hippologia hethiticaby annelies kammenhuber

Hippologia Hethitica by Annelies KammenhuberReview by: H. G. GüterbockJournal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 84, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1964), pp. 267-273Published by: American Oriental SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/596563 .

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REVIEWS OF BOOKS

Abiu Muslim, le " Porte-Hache " du Khorassan, dans la tradition e6pique turco-iranienne. By IRENE MELIKOFF. Paris: ADRIEN MAISON-

NEUVE, 1962.

This book offers a comprehensive analysis of the religious epic of Abfi Muslim of Khorassan, current for centuries among the Shitite extremists of Iran and Turkey. Originally composed in Per- sian by Abfi Tdhir of Tis (or Tarsus), who re- portedly told the story to Sultan Mahmid-i Ghaz- nawi, the work was then translated into Turkish by a man named HIjji Shddi, apparently from Asia Minor.

This study is in two parts, the first including a discussion of Turco-Iranian epics in general; the historical background of the story of Abf Muslim, with a description of its subsequent development among Persian and Turkish Shiites; and a critical analysis of the tale. The second part consists of a summary of the story, in which Mrs. Melikoff has omitted irrelevant passages, but translated in their entirety such digressions as offer significant illumination of the religious and historical aspects of the work-in particular, the passage concerning the Akhites.

In my opinion, this is the best analysis yet written of a religious epic prevalent among the Shitite population of Iran and Turkey. It is especially through her able use of available resources that Mrs. Melikoff has succeeded so well in her undertaking.

What I can contribute here is a brief description of the literary dispute carried on in Safawid times between the followers of Abfi Muslim and

Shi'ite religious leaders. This points up the fact that it was as a result of the emergence of a Shiqite government in Iran that the tale of Abfi Muslim became as popular among the common people of Iran as among the extremist Turkish shiites of Asia Minor. However, once the influence of Sh~ite clergymen in Iran gained tighter hold, and Sfifism weakened, the story was gradually forgotten. The principal instigator of this literary dispute was a theological scholar of Sabzuwdr named Mir Lawhl, who wrote a biography of Abfi Muslim covering his life and religious beliefs, and showing him to be an enemy to the family of 'Ali and to his Shi'ite followers. The common people immediately rose up in protest, and were reputedly supported by encouragement on the part of the Sufils. Various Shi'ite religious leaders, in turn, came to the aid of Mir Lawhli, writing books in his support against AbiY Muslim. These books have been listed by Agd Buzurg of Tehran in the Book of Dharira (Vol. 4, pp. 150-1).

Incidentally, concerning the author of the first volume of Dardbnama, published in Tehran in 1960, I prefer the name Bigami to Peygambar, as Mrs. Melikoff has given it on page 36 of this book, according to the outline of Blochet. Since Muslims believe that there will be no prophet after Mo- hammad, it seems unlikely that a Muslim would have chosen such a name. As a further comment, on page 31 "de Ray" instead of "de RAz" is correct, since the Persian word "iRdzi " refers to a person from Ray; there is no town by the name of Rdz.

A. ZARYAB UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

Hippologia Hethitica. By ANNELIES KAMMEN-

HUBER. Pp. vii + 375. Wiesbaden: HAR-

RASSOWITZ, 1961.

What part, if any, did the Hittites, speakers of an Indo-European language, play in the introduction into the Near East of the horse or of the horse-drawn war chariot? This question has occu- pied the minds of specialists as well as of the

lay public for a long time, in particular since the discovery, in the Hittite capital, of an elaborate day-by-day prescription for the training of horses. The text is written in Hittite, but its author is a certain Kikkuli, "the ad?Wanni from Mitanni," and it contains technical terms in both the Hurrian and Indo-Arian languages. Thus two other na- tions, the non-Indo-European Hurrians and the Arian superstrate of the Mitannian kingdom, were

