himija. 10 klass. gabrieljan o.s., maskaev f.n. i dr
DESCRIPTION
Himija. 10 klass. Gabrieljan O.S., Maskaev F.N. i dr.TRANSCRIPT
-
..
10
. 10 : . . / .. , .. , .. , .. ;
. .. . 3- ., . .: , 2002
-
2
1. .
1.
.. . 2.
, vita . - ; 1824 . , 1828 . , 1845 . , 1854 . .
3. .
, . - : .
4. , -
, . 5. , , -
- .
, , - .
, - , .. - , - , , .
6.
(, ) (, ) () (,
) (, )
(, )
(, , )
(, - )
7.
, , - .
-
3
2. ..
1. -
, , -- , , , . : 1853 . . 1858 . , -
, .
1860 . . 2.
, : 1. . 2. .
:
. :
1. - , .
2. , , , .
3. , , , - , - . ,
, , .
3. -
: 2p
2s1s
1s22s12p3
4 4 , .. .
-
4
4. ,
.. ( - , ).
5. -
:
+ Br2 ;
OH
+3Br2
Br
OH
BrBr+ 3HBr
:
25 + NaOH OH
+ NaOH
ONa
+ H2O
:
Na2SO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2 Na2SO4 + H2SO3
6. , -
. , . 1828 . , - , , - .
7.
.
3. 1.
: 126 1s22s22p2, , 1- -
-
5
s- (1s2), - 2 s- 2 - (2s22p2).
2p2s1s
115 1s22s22p1
2s1s
94 1s22s2
2s1s
Li73 1s22s1
2.
2p2s1s
3s) Na2311 1s
22s22p63s1;
2p2s1s
3s+Na2311 1s
22s22p6
2p2s1s
3s) Mg2412 1s
22s22p63s2
; 2p
2s1s
3s+224
12 Mg 1s22s22p6
2p2s1s
) F199 1s22s22p5
; 2p
2s1s
F199 1s22s22p6
2s1s
2p) O168 1s22s22p4 ;
2p2s1s
16 28O 1s22s22p6
) H11 1s1
; +H11 1s0
; 1H1 1s2
3. 1s22s22p6 (Ne), -
O2, F, N3, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+. 2-F-NeNa+Mg2+
2s1s
4. F2 14,2102 ,
2 7,4102 . ( 2 ) , 2 s- ( ), F2 - - ( ).
5. N2 F2 ,
N2 , F2 , NN 941 /, FF 154 /.
-
6
4. 1. 3
: sp3, sp2 sp-. 2.
H
HC C C
H
C HH
H1 2 3 4
: 1,3-sp2- 2-sp- 4-sp3-. 3. sp- 2 -
, sp2- 1 , sp3- .
4. ) sp2- 120;
32 ,
) sp- 180; , ) sp- - 90;
2 ,
) 90; 2 ,
) sp3- 10928; 0,608 .
-
7
1.
5. 1. ) 323 ; )CH2 CH2 )CH3 C CH
; ) 32
)CH3 CH2 CO
H
) CH3NH2 ; ) CH3CH2NO2
) CH3 CO
OH
)
CH3
)
)N
) CH3 CO
O C2H5
2. : ) () 32
) C
O
( )
CH3 C H
O
CH3 C CH3
O
) CO
OH( )
CH3 CO
OH
) 33
CH3 CO
O CH3
-
8
) NO2 () CH3NO2 )
N
O
H 3. -
: CH3CH2NO2 CH3CH2CH2NH2 4. 612, ,
CH2 CH CH2CH2 CH2 CH3 11 ( - )
CH2 CH CH2 CH CH3
CH3
CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3
CH3
CH3CH3
CH2 C CH CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 C CH CH2
CH3 CH CH CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3
CH3 CH CH CH CH3
CH3
CH3 CH2 CH C CH3
CH3
CH3 CH2 CH2 C CH2
CH3
CH3 CH C CH2 CH3
CH3
CH3 C C CH3
CH3CH3
4 1 3 1
2,3 1 3,3 1
2 3
4 2 2 2
2 1 3 2
2,3 2
-
9
5.
CH3 CO
H
6. 1. ) 3223 -
) CH3 CH CH2 CH3
CH3
1 2 3 4 2-
) CH3 CH CH2 CH3
Cl
1 2 3 4 2-
) CH3 CH CH CH31 2 3 4
-2
) CH3 C CH3
)
OH
CH3 CH CH2 CH31 2 3 4
-2
) CH3 CH2 CH2 C4 3 2 1 O
H ) CH3 C
O
OH
2 1
2.
) 2- CH2 CH CH3 )
CH3
H3C CH CH2 CH2 CH3
) -1 CH C CH2 CH2 CH3
) -2 CH3 C C CH2 CH31 2 3 4 5
) -1 OHCH2 CH2 CH3
) -2
OH
CH3 CH CH3
) CH3 CH2 CO
H
) CH3 CH2 CO
OH
-
10
7. 1.
2. , -
, .
, - , , .
3. )
1) CH3 CH CH CH3
CH3 CH32,3-
CH3 C CH2 CH3
CH3
CH3
2,2-
322223-
2) CH3 CH2 CH CH3
CH32-
32223-
CH3 C CH3
CH3
CH3
2,2- ) : 1) 322223
-
32223-
-
11
2) CH3 C CH2 CH3CH3
CH3
2,2-
CH3 C CH3
CH3
CH3
2,2-
4. ,
, , ..
C CH
CH3
CH3
H--2
C CCH3
H
CH3
H--2
CH2 C
CH2 C
H
CH3
H
CH3
-1,2-
CH2 C
CH2 C
H
CH3
CH3
H
-1,2- 5.
OH
CH3 CH CH2 CH3* -
, ..
CH3
OHC2H5H
CH3
C2H5H
HO 6. : ) 614
322223 CH3
CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3
CH3
CH3 C CH2 CH3
CH3
CH3CH3
CH3 CH CH CH3
) 38 , ,
322
OH
CH3 CH CH3
323
-
12
) 410 , , : 3222
CH3
CH3 CH CH2 OH
OH
CH3 CH2 CH CH3
3223 3223
) 48 , , , .
CH2 CH CH2 CH3 CH2 C CH3
CH3
CH3 CH CH CH3
CH3
C CCH3CH3
HH
C CHCH3
CH3H ) C4H9Cl ,
CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl
CH3
CH3 CH CH2 Cl
CH3
CH3 CH2 CH Cl
CH3 |3 l | CH3
7. :
1) CH3 CH2 CO
H CH3 C CH3
O
2) 322 -1
OH
CH3 CH CH3 -2
323
3) CH3 CO
O CH3
CH3 CH2 CO
OH
-
13
2.
8.
1. ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ;
) . 2. ) : CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl C2H6
tAl2O3
CH2 CH2 + H2
H3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH CH3CH3
t
AlCl3
) :
C2H6CH2 CH2 + H2Pt
CH2 CH2Pt CH CH + H2
tAlCl3 CH3 CHCH CH2 CH3CH2 CH CH3
3.
, ; , -
tAlCl3CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH CH3
CH3 4. ) ; ) ; ) ; )
.
-
14
9. .
1. , -
. - .
, - , .. . - - .
2. , -
, , .. ( +).
, , , - (CH3O-, Cl-, OH-).
3. -, -
, -, - . , .
4. ) 3CH Cl ,
, , .. CH3 - .
) CH3
CH3 , .. - , I , CH3 - +I .
) CH3O
OHC
CH3 +I , O H, , , , HCOOH.
) CH CH2CH3 , CH2 CH2 , ..
CH3 +I .
-
15
) OHCH3 O H , , , .. CH3 -
+I . CH3OH + NaOH C6H5OH + NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O Kg (CH3COOH) = 1,7510-5 Kg (HCOOH) = 1,710-4
CH3+ NaOH
Cl
+ NaOH
OH
+ NaCl
10. 1. : (
, 5 ); ( ); ( ).
, , .. - .
2. -
, , . - , .. .
3. ,
. - , , .
- , - , .
4. , -
, : - , , , - ; - .
-
16
5. , -
. C4H10 C2H6 + C2H4; C8H18 C4H10 + C4H8; C16H34 C8H18 + C8H16 6. , ,
, - , . - , .
7. , .. -
: . , 6 . - .
8. -
, . CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O 2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O 2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O C5H12 + 8O2 5CO2 + 6H2O 2C6H14 + 19O2 12CO2 + 14H2O
9.
2CH4 t C2H2 + 3H2 tCC2H23
10. .
: (H2, CH4, CO, CO2, NH3, N2); - ( , (NH3, H2S, C6H5OH), ().
2H2 + O2 2H2O NH3 + HCl NH4Cl N2 + 3H2 2NH3 H2S + PbO PbS + H2O 11. ,
, , .
-
17
3.
11. 1. CnH2n+2 2. 614 :
322223- CH3
CH3 CH CH2 CH2 CH3
2-
CH3
CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3
3- 2,3-CH3
CH3 CH CH CH3
CH3
CH3 C CH2 CH3
CH3
CH3
2,2- 3. , -
. , , .
