his 102 chapter 23 modern industry & mass politics, 1870 1914
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MODERN INDUSTRY AND MASS POLITICS, 1870–1914
Chapter 23
Introduction
Marinetti and futurism A radical renewal of civilization through
“courage, audacity, and revolt” A radically new world
Second industrial revolution New demands in the political arena Socialist mobilization of industrial workers White suffragists demand the franchise
F.T. Marinetti: Futurism & Fascism
Fascism
Hard to define Radical, authoritarian, nationalist Rejuvenation of the nation based on a commitment to organic
national unity of one people based on Ancestry Culture Blood
Discipline, indoctrination, physical education, eugenics Purify the nation of foreign influences that are causing
degeneration Fascism opposes conservatives as compromising and liberalism,
socialism and communism as polluting the national resolve Vanguard party; revolution from above; strong authority under a
strong national leader, authoritariqn democracy based on most qualified
Introduction
The challenge of the twentieth century
New Technologies and Global Transformations
New technologies Steel
Between the 1850s and 1870s, the cost of producing steel decreased
Steel industry dominated by Germany and the United States
Annual Output of Steel (in Millions of Metric Tons)
New Technologies and Global Transformations
New technologies Electricity
By the 1880s, alternators and transformers produce high-voltage alternating current
Edison invented the incandescent filament lamp in 1879
New Technologies and Global Transformations
New technologies Chemicals
Efficient production of alkali and sulfuric acid Transformed manufacture of paper, soaps, textiles,
and fertilizer British led the way in soaps and cleaners and in
mass marketing German production focused on industrial uses—
synthetic dyes and refining petroleum
New Technologies and Global Transformations
New technologies The liquid-fuel internal combustion engine By 1914, most navies had converted from
coal to oil Discovering the potential for worldwide
industrialization
The Second Industrial Revolution
New Technologies and Global Transformations
Changes in scope and scale Technological changes created changes in
scope and scale of industry The rise of heavy industry and mass
marketing National mass cultures
Watched as Europe divided the globe Feats of engineering mastery The ideals of modern European industry
New Technologies and Global Transformations
Changes in scope and scale Changes
Population grew constantly Food shortages declined Populations in Western Europe and North
America less susceptible to illness, lower infant mortality
Advances in medicine, nutrition, and personal hygiene
New Technologies and Global Transformations
Changes in scope and scale Consumption
Consumption as a center of economic activity and theory The appearance of the department store Modern advertising Credit payments
Consumer debt = outstanding debt of consumers, as opposed to businesses or governments. In macroeconomics terms: debt used to fund consumption rather
than investment; includes debts incurred on purchase of goods (cars, refrigerators) that are consumable and/or do not appreciate.
Some economists view consumer debt as a way to increase domestic production, on the grounds that if credit is easily available, the increased demand for consumer goods should cause an increase of overall domestic production.
Milton Freidman suggests that consumers take debt to smooth consumption throughout their lives, borrowing to finance expenditures (particularly housing and schooling) earlier in their lives and paying down debt during higher-earning periods.
The Industrial Regions of Europe
New Technologies and Global Transformations
The rise of the corporation Economic growth and demands of mass
consumption spurred the reorganization of capitalist institutions
The modern corporation appeared Limited-liability laws
Stockholders would only lose their share value in the event of bankruptcy
New Technologies and Global Transformations
The rise of the corporation Size and control
Larger corporations became necessary for survival
Control shifted from the family to distant bankers and financiers
An ethos of impersonal finance capital Demand for technical expertise The white-collar class: middle-level salaried
managers, neither owners nor laborers
New Technologies and Global Transformations
The rise of the corporation Consolidation would protect industries from
cyclical fluctuations and unbridled competition
Vertical integration Industries controlled every step of production
From acquisition of raw materials to distribution of finished goods
Population Growth in Major States between
1871 and 1911 (Population in Millions)
New Technologies and Global Transformations
The rise of the corporation Horizontal integration
Organized into cartels Companies in the same industry would band
together Fixing prices and controlling competition Coal, oil, and steel were particularly well adapted
New Technologies and Global Transformations
The rise of the corporation Dominant trend was increased cooperation
between government and industry Appearance of businessmen and financiers
as officers of state
New Technologies and Global Transformations