267



268 Journal of the American Oriental Society 84.S (1964)

brought into the race for the honor of having introduced the horse. The Kikkuli text, preserved in four tablets and a small fragment of a fifth, was published in cuneiform as early as 1919 (in KBo III) and 1921 (in KUB I), and the importance of the Arian terms was immediately recognized.' But it took a long time before the text itself was translated. B. Hrozn', who had begun to work on it immediately, planned a complete translation in the 1930s, but actually published an edition of only the first tablet.2

The first complete translation of the Kikkuli text was prepared by II. A. Potratz as a doctoral dissertation and published in 1938.3 The author's familiarity with the practical side of horse training enabled him substantially to contribute to the understanding of the text.

While Potratz was writing, fragments of similar but different horse treatises were unearthed at Bogazkby. They were published in cuneiform by II. Ehelolf in 1938 (in KUB XXIX), too late for inclusion in Potratz's study. Later on, H. Otten was able to arrange some of these new fragments (which Ehelolf had had to copy from photographs only!) by combining several of them into larger text portions.4 He subsequently found more fragments and combined them with the Kikkuli text and the newly discovered group, respectively.5 All this information he generously communicated to Miss Kammenhuber, who has been working on the "horse texts" for a long time and published a number of papers on the subject.6

'P. Jensen, Sitzb. Preuss. Ak. WTiss. 1919, 367ff.; E. Forrer, ibid. 1035; F. Hrozn9, Boghazkby-Studien III (1919) pp. xi f.

2 "L'entrainement des chevaux chez les anciens Indo- Europeens . . ," ArOr III (1931) 431-61.

' Der Pferdetext aus dem Keilschrift-Archiv von Bojazkby, diss. Rostock, 1938; book edition of the same: Das Pferd in der Frilhzeit, Rostock [1938].

4 Apud E. Ebeling, Bruchstiicke einer Mittelassyr. Vorschriftensammtung . . . Wagenpferden (1951), p. 5 n. 2, repeated with corrections apud A. Kammenhuber, MSS II (cf. next note) p. 52 n. 10; H. Otten, Luwische Texte in Umschrift (1953), p. 13.

K KBo VIII Nos. 48-53 and notes thereto.-A few more recent finds, already used in the book under review, are in KBo XIV.

6 " Philologische Untersuchungen zu den ' Pferdetexten' aus dem Keilschriftarchiv von Boghazkby, Minchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft II (1952) 43-114, here quoted as MSS II after the revised edition of 1957, pp. 47-120; " Zu den hethitischen Pferdetexten," Forschun- gen und Fortschritte (FuF) XXVIII (1954) 119-24 (based on a paper read in 1952, cf. Iippol., p. v); also in a book review, OLZ 1954, 228 ff.

In the book here under review Miss K. now pre- sents all available Hittite "horse texts" in full transliteration and translation. They are:

1. The manual of Kikkuli (pp. 53-147). 2. "Die rituell eingeleitete Trainingsanleitung" (pp.

148-69), i. e., a fragment in which the training prescriptions for a tenth day are preceded by offerings to, and an invocation of, the Hurrian deities iausga (IStar) and Pirinkar, and by a few lines containing Luwian technical terms.

3. A training manual which must have been very long and detailed; parts of seven tablets exist. Since the extant parts contain none of the Arian, Hurrian, or Luwian elements found in the first two texts, the author calls this "Die rein hethi- tische Trainingsanweisung " (pp. 170-225). In cross references and the index she refers to Nos. 2 and 3 simply as "2. Anl(eitung) " and "3. Anl.," respectively, abbreviations which will also be used here.

4. "Der Trainingsbericht " (pp. 226-9), a fragment of a report, styled in the past tense, on training performed.

