highlights of solid state physics man of the year nobel prizes …
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Highlights of Solid State
Physics
Man of the Year Nobel
Prizes …
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Physics Nobel Prize 2000Integrated Circuit
Silicon Technology
Gordon Moore
Jack Kilby
Moore’s Law
Intel
14 nm2014
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Alferov Kroemer Physics Nobel Prize 2000
Electrons in the Conduction Band
Holes in the Valence Band
n-typep-type
Benefits of a quantum well:
1) Trap electrons and holes in the same quantum well and thereby give them more time to recombine into a photon.
2) Electrons and holes have well-defined, quantized energies, such that most of them contribute to the same laser line.
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Physics Nobel Prize 2014 Akasaki Amano Nakamura
Use InGaN quantum wells in GaN.
Lighting consumes ¼ of our electric power.
Blue LED + Yellow Phosphor = White Light
Efficient Light Emitting Diodes
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CCD (Charge Coupled Device)
Physics Nobel Prize 2009 : Boyle and Smith
The CCD detectors in digital cameras wiped out photographic film.
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Charles Kao Physics Nobel Prize 2009
Optical Fiber Communication
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Parallel Spin Filters Resistance Low
Opposing Spin Filters Resistance High
Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR)
for Sensitive Magnetic Readout
2007 Nobel Prize in Physics to Fert and Grünberg
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Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
• Electron wave functions of the tip and surface atoms overlap and allow electrons to tunnel across vacuum.
• The tunneling probability decreases by a factor of 100 when retracting the tip by one atom diameter (0.2 nm).
1986 Nobel Prize in Physics to Binnig and
Rohrer
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A significant fraction of our energy consumption goes into producing ammonia for fertili-
zers. Plants need nitrogen in a form that can be biologically converted into proteins. The
triple bond in N2 is too stable for that.
The Haber-Bosch synthesis uses iron oxide as catalyst to break the triple bond in N2 .
High temperature (4000C) and high pressure (200 atmospheres) drive the reaction to the
right side: N2 ammonia nitrites nitrates for fertilizers
Gerhard Ertl received the 2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for
systematically unraveling the molecular reactions underlying
the Haber-Bosch process (1918 Nobel Prize in
Chemistry).
Surface Chemistry of Ammonia Synthesis
N2 + 3 H2 3 NH3
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Density Functional Theory
provides a practical method for calculating
the behavior of electrons in molecules and solids
Walter Kohn, 1998 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
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Quantum Hall EffectPrecision measurements of fundamental constants:
Resistance standard h/e2 , Electromagnetic coupling
constant = e2/ħc
Klaus von Klitzing, Nobel Prize in Physics 1985
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Fractional Quantum Hall EffectExotic forms of matter in two dimensions:
One electron (blue circle) orbits around three magnetic
flux quanta (arrows).
Horst Störmer Dan Tsui Bob Laughlin
Nobel Prize in Physics 2000
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Superconductors and Superfluids
1987 Physics Nobel Prize: Bednorz Müller 2003 Physics Nobel Prize:
Abrikosov
Ginzburg
Legett
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Graphene, a single sheet of graphite
Nobel Prize in Physics 2010
Graphene is extremely strong and
provides a transparent conductor with
high electron mobility. Its E(p) relation is
linear instead of a quadratic, which
causes a different kind of quantum Hall
effect.
Geim and Novoselov
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The only winner of a Nobel Prize and an Ig Nobel (“Ignoble”) Prize
Andre Geim’s frog
levitation experiment:
Same idea as levitating a
piece of superconductor
by a magnetic field. Both
frogs and
superconductors are
diamagnetic. The
induced magnetic field
opposes the inducing
field and leads to
repulsion.
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Fullerenes (Buckyballs)
Zero-dimensional carbon
1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to: Curl
Kroto Smalley
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Quasicrystals
2011 Chemistry Nobel Prize:
Dan Shechtman
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Soft Matter
“Soft” matter does not exhibit the crystalline
order that is characteristic of “hard” matter. Its shape is dominated by entropy rather than energy.
Soft matter lends itself to self-assembly, from block copolymers (AAABBBBB) to living things.
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes received the 1991 Physics Nobel Prize for bringing order
into soft matter.
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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000
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Paper-like Flexible Displays
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Protein Crystallography
• Protein crystallography has become essential for biochemistry, because the structure of a protein determines its function.
• This diffraction pattern of myoglobin contains about 3000 spots. From their intensities one obtains the positions of all the atoms.
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Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA, which led to the double-helix model by Watson and Crick
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Structure of Ion Channels from
X-Ray Crystallography
2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Top view of an ion channel (ion at the
center) Also Prizes in 2012, 2009, 2006, …
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
Use nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of protons in water.
Obtain spatial resolution by varying the magnetic field across the sample.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991
Simultaneous measurement of all frequencies from the Fourier trans-form of a short pulse ( which is a continuous frequency spectrum ) .
Richard Ernst