International economics Search for markets, goods, and influence
fueled imperial expansion Trade barriers arose to protect home
markets An interlocking, worldwide system of
manufacturing, trade, and finance Near-universal adoption of the gold
standard
New Technologies and Global Transformations
International economics Most European countries imported more
than they exported Relied on “invisible” exports: shipping,
insurance, and banking London as money market of the world
Mass manufacturing and commodity production changed patterns of consumption and production
Labor Politics, Mass Movements
Changes in the European working class In general, workers resented corporate
power The “new unionism”
Labor unions evolved into mass centralized national organizations
Organization across whole industries Brought unskilled workers into the ranks
Labor Politics, Mass Movements
Changes in the European working class Changes in national political structure
Opened the political process to new participants
Efforts to expand the franchise (1860s–1870s) New constituencies of working-class men Socialist organizations abandoned their
insurrectionary radicalism and opted for reform
Labor Politics, Mass Movements
Changes in the European working class Karl Marx
Published first volume of Das Kapital in 1867) Attacked capitalism in terms of political economy
The Marxist appeal Provided a crucial foundation for building a
democratic mass politics Made powerful claims for gender equality The promise of a better future
Das Capital: Critique of Political Economy (1867), by Karl Marx
The motivating force of capitalism is the exploitation of labor
Unpaid work is the ultimate source of profit and surplus value
The employer can claim right to the profits of employee’s labor because he owns the means of production Legally protected by the State through property rights Producing money rather than commodities (goods and
services), the workers continually reproduce the economic conditions by which they labor.
"Laws of motion" of the capitalist economic system describe the dynamics of the accumulation of capital; the growth of wage labor, the transformation of the workplace, the concentration of capital, commercial competition, the banking system.
Marxist Critique of Capitalism
Commerce, as a human activity, implies no morality beyond that required to buy and sell goods and services;
Growth of the market system made discrete entities of the economic, the moral, and the legal spheres of human activity in society subjective moral value is separate from objective
economic value. political economy – the just distribution of
wealth and "political arithmetic" about taxes — became three discrete fields of human activity:
The Great Divorce
Economics, Law, Ethics, politics divorced.the use of money voided religious and political illusions about its
economic value Replaced political and religious principles of value with
commodity fetishism—the belief that an object (commodity) has inherent economic value.
Because societal economic formation is an historical process, no one person can control or direct it; creating a global complex of social connections among
capitalists Capitalist economic contradictions: struggle between labor
and capital; wage earners and owners of the means of production
Operate behind the backs of the workers
Labor Politics, Mass Movements
Changes in the European working class The workers’ movement
The First International (1864–1876) Some followed Marx Others followed the Russian anarchist, Mikhail
Bakunin (1814–1876)
Labor Politics, Mass Movements
The spread of socialist parties—and alternatives Marxist socialism spread to social
democratic parties in Germany, Belgium, France, Austria, and Russia Disciplined, politicized workers’ organizations
Labor Politics, Mass Movements
The spread of socialist parties—and alternatives The model of all socialist parties was the
German Social Democratic Party (SPD, founded 1875) Strove for political change within Germany’s
parliamentary system
Labor Politics, Mass Movements
The spread of socialist parties—and alternatives Before World War I, the Social Democrats
were the best-organized workers’ party in the world: explanations Rapid expansion of industrialization Large urban working class A new parliamentary constitution
Socialist Party Pamphlet, c. 1895
Labor Politics, Mass Movements
The spread of socialist parties—and alternatives Britain
Labour Party (1901) Remained moderate and committed to
incremental reform
Labor Politics, Mass Movements
The spread of socialist parties—and alternatives Anarchism
Opposed to centrally organized economics and politics
Advocated small-scale, localized democracy Similar foundations as Marxism, but different
approaches to change Conspiratorial vanguard violence
The Internationale
Arise, ye workers from your slumber,Arise, ye prisoners of want.For reason in revolt now thunders,and at last ends the age of cant!Away with all your superstitions,Servile masses, arise, arise!We'll change henceforth the old tradition,And spurn the dust to win the prize! So comrades, come rally, And the last fight let us face. The Internationale, Unites the human race. So comrades, come rally, And the last fight let us face. The Internationale, Unites the human race.