This presentation of the full texts is, of course, the most important part of the book although, together with the pages (39-52) where the ar- rangement of the text is explained, it fills only one half of the volume (190 out of 375 pages). It is preceded by a brief preface (pp. v-vi), 'a general introduction (pp. 1-3), and an "1. Teil: Die Pferdetexte im Rahmen der vorderasiatischen Ge- schichte" (pp. 5-38). After the texts come "3. Teil: Auswertung" (pp. 231-317), containing analyses of the texts, partly in form of synopses and tables, and detailed indices (pp. 319-75).

The discussion, in Part I, of the significance of the "horse texts" in the framework of Near Eastern history is based largely on the comprehensive book of F. Hancar, Das Pferd in prdhis- torischer und frilher historischer Zeit (1955) and, for Mesopotamnia, on A. Salonen's Landfahrzeuge (1951) and Hippologita Accadica (1955). The early Hittite sources attesting the use of horse and chariot during the Old Kingdom are listed and discussed (pp. 27-34). To them should now be added the Hittite Laws (pp. 23 f.), since the recognition of an old handwriting has pushed their date back to the time of Hattusili I or Mursili I.7 The author's conclusion (pp. 34 f., in part repeated from PuP 1954, 120) that the training manuals

7Cf. the reviewer's preliminary remarks, Journ. Cuneif. Stud. (JCS) XV (1961) 64f. and XVI (1962) 17 if. on the old script; XV 72-78 on domestic animals in the Laws, including horses.



Reviews of Books 269

have nothing to do with the first introduction of the horse or even the light chariot but served the purpose of improving the training techniques by drawing on the experience of the Mitannians, is obviously the only possible: it logically follows from her relative dating of the texts on linguistic grounds, according to which the Kikkuli text is the oldest but belongs to the New Kingdom, i. e., the fourteenth century B. c., a dating with which one can only agree."

The author devotes a special section of this chapter (pp. 15-21, in small print) to a discussion of the Arians in the Near East. She is inclined to put the first appearance of Arians rather far back in time. Her reasons are: (1) the few Arian loans in Kassite, which, according to her view, bespeak contacts " before 1700 " (in the short chro- nology, which Miss K. adopts, that is before Ham- murabi) since the Kassites, when mentioned in year 9 of Samsuiluna, " bereits ihre Beriihrung mit den Ariern hinter sich hatten" (p. 16). How does she know? How certain are the "Arian" elements in Kassite (two much debated divine names and one uncertain noun, p. 8 n. 13 and p. 15 n. 60) ? And even if correct, how old? (2) The notion that in Mitanni and Syria all the Arian elements found in the texts of Nuzi, Alalah IV, Amarna, etc., are archaisms of some sort and that the real symbiosis of ilurrians and Arians hap- pened "before the 15th century, i. e., during the time from which we have almost no sources" (p. 18). This formulation, referring to the famous "Dark Age," is quite acceptable; but a few lines later the term "bis 1600/1550" is used, which, if I understand it correctly, means before the fall of Babylon (which falls 1531 in the system adopted by the author). Now this is a time from which sources do exist, e.g., in Alalah VII and Hana, without a trace of Arians. The author may explain that by pushing the area of the ilurrian- Arian symbiosis farther away (toward the north- east?) ; but the old theory according to which the Arians, as a fighting aristocracy, immediately seized power wherever they arrived seems far more likely. It would permit to date their arrival to approximately the time they are first attested as rulers, i. e., after the fall of Babylon rather than before.9

8 The possibility remains that Kikkuli defected to the Hittites before Mitanni was defeated (cf. p. 34 n. 133a), but the New Kingdom language makes it unlikely that the text goes back before c. 1400 B. C.

9 For a historical reconstruction of the first appearance

For the language of these Arians the author uses the term " Ur-arisch altindischer Dialektprigung " (p. 18). If this means: that branch of Arian which is later known as Indic, the reviewer agrees; but if the prefix ur- is meant to imply that we have before us an undivided " Primitive Arian " or one in which the split is only on the level of dialects, he cannot follow.'0 Such a stage of Arian is a postulate, but no convincing evidence has yet been given to show that the names and terms found in cuneiform sources really attest this stage.

