HIGH-SPEED CISCO

NETWORKS JOHN R. VACCA

A AUERBACH PUBLICATIONS

A CRC Press Company

Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

Contents

Foreword xxvii

Acknowledgments xxix

Introduction xxxi

Section I: High-Speed LAN/WAN Overview 1 High-Speed LAN/WAN Fundamentals 3

Clients and Servers 4 Wiring and Cable 4 Network Interface Cards 5 Hubs 6

Case Example 6 Access Points 6 Switches 6 Routers 7

Case Example 7 High-Speed Networking Technologies Overview 7

High-Speed Local Area Networks: Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet 8 Wireless Connections 8 Remote Access and High-Speed Wide Area Networks 9

Analog Lines 9 ISDN 10 Leased Lines 10 Cable Modem/Router 11 Digital Subscriber Line Service 12

Virtual Private Networks: A Cost-Effective Alternative to Building Your Own WAN 13

How VPNs Keep an Internal Network Safe 14 What You Need to Build a VPN 14

Which Service Is Right for You? 14 IP Telephony 15

IP Telephony Basics 17

v

v i High-Speed Cisco Networks: Planning, Design, and Implementation

Small Enterprise Networking Examples 17 A High-Speed Local Area Network for a Small Office 17 As the Office Network Grows 18

A High-Speed Wireless LAN 19 A Wireless Bridge for Multiple Small Sites 19 A High-Speed Wide Area Network for Multiple Small Sites 21 A High-Performance, High-Speed WAN 21

A Small-Scale VPN 21 Making the Right Connection: Network How-Tos 23

How to Connect to the Internet 23 How to Choose an ISP 24

Price 24 Support 24 Access 24 Performance 24 Service Level Agreements 25 Additional Services 25

How to Create Your Own Web Site 26 Basic Network Design: Issues and Answers 27

A Problem Solver's Guide to Relieving Congestion 27 How to Spot Network Congestion 27

Good Network Design: The 80/20 Rule 29 Giving Your Network a Performance Boost 29

Many Smaller Files 30 Fewer Larger Files 30 Many Larger Files 30 Dedicated Bandwidth to Workgroups and Servers 30 Streaming Multimedia 31

Making the Most of Your Existing Equipment 31 Networking Basics Checklist 31 Overview of Cisco High-Speed WANS 34

ATM 35 ATM Environment 36 Classical IP and ARP 37 Cisco ATM Features 38 ATM Interface Types 39 Virtual Circuits 41 AIP Microcode 41

Frame Relay 42 SMDS 42 LAPB and X.25 45

LAPB Datagram Transport 46 X.25 Datagram Transport 46 X.25 Switch 46 ISDN D Channel 47 PÄD and QLLC 47 Connection-Mode Network Service (CMNS) 47 DDN and BFE X.25 47 X.25 MIB 47

High-Speed Wireless Local Area Networking 47 In-Building High-Speed WLANs 48 Building-to-Building High-Speed WLANs 49 The High-Speed Wireless LAN Standard 50

vii

The Future of High-Speed Wireless Local Area Networking 51 Performance 51 Security 51 Mobility Services 52 Management 52 Price 52

From Here 53

2 Enterprise High-Speed LAN/WAN Cisco Internetworking Technology 55 Routing 56 Bridging 56 Network Management 56 Ethernet 57 Token Ring 57 FDDI 57 HSSI 58 PPP 58 ISDN 59 SDLC 60 The X.25 Protocol 60 The Frame Relay 60 SMDS 61 ATM 61 AppleTalk 63 DECnet 63 IPs 64 NPs 65 OSIPs 65 Banyan VTNES 65 XNS... 65 RIP 66 IGRP 66 OSPF 67 EGP 67 BGP 67 OSIR 68 TBs 68 SRB Algorithm 68 MMB 69 SNMP 69 IBMNM 70 Understanding the Basic Concepts of Internetworking and High-Speed LAN/WAN Management 70

Communicating with the OSI Reference Model 70 Communicating in a Hierarchical Manner 71

Formatting Information 72 Looking at Issues of Compatibility 73 Layering with OSI Layers 74

Defining Very Important Concepts and Terms 76 Addressing Schemes 76 Exchanging Messages, Frames, and Packets 77