4. : 38 (), 36 (), 410 (), 24 (), 48 (-
), 26 (), 4 (), 510 (). 5.
) C2H6Cl2
1) 2) NaABr2
3)B
1) 26 + Cl2
52 ClHC + HCl
2) 2C2H5Cl + 2Na CH3CH2CH2CH3 + 2NaCl 3) C4H10 + Br2
94 BrHC + HBr
) CH3CH2CH2CH3Al2O3450 C
1) 2) Br2A
-
18
1) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3Al2O3450 C CH3 CH CH3
CH3
2)
CH3
CH3 CH CH3 + Br2 + HBrCH3 C CH3
CH3
Br
2--2- 6.
CH3 C CH3
CH3
CH3
2,2-
-
CH3
CH3
CH3 C CH3 + Br2 + HBrCH3 C CH2Br
CH3
CH3
7.
,102n2n HC +
0,5
21n3
++ O2 nCO2 + (n + 1)H2O
1. n(O2) =mV
V = 11,2 : 22,4 / = 0,5
2.
21n3
5,011,0
+= , 1n35,02
11,0
+= , 0,3n + 0,1 = 1, n = 3
C3H8 ;323 : 323 (). 8. 1 .. 22,4 ,
, : 22,4 5,6 11
11M
6,54,22 = ; M =
6,54,2211 = 44
38 323
: 323 ().
-
19
9.
. , .
10. -
.
24 + 2 23, H CO
H4 + 2 + 2
11.
OH6CO4O7HC2 2x2
2262 ++ x
; OH4CO3O5HC 2y3
2283 ++ y
OHCaCO)OH(CaCO 2120
322 ++
; n(CO2)=n(CaCO3)= 100120 =1,2 .
n(C6H6) = x , n(C3H8) = y , -
:
=+=+
2,1y3x208,104,22)yx(
; x = 0,6 - 1,5y; 0,6 - 1,5y + y=0,45;
0,5y = 0,15; y = 0,3; x = 0,15; V(C2H6) = nVm = 0,1522,4=3,36 ; V(C3H8) = nVm =0,322,4 = 6,72 . : V(C2H6) = 3,36 ; V(C3H8) = 6,72 .
12. . 2 -
(.. , ) - Mr = D(26) M(C2H6) = 1,808 30 = 54,24 ( (612) 72) , . ( - -, , 2 ). H3CH2CH3 + Br2 CH3CHCH3 + CH3CH2CH2Br
Br CH3CH2CH2 CH3 + Br2 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2Br+CH3 CH2 CHBrCH3 , (1 ). 44 + 58 (1 ) = 54,24; 14 = 3,76; = 0,269; 1- = 0,731. . : W (410) = 73,1%
12. () 1. ,
, . -1 :
H3 CH CH CH2 CH3 H3 C CH CH3CH3
-
20
CH3
CH3CH3
CH3
CH3
C2H5 C C
C2H5
H
CH3
H
C CH
C2H5
CH3
H
H3H2 = C CH2 CH3
CH3
CH2 CH CH CH3 2. ) :
CH2 C CH3
CH3
ClCl
+ Zn
CH3
CH2 C CH3 + ZnCl2
1,2--2-
CH3
CH2 C CH3 + NaClt
+ H2OCH3 C CH3
CH3
Cl
+ NaOH
2--2- Cl
CH3
CH2 C CH3 + NaClt
+ H2OCH2 CH CH3
CH3
+ NaOH
1--2-
CH3
CH2 C CH3CH3 CH CH3
CH3t
Al2O3+ H2
CH3
CH2 C CH3CH3 C CH3
CH3
OHt
H2SO4+ H2O
2--1
-
21
CH3 CH CH2 OH
CH3 CH3
CH2 C CH3t
H2SO4+ H2O
2--1 ) -2 :
Al2O3CH3 CHCH CH2 CH3CH2 CH CH3
-1
CH3 CH CH2 CH3
Br
NaOH
t+ CH3 CH CH CH3 + NaBr + H2O
t
2- CH3 CH CH CH3 Zn+
Cl Cl
CH3 CH CH CH3 + ZnCl2
2,3- CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH CH CH3 + H2
tNi
C8H18
t CH3 CH = CH CH3 + CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3
) -1 :
CH CH2 CH3CH2CH3 CH CH CH3Al2O3
-2
NaOH
t+
Br
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
H2O
t+CH CH2 CH3CH2 NaBr +
1- CH2 CH CH2 CH3 Zn+
ClCl
+ ZnCl2CH2 CH CH2 CH3
1,2-
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2 = CH CH2 CH3 + H2tNi
C8H18 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3CH2 CH CH2 CH3 +
t
-
22
3.
) A HCl1)
CH3 CH2 CH CH2KOH2)
KMnO43)
H2OB
1) + HClCH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3 CH2 CH CH3Cl
2-
2) + KOHCH3 CH2 CH CH3Cl
t
+ H2OKCl +CH3 CH CH CH3
t-2
3) 3 + H2OKMnO4 +CH3 CH CH CH3 2 4
OH
+3 + MnO22 CH3 CH CH CH3
OH
KOH2
2,3- ) A CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2Br
HBr2)KOH1)
1)
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 Br KOH+
++ KBr H2O
CH3 CH2 CH CH2-1
2) + HBrCH3 CH2 CH CH2Br
CH3 CH2 CH CH3
4. CH3 CH CH3
Cl
CH3 CH2 CH2 Cl
1) CH3CH2CH2Cl + KOH CH3CH CH2 + KCl + H2O 2) CH3 CH CH2 + HCl CH3 CH CH3
Cl
5. HBr.
C2H6 + HBr
42HC + HBr
23 CHCH Br HBr, CH3
CH2Br .
-
23
6. , -
, , - . C2H4 + Cl2 CH2Cl CH2Cl; 24 + HCl CH3CH2Cl; C2H4 + H2O CH3CH2OH; C2H4 + H2 CH3CH3;
3C2H4 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O 3CH2CH2 + 2MnO2 + 2KOH;OH
OH
C2H4 + Br2 CH2Br CH2Br. 7. nH2n + H2 CnH2n+2 V(CnH2n)= V(H2)= 0,896 1 .. 22,4 ,
, : 22,4 ; 0,896 2,8
8,2
896,04,22 = , =
896,08,24,22 = 70
510 (5 12 + 10 = 70) : Mr = 70,
CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH3 (-1) CH3 CH CH CH2 CH3 (-2)
8. 20
22,4n2nHC +
90
,6n 332n3 O2 nCO2 + nH2O
1. V(O2) = Vm n = 22,4 / 2n3 = 33,6n
V(CnH2n) = Vm n = 22,4 / 1 = 22,4 2.
n6,3390
4,2220 = , n = 3
6,33204,2290 =
= 3 C3H6 : 36 . 9.
4,25
2n2n2n2n ClHCClHC + ; 2,43
2n2n2n2n BrHCBrHC + y (12n + 2n + 71) = 25,4; 14ny = 25,4 71y; y (12n + 2n+160)=43,2 14ny = 43,2-160y; 17,8 = 89y; y = 0,2; n = (25,4 - 710,2)/40,2=11,2/2,8=4 C4H8 223 CHCHCHCH =
-
24
CH3 C CH2
CH3
CH3 CH = CH CH2
: C4H8.
13. 1. , .
. 2. 58 :
CH C CH2 CH2 CH3
CH3
CH C CH CH3
CH3 C C CH2 CH3
3. 1.
tCaO + 3C CaC2 + CO , 2 + 22 ()2 + 22 2. tC + 2H2 CH4 , CH4
1500 C C2H22 + 3H2
4.
) C3H4 BA Br22)H2,Pt1)
KOH3)
1) CH CH3CH2H2+HC C CH3Pt
2) CH2 CH CH3CH CH3CH2 Br2+
BrBr1,2-
3) CH2CHCH3 + 2KOH CH CCH3 + 2KBr + 2H2OBr Br
) C3H4 BKOH3)
A Cl22)H2 (2 )1)
Pt
1) Pt CH CH3CH2CH C CH3 + H2
CH3 CH2 CH3PtCH CH3CH2 + H2
2) 323 + Cl2 C3H7Cl + HCl
-
25
3) + KOH
C3H7Cl CH CH3CH2 + KCl + H2O
)CaC2H2O1) A 400 C
2) C
3) CuCl, t
1) 2 + 22 ()2 + 22 ;
2) C2H23C
400
3) C2H22 tCuCl
H C C CH CH2-1--3
()
5. CH3 CH CH CH3 CH3 C C CH3
1) + Br2CH3 CH CH CH3 CH3 CH CH CH3Br Br
2) CH3 CH CH CH3Br Br
+ 2KOH
+ 2KBr + 2CH3 C C CH3 H2O
6. , -
. 7. C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O; 2C3H6 + 9O2 6CO2 + 6H2O C3H4 + 4O2 3CO2 + 2H2O
m(C)=n(C)Ar(C)= 159,2124,22
03,4)C(ArV
)CO(V
m
2 ==
m(H)=2,48 - 2,159=0,321 (); m(H2O)= 89,2321,0218 = ()
: m(H2O) = 2,89 . . . 4,03
4,03 8.
x
22nn
x
2
x
2nn BrHCBrHC +
-
26
y
422nn
2y
2
y
22nn BrHC2BrHC +
=+++=+=+
2,47y)318n14(x)160n14(92,34,22)yx(
40)y2x(160
x + y = 0,175; 0,175 y + 2y = 0,25; y = 0,075; x = 0,1 (14n+160)0,1+(14n+318)0,075=47,2; 1,4n+16+1,05n+23,85=47,2 2,45n = 7,35; n = 3
(C3H6)= =175,01,0
0,57 ; (C3H4)= =175,0075,0
0,43
: (C3H6) = 0,57, (C3H4) = 0,43.