Turning now to the presentation of the texts, we find that the transliteration, including many ex- tensive restorations, is up to the highest standards. Especially the reconstruction of the badly broken "new" texts (Nos. 2-4) shows how much a pro- longed and penetrating occupation with the texts can help toward recognition of certain phrases even if only a few scraps survive. The author can be sure of the admiration and gratitude of all readers for this careful work, even if a few details should require changes on the basis of new finds, fresh col- lations, or continued study."

This reviewer is less happy about the translation, which leaves much to be desired. The lack of a thorough discussion of some of the basic and crucial terms is badly felt. It is true that some philological comments are contained in the foot- notes to the texts, others in the introductory remarks (pp. 40-52) and the analyses (Part III), while the word index sums up the author's understanding of each word. However, the reviewer found nothing of the "miihelose Orientierung" promised in the Preface (p. v); on the contrary, he found it cumbersome and disturbing to be referred back and forth from one place to another, sometimes without ever finding a real discussion, sometimes ending up at one of the author's earlier works. He is of the opinion that the purchaser of a book of this scope and size is entitled to finding all such comments in it without recourse to other publications, some of which (MSS and FuF) are even hard to come by!

After this remark on the difficulties confronting the reader who wants to find the author's reasons

of Arian rulers cf. B. Landsberger, " Assyrische Kbnigs- liste und dunkles Zeitalter," JCS VIII (1954) 48 ff., 58ff.

10 To the bibliography on the problem, n. 68, add P. Thieme, " The 'Aryan' Gods of the Mitanni Treaties, JAOS LXXX (1960) 301-17.

-- Cf. A. Goetze's remarks on the transliteration in his review, JCS XVI (1962), on p. 31.



270 Journal of the American Oriental Society 84.3 (1964)

for certain translations, there now follow comments on some of the basic terms important for the overall understanding.

The texts distinguish between two paces, or speeds of movement, of the horses. In the Kikkuli text these are penna- for the slower, park- for the faster. Both are transitive, the driver being the subject, the horses the object. In non-technical use penna- is the normal expression for "to drive (animals)," e. g., to the place of sacrifice, or el- liptically "The king Hattusa pennai = drives (= travels by chariot) to ilattusa." Similarly, parh- means "to chase," i.e., cause to move fast. The problem, thus, lies in the interpretation of these two terms and their correlation with the three paces of horses nowadays considered normal, viz., walk (Schritt), trot (Trab), and gallop (Galopp). (For the sake of simplicity we may disregard the transitive construction of the iittite verbs in talking about speeds.) In other words, is:

(1) penna- " walk " and parh- "trot," or (2) penna- "walk" and par- "gallop," or (3) penna- "trot," and parh- "gallop"? Or is (4) penna- " walk " and park- any fast speed,

regardless whether trot or gallop, or, finally,

(5) penna- "walk and trot" but park- "gallop'?

The answers given in the past differ. Potratz (op. cit. pp. 178 ff.) decided for solution (4) and chose the neutral renderings "fahren" and "sprengen"; E. Forrer, ZDMG 76 (1922) 253 was the first (as far as I can see) to advocate the alternative (3). The clearest presentation and discussion is that of F. Ose, Supinum und Infinitiv (MVAG 47/1, 1944) p. 15 n. 3; he arrived at solution (5), adding that apparently penna- was applied where trot was intended, while the periods of walk which necessarily had to interrupt it went unmentioned.'2

In the face of all this the author simply decides for solution (3), speaking of "Trab" and "Gal- opp," respectively, as though this were established beyond doubt. In the analysis of the types of

12 At the end of his long note Ose writes: " Es scheint demnach, dass penna- fur Trab u n d Schritt verwendet wird, oder noch besser nur dann angewendet wird, wenn getrabt werden soll, wobei die zwischen den Trabreprisen im Schritt zuriickgelegten Entfernungen nicht besonders erwihnt werden."