Routing 77

viii High-Speed Cisco Networks: Planning, Design, and Implementation

Routing Components 77 Routing Algorithms 78 Routing versus Routed Protocols 80

Bridging 81 Grouping Bridge Types 81

Using Network Management 83 Using Standard Protocols for Accessing High-Speed LAN/WAN Physical Media.... 83

Using Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 84 Connecting the Physically Connected 85

Using Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 86 Using Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 86

Understanding FDDI Specifications 87 Defining High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) 88 Providing Point-to-Point Protocol 89

Establishing the Operation 90 Imposing the Requirements of a Physical Layer 90 Using the Link-Layer PPP 90

Using Standard Protocols to Implement Packet Switching 91 Identifying the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Components 91 Using Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) and Derivatives 93

Operating with the Primary 93 Operating with the Secondary 93 Using Frame Format 93 Defining Derivative Protocols 93

Using X.25 94 Providing the Frame Relay Interface 94

Accessing Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) 96 Communicating with Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 97

Using the ATM Reference Model 98 Sharing Network Resources with AppleTalk 98 Using DECnet 99

Having Media and Link Access 100 Accessing Standard Networking Protocol Stacks that Can Be Routed through an Internetwork Network Layer 100

Using Internet Protocols 101 Specifying NetWare Protocols 102 Identifying OSI Protocols 102 Implementing with Banyan VINES 103 Using Xerox Network Systems (XNS) 104

Using Protocols to Route Information through an Internetwork 105 Using the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 105

Using the RIP Routing Table Format 106 Linking with Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) and Enhanced IGRP 106 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 107 Communicating with the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) 107 Routing with the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 108 Using OSI Routing 109

Using Protocols and Technologies to Provide OSI Layer 2 Connectivity between Subnetworks 110 Analyzing with Transparent Bridging 110

Contents ix

Using Source-Route Bridging 111 Sending Frames with the SRB Algorithm 111

Using Mixed-Media Bridging 112 Running with Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 113

Interfacing with High-Speed LAN/WAN Management Protocols, Architectures, and Technologies 114 From Here 114

3 Major LAN/WAN Standards 117 LAN/WAN Standards Organizations 117

International 119 International Electrotechnical Commission 119 International Organization for Standardization 119 International Telecommunication Union 119 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 120 The Internet Engineering Task Force 120 The Internet Society 120 The World Wide Web Consortium 121 United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 121 Video Electronics Standards Association 121

National 121 Accredited Standards Committee X3 122 American National Standards Institute 122 ASTM 122 Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) 123 Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione (UNI) 123 National Information Standards Organization — United States 123 National Institute of Standards and Technology 123 National Standards Authority of Ireland (NSAI) 123 Standards and Industrial Research of Malaysia (SIRIM) 124 Standards and Metrology Institute (SMIS) 124 Standards Australia (SAA) 124 Standards Council of Canada (SCC) 124

Complying with LAN/WAN Standards 125 ANSI TIA/EIA-568-A 125 ISO/IEC 11801 126

Local Area Network (LAN) Cables 127 IEEE 802.x 129

IEEE 802.1 130 IEEE 802.2 130 IEEE 802.3 131 IEEE 802.3 (Fast Ethernet) 132 IEEE 802.4 133 IEEE 802.5 133 IEEE 802.6 135 EEE 802.11 135 IEEE 802.12 136

FDDI 137 Fundamentals 137 Specifications 138 Configuration 138 Physical Interface 140

X High-Speed Cisco Networks: Planning, Design, and Implementation

Traffic 140 Fault-Tolerant Features 140 Frame 141 CDDI 142

ISDN 142 Concept 143 Channels 144

From Here 144

Section I I : Planning for High-Speed LAN/WAN Systems

4 Developing a High-Speed LAN/WAN Plan with Cisco Technology 149 High-Speed LAN/WAN Planning Products 149

Routers and Servers 151 Switches and Hubs 152 Security and Internet Products 153 Network Management 154 ATM Products 155

Services and Programs 155 IOS Software 156

Assessing High-Speed LAN/WAN Planning Solutions 157 Support Requirements 157

Assessing High-Speed LAN Software and Hardware Planning Solutions 158 Advanced High-Speed LAN Software and Hardware Planning Assessment Methodologies 158 Advanced Installation Services for High-Speed LAN Software and Hardware 159