14. 1. : 1)
CH2 CH CH CH2-1,3
2) CH2 C CH2
3) CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2
-1,4 2. 610 :
CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CHCHCH CH2
CH3
CH2 CCH2CH CH2
CH3
CH2 CC CH2
CH3CH3 CH2 CHCH2CH CH CH3
CH3
CH2 CCH CH CH3
CH3
CH2 CHC CH CH3 CH2 CHCH CH CH2CH3
CH2 C CH CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH C CH CH2 CH3
-
27
CH3
CH3 CH C C CH3 CH3 CH = CH CH = CH CH3
3.
--.
CH3 CH CH CH CH2
CH3
CH2 C CH CH2
CH2 CH CH
CCH3
H
CH2 CH CH
CH
CH3 4.
CH2 CH CH CH2 Br2+
Br
CH CH2CH2 CH
Br1,4--2
CH2 CH CH CH2 Br2+
Br
CH2CH2 CH CH
Br3,4--1 5.
) 1) KOH A 1
2) HCl + ClCH2CH2CH2CH2Cl
1)
ClCH2CH2CH2CH2Cl + 2KOH
CH2 CH CH CH2+ 2KCl + 2H2O-1,3
2) CH2 CH CH CH22 + 2HCl
Cl Cl
CH2 CH CH CH3 + CH2CH3 CH CH
1--2 3--1
) A + 1) H2SO4
180 C 1 2) Br2 3) Br2 2222
1) 2222H2SO4180 C
H2SO4180 C CH2 CH CH CH2 + 2H2O
-1,3
-
28
2) CH2 CH CH CH22 + 2Br2
Br Br
CH2 CH CH CH2 + CH2CH2 CH CH
Br Br3,4--11,4--2
3)
Br
CH2 CH CH CH2 +
Br
Br2
BrBr
CH2 CH CH CH2
Br Br1,2,3,4-
Br
+
Br
Br2
BrBr
CH2 CH CH CH2
Br Br
CH2 CH CH CH2
1,2,3,4- 6.
CxHy+O2 CO2 + H2O; m(C) = 8,4124,2296,8 = ; m(H) = 6,0
1824,5 =
x : y=12
8,4 : 3:26:46,0:4,016,0 ===
OH23CO2OHC 2
4,2222
1,0n27
32 ++ 8,96
27;
27,28,44
96,827 44,8 27
8,96 7,2 ==nn
C4H6 ;CH2=CH-CH=CH2 . : CH2=CHCH=CH2.
15. 1. ) + Br2 Br CH2 CH2 CH2 Br
) + Br2
Br
+ HBr
2.
)
H
C2H5 H
CH3
-1--3-
H
H C2H5
CH3
-1--3-
-
29
) H
CH3
CH3
H
H
CH3
H
CH3
-1,2--1,2-
3.
C2H5714
, :
C2H5
CH3H3C , :
CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH3
CH3
5--1, :
CH3 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH2 CH3 -3, : 4. Mr(/)=282=56. .. ,
, . nH2n 14n=56; n=4
.. 2- ,
CH3 : CH3
16. () 1.
CH3H3C
CH3
C2H5
CH3
C2H5
CH3 C2H5
H3C
C3H7 CH3
CH3CH3
C3
CH3 CH3
3
3
-
30
2. - :
C2H5 CH3
CH3 3.
CH3
Cl
CH3 CH3
Cl
+ Cl2FeCl3
+
n-- CH2ClCH3
+ Cl2
+ HCl
4.
CH3
O2N
CH3
NO2
CH3+ HNO3
H2SO4+
- - COOHCH3
+ +3[ O ] H2O
5.
Br+ + HBr
x
Br2FeBr3 224
1. m(C6H6) = M(C6H6) n = 78 / 1 = 78 V(HBr) = Vn n = 22,4 / 1 = 22,4
2. Br
+ + HBr
x
Br2FeBr3 224
78 22,4
4,22224
78 = ; =
4,2278224 = 780 (66). : m(C6H6) = 0,78 .
-
31
6.
1) + 3H2Pt
2) + 3H2Pt
CH3 CH3
3) H2Pt
C6H14C6H12 + 1. m(66) = 0,25 100 = 25 ; m(78) = 0,15 100 = 15 m(612) = 0,25 100 = 25 2. m(66) = (66) n = 78 / 1 = 78 m(78) = (78) n = 92 / 1 = 92 ; m(612) = (612) n = 84 / 1 = 84 V1(H2) = Vm n1 = 22,4 / 3 = 67,2 V2(H2) = Vm n2 = 22,4 / 3 = 67,2 V3(H2) = Vm n3 = 22,4 / 1 = 22,4
H2Pt
C6H14C6H6 + 325 x
78 67,2 ; H2
PtC7H16C7H8 + 3
15
92 67,2
H2Pt
C6H14C6H12 +25 z
84 22,4
3. 25 78 67, 2
= , = 67,2 2578 21,5 (2)
y1592 67, 2
= ,y =67, 2 1592 11,0 (2); 25 z
84 22, 4= , z =
844,2225 6,7 (2)
4. V(2) = V1 + V2 + V3 = 21,5 + 11,0 + 6,7 = 39,2 . : V(H2) = 39,2 . 7.
1.
15,6 NO2
+ + H O2
x
HNO3H2SO4
m(66) = (66) n = 78 / 1 = 78 m(65NO2) = (65NO2) n = 123 / 1 = 123
2.
123 78
15,6 NO2
+ + H O2
x
HNO3H2SO4
123
786,15 = , x =
786,15123 = 24,6 (65NO2)
3. m(65NO2) = 0,7 24,6 = 17,22 . : m(65NO2) = 17,22 .
-
32
8.
CH2 C CH
-, , - , , .. , .
CH2 C CH + [Ag(NH3)2]OHCH2 C C Ag
CH2 C CH + Br22
CHBr2CH2 CBr2
CH2 C CH + [O]
COOH+ 2CO2
9. C+2H2 CH4
2CH4 0t C2H2+3H2
tCC2H23
C+2H2 CH4; 2CH4
0t C2H2+3H2;
tCC2H23
; 22+2
0tNi
24;
+ 24 3AlCl
0t ,Ni
23
23 2
-
33
4.
17. 1.
, , . : 1) ; 2) ; 3) , .
-2 , , . -3--1 , , . -4--1,2 , . 2.
H3 CH CH2 CH3
OH-2
H2 CH2 CH
OH
CH2
-3--1 H2 CH CH2 CH
OH
CH2
OH-4--1,2
3. , .. ,
, , - , .. , , .. .
4. 512 8 : 32222 -1 H3 CH2 CH2 CH OH
CH3
-2
H3 CH2 CH CH2 OH
CH3
2--1
H3 CH CH2 CH2 OH
CH3
3--1
H3 CH2 C OH
CH3
CH3
2--2
-
34
H3 C CH2 OH
CH3
CH3
2,2--1
OH
H3 CH CH CH3
CH3
3--2
OH
H3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3 -3
, -
: 32223 32223 5.
CH3 C CH3
CH3
OH
2--2
CH3 CH CH CH3
OHOH-2,3
CH3 CH CH CH3
C2H5OH3--2
CH2 CH2OH
CH3
2--1 CH3 CH CH CH2 OH
-2--1 6.
CH3OH
HC C CH CH C CH2CH3
5--4--1--3 812. () 18 .
.
7. 2,6,
2,15, 3,5. , 0,9, 1,35, .
-
35
8. 2CH3OH + 2Na 2CH3ONa + H2
CH3 C CH3
OH
CH3
CH3 C CH3
ONa
CH3
2 + 2Na 2 + H2
, ..
, 2--2. , 3 , 2--2 . , .
9. CH3 CH CH3
OH
CH3 CH CH3
ONa
2 + 2Na 2 + H2
CH3 CH CH3
OH
+ HBrH+
CH3 CH CH3
Br
+ H2O
2- 10.
CH3 CH2 CH2 OH + CuOt CH3CH2 C
O
H+ H2O + Cu
+ CuO
tCH3 C CH3 + H2O + Cu
OH
CH3 CH CH3
O
11.