training (pp. 285 if.) there is no discussion of the two verbs; in MSS II 55 n. 17 the translations are taken for granted; ibid. p. 100 n. 73 the author simply declares, while quoting Ose, that penna- is used "nicht fur Schritt." The only indication that Miss K. herself may have felt a little uneasy about these terms comes in the footnote to the first occurrence in the text, p. 55 n. b: " Ohne mich auf die A r t des Trabens und Galoppierens festlegen zu wollen . . ." This may mean that she thought somewhat along the lines of Ose (for penna-, (5) above) or Potratz (for parh-, (4) above); but if so she does not make it clear and completely neg- lects it throughout the rest of the book.

A look at the maximum distances covered in one exercise (p. 300) shows that only Ose's interpretation of penna- is possible. In case (b) 13 seven DANNA is about 70 kilometres or almost 44 miles, covered in one night. Whereas walk would indeed take too long (c. 14 hours, or more than a night, cf. Ose, 1. c.), no horse could go 44 miles at a con- tinuous trot. Similarly, the 200 IKU = c. 20 km. = c. 12.5 miles of parh- in case (c) cannot have been uninterrupted gallop!

All this amounts to saying that it would have been better to use neutral, non-technical terms for both penna- and parh- rather than to prejudge the issue by the choice of one solution.

So much about the two basic speeds or paces (Gangarten); what about others?

zallati penna-, attested only three times in Kikk. tablet II, was taken by Potratz (pp. 202 f.) as a modification of simple penna-, an interpretation which was natural on the basis of Kikk. alone. He proposed "to drive slowly" ("verhalten" or " langsam fahren "). The new texts have the expression zallaz unwanzi "they (the horses) come zallaz" as the only expression for the slower pace in contrast to park-. The conclusion drawn by Miss K., namely, that zallaz uwanzi (horses subject) is equivalent to penna- (horses object) and that zallati penna- is again the same, only adding an explanatory Hurrian adverb (p. 79 n. d), is possible, but some problems remain: (1) Is zallati really Hurrian " directive " or rather Luwian ablative ? 14 (2) Why does the new text use uwa-

13 Case (a), considered as "apparently impossible" by the author herself, is based on misinterpretation: there is no reason in the text for " je 14 " = " 14 DANNA each "; rather the 14 DANNA are the sum total covered in the seven nights.




" to come " to describe a certain type of movement? This is far from the normal use of this verb. Does the Hittite ablative zallaz in connection with "to come" perhaps have its real significance, "come from z.," rather than being adverbial?'5 If we knew some of the answers to these questions we might be able to determine the exact meanings and mutual relation of zallaz uwa-, zallati penna-, and simple penna-; to say that all of them simply and always refer to trot is an oversimplification.

In the case of pennumanzi arnu-, which both Potratz and Miss K. take as a special Gangart, the reviewer disagrees. The phrase occurs in state- ments referring to several days and nights: Kikk. (tabl.) I (col.) iii 56; iv 7; II i 3 (restored); 31; 58; ii 4; 11; 12; 50. Kikk. I iv 47 also refers to ten nights though styled differently. The com- posit phrase, "to move, lead, take along" with the dative of the gerund, "for driving," is apparently chosen for that very reason. Kikk. II ii 4 f.: " Next day they move (the horses) seven DANNA for driving during four nights," etc. The only passage (according to the synopsis, pp. 274-85) where such a longer period is not introduced by our phrase is Kikk. II iii 29 (p. 278 No. 57; text p. 94), which instead uses the iterative pennis1cizzi and continues by giving more detailed instructions for the individual nights. Note that in all these cases the object, "them" (= the horses), is not expressed, making arnu- appearing in 'absolute' use.16

