himalaya geography with help from neh institute 2011 lewis and van der kuijp
TRANSCRIPT
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Himalaya
GeographyWith help from NEH Institute 2011
Lewis and van der Kuijp
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THE HIMALAYAS
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TIBETAN PLATEAU
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GeologyThe Himalayas were thrust up when India collided with Asia 50 million years ago
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• Mountains CONTINUE TO RISE UPWARD at the rate of 1CM/YEAR
• HOME TO ALL 14 OF THE EARTH’S PEAKS >8,000 METERS
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The Great Himalayan Range in Central Nepal
“Himalaya” = “Abode of Snow”
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Look again:
Himalayas as Barrier between India and China
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Geological-Geographical Regions in Cross Section
Peaks to Gangetic Plain: 100-120 miles
Tibetan Plateau
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HIMALAYAN CLIMATESHIMALAYAN CLIMATES• Wide variety of climates, diversity in agriculture
& plant life across land• Himalayan biomes: alpine, temperate,
subtropical, and tropical.• East to west: precipitation differs
astronomically. Eastern Himalayan regions (Bhutan, Tibet, Eastern India) receive the 2nd most rainfall annually in the world.
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ALPINE ZONE• Home to yaks, wild goats, wolves, and snow
leopards.• Sheep, often accompanied by nomadic
highland natives. Graze in the sub-alpine region.
ABOVE: SNOW LEOPARDLEFT: TIBETAN YAK
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TEMPERATE ZONE• Temperate zone is home to a wider variety of life,
both flora & fauna.• Forests of pine, oak, poplar, walnut, larch. (Most areas
inaccessible to logging operations)• Domesticated animals: yak-cow crossbreeds thrive,
with goats, sheep
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TEMPERATE ZONE• Eastern Himalayan temperate zone is home to many
species of rare mammals: red pandas, takins, musk deer.• Reside in largely uninhabited dense forests
RIGHT: RED PANDA
LEFT: TAKIN
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TROPICAL & SUBTROPICAL ZONE• Former home of tigers,
leopards, rhinoceroses, and deer: these species now restricted largely to sanctuaries in India & Nepal
• Himalayan foothills, one of the most densely populated areas in India.
• Due mainly to the exceptionally fertile land.
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HUMAN ADAPTATION TO REGION
• Farming of crops suited for climate zone (buckwheat and barley for alpine zones; rice and corn for lower zones)
• Domesticated animals according to altitude tolerance (yaks in highest settlements;
yak-cow cross-breads in temperate; water buffalo/cows in tropical zones
• Human preference for: fertile soils; watersheds for irrigation; trade routes
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Fauna
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LEGEND OF THE YETI
• Tales of the ‘MEH-TEH’, (“Man-bear”) exist among various Himalayan peoples
• Despite several expeditions and decades of searching, no scientifically-reliable evidence of this creature has been produced
• Hoaxes frequent
Scene from TinTin in Tibet
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Hindu-Buddhist Survival
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Indic Culture Migrates North
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Later, Tibetanization transforms mid-hills with Tibeto-Burman speaking migrants and who practice Buddhism
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Six Ethnographic Regions in the Himalayas
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Over the last 3000 years, Indian peoples migrated to the north, first to places that would support:
Intensive rice cultivation
Cow pastoralism
Establishment of caste society and brahman priests
Plains
Highlands
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Kathmandu Valley
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Trade and Religious Pilgrimages link these
regions
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Trade and the “Friction of Distance”
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SummaryFrontier Periphery Indo-Tibetan/Sino Interactions ...Micro climate/cultural features
Cultural Oases [preserving archaic cultural elements, sometimes innovating on them...]
Rare and Intermittent incursions/influences by outsiders but transformative
adding to the rich historical dialectic
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