Cl
+ 2H2O
Cl
CH2 CH CH3
OH
+ 2HCl
OH
CH2 CH CH3
-1,2
Cl
+ H2O
Cl
CH2 CH CH3
Cl
+ HCl
OH
CH2 CH CH3
1--2
Cl
+ H2O
Cl
CH2 CH CH3
OH
+ HCl
Cl
CH2 CH CH3
2--1
-
36
12. CH2 CH CH2OH + H2
Pt CH3 CH2 CH2 OH-1
CH2 CH CH2OH + H2O CH3 CH CH2 OHH+
OH-1,2
CH2 CH CH2OH + Cl2 CH2 CH CH2OH
ClCl2,3--1
CH2 CH CH2OH + HCl CH3 CH CH2OH
Cl2--1
13.
CH2 OH
CH OH
CH2 OH
+ CH3COOHH+
CH2 O C CH3
CH OH
CH2 OH
O
+ H2O
2
CH2 OH
CH OH
CH2 OH
+ CH3COOHH+ + H2O
CH2 O C CH3
CH OH
CH2 O C CH3
O
O2
3
CH2 OH
CH OH
CH2 OH
+ CH3COOHH+
+ H2O
CH2 O C CH3O
3CH O C CH3O
CH2 O C CH3O
3
CH2 OH
CH OH
CH2 OH
+ CH3C
O
OH+ H2O
CH2 O C CH3O
3CH O C CH3O
CH2 O C CH3O
14.
x
96,8
4,2221n2n
)18n14(21n2n HONaHC2Na2OHHC2 ++ ++ +
-
37
OHHCOHHC 214
n2nx
)18n14(1n2n +++
56
n
22,4x=8,962(14n+18); x=0,8(14n+18) 14nx=56(14n+18); 14n0,8(14n+18)=56(14n+18) 11,2n=56; n=5 C5H11OH CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
CH3
CH3 CH CH2 CH2OH
CH3
CH3 CH2 CH CH2OH
CH3
CH3 C CH2 CH2OH
CH3
CH3 CH2 CH2 CHCH3
OH
CH3
CH3 CH CHCH3
OH
CH3
CH3 C CH2CH3
OH CH3 CH2 CH CH2CH3
OH 15.
x 2
x
21n2n1n2n HONaHC2Na2OHHC2 ++ ++
OH)1n(nCOnO5,1OHHC 2nx
22x
1n2n ++++
8
2x
nx = ; 2n=8; n=4 C4H9OH
CH3 CH CH2CH3
OH
; : CH3 CH CH2CH3
OH
16. C2H5OH + HCl C2H5Cl + H2O
1. , . 2. , , H2SO4 3. , -
. 4. .
-
38
18. 1.
CH3
OH3-
OH
C2H5
4-
CH3HO
H3C2,5-
2. , -
, , , , . .. +I , . 2 - -, .
3. ONa OH
+ NaCO3;+ 2 + 2
OHO
+ Na+ + CO3+ Na+ + H2O + CO2
OHO-
+ CO3+ H2O + CO2
. 4.
CHOH
H
CH2
OH
H
HH2
OH
H
+
HHOH
H
+C
O
HH
+ H2O
-
39
CHOH
H
CH2
OH
H
CH2
OH
H
HH2
OH
H
H2O
+CH
OH
H
CH2
OH
H
CH2
OH
H
HH2
OH
H
HHOH
H
+C
O
HH
+ H2O
OH
CH
H
OHCH2
H
OHCH2
H
OHCH2
H
OHHH2
H
HH2
OH
H
CH2
OH
H
CH2
OH
H n1
+ n H2O
OH
(n+1) + n O CH
H
a a 2
x y x y 22C H OH+2Na 2C H ONa+ H ; 2
n 2n-7 n 2n-7 22C H OH+2Na 2C H ONa+ H V(2) = 2
a + 2
= 0,168 =0,007522,4
; + = 0,015 ;
V(Br2) = ( )160 0,025 160 0,025 = . - , .
ax y 2 x y 2C H H+Br C H Br OH= ;
2 2n-7 2 n 2n-9 2 OH +2Br =2C H Br OH+2HBr
+ 2 = 0,025; = 0,005; = 0,01 : 0,005 (12x +y + 17) + 0,01 (14x + 10) = 1,37 12x + y + 28x = 237; n (n 7) : = 3, y = 5; n= 7. : 35, 77. : W(C3H5OH) = (0,005 58) 1,37=0,212 ; W(C7H7OH) = 1 0,212 = 0,788
-
40
19. 1. 1 ,
3.
H CO
H
( , ,
)
CH3 C CH3
O
(, -2)
2. ) 2-; ) 3-; ) 3- 3.
K : CH3 CH2 CH2 CO
H
-
CH3 CH CO
HCH3
2-
CH3 C CH2 CH3
O,
: CH3 CH CH CH2 OH
2--1CH2 CH CH2 CH2 OH
3--1 CH CH CH3CH2
OH3--2
CH3 CH2 CH2CH2 OHCH3 CH2 CH2 CO
HH2
Ni+-1
CH3
CH3 CH CH2OHCH3 CH CO
HH2
Ni+
CH32--1
CH3 C CH2 CH3
O
CH3 CH CH2 CH3H2Ni
OH
+
-2 CH2 = CH CH2 CH2 OH + H2 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH
Ni
-1
-
41
CH3 CH = CH CH2 OH + H2 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OHNi
-1
OH
CH2 = CH CH CH3 + H2 CH3 CH2 CH CH3Ni
OH -2 4.
NiH C + H2 CH3OH
O
H
x 16
1. HCO
HV Vm n = 22,4 / 1 = 22,4
m(CH3OH) = M(CH3OH) n = 32 / 1 = 32 2. Ni+ H2 CH3OH
16 H C
O
H
x
22,4 32
3216
4,22 = ; =
324,2216 = 11,2 H C O
H
3. 1 21 2
V V=
T T; 1 22
1
V TV =
T ; H C
O
HV2 = 273
2982,11 = 12,23
V1 H CO
H= 11,2 ..: , H C
O
H= 12,23 25 .V2
5.
CH3 C CH3
O
+
OH
H2Ni CH3 CH CH3
M(C3H8O) = 312+81 + 116 = 60 /. : M(C3H8O)=60 / 6.
+ Ag2OH CO
HH C
O
H+ 2Ag
+H CO
HH C
O
OH+ 2Ag[Ag(NH3)2]OH2 + 4NH3 + H2O
H CO
OH
, - ,
H CO
OH+ Ag2O CO2 + H2O + 2Ag
-
42
7.
+ + 2AgO
HCnH C2n+1 Ag2O CnH C2n+1
O
OH 14n + 1 + 12 + 32 + 1 = 88; n = 3. .
+O
HAg2OCH3 CH2 CH2 C CH3 CH2 CH2 C + 2Ag
O
OH
+O
HAg2OCH3 CH C CH3 CH C + 2Ag
O
OHCH3 CH3
2- 8.
+O
HAg2OCH3 C CH3 C + 2Ag
O
OH
x y 0,54
+ KOHCH3C CH3Cz O
OH+
O
OKH2O
1. m(Ag) = M(Ag) n = 108 / 2 = 216 m(3) = M(3) n = 44 / 1 = 44 m() = M() n = 56 / 1 = 56 m(3) = M(3) n = 60 / 1 = 60
60
+ Ag2O CH3 Cy O
OH44
O
HCH3 C
x
216
0,54 + 2Ag
2. 216
54,044 = ; CH3C
O
H =
21654,044 = 0,11
y 0,5460 216
= ; y =216
54,060 = 0,15 (3)
+ KOHCH3C CH3Cz O
OH+
O
OKH2O
60 56
0,15
3. z 0,1556 60
= ; z=60
15,056 = 0,14 . : m(CH3CHO)=0,11, m(KOH)=0,14 . 9. : 1. Cu(OH)2 ; ,
(Cu2O), -, , .
-
43
+ 2Cu(OH)2CH3 CO
HCH3 C
O
OH+ Cu2O + 2H2O
t
2. ; , , -, , .
+ Ag2OCH3 CO
HCH3 C
O
OH+ 2Ag
10.
CH3 CH2O
HC Cu (OH)2
tCH3 CH2
O
OHC+2 + Cu 2O +2H2O
(I)
: Cu(OH)2, Cu2O.
11. CxHyOz + O2 CO2 + H2O m(CO2) =
mVV M =
4,2236,3 44 = 6,6 ; m(C) =
4412 6,6 = 1,8 ;
m(H2O) = 2,7 1 / = 2,7 ; m(H) =182 2,7 = 0,3 ;
m(O) = 4,5 1,8 0,3 = 2,4 .
CxHyOz ; x : y : z =16
4,2:13,0:
128,1 = 0,15 : 0,3 : 0,15 = 1 : 2 : 1
CH2O
MD = ; - = 1,035 28,9 30 /; (2) = 30 /
2 .
H CO
H ,
, , .. , Formica Rufa . , , , . .