Once (Kikk. I iii 34) GIR.MEA-it kattan is added to our phrase, and once perhaps [GA]M-an (= kattan) alone (Kikk. I iv 6 with p. 70 n. 81; p. 292). On the other hand, GIR.MEA-it kattan arnu-, without the gerund pennumanzi, occurs Kiikk. I iii 27, and perhaps G[IR.MEA-it] without kattan ibid. 37 (p. 67 n. 64). The author was puzzled by kattan, which she translated "hinab" and for which she thought of going downhill (p. 292). But instead of "down" the other, quite normal meaning of kattan, "together with, along with " yields good sense here: Kikk. I iii 27 " They

14 Cf. E. Laroche, Dictionnaire de la langue louvite (1959), p. 112 s. v. (there " Dat.," but see ibid. pp. 136 ff. ?? 25, 27 for ablat. in -ati).

16 One might speculate about something descriptive of the horse's movement, like " come out of the shoulders, or thighs " of " from the mouth, or bit "; it should also fit the construction with " to drive."

"6 The pronoun in na-at, Kikk. I iv 46, therefore is rather the subject, not a mistake for the accusative as branded p. 72 n. 101.

move [them] ten IKU on foot along with (them- selves)," i. e. they take them along on foot for ten IKU (c. one km.). Here the object, "them " (na-ags), was restored by all editors, evidently because it is required by both the context and the available space. Kikk. I iii 34 f. may be para- phrased "They move two DANNA in ten days driving (the horses) along on foot." (This would be c. 2 km. a day). It is significant that the phrases " on foot" and " together/along " are thus linked, because they clarify each other: one takes the horses along when the exercise is done without chariot.

Also the term s'ara tittanu- is not a " Gangart," since such meaning cannot be deduced from either its original or any of its idiomatic meanings. The translation given already by Hrozn', "to cover (a distance), zurUcklegen" is well in keeping with the other usages of the composite verb. Potratz also felt that this was the most natural interpretation (p. 190) and rejected it only because the calculations would not come out correctly. The figures are always the same:

2.50 DANNA penna-, 7 IKU = .07 " parh- (on the way out),

10 " = .10 " " on the way back, total: 2.67 DANNA.

The sara tittant- is always 3 DANNA, which simply means that (a) the total was not twice 2.5 as Potratz figured, and (b) the difference of .33 was either neglected or made up by whatever it took to complete the whole trip. The seeming "31/2" which disturbed Potratz turned into the normal 21/2 by collation (IBoT II 136 iv 43), and the total (ibid. 46) into 3. There is only one wrong " 2 " for 3 in III i 41, in its isolation obviously a mistake. So there is no reason to abandon the translation "they cover three DANNA." 16a The cases where U.t. is lacking (and was put in by the author as emendation) may not be mistakes but nominal clauses: "And that is (= amounts to) three DANNA," which, if correct,17 would confirm this interpretation.

"la What the author means by translating "zurUck- legen" but calling it a "Gangart" (p. 290 with cross ref.) is not clear to this reviewer.

17 There is one difficulty: while the sentences with S. t. begin either with nu (subject not expressed) or na-at "and they" (the horses), the phrase without g. t. has once na-at (Kikk. IV Vs. 38), which could be " it " in the proposed sense, but has na-as in III iii 31 and V, 7 (if in the latter 8. t. is not to be restored in the break),



272 Journal of the American Oriental Society 84.S (1964)

Beside these terms for paces, another technical term of central importance is katkattinu-. Follow- ing Potratz, Miss K. takes this as part of an "Entluderungskur." Instead of attempting an English translation the reviewer refers to the defi- nition given p. 37 n. 145, according to which such a treatment serves to remove unwanted flesh, in other words, to keep the horse trim. Again, this technical term is used throughout the book, thus creating the impression that the translation as well as the hippological interpretation are well established. Actually katkattinu- is the second of two verbs, the first of which is arra- " to wash." In the translation, the two together are rendered by "waschen und untertauchen," "wash and submerge," also after Potratz.