Staging Consistency across All High-Speed LANs 159 A Single Point of Contact 159 Executing a Smooth, High-Speed LAN Deployment 160

Preparing High-Performance LANs for Advanced Application Support Solutions 160

High-Performance LAN Considerations 162 The Proper Combination of Ethernet Devices: Choose One 163

Assessing WAN Software and Hardware 164 Advanced WAN Auditing Methodologies 164

Tactical and Strategie WAN Reporting 166 WAN Hardware and Software Implementation Services 167

WAN Hardware and Software Implementation Services Features 167 A Single Point of Contact 167 Skilied WAN Engineers 167

Enterprise WAN Building 169 Ownership Benefits 170 Highly Stressed WAN Environment 170 Playing It Safe 171 Extended Enterprise WAN Hardware and Software Solutions 171

From Here 172

5 High-Speed LAN/WAN Cost Justiftcation and Consideration 173 Justification of High-Speed LAN/WAN Operating Costs 174 Financial Considerations and Acquisitions 175 Deriving Benefits 175 Justifying High-Speed LAN/WAN Operating Costs 176

Contents XI

Permitting Longer Passive Fiber Links 176 Analyzing LAN/WAN Costs 177

Utilizing Equipment 177 Taking Advantage of Advantages 178 Centralizing Open Plan Offices 178 Implementing Related Standards 179

Cabling System Financial Considerations during Acquisition 179 Examining Physical Assets 180 Obtaining Franchise Agreements 180 Examining Enterprise Documents 180 Reviewing Debt Agreements 181 Reviewing Other Material Contracts 181 Examining Legal and Regulatory Compliance 181 Pending and Threatened Litigation 181 Reviewing Insurance Coverage, Pension, and Other Benefit Documents 182 Setting Out Letters of Intent 182 Maintaining Confidentiality 183

From Here 184

6 Selection and Procurement of a High-Speed LAN/WAN 185 The Selection and Procurement Problem: Optimizing Availability and Cost 186

Assessing User Requirements 186 User Community Profiles 187 Interviews, Focus Croups, and Surveys 188 Human Factors Tests 188

Assessing Proprietary and Nonproprietary Solutions 188 Assessing Costs 189

Equipment Hardware and Software Costs 189 Performance Trade-off Costs 189 Installation Costs 189 Expansion Costs 189 Support Costs 190 Cost of Downtime 190 Opportunity Costs 190 Sunk Costs 190

Estimating Traffic: Workload Modeling 190 Sensitivity Testing 191

From Here 192

7 Implementing a High-Speed LAN/WAN Technology Plan 193 Schedule Factors 193 User Responsibilities before Installation 193 Responsibilities of the Installer 194 Meet Site Requirements 194 Take Proper Precautions 194 Site Survey 194 High-Speed LAN/WAN Distance Connectivity Limitations and Requirements 194 Interference 195 External Connections 195 Immediate Solutions 195

Configuring Software for On-Site Installation 195 Picking Option 1 195 Picking Option 2 196

XÜ High-Speed Cisco Networks: Planning, Design, and Implementation

Picking Option 3 196 Picking Option 4 196

Scheduling Factors 196 Pricing and Delays 198

Implementing User Responsibilities before Installation 198 Setting Responsibilities for the Installer 198 Meeting Site Requirements 198 Taking Proper Precautions 199

Using Equipment Racks 199 Configuring the Proper Power Requirements 200 Preventing Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Damage : 200

Creating a Site Survey 200 Creating High-Speed LAN/WAN Distance Connectivity: Limitations and Requirements 202

Attaching the Channel 202 Allowing for E1-G.703/G.704 Interfaces 202 Connecting Ethernet 203 Specifying HSSI 203 Specifying Multi-channel 203 Traveling with Serial Signals 204 Synchronizing Optical NETwork (SONET) 204 Defining Token Ring 205

Creating Interference 205 Using External Connections 205 From Here 207

Section I I I : Designing High-Speed LAN/WAN Systems

8 High-Speed LAN/WAN Design Issues 211 Category 211 Topology 211 Distribution Frames 212 Connecting Hardware 212 Installation Planning and Practices 213 Topology 213