12. :
+ HBrCH3 CH2 CO
H+ Br2
Br
CH3 CH CO
H
2-
-
44
+ 2HBrCH3 CH2 CO
H+ 2Br2
Br
CH3 C CO
H
Br
2,2-
CH3 CH2 C + Br2 CH2 CH2 C + H + HBr
H
O
H
O
3-Br
- :
CH3 CH2 C + Br2 +
H
C3 CH C + HBrO
HBr
O
H
13. CxHyOz + [O] R C
OOH
+ NaHCO3
14,8
(R+45)
R COOH
+ H2O +R COONa
CO2
4,48
22,4 14,8 (-) 4,48 (CO2) (R+45) (-) 22,4 (CO2) 14,822,4 = 4,48(R+45); 14,8 = 0,2(R+45); R=74-45=29=C2H5
14,8
74
11,6
COOHHC]O[OHC 52
yzyx =+
( )11,6 (-) 14,8 (-) (-) 74 -
= ; 588,14746,11y ==
( - )
C2H5 COH
: C2H5 COH
14.
CO2 3 H2O4 Ag432
8 NH3+ + ++ [Ag(NH3)2]OH4H COH
x
30
+O
HCCH3
y
[Ag(NH3)2]OH2 CH3COOH ++ + H2O2Ag 4NH3
-
45
=+=+
64,844
y21630
x43218,1yx
x+y=1,18 14,4x+4,9y=8,64 14,4x+4,9(1,18-x)=8,64; 14,4x+5,78-4,9x=8,64; 9,5x=2,86 x=0,3; y=0,88
(HCHO)=18,13,0 =0,254 25,4 %; (CH3CHO)=74,6%
20. 1.
C CH
(CH2)7C
CH3(CH2)7
HO
OH 2.
C17H33COOH + H2P, t
CH3 (CH2)16 CO
OH 3.
56817 35 H COOH
2+26 182 + 18 2
1. m(C17H35COOH)=M(C17H35COOH)n=284 /1 =284 V(O2) = Vm n = 22,4 / 26 = 582,4
568 17 35
284 H COOH +
2
582,4 26O 182 + 18 2
2. 4,582
284568 = ; =
2844,582568 = 1164,8 (2) = 1,165 3
3. V = 21,08,1164 = 5546,67 = 5,55 3;
: V(O2) 1,165 3; V 5,55 3. 4.
1735 + 262 182 + 18 2 1531 + 232 162 + 16 2
m(C17H35COOH)=m(C15H31COOH)=100;V(C17H35COOH)= 100 0,352284
= V(C17H31COOH)= 100 256 0,391= ; V1(O2) = 0,352 26= 9,152 ; V2(O2)= 0,391 23= 8,993 ; V(2) = (9,152 + 8,993) 22,4 = 406,4 ;
-
46
V() = 406,4/0,21= 1935 =1,94 3; V(CO2) = 0,352 18 + 0,391 16 = 12,6 ; V(CO2) = 12,6 22,4 = 282 ; V(2O)= V(CO2)= 12,6 ; m = (H2O)= 12,6 18 = 226,8 . : 1,94 3 ; 282 2; 226,8 2.
5. 1735 + 262 182 + 18 2 1531 + 232 162 + 16 2
1. M(C17H35COOH) = 284 /; M(C15H31COOH) = 256 / . 284 + 256 = 200, 540 = 200, = 0,37; 0,37 . 2. n1(O2) = 26 0,37 = 9,62 n2(O2) = 23 0,37 = 8,51 . n(2) = 9,62 + 8,51 = 18,13 V(O2) = Vm n = 22,4 / 18,13 = 406,112 V =
21,0112,406 = 1933,867 1,934 3. : V = 1,934 3.
6.
Fe2O3 + 6CH3CO
OH2 FeCH3C
O
O 3+ 3H2O
Fe2O3 + 6H+ 2Fe3+ + 3H2O
Fe(OH)3 + 3CH3CO
OHFeCH3C
O
O 3+ 3H2O
Fe(OH)3 + 3H+ Fe3+ + 3H2O
, .. , - (III), Fe2O3 Fe(OH)3 , - .
7.
CH3CO
ONaNaHCO3 + CH3C
O
OH+ H2O + CO2
, . 8.
CHCl2CO
OHCH2ClC
O
OHCCl3C
O
OH, , ,CH3C
O
OH,C2H5C
O
OH
.
-
47
, , , - - , , - .
, , - .
C CO
OH
Cl
Cl
H C CO
OHCl
H
H , .. 25
+I , 3, .. - - .
9. , -
, : - .
H O
O ;
H CO
OH+ Ag2O + H2OCO2 + 2Ag
10.
2 + Mg + H23 0,56 O
OHCkH2 Ck+1 (CkH2 COO)2Mgk+1
m =O
OHCkH2 Ck+1
O
OHCkH2k + CM n=(14k+46) /2 =(28k+92) 1.
V(H2) = Vm n = 22,4 / 1 = 22,4
32C H COOHk 2k+1
(28k+92)+ Mg (CkH2k+1COO)2Mg +
0,56
222,4 H
2. 3 0,56=
28k+92 22,4; 15,68k + 51,52 = 67,2; k = 1
O
OHCH3C . :
O
OHCH3C
C CO
OHCl
Cl
Cl
-
48
11. I. 1) 2CH3COOH + 2Na 3
2CH COOHa + 2
H
2) 2CH3COOH + Na2 2CH3COONa + 2H O
3) CH3COOH + Na CH3COONa + H2 4) 2CH3COOH + Na23 2CH3COONa + H2 + 2
CO
II. .
CH3COOH Br2 CH2BrCOOH HBr+ +P
III. . O
OC2H5CH3CCH3COOH C2H5OH H2O+ +
H2SO4
IV. .
CH3COOH PCl3 H3PO3+ +3 3O
ClCH3C
12.
.
CH CCH2
O
OH+ Br2
O
OHCH2 CH C
Br Br . 13.
CH3OH ++H2SO4H C
O
OHH C
O
O CH3H2O
14.
CH3 CH2 CO
O H , :
1) + 2NaCH3 CH2 CO
OH2 + H22CH3CH2C
O
ONa
-
49
2) + H2OCH3CH2CO
ONaCH3CH2C
O
OH+ NaOH
3) 2 + H2OCH3CH2CO
OCH3CH2C
O
OH+ MgO Mg
2
4) +2 + H2OCH3CH2CO
OHNa2CO3 + CO22CH3CH2C
O
ONa
5) + + HClCH3CH2CO
OHCl2 CH3CH C
O
OH
P
Cl
6) + + H2OCH3OHH3CH2CO
OHCH3 CH2C
O
O CH 3
7) +3CH3CH2 CO
OHPCl3 3CH3 CH2C
O+ H3PO3
Cl K :
CH3 CO
O CH3
H CO
O CH2 CH3
:
1) + H2OCH3 CO
O CH3
CH3 CO
OHCH3OH+
H CO
O CH2 CH3
CH3CH2OH+H2O+ H CO
OH
2) + NaOHCH3 CO
OCH3
CH3 CO
ONa+ CH3OH
H CO
O CH2 CH3
CH3CH2OH+NaOH+ HCO
ONa 15. :
H CO
O CH3
-
50
H CO
O CH3H C
O
O H+ H2O + CH3OH
16.
CH3 CO
O CH3C C
O
OH
O
HO) )
) H C CO
OHCl
Cl) H C
O
OH
CH3 CO
O Mg OC CH3
O) CH3 C
O
O CH2 CH3)
H CO
O CH2 CH3) ) CH2 CH C
O
OH 17.
H CO
OH ( )
H CO
O C2H5 ()
H C CO
OH
Cl
Cl
( )
C CH
C
H
HO
OH
( )
H3C CO
O C2H5 ()
C CO
OH
O
HO
( )
H3C CO
OMg
2
H3C CO
O CH3
()
-
51
18. 1,12
22,4
3,2
+++ +++ 221n2n3)45R( 1n2n COOHCOONaHCNaHCOCOOHHC
OHCaCO)OH(CaCO 2324,22
2 ++ 5
100
x
)12,1x))
))CO22
32
3 (CO (CaCO 5 - (CO x
(CaCO 100 - ( 22,4 = 3,7 (-) 1,12 (CO2) (R+45) (-) 22,4 (CO2) 3,722,4=1,12(R+45); 74=R+45; R=29=C2H5 : C2H5COOH 1,12 CO2.
21. . 1. :
R1OR2
: R1 CO
O R2
, ( -), C O ; - , .
2. , ,
.
+ H2OR1 CO
O R2R1 C
O
O H+ R2 OH
3. 2 -
.
H CO
O CH3
H CO
O CH3M = 4 1 + 2 12 = 60 /
: m(H) = 4 1 = 4 ; m(C) = 2 12 = 24; m(O) = 2 16 = 32 () = 0,0667 6,67%; () = 0,5333 53,33% () = 0,4 40%
-
52
CH3OH ++H2SO4H C
O
OHH C
O
O CH3H2O
3 + 22 = 22 22
+ CH3OHH2OH CO
O CH3+ H C
O
O H 4. ,
, , - . . , .
5.
: , . 6. -
4 :
CH2 O C C15H31 CH2 O C C15H31
CH O C C15H31 CH O C C17H35
CH2 O C C17H35 CH2 O C C15H31
O
O O
O
OO
C17H35
O CO
CH2
CO
C15H31
CH2
O
OC
CH
O C17H35 C17H35O
CH
CO
O
CH2
C15H31O
C
CH2O
CO C17H35 OO
CH
C
O
CH2
C15H31O
C
CH2O
CO C17H35
C15H31
+ 3 NaOH
CH2
CH2
CH
OH
OH
OH
+2C15H31COONa+ C17H35COONa
, , .. 3 , , 3 , .