Arise, you prisoners of starvation!Arise, you wretched of the earth!For justice thunders condemnation:A better world's in birth!No more tradition's chains shall bind us,Arise you slaves, no more in thrall!The earth shall rise on new foundations:We have been nought, we shall be all! 'Tis the final conflict, Let each stand in his place. The international soviet Shall be the human race 'Tis the final conflict, Let each stand in his place. The international working class Shall be the human race
British Translation American Version
Labor Politics, Mass Movements
The spread of socialist parties—and alternatives Syndicalism
Demanded that workers share ownership and control of the means of production
The capitalist state must be replaced by workers’ syndicates or trade associations
Labor Politics, Mass Movements
The limits of success Socialist parties never gained full worker
support Some workers retained loyalty to liberal
traditions or religious affiliation Others were excluded
German revisionism Eduard Bernstein (1850–1932) called for a shift
to moderate reform
Labor Politics, Mass Movements
The limits of success German radicals
Rosa Luxembourg (1870–1919) called for mass strikes, hoping to ignite a proletarian revolution
Conflict over strategy and tactics reached its climax in the years before World War I
Demanding Equality: Suffrage and the Women’s Movement
Women’s rights By 1884, Germany, France, and Britain had
enfranchised most men Women relegated to status as second-class
citizens Women pressed their interests through
independent organizations and forms of direct action
Demanding Equality: Suffrage and the Women’s Movement
Women’s organizations Votes became the symbol for women’s
ability to attain full personhood Middle-class women founded clubs,
published journals, organized petitions
Demanding Equality: Suffrage and the Women’s Movement
British women’s suffrage campaigns Exploded in violence Millicent Fawcett (1847–1929)
National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (1897)
Composed of sixteen different organizations Her movement lacked political and economic clout
Demanding Equality: Suffrage and the Women’s Movement
British women’s suffrage campaigns Emmeline Pankhurst (1858–1928)
Founded the Women’s Social and Political Union (1903)
Adopted tactics of militancy and civil disobedience
Women chained themselves to the visitor’s gallery in the House of Commons
Slashed paintings in museums The British government countered this violence
with repression
Demanding Equality: Suffrage and the Women’s Movement
British women’s suffrage campaigns The martyrdom of Emily Wilding Davison
(1913)
Demanding Equality: Suffrage and the Women’s Movement
Redefining womanhood Campaign for women’s suffrage helped
redefine Victorian gender roles The increasing visibility of women Middle-class women and work
Worked as social workers, clerks, nurses, and teachers
Women, politics, and reform Poor relief, prison reform, temperance
movements, abolition of slavery, education
Demanding Equality: Suffrage and the Women’s Movement
Redefining womanhood The “new” woman
Demanded education and a job Claimed the right to be physically and
intellectually active Opposition
Never exclusively male opposition Christian commentators criticized suffragists for
moral decay Others argued that feminism would dissolve the
family
White-Collar Work
Changes in White-Collar Work
Liberalism and Its Discontents Late-nineteenth-century liberalism
Middle-class liberals found themselves on the defensive after 1870
Mass politics upset the balance between middle-class interests and traditional elites
Trade unions, socialists, and feminists all challenged Europe’s governing class
Liberalism and Its Discontents Late-nineteenth-century liberalism
The government’s response was a mixture of conciliation and repression
What was required was a distinctly modern form of mass politics
Liberalism and Its Discontents France: the embattled republic
Franco-Prussian War (1870) a humiliating defeat for France
Government of the Second Empire collapsed
The Third Republic
Liberalism and Its Discontents France: the embattled republic
The Paris Commune (1871) Pitted the nation against the radical city of Paris Paris refused to surrender to the Germans Government sends troops to Paris in March
1871 Barricades and street fighting Twenty-five thousand were executed, killed in
fighting, or consumed in fires
Liberalism and Its Discontents The Dreyfus Affair and anti-Semitism as
politics French anti-Semitism: a new form of radical
right-wing politics (nationalist, antiparliamentary, and antiliberal)
The Dreyfus Affair (1894) Dreyfus convicted of selling military secrets to
Germany Sent to Devil’s Island
Anti-Semitic French Cartoon with Caricature of
Jakob Rothschild, 1898
Liberalism and Its Discontents The Dreyfus Affair and anti-Semitism as
politics The Dreyfus Affair (1894)
The verdict was questioned and documents were proven to be forgeries (1896)
Émile Zola (1840–1902) backed DreyfusDreyfus eventually freed in 1899 and cleared of all guilt in 1906
“The Ogre’s Meal,” Caricature of Edouard Drumont, Editor
of La Libre Parole, from Le Rire, 1896
Liberalism and Its Discontents The Dreyfus Affair and anti-Semitism as
politics The Dreyfus Affair (1894)
Consequences Separation of church and state in France Republicans saw the church and army as hostile
toward the republic
Liberalism and Its Discontents The Dreyfus Affair and anti-Semitism as
politics Merged three strands of anti-Semitism
Christian anti-Semitism (Jews as Christ killers) Economic anti-Semitism (Rothschild as
representative of all Jews) Racial thinking (Jews as an inferior race)
“Anti-Semitic Agitation in Paris: Mathieu Dreyfus Burned
in Effigy in Montmartre (Paris).”