Main Types of Physical Topologies 213 Linear Bus 214 Star 214 Star-Wired Ring 214 Tree 215

Application Testing and High-Speed LAN/WAN Ceitification Design Issues 215 High-Speed LAN/WAN Design Documentation Issues 215 High-Speed LAN/WAN Design Standards and Technology Issues 215 Installing Components 216

Employing the lOBaseT Cabling Specification 217 Cabling and Topology 218 Looking at the Advantages and Disadvantages 218 Cabling Considerations 219

Wiring Horizontal Cabling 220 Providing Backbone Cabling for Buildings 222

Installing Multiple Wiring Closets with Backbone Connections 222 Connecting Hardware 223 Using Patch Cables to Connect 225

Contents xiii

Implementing Installation Planning and Practices 227 Identifying the Topology 227

Advantages and Disadvantages of Linear Bus Topology 227 Analyzing the Advantages and Disadvantages of Star Topology 228 Analyzing the Advantages and Disadvantages of Tree Topology 228

Considering the 5-4-3 Rule 228 Testing Applications 228

Addressing High-Speed LAN/WAN Design Standards and Technology Issues 229 From Here 229

9 High-Speed LAN/WAN Design Tools 231 Router 231

IOS Software Benefits 232 Reliable, Adaptive Routing 232 WAN Optimization 233 Management and Security 233 Scalability 234

Using WAN Design Tools 234 Using Other WAN Network Design Tools 235

Supporting Platforms 235 Using the IPX Switch 235 Using the IGX Switch 235 Using the BPX Switch 236 Using the MGX 8220 Edge Concentrator 236 Deploying the Cisco 3810 236 Using FastPAD 237 Using the Port Concentrator Shelf 237

Configuring the Router 237 Using Cisco Configuration Builder 237 Using the Command Interpreter 237

Supporting WAN, IP Routing, and Media Protocols 238 LAN Design Tools 238

Cisco 1020 Overview 240 Supported Protocols 241 Supported Connections and Interfaces 241 Configuration Administrative Options 241

LAN Emulation (LANE) 242 LAN Switching 242

Faster CPUs 242 Faster Operating Systems 243 LAN-Intensive Applications 243

Using Catalyst 5000 Family Modules 243 Using the Catalyst 5000 243 Using Catalyst 5002 244 Using the Catalyst 5500 245 Using the Catalyst 5505 245 Using Catalyst 5509 247

Using the Cisco 1020 247 Routing Specifications 248

Connecting with the 1020 Router 248 Enhancing Security 248 Routing Capabilities 249

x iv High-Speed Cisco Networks: Planning, Design, and Implementation

Supporting Wide-Area Network (WAN) Connectivity 249 Supporting Standards and RFCs 249

Specifiying Cisco 1020 LAN Design Tools 250 Using LAN Emulation (LANE) 250

Implementing LANE Components 250 Using a LANE Client 251 Using the LANE Server 251 Using the LANE Broadcast-and-Unknown Server 251 Using the LANE Configuration Server 251 Handling LANE Operation and Communication 252 Attaching Typical LANE Scenarios 255

Switching the LAN 257 Switching in the Ethernet Environment 257 Understanding Virtual LANs 259

Conflning Broadcast Control 259 Establishing Security 259 Assigning Performance 259 Understanding LAN Management 260

Configuring the Switches 26l Configuring VLANs on Switch A 262 Configuring VLANs on Switch B 263 Configuring VLANs on Switch E 263

From Here 263

10 Designlng the Enterprise High-Speed LAN/WAN Internetwork 265 Large-Scale Internetwork Protocol (IP) LAN/WANS 266

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) Design 266 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Design 266

IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA) 267 Source-Route Bridging (SRB) Design 267 SDLC, STUN, SDLLC, and QLLC Design 268 Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking (APPN) Design 268 Data Link Switching Plus (DLSw+) Design 268

ATM 269 Packet Service 269

Frame Relay Design 270 Dial-on-Demand Routing (DDR) 270 ISDN 271 LAN/WAN System Design Solutions: Design Basics 271