Now on p. 69 lines 51 f. is found the following translation: "Man ldsst sie mit warmem Wasser untertauchen ?." Literally translated from Ger- man into English this is: "They submerge them (i. e., the horses) with warm water! " This is- sit venia verbo-sheer nonsense; neither the small question mark nor the footnote at the first (restored) occurrence (p. 67 n. a), which calls this translation a "Provisorium," can turn this nonsense into sense. Since the instrumentalis, "with warm water," is beyond doubt, the mistake must be in the translation of the verb. The alternative, "abschrecken," i. e. dowse suddenly so as to induce quivering, only hinted at here in form of a cross reference to pp. 45 f. with n. 29 but seriously considered there, is the only possible translation and should therefore have been applied throughout the book for katkattinu-. The basic meaning of the root, " tremble, shake " etc., became clear from the Kumarbi passages and also from the omen, KUB XXIX 9 i 6 (AfO XVIII 79).18 Footnote 22 on p. 3 is revealing: it was only through the latest "join" of KBo VIII 48 (published 1955) with Kikk. tbl. I that an example of the katkattinu- procedure carried out with warm water became known. No matter what she had thought or written before that date, this discovery should have

which is hard to explain grammatically unless it is one of Kikkuli's inaccuracies.

18 This reviewer's attempt, Kumarbi p. 58, to reconcile his findings with Potratz's proposal was styled as a question and rather artificial anyway, so it may safely be disregarded now. That Otten in his review, Ztschr. Assyr. 55 (N. F. 21, 1963) 283 n. 4, adduced unpub- lished material confirming the meaning "tremble" etc., is gratifying but, coming after the book, only incidental to this discussion.

prompted the author to change her translation from " untertauchen " to " abschrecken." 19 Neither the assumed etymological connection of katkatti- with katta " down, below " nor the comparison with the Middle Assyrian manual (pp. 37; 45) should have influenced the determination of the meaning; in the latter, the verb warddu "descend" and its causative, "make descend, drive down " (ana me "to the water") correspond to the phrases fD-i pehute- " lead to the river " and weteni icatta penna- "drive down to the water" rather than to katkattinu-.

These examples were chosen because, in the opinion of this reviewer at least, they are crucial. They are not the only mistranslations; 20 other reviewers have listed others which need not be repeated here.21 The attitude underlying the whole work is that "the philologist" should produce a reliable translation which the specialist in hippologicis then could use as basis for his study. It must be said that even on purely philological grounds the present translation is open to serious criticism. Besides, the whole attitude is highly questionable. Without some knowledge of realma the philologist is helpless, since language does re- flect real life after all. This reviewer does not claim competence in the art of the assussanni; therefore he consulted a specialist, his colleague at the University of Chicago, Professor David Grene.

19 And to " zittern " or " zucken," "to quiver," for the simple stem katkattiya- in the 2. Anl., where it occurs after washing and leads to the removal of the animal from the water.

20 The author is quite right in stating (p. 64 f. n. c; index, p. 346) that the derivation of gahanzi, gahan from the verb sanh- "to sweep" is "hardly correct." The reviewer would derive these forms from the verb listed as gah- by J. Friedrich, Heth. Wdrterb. p. 175 and 2. Ergpnz. p. 21. The common denominator underlying Laroche's "corrompre, gater, barbouiller, salir" and Otten's " (Fanggruben mit Erde) ausfullen" seems to be the idea of blocking, clogging, stuffig (stopfen, ausstopfen, verstopfen) said of water channels and hunt- ing pits; in the description of an image " grass is stuffed into its lips" (KUB IX 28 i 14), and in the newly published KUB XXXIX 88 i 10; iv 11, wool is stuffed into a potstand. If the stable in our text is anda sahant-, this may then mean "tightly shut in" (win- dows and door cracks actually being " stuffed in " with rags, hay, or chaff?). This action may have the result described elsewhere in the text with the words " the stable is very warm" (references in the index, p. 323 top sub an).