Liberalism and Its Discontents The Dreyfus Affair and anti-Semitism as
politics An ideology of hatred La Libre Parole (Free Speech, 1892), the
Anti-Semitic League, and Jewish France (1886)
The Third Republic Showed that the radical right and anti-Semitism
were plainly political forces
Liberalism and Its Discontents Zionism: Theodor Herzl (1860–1904)
Considered the Dreyfus Affair to be an expression of a fundamental problem Jews might never be assimilated into European
culture Endorsed Zionism—building a separate
Jewish homeland outside Europe Zionism as a modern nationalist movement
Liberalism and Its Discontents Germany’s search for imperial unity
Bismarck united Germany under the banner of Prussian conservatism (1864–1871) Sought to create the centralizing institutions of
a modern state Safeguarding the privileges of Germany’s
national interests Executive power rested solely with William I
(1797–1888, r. 1861–1888), king and kaiser (emperor)
Liberalism and Its Discontents Germany’s search for imperial unity
Three problems Divide between Catholics and Protestants Growing Social Democratic Party Divisive economic interests of agriculture and
industry
Liberalism and Its Discontents Germany’s search for imperial unity
Kulturkampf (cultural struggle) Bismarck unleashed an anti-Catholic campaign Passed laws that imprisoned priests for political
sermons Banned Jesuits from Prussia The campaign backfired
Catholic Center Party won seats in the Reichstag in 1874
Bismarck negotiated an alliance with the Catholic Center
Liberalism and Its Discontents Germany’s search for imperial unity
The new coalition Agricultural and industrial interests as well as
socially conservative Catholics Social Democrats as the new enemies of
the empire Bismarck passed antisocialist laws in 1878
Liberalism and Its Discontents Germany’s search for imperial unity
Social welfare Workers guaranteed sickness and accident
insurance Rigorous factory inspection Limited working hours for women and children Old-age pensions
Social welfare legislation did not win the loyalty of workers
Liberalism and Its Discontents Britain: from moderation to militance
The Second Reform Bill (1867) Liberal and Conservative political parties New laws
Legality of trade unions Rebuilding large urban areas Elementary education for all children Male dissenters can attend Oxford or
Cambridge 75 percent of adult males enfranchised by 1884
Liberalism and Its Discontents Britain: from moderation to militance
Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881)— Conservative and William Gladstone (1809–1898)—Liberal Both offered moderate programs that appealed
to a widening electorate The moderate working class
The Independent Labour Party (1901) Social welfare legislation
Liberalism and Its Discontents Britain: from moderation to militance
Problems Liberal parliamentary framework began to
show signs of collapse Nationwide strikes of coal and railway workers Irish radical nationalists began to favor armed
revolution Sinn Féin and the Irish Republican Brotherhood Home Rule tabled (1913)
Liberalism and Its Discontents Russia: the road to revolution
Internal conflicts and an autocratic political system
Threatened by Western industrialization and Western political doctrines
Liberalism and Its Discontents Russia: the road to revolution
Russian industrialization (1880s–1890s) State-directed industrial development Serfs emancipated in 1861 Heightened social tensions Workers left their villages temporarily to work
and then returned for planting and harvest
Liberalism and Its Discontents Russia: the road to revolution
The legal system No recognition of trade unions or employers’
associations Outdated banking and finance laws
Liberalism and Its Discontents Russia: the road to revolution
Alexander II (1818–1888, r. 1855–1881) The “Tsar Liberator” Set up zemstvos, provincial land and county
assemblies (1804) Curtailed the rights of zemstvos, censorship of
the press Assassinated by a radical
Liberalism and Its Discontents Russia: the road to revolution
Alexander III (1845–1894, r. 1881–1894) Steered the country toward the right Stern repression
Increased authority of the secret police
Liberalism and Its Discontents Russia: the road to revolution
Nicholas II (1868–1918, r. 1894–1917) Continued these “counterreforms” Advocated Russification to extend the
language, religion, and culture of Greater Russia
Pogroms and open anti-Semitism
Liberalism and Its Discontents Russia: the road to revolution
The Populists Russia to modernize on its own terms, not
those of the West Based on the ancient village commune (mir) Mostly middle class, students, and women Overthrowing the tsar through anarchy and
insurrection Read Marx’s Capital and emphasized peasant
socialism
Liberalism and Its Discontents Russia: the road to revolution
Russian Marxism Organized as the Social Democratic Party
Concentrated on urban workers Russian autocracy would give way to capitalism Capitalism would give way to a classless society
Liberalism and Its Discontents Russia: the road to revolution
Social Democratic Party split (1903) Bolsheviks (majority group)