7.
O CO
CH2
CO
CH2
O
OC
CH
O
CH
CH2
CH2
CO
OC
OC
OH
OH
OH
+
R1
R2
R3
OH
OH
OH
R1
R2 + 3 H2O
R3
-
53
CH2
CH2
CH CH2=CH CO+2 H2O
OH
OH
OH H 8.
115 31 16 33
H COOC H + 47O2 32CO2 + 32H2O
n(O2)=47 n(C15H31COOC16H33)=47 1 =47 V(O2)=Vm n(O2)=22,4 / 47 =1052,8 V.= 21,0
8,105221,0
)( 2 =OV =5013,33 5,013 3 n(CO2)=32 n(C15H31COOC16H33)=32 1 =32 m(CO2)=M(CO2) n(CO2)=44 / 32 =1408 n(H2O)=32 n(C15H31COOC16H33)=32 1 =32 m(H2O)=M(H2O) n(H2O)=18 / 32=576 : V.=5,013 3; m(CO2)=1,408 ; m(H2O)=0,576 9.
CnH2n+1O
C
O Ck2k+1
+ O2 3 CO2 + H2O
n+k+1=3 -
,
CO
HOH
n=0; k=2
, HO
CO CH2 CH3
2HC2H5O
CO
+7O2 6 CO2+6H2O
OC
O C2H5
H + H2O H CO
OH+ C2H5OH
OH
OCH +Ag2O CO2 + H2O +2 Ag
-
54
10.
OC
OC H3
C H C H3C H2
C H3
CH3O
COH
H2SO4
OCH2CHCH3CH3C
O
CH3
+H2O+CH3CHCH2OH
CH3
1
CO
CH3OH
)m ( =M(CH3COOH) n=60 / 1 =60
m
CH3
OHCH2CHCH3( )=M(C4H10O) n=74 / 1 =74
mCH3CH
CH3
CH2
OC
O( )CH3 =M(C6H12O2) n=116/ 1=116
1161
60= =
116160 =0,517 (CH3COOH)
174 116
= = 116
174 =0,638 CH3
OHCH2CHCH3( )
m(CH3COOH) = 6,0517,0 = 0,862 ;
CH3
OHCH2CHCH3( )m = 6,0
638,0 = 1,063
: m(CH3COOH)=0,862 ;
CH3
OHCH2CHCH3( )m =1,063
11. (C)=48,649%; ()=43,243%; ()=8,108% HyOz; x:y:z=
16243,43:
1108,8:
12649,48 =4,054:8,108:2,703=3:6:2
3H6O2 . :
OC
O
CH2 CH3
H
CH3O
CO CH3
-
55
OCH3C
OCH3+H2O +CH3OH
OH
OCH3C
HO
CO C2H5
+ H2O C2H5OH+OH
OCH
HO
CO C2H5
C2H5OH H2O+H2SO4
+O
CO
HH
CH3O
COH
+ CH3OHH2SO4
CH3OC
OCH3 H2O+
.
OC
OCH3 CH2
H+
CH2
CH2
OH
OH
H+ CH2
C2 OH
OO
C CH2 CH3 +H2O
CO
OCH2H+
OH
OH
CH2
CH2+
HCH22C H3
OC
O CH2 OO
C
C2H5
C2H52+ H2O
12. , , ,..
.
1.
H + HCOOK + CnH2n+1OH nH2n+1
2. y ykH + CkH2k+1COOH + CmH 2 m+1 OH
mH 2m+1 1- 2-, m (KOH) = 0,1 168 = 16,8 .; ( + )56 = 16,8; + = 0,3 2
+2O+ Ag2O CnH2n+1OH +CO 2 + 2 O + 2AgnH2n+1
2 = m(Ag) 21,6
0, 2M(Ag) 108
= = ; = 0,1 = 0,2 . : (14n + 1 + 4,5)x + (14k + 4,5 + 14m + 1)y = 22,2; 14n 0,1 + 14n 0,2 + + 14m 0,2 = 22,2 - 4,6 9,2; n + 2k + 2m = 8,4 6
14 0,1= ; n = 2; m = 1; k = 1.
: 2H5
3 H3
-
56
m (HCOOC2H5) = M = 0,1 74 = 7,4 . W (HCOOC2H5) =
m 7,4 0,333 33,3%m 22,2
= = ; W (H3COOCH3) = 66,7% : W (HCOOC2H5) =33,3%; W (H3COOCH3) = 66,7%.
22. , 1. ,
, , 2:1. Cn(H2O)m, - , .. () .
2. , .
, . ,
. , 2 .
, . , .
3.
, , - . , -, , .
4. ,
( ), , , (, ).
, , - .
, , (1 = 4 ), , .
, , , 80% .
5. m(C12H22O11)=0,21,5=0,3 . : m(C12H22O11)=300 . 6. m=100500=50000 =5000 ; m=0,2m=0,25000=1000
m= 1003997,01000m ==
w(). : 1003 .
-
57
23. . . 1. ,
, , , - , Cu(OH)2, , . , , - .
2. H O
C
H C OH
HC
OHCH
OHCH
OHCH
H
+2[Ag(NH3)2]OH
H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H C
OHCH
C
OHO
+2Ag + 4NH3 +H2O
2++
OH O
C
H C OH
HCH
OHCH
OHCH
OHCH
H
+
H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H C H
OHCH
C
OH
2Cu(OH) 2 Cu2O H2Ot
+5H2O
H O
C
H C
CH
CH
CH
CH
H
+5CH3COOH
H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
HO C H
OHCH
C
OH
O CO
CH3
CH3O
CO
CH3O
CO
CH3
OCO
CH3O
CO
-
58
3. H O
C
H C OH
HCHO
OHCH
OHCH
OHCH
H
+
C
OH
H2Ni
HH
H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
HO C H
OHCH
.
4. ,
, . 5.
H C
OH
C C C C
OH OH OH OCH2OH
H H H H
, -
, .. - 5 , .
6. , ..
, -.
7.
HH C OHH C OH
H C OH
HO C H
OHCH
COH
2H3CH2OH 2CO2
-
59
2
H O
C
H C OH
HCHO
OHCH
OHCH
OHCH
H
OHCH
C
OHO
CH3
8. , .. -
. , , -
. 9.
C6H12O6144
180 2CH3CHCOOH
OH2*90
x
180 (C6H12O6) 290 (-) 144 (C6H12O6) x (-) x=144 ; = 833,0
144120 = 83,3%. : 83,3%.
10. 3
33
x
1022,46
.. 200
++ 261262
4462 O6OHCOH6CO6
644 (CO2) - 622,4103 3 (O2) 200 . (CO2) x 3 (O2)
31439
1002,144
104,2210200x == . : 1,021014 3 11.
++ Ag2OHCOAgOHC 7126232
2x
1806126
20,88
;
2,16232
88,20180x == C6H12O6 + Ag2O C6H12O7 + 2Ag n(C6H12O6)=1,5 ; m(C6H12O6)=1,5180=270 : ) 16,2 ; ) 270 .
-
60
24. . 1.
x
180
1626126
OnH120n5126 OHnC)OHC( 2 +
m((C6H12O6)n)=2000,6=120 ; x - 120 180 -
3,133162
21600162
180120x162 === ;
= 54,03,133
72 = 54%. : 54%.
2. y x 8
6 10 5 n 3 6 7 2 2 3 n162 363 297
(C H O ) +3nHNO (C H O (NO ) )
() 8 - ((C x
()
636,4x
))OH297))OHC((162
n510
n5106 =
===
. 96,488,0
36,4mm
33
3 63 (HNO ) - 297 () 5,09 x (HNO ) - 8 () =
. 79,588,0
09,5mm === ; : m(HNO3)=5,79 ; m()=4,96 . 3.
2144
462526126
OnHx
162n5106 nCO2OHHnC2OHnC)OHC( 2 +
+
m(C2H5OH)=0,96150=144 162 () 92 (C2H5OH) x () 144 (C2H5OH) x=253,56 . : m=253,56 . 4.
2462
526126OnH1000
n5106 nCO2OHHnC2OHnC)OHC( 2 +
+ x
162
m()=0,25=1 =1000
9,567x = x - 1000 92 - 162
m=4500,8=360 ; m(C2H5OH)=0,95360=342 ; ==9,567
342 0,60
5.
) 2
n+ H O2
6 10 5 n 12 22 11n(C H O ) C H O2
-
61
C12H22O11+H2OC6H12O6+C6H12O6; C6H12O6 2C2H5OH+2CO2 CH3COOH+C2H5OHCH3COOC2H5+H2O CH3COOC2H5+NaOHCH3COONa+C2H5OH
) (6H10O5)n + OnH2 nC6H12O6; C6H12O6 2C2H5OH+2CO2 2CHCHCH2 CH2t
Zn/A l2O3C2H5OH2 + H2O H2+ CH CHCH2 CH2n ( CH2 CH CH CH2)n
) 6nCO2+5nH2O(C6H10O5)n+6nO2
(C6H10O5)n + OnH2 nC6H12O6; C6H12O62C2H5OH+2CO2 t +
HO
CH3C+C2H5OH CuO + Cu H2O
+CH3COOH 2AgAg2OHO
CH3 C +t
(C6H10O5)n+3nCH3COOH[C6H7O2(OCOCH3)3]n+3nH2O
-
62
6.
