tradition

• The tribal groups had joined the revolutionary movement against

colonialism. However, they did integrate into the Aguinaldo government and

the armed forces.

• In Luzon

• the Igorot armed struggle until the end of the Spanish rule

• However, the tribal communities were won over by American Episcopal

missionaries, medical missions and schools

• In Visayas, particularly Negros and Iloilo, were Presbyterian missions

contributed to health and sanitation and education at grassroots level.

• In Mindanao

• the Manobos resisted against the Spaniards by providing support and

assistance to political leaders

• the work of pacification was undertaken by American laymen,

entrepreneurs, and teachers particularly during the period of the Moro

Province from 1903 to 1906.

The Subanun Affair, 1909

• In Mindanao

• Americans make use of local datus and leaders to promote the

need for social services

• A campaign against unsanitary living conditions and diseases

like cholera, dysentery, smallpox and malariaàlocal leaders

helped by setting personal examples of hygiene and proper

sanitation.

• Education for children was very much emphasized.

• In the Cordillera

• Americans encountered many problems of the Filipino-American

War, which forced the retreating groups of 20 Filipinos under

Aguinaldo to the traditionally hostile Ifugao country.

• Americans demonstrated their firepower when the Ifugaos took

the head of an American soldier.

• By the beginning of 1906, upon the arrival of Lt. Jeff. D.

Gallman in Ifugao, the province saw the beginning of an

era of peace among the Ifugaos and American rule set pace

and patterns for the rest of the Cordillera.

Literature of Resistance

• Dramas were effectively used in attacking American

colonialism.

• American rule and predicated the outbreak of violent

Filipino resistance to further American intrusion.

Compromise with colonialism

Involvement During The Military Phase, 1899 – 1913

• The Christian Filipinos

• In the Local Level

• In the case of Negros Island, the landowning class and the

ilustrados cooperated with the American colonists.

• The Negrense provincial junta became the Americans’

useful comrade in fighting against the Malolos government

• In the Central Government

• The few who occupied top executive, legislative and judicial

positions exercised vast powers and influence in national

affairs

• Why the elite

• The natural fear of losing the security of their interests

because of the growing demand of the masses for the

redistribution of economic benefits and resources.

• The elites desired to preserve their privileges.

• The Cultural Communities

• American teachers and missionaries led the natives to

understand the American benevolent policy through schools,

religious missions and especially medical work.

• In the Cordillera

• Americans demonstrated three traits which helped them win over

native support in the Cordillera region

• Treaties

• The southern region of Sulu and other areas governed by the Sultanate

system partly accepted American presence.

• The Bates Treaty

• Carpenter-Kiram Agreement, 1915

Increase in Filipino Participation

• At the turn of the century there came a change in the landscape of American

politics. The rise of the Democratic Party prompted a change in the United

States’ motivations for colonialism.

• The first Democratic Governor General, Francis Burton Harrison, was

appointed. He provided a realistic implementation of American policies, and

made a point to increase the presence of Filipinos in position.

• His policies led to a rapid Filipinization of government.

Limits to Filipinization

• Elitism was present in the system which was increasingly becoming populated

by Filipinos.

• Positions were given to citizens who met certain criteria for election: they had to

be able to read and write, owned property, and/or were government employees

during the Spanish period.

• The American market dominated the nation and was replete with American

goods, while Philippine exports were given quotas and limited only to raw

materials needed by American business.

• TheUnderwood-Simmons Tariff Act of 1913 abolished quotas, but this was

rendered ineffective with the implementation of the Tydings-McDuffie Law of

1934 which restored quotas.

Social Effects

• System of government was identical to the American form, except for the

federal aspect.

• The elite, many members of which held position in government, became more

than collaborators with the Americans, but were now partners.

• The political landscape of the Philippines became American in form, but still

held Filipino traditions and influences.

• These local values and decisions were maintained in the operating of the

government. The Americans saw this as detrimental to the government’s

development.

• There were reports of corruption, bribery, and some shady deals. These were

associated with traditional Filipino ideals such as pakikisama, utang na

loob, and tendency to maintain kinship.

-END-