Called for a central party organization of active revolutionaries
Rapid industrialization meant they did not have to follow Marx
Mensheviks (minority group) Gradualist approach Reluctant to depart from Marxist orthodoxy
Liberalism and Its Discontents Russia: the road to revolution
Social Democratic Party split (1903) Lenin
Leader of the Bolsheviks while in exile Coordinated socialist movement Russia was ripe for revolution
Liberalism and Its Discontents The first Russian Revolution (1905)
Causes The Russo-Japanese War Rapid industrialization had transformed Russia
unevenly Low grain prices resulted in peasant uprisings Radical workers organized strikes and
demonstrations
Liberalism and Its Discontents The first Russian Revolution (1905)
Bloody Sunday (January 22, 1905) Two hundred thousand workers led by Father
Gapon demonstrated at the Winter Palace Guard troops killed 130 and wounded several
hundred
Liberalism and Its Discontents The first Russian Revolution (1905)
The protest grew Merchants closed stores Factory owners shut down factories Lawyers refused to hear cases The autocracy had lost control
Liberalism and Its Discontents The first Russian Revolution (1905)
Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto Guaranteed individual liberties Moderately liberal franchise for the election of
a Duma Genuine legislative veto powers for the Duma
Liberalism and Its Discontents The first Russian Revolution (1905)
Nicholas failed to see that fundamental change was needed 1905–1907: Nicholas revoked most of the
promises made in October Deprived the Duma of its principal powers
Liberalism and Its Discontents The first Russian Revolution (1905)
Peter Stolypin (1862–1911) and the Stolypin reforms (1906–1911) Agrarian reforms for the sale of 5 million acres
of royal land to peasants Granted peasants permission to withdraw for
the mir Canceled peasant property debts Legalized trade unions Established sickness and accident insurance
Liberalism and Its Discontents The first Russian Revolution (1905)
Russian agriculture remained suspended between emerging capitalism and the peasant commune
Liberalism and Its Discontents Nationalism and imperial politics: the
Balkans Rising nationalism divides the
disintegrating Ottoman Empire Uprisings in Bosnia, Herzegovina, and
Bulgaria (1875–1876) Reports of atrocities against Christians Led to the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) The Treaty of San Stefano The great powers intervened
The Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1699–1912
Liberalism and Its Discontents Nationalism and imperial politics: the
Balkans The Treaty of Berlin (1878)
Bessarabia to Russia, Thessaly to Greece Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austrian control Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania become
independent states The independent kingdom of Bulgaria
(1908) Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina
Liberalism and Its Discontents Nationalism and imperial politics: the
Balkans Turkish nationalism
Turks had grown impatient with weakness of the sultan
The Young Turks Forced the sultan to establish a constitutional
government in 1908 Launched effort to “Ottomanize” all imperial
subjects Tried to bring Christian and Muslim communities
under more centralized control Spread Turkish culture
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
Darwin’s revolutionary theory Organic evolution by natural selection
transformed the conception of nature itself An unsettling new picture of human
biology, behavior, and society Jean Lamarck (1744–1829)
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
Darwin’s revolutionary theory Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
The Origin of Species (1859) Five years aboard H.M.S. Beagle Observed manifold variations of animal life
Theorized that variations within a population made certain individuals better adapted for survival
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
Darwin’s revolutionary theory Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
Darwin used natural selection to explain the origin of new species
Applied theory to plant and animal species as well as to man
The Descent of Man (1871) The human race had evolved from an apelike
ancestor
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
Darwinian theory and religion Darwinian theory challenged deeply held
religious beliefs Sparked a debate on the existence of God For Darwin, the world was not governed by
order, harmony, and divine will but by random chance and struggle
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
Darwinian theory and religion Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895)
Argued against Christians appalled by the implications of Darwinism
Called himself an agnostic You should follow reason as far as it can take
you
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
The rise of the social sciences Influence of Darwinism on sociology,
psychology, anthropology, and economics New ways of quantifying and interpreting
human experience Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) Applied individual competition to classes, races,