25. 1 : CH3-NH2 ; CH3-CH2-NH2 CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2 : CH3-NH-CH3 ; CH3-NH-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH2-NH-CH2-CH3 : CH3 N CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3NCH3 CH2
CH2CH3 N CH3
CH3
CH2
2.
CH2 CH3NCH3 CH2CH2 H :
CH2 CH2N CH3CH2H2 CH2
H2 CH2 CH3N CH2 CH
CH3
3-
CH3
CH CH2N CH3CH2H2 2-
H2 CH2 CH3N CH2CH
CH3
2-
CH3
CHN CH3H2 CH
CH3
2--3-
CH3
H2 CH3N
CH3
CH2 C 1--2,2-
-
63
C CH2
CH3
N CH3H2
CH3
2--2-
HCH2 CH2CH3 N CH3CH2
CH2 CH3NCH3 HCH
CH3
CH3
CH HCH3 N CH3CH2 -
CH3
CH HCH3 N CH3CH2
CH2 CH3NCH3
CH3
CH2
CH2 CH3NCH3
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH3 N CH3CH
CH3
3. -
, .
4.
H2SO4+ -11,2
232CH NH (CH3NH3)2SO4
V(CH3NH2)=Vm n=22,4/ 2 =44,8 m(H2SO4)=M(H2SO4) n=98 / 1 =98
2 498
H SO -11,2
2344,8
2CH NH+ (CH3NH3)2SO4 11,2=98 44,8
; 98 11,2=44,8 = 24,5 (H2SO4)
-
64
m-= 2 42 4
m(H SO ) 24,5(H SO ) 0,196 = = 125
: m- = 125 . 5. CH2=CH2 CH3-CH2-NH-CH2-CH3 1) CH2=CH2+HBr CH3-CH2-Br 2) CH2-CH2-Br+NH3 [CH3-CH2-NH3]Br [CH3CH2-NH3]Br+NaOH CH3CH2NH2+NaBr+H2O 3) CH3CH2NH2+CH3-CH2-Br [(CH3CH2)2NH2]Br [(CH3CH2)2NH2]Br+NaOH CH3-CH2-NH-CH2-CH3+NaBr+H2O 6.
H N H
H
CH3 N
CH3
CH3-
+I , -
. ,
, - .
NH2
7.
NH2+3 Br2
NH2
Br
BrBr
+3HBr
, , , .
8.
+
93
x
NH2HCl Cl
129
51,8
[ ]NH3
34,37x = 51,8 - x 129 - 93
-
65
3HBr+
331
19,9
OH
Br Br
Br92
x
OH
3Br2+
19,9 - x 331 - 92
53,5x = ; m(C6H6)=100-5,53-37,34=57,13 ();
(6H5NH2)= %34,37%100100
34,37 = ; (6H5OH)=5,53%; (6H6)=57,13% 9.
x z 3 2 3 3CH NH HBr NH Br+ .
3NH2 (7-) 2. - (7-) 2 (5-) Br. ( ) ( )
7 44 5 81
M 1,942 297 5
+ = = + ; = 3 .
: W(CH3NH2)= 3 100% 42,9%7 = ;
W(CO2)=100% - 42,9%=57,1%. : W(CH3NH2)=42,9%; W(CO2)=57,1% 10. CH3NH2+CH3BrCH3NHCH3+HBr (CH3)2NH+CH3Br(CH3)3N+HBr
26. 1.
1.
2NH2 CH2 CH2 CO
OH+ H2SO4 ( NH3
OH
OCCH2CH2 )2 SO4
2. +OH
OCCH2CH2NH2 NaOH NH2 CH2 CH2 C
O+
ONaH2O
3.
ONH2 CH2 CH2 C +CH3OH NH2 CH2 CH2 C +H2O
O
OH
H+
O CH3
-
66
2. -
: , - .
NH2 CH
ROH
OC
3. , ,
, - - .
- (-).
4. ,
, -, - .
5. ,
:
NH2
O
OHCH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH C
CH2CH3CH21. CH3Ni = CH CH3 + H2
+CH3CH=2. CH2 HBrH2O2 CH2Br CH3CH2t
CH2 CH33. CH2Br + KOH CH2CH3 CH2OH + KBr
4. CH3 CH2 2OH + CuO CH3 CH2 C + Cu + H2OO
H
+H
CO
5. CH3CH2 2 Cu(OH)2 CCH3CH2
O
OH+ Cu2O +2H2O
t
OH
O6. CH3CH2 C + Cl2 CH3 CH C
O
OH+ HCl
Cl
P
-
67
ClOH
OCCH7. CH3 + 2NH3 CH3 CH C
O
OHNH2
+ NH4Cl
6.
R CH COOH
NH2
%1,83x = x%- )-( 74
15,73% - (N) 14
100% - : , -.
CH3 CH COOH
NH2 : %100x =
x%-(N) 8915,73% - (N) 14 : CH3 CH COOH
NH2
7. 3 + l ; 2NCH2COOH + HCl ClH3NCH2COOH;
22NCH2COOH + CaO (H2NCH2COO)2Ca + H2O;
(l)= 5,38 0,2422,4
= ; ()= 10,08/56 = 0,18 ,
2NCH2COOH, . .
27. 1. , -
, - . - , , , . , -, , ( ) .
2. -
. , 500 /.
-
68
, -, , 10000 /.
, , 10000-30000 /.
, , 30000 /.
3. ,
: , .
: 1. . 2. -
, , , - , , , .
3. - (). 4. :
) - - .
) - (II) - - . 5. -
. : ) (); ) - (); ) (); ) ( ); ) (); ) (); ) ()
6. , -
. 7. ,
( ), , , -, - . , - , - , . , -, , , .
-
69
, , -: 1) ; 2) ; 3) , ..; 4) .
8.
, . .
9.
( NH CH CO )n+nH2O nNH2 CHR
CO
OHR 10.
C2H6 C2H5OH CH3O
CH
CO
CH3OH
CH2ClOH
OC
NH2 CH2 CO
OHn)CONH( CH2
1 2 3 4 5
5 6
1. C2H6 + Cl2 CH3 CH2 Cl +HCl
CH3CH2Cl +NaOH CH3CH2OH +NaCl
2. C2H5OH +CuOH
CH3O
C +Cu + H2Ot
CO
3. CH3H
+2[Ag(NH3)2]OHOH
CH3O
C Ag+2 +4NH3 H2O+
OH4. CH3
OC + Cl2
OH
OCCH2
Cl
+ HCl
CH2 CO
OH5. Cl +2 NH3 NH2
OH
OCCH2 + NH4Cl
CH2 CO
OHNH26. n CH2( NH CO )n + nH2O
-
70
28. 1.
) -
-: , , -, ; : -
-: , , , ,
) - -
- -- -
, , -,
)
99% - , - -
, -, , , .
) -
- , - -
2. ---------; ---------
3. : , -
; : - , ; : , . , .
4. -
, , .
5. , -
, ( - ).
-
71
6. :
1) , - ;
2) , - ;
3) , .
29. 1. -
, , , .. - , , .
2. -
. . -
. 3. :
1) (1, 2, 6, 12, , ); 2) (, , D, ).
4. ) , -
, - . - , , . - , , , .
) - , , , - . , , , .
) -, , -. .
) D , , -
-
72
, . . - .
5. -
, , .. - , .. - . .
6. -
. 7. ,
- , , - . : , , , -.
30. 1. ,
. .
2. -
( ), (- 1015 ).
3. , -
. 4. t=36oC 5. pH=6,8; pH=1,7. 6. 6 : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ,
, - .
-
73
7. : ,
, , , , -.
8.
OH4OHC2O3OHC2 2x
78626126 ++ 78
m(C6H12O6)=0,15520=78 () 78 (C6H12O6) x (C6H8O7) 2180 (C6H12O6) - 2192 (C6H8O7) x=83,2 (); m=m=0,6283,2=51,58 () : 51,58 . 9.
OH3OHC2O3OHC 27862112212 ++x 230
m(C12H22O11)=m=0,80,45640=230,4 342 () - 2192 (-) 230,4 () x (-) x=258,7 258,7 100% 75% = 194 . : m=194 . 10. 6126 + g2O C6H12O7 + 2Ag :
(6126) =1/2 (Ag) = 0,27 0,00125 108 = ; V () = 5 + 5 = 10 = 0,01 ;
(6126) =V 0,00125= =0,0125/
0,01 ;
W1 = c / t = 0.125/30 = 4,17 10-3 / : V () =(4680 /
1,04) +500 (). 500/50 = 10 , 5 , . W2 = W1/5 = 8,33 10-4 /
122211 + 2= 6 12 6 + 6 12 6
;
(6126) = . (122211) = 0,5 4680 0,171 1,17342 = (6126) = / V = 1,17 / 5 = 0,234 /; t = c / W2 = -4
0,234 =2818,33 10 . : t = 281 .