21A. Goetze, JCS XVI (1962), esp. pp. 31-34, and G. Neumann, Kratylos VIII (1963) 37-41, esp. pp. 39 ff.




What he learned from him in one afternoon (more frequent meetings could not be arranged) has gratefully been used here. This brief session also led to a better understanding of two of the Hiittite terms, as follows:

One is (katta) (GI)k ala-, which, as G. Neu- mann already remarked (Kratylos VIII, 1963, 41), must be a verb derived from the name of a (wooden) tool. It fits the context well if translated "to scrape" (the noun, not attested so far, would be " a scraper " ). The preverb katta "down," where used, would indicate either an actual downward movement or that the whole body from top to bottom is so treated.

The other is as'nu-, for which the author correctly rejects Potratz's interpretation as " abschir- ren, unharness" und uses the neutral rendering " versorgen, to care for." According to the princi- ple that a neutral translation is preferable to a deceptive technical one this is all right. Yet it is obvious that in the context as'nu- must have a specific meaning. From the situations where the verb occurs in these texts Professor Grene proposed "to rub down," since this is the procedure indi- cated at that moment and, being so important for good care, it may properly have been called "to care for." To this may be added that Potratz, too, expected this procedure to be mentioned in the text and that now, since sakruwa- is known to mean something else, asnu- remains as the only candidate for it.

It need hardly be stressed that co-operation of the philologist with an expert is the only way in which progress in the understanding of such highly

technical texts can be made. For the philologist alone to produce a reliable translation which the specialist may use is simply not possible, and the give-and-take of a discussion which opens the eye for new possibilities cannot be replaced. It is to be regretted that the author apparently did not find this kind of co-operation.

It would be unfair to mention only the short- comings of this book. While it cannot be recom- mended to the horse specialist as a reliable translation, there is no doubt that it is of the greatest value to the Hittitologist. The full text with care- fully documented restorations and the complete word index furnish a firm basis for further work on these difficult but interesting texts; the "new " hippological fragments, moreover, are here for the first time presented in a usable and intelligible form. Concerning the analytical lists and tables of Part III, it is true that their immediate usefulness, especially again for the outsider, is diminished by those unfortunate translations discussed above. For the Hittitologist, however, who is able to check the details, they are a great help. It goes without saying that this reviewer owes a great deal to the fact that these tools made it relatively easy to test both the translations offered in the book and any different interpretation that came to mind. Hit- titology owes a great deal of gratitude to Miss Kammenhuber for having provided these tools for further research.

H. G. GVTERBOCK:

THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE,

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

Haute M.esopotamie orientate et pays adjacents. Contribution a la geographie historique de la region, du Ve s. avant le're chretienne au V1e s. de cette ere. By Louis DILLEMANN. (In- stitut Francais d'Archeologie de Beyrouth. Bibliotheque archeologique et historique, Tome LXXII). Pp. 358, 40 charts and figures, 12 plates. Paris: LIBRAIRIE ORIEN-

TALISTE PAUL GEUTHNER, 1962. Price: 80 frs.

This study deals with an area of about 4000 square kilometers, bounded by the Upper Khabur River in west, by the Tigris River on a line between

Diyarbekir and Mosul in the north and east, and by tie Sinjar Mountains in the south. The time covered extends over a millennium equally divided before and after the Christian Era. The main sources treated in the study are Greek and Roman.

The book is divided into four parts, of which the first two are dedicated mainly to the treatment of the geography of the region, the last two to its history. The first part deals with physical geography (orography, hydrography, climatology) and human geography (ethnography, and political and administrative geography), while the second treats in detail the ancient route system. The third and fourth parts are mainly concerned with specific problems affecting the regional boundaries,



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