and nations Coined the expression “survival of the fittest”
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
The rise of the social sciences Social Darwinism
Popularized notions of social Darwinism were easy to comprehend
Integrated into popular vocabulary Justified the natural order of rich and poor Nationalists used social Darwinism to rationalize
imperialism and warfare
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
Challenges to Rationality: Pavlov, Freud, and Nietzsche The irrational and animalistic side of human
nature Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)
“Classical conditioning” Behaviorism
Eschewed mind and consciousness Focused on physiological responses to the
environment
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
Challenges to Rationality: Pavlov, Freud, and Nietzsche Sigmund Freud (1856–1936)
Behavior largely motivated by unconscious and irrational forces
Unconscious drives and desires conflict with the rational and moral conscience
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
Challenges to Rationality: Pavlov, Freud, and Nietzsche Sigmund Freud (1856–1936)
The psyche Id: undisciplined desires for pleasure and
gratification Superego: the conscience (conditioned by morality
and culture) Ego: area where the conflict between id and
superego is worked out
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
Challenges to Rationality: Pavlov, Freud, and Nietzsche An objective (scientific) understanding of
human behavior Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) and the
attack on tradition Middle-class culture dominated by illusions and
self-deceptions
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
Challenges to Rationality: Pavlov, Freud, and Nietzsche Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) and the
attack on tradition Rejected rational argumentation Bourgeois faith in science, progress, and
democracy as a futile search for truth
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
Religion and its critics The Roman Catholic Church on the
defensive Pope Pius IX issued the Syllabus of Errors in
1864 Condemned materialism, free thought, and
religious relativism Convoked a church council (first one since the
late sixteenth century)
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
Religion and its critics Pope Pius IX issued the Syllabus of Errors in
1864 Doctrine of papal infallibility Denounced by the governments of several
Catholic countries
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
Religion and its critics Pope Leo XIII
Brought a more accommodating climate to the Church
Acknowledged that there is good and evil in modern civilization
Added a scientific staff to the Vatican, opened archives and observatories
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
Religion and its critics Protestants
Little in the way of doctrine to help them defend their faith
Pragmatism (Charles Peirce and William James) Truth was whatever produced useful, practical
results
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
New readers and the popular press Facilitated the spread of new ideas Rising literacy rates and new forms of
printed mass culture Journalism
Emphasis on the sensational Advertising “Yellow” journalism—entertainment,
sensationalism, and the news
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
The first moderns: innovations in art Modernism
Questioning the moral and cultural values of liberal, middle-class society
Characteristics Self-conscious sense of rupture from history and
tradition Rejection of established values Insistence on an expressive and experimental
freedom A new understanding of the relationship
between art and society
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
The first moderns: innovations in art Wassily Kandinsky (1866–1944)
Devotee of occult mysticism The role of the visionary artist From soulless materialism to the psychic-
spiritual life
Black Lines by Wassily Kandinsky, 1913
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
The revolt on canvas French Impressionism in the 1870s
The legacies of Claude Monet (1840–1926) and Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841–1919)
Paved the way for younger artists to experiment more freely
Impressionist artists organized their own independent exhibitions
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
The revolt on canvas Post-Impressionism
Paul Cézanne (1839–1906) Reducing natural forms to geometric equivalents Emphasis on subjective arrangement of color and
form Art as a vehicle for an artist’s self-expression
The Science and the Soul of the Modern Age
The revolt on canvas German Expressionism
Emil Nolde (1867–1956) Painters turned to acidic tones, violent figural
distortions, and crude depictions of sexuality Edvard Munch (1863–1944) and Egon
Schiele (1890–1918) Henri Matisse (1869–1954) and Pablo
Picasso (1869–1954)
Self Portrait, Study for Ermiten, Egon Schiele, 1912
Portrait of Ambroise Vollard by Pablo Picasso, 1909
Conclusion
Progress and the forces of change Decline and the forces of change