-
74
31. 1. . ,
, .. - .
2.
, (-), -, .
(C6H10O5)n + OnH2 nC6H12O6
. 3.
, , - .
, , - . .
4. -
, .
5. ,
. -. -, - .
(C6H10O5)n+nH2O nC6H12O6; nC6H12O6 (C6H10O5)n+nH2O
7.
: , - .
-
75
8. .
, .. () , (-) .
9. I ,
( C OH ), C20H28O2. II ( O C
, , - C18H25O2. III ( C
OH), , - C20H28O2. 10. , - , -
FeCl3 , , .
11. .
32. 1. , , -
; , - ; - , - .
, - , , - .
2. .
, , - .
, ,
3. . .
. , . 4.
H2O+ HNO33+CH2 CH CH2ONO2 ONO2ONO2
CH2 CH CH2OH OHOH
3
-
76
HNO33+CH2 CH CH2OH OHOH
H2O+CH2 CH CH2ONO2 ONO2ONO2
3
. 5.
OHCOONa
+ H2OOHCOOH
+ NaOH
ONaCOONa
+ H2OOHCOOH
+ NaOH 22
6. CHCl3+Cl2 h CCl4+HCl Cl2 h 2Cl; Cl+CHCl3CCl3+HCl; CCl3+Cl2CCl4+Cl 7. -
, . , -
.
- .
, - .
, - , .
, , .
8.
OHCOOH
+NaOHOH
COOC6H5+ H2O
OH
, -
, .. . 9. ,
. ,
. -
( ), .
-
77
10. : -
( ) - ( ).
11. -
, . - : , .
12. :
( ), ( - , , - ).
13. ,
. - , ( , -, , , , ), , - - , .
14. ,
, , .
.
15. , , -
- . -, .
-
78
1.
1.
: , . 44 . -
- CuO. , CuSO4 . , , - a(OH)2. . - , - (II).
, - , (II), - , .
C12H22O11 +24 CuO 12CO2 +11 H2O +24Cu a(OH)2 + CO2 aCO3 + H2O
CuSO4 +5 H2O CuSO4 . 5 H2O :
, .. , CuO .
2. : , , -
(II). . -- , .. .
3 2 2 25CuO 2CHCl 3CuCl 2CO H O 2Cu+ = + + +
2. 1.
: -
. , - . , -. , -
-
79
, .. . - , . - .
CH3COONa + NaOH Na2CO3 + CH4 CH4 +2 O2 CO2 +2 H2O
2. : 2 , 1
, (III) .
. . - , - -, . , , , .
CH2 = CH2 +3O2 2 CO2+2 H2O CH2=CH2 + Br2 CH2Br CH2Br
3 CH2 = CH2 + 2 KMnO4 + 4 H2O 2MnO2 +3CH2 CH2 +2KOH
OH OH : :
C2H5 OHH2SO4 .
CH2= CH2 + H2O
:
CH3 CH2Cl +KOH CH2 = CH2+KCl + H2O
:
CH2CH2
Cl Cl
+Zn +CH2 = CH2 ZnCl2
. 3.
: 5-6 . 2
, 2 . , , , -,
-
80
, , - .
, , , , , , , , , .
3. 1.
: 2 .
3 . , , - , .. (0,8 /). - .
, , .
2. : 1 10%- (II) -
10%- . - Cu(OH)2. - , . - , .
CuSO4 +2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
CH2 OHOH
OH
2CH
CH2
+ Cu(OH)2
CH2
CH
OH
CH2 O
OCu
CH2
CH
CH2
HO
O +2H2O
HH
Cu(OH)2,
.. . 3.
: 2 5%- , 1 20%-
0,5 ,
-
81
. . - .
K2Cr2O7 +3 C2H5OH +4 H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 +3 CH3 CO
H
+7 H2O
, .. .
4. 1.
: 1 -
. . - . , .. .
H CO
H+2[Ag(NH3)2]OH
OCH
OH+2 Ag +4 NH3 + H2O
2.
:
30 . . , .
2H
OC
+ O2 2C
O
HO
3. -
. . - . - . - . - . .
2CH3O
CO Na
CH3 C CH3
O
+ Na2CO3t
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
-
82
5. 1.
: 2 3
, . 2 - , -, . . . - . - . .
CO
HO +NaOH O
OC
Na + H2O
. 2. : 1
. . - .
Zn +O
C2CH3OH O
CH3 CO
( )2 Zn + H2
, , , . , , , .
3. : 2 , 2 -
- . . - . , .
CH3C + CH3CHCH2CH2OH 42SOH CH3CO
CH3
O
OH O(CH2)2CHCH3+H2O
CH3 -
, , .
-
83
6. 1.
: -
. . - .
H O
C
H C OH
HCH
OHCH
OHCH
OHCH
H
+ [Ag(NH3)2]OH
H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
C H
OHCH
C
OHO
+ 2Ag + NH32 4 + H2O
.
2. (II) : ) - , 2
1 . (II), - . - , , - .
CuSO4 +2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 H O
C
H C OH
HCH
CH
CH
OHCH
H
+
H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H C H
OHCH
C
OH
2 Cu(OH)2 O
OCu
H
H
O
O
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
CH2OH
O
HO
HO
H+ H2O2
-
84
) , - . , . - .
H2O+
O
H
HO
HO
HO
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
O
O
H
H
CuO
O
H
H C OH
H C
H C
H C OH
OHCH
C
OH
H
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
HO
HO
HO
O
HO
HO
O
C
+CuOHt
2CuOH Cu2O +H2O
t
, -
CO
H.
- CuOH Cu2O, - .
3.
: ) -
. -, , .. , .
) . . - ( ). 2 . ,
.
-
85
O H
O
OCH2OH H
H HH HH
H
CH2OH
OHH OH OH OH
CH2OH+ H2O
H 2SO4 .
H O
C
H C OH
HCH
CH
CH
OHCH
H
OH
OH
+
H
C
HCH
CH
CH
OHCH
H
OH
OH
O=
H C OH
t
.
H2SO4 +2NaOH Na2SO4 +2 H2O 4.
: 20 -
, - . . . .
7. . .
1. : - ,
. . - . - . - .
NH2
+HCl
Cl
3NH+
Cl3NH+
+NaOH
NH2
+NaCl + H2O
-
86
2. : - .
. NH2
+3 Br2
NH2Br Br
Br
+3HBr
3.
: 2 -
(II). . .
2NH2 CH2 CO
OH+CuO (NH2
OCCH2
O)2 Cu + H2O
4. : .
. - . - , .. .
5. : -
CuSO4 . - . (CH3COO)2Pb . - .
6. ) .
. . - . . - .
) .
. - - .
-
87
8.
I. .
. . II.
. . . III.
. . . IV.
, . . .
V. .
: 2 + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH HCOOH + 2Ag + 4NH3 + H2O, .
VI. - .
, .
H O
C
H C OH
HC
OHCH
OHCH
OHCH
H
+ [Ag(NH3)2]OH
H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H C H
OHCH
C
OHO
+ 2Ag + NH32 4 + H2O
. VII. : 23 + Na2CO3 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O; 25 + Na2CO3.
-
88
VIII. .
.
OH
+ 3 Br2
OHBrBr
Br
+3HBr
. IX. -
. . .
9. . 1. 1
1%- FeCl3. - -, .
2. 2 , 10 . .
10-15 . , - . , , , .
3. D
1 1 . - , D.
10. .
1. . 1. , 2-4 -
. , 10 .
2. 5 1 - . 30 -
-
89
, . , 30 , . , .
3. 5 1 2 . - (35-40 C). 30 1 - , . , . , - 35-40 oC ( ).
2. ( )
1. ( - ) 0,5%- .
1. 2 5 , 15 0,5%- . , . , - .
3. , - - .
4. , - (35-40 oC). , , - , , (.. - , ).
5. - , - ( ).
3. 1. 5 2 . 2. .
. , .
3. - . .
-
90
4. . , .. , , ( - ).
5. - . , .. - .
2H2O2 2H2O+O2 11.
. 1. ,
OHCOOH
OO C CH3COOH
COOC6H5
OH
1. .
0,1 . , . , .
2. 0,1 -. , . .
3. 0,1 - NaOH, . , .. - , .
OHCOOH
2NaOHONaCOONa
2H2O+ +
3NaOH
OO C CH3COOH
+ONaCOONa
+ +CH3COONa 2H2O
3NaOH+COOC6H5OH + +ONa
COONaONa 2H2O
-
91
4. 0,1 , , , FeCl3. -, .. , FeCl3
2. , n-.
NH C CH3O
OH
NH C CH3O
OC2H5
1. .
0,1 . .
2. 0,1 . . -, .
3. 0,1 FeCl3. - , .. OH )
1. . 2. .. 3. 4.
1. 5. 6. 7.
2. 8. 9. . 10.
3. 11. 12. () 13. 14. 15. 16. ()
4. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. . 22. , 23. . . 24. .
6. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.