Understanding Basic LAN/WAN System Concepts 272 LAN/WAN Devices 272

Switching 273 Designing Large-Scale IP LAN/WAN Systems 275

Describing LAN/WAN Topology 275 Designing SRB LAN/WAN Systems 276

Using Typical SRB Environments 276 Multiport Bridging 276

Designing SDLC, SDLLC, and QLLC LAN/WAN Systems 277 Tunneling SDLC via STUN 278 Implementing SDLLC 278

Converting QLLC 279 Designing APPN Internetworks 279

Contents XV

Identifying Types of APPN N o d e s 280

Using Local Entry Ne twork ing (LEN) N o d e s 280

Using End N o d e s 280

Managing Ne twork N o d e s 280

Des ign ing DLSW+ In te rne tworks 281

Des ign ing ATM 281

Identifying the Role of ATM in LAN/WAN Systems 281

Suppor t ing Multiservice LAN/WANs 282

Des igning Packet-Service LAN/WAN Systems 282

Des igning Hierarchical LAN/WANs 282

Suppor t ing t he Scalability of Hierarchical LAN/WAN Systems 283

Managing Hierarchical LAN/WAN Systems 284

Opt imiz ing Broadcas t a n d Multicast Control Traffic 284

Designing DDR Internetworks 284 Understanding the DDR Design Stack 285 Forming the Dialer Clouds 285

Designing ISDN 286 Connecting ISDN 287 Encapsulating the Datagram 287 Understanding DDR: Dial-on-Demand Routing 287 Understanding Security Issues 288 Evaluating Cost Containment Issues 288

Designing Switched LAN Systems 288 Designing LAN/WAN Systems for Multimedia 289 From Here 290

Section IV: Installing High-Speed LAN/WAN Systems 11 High-Speed LAN/WAN Installation and Operation 295

Install a Local Area Network 295 Install a Wide Area Network 296 Dial-In Service 296 Software Products 297 Test, Quality Assurance, and Installation Standards 297 Cost Estimates for Equipment 297 Problems that Can Occur during Implementation 298 Installing a High-Speed LAN/WAN System 298

Installing Suggestions: A How-To Solution 299 Wiring Installation Checklist 299 Installing Tips 301 Considering X-ray and Hole Core Drilling 303 Installing Conduit and Fill Guidelines 303 Specifying Flexible Conduit or Innerduct Tubing 304 Grounding, Shielding, and Safety 305 Connecting the Isolated Ground 305

Installing Interbuilding Cables: Outside or Between Buildings 306 Placing Cable 306

Installing Intrabuilding Cable: In-House or Within Buildings 310 Installing General Intrabuilding Cable and Hardware 310 Installing in Raised Floors and Placing Cable Trays 313 Installing in Boxes, Enclosures, and Distribution Frames 313

Installing Equipment Cable 314

xvi High-Speed Cisco Networks: Planning, Design, and Implementation

Installing Horizontal High-Speed LAN/WAN and Hardware 314 Placing the Outlet 315

Sectioning the Cable Plant 315 Specifying Ethernet IEEE 802.3 316 Installing Procedures for 10Base5 Cable 317

Splicing Cable 318 Labeling 318

Drawing Identifiers 318 Building and Floor Identifiers 318 Identifying Telecommunications Closets 319 Identifying Zones 319 Identifying Cable , 319 Labeling Cable 319 Labeling the BIX Panel 319 Identifying the Outlet Box 320 Labeling the Outlet Box 320 Identifying the Jack 320 Labeling the Jack 320 Identifying the Pull Box 320 Labeling the Pull Box 320 Identifying the Riser Cable 321 Labeling the Riser Cable 321 Labeling Equipment Cable 321 Locating the Electrical Outlet, Breaker Label, and Duplex Outlet 321

Installing a Local Area Network 321 Using Ethernet 322 Using Fast Ethernet 322 Using Token Ring 323 Using FDDI/CDDI 323 Using ATM 323

Using LocalTalk 323 Connecting the Equipment Needed on a Workstation 324 Using High-Speed LAN/WAN Equipment 324

Using Patch Panels 325 Using Patch Cables 325 Using Fiber Boxes and Fiber Jumper Cables 325 Using Repeaters 325 Using Switches 326 Using Bridges 326 Using Routers 326 Using GatorStar/GatorBox 327 Using MacLAN Patch Panel 327 Using EtherPrint Boxes 327

Installing High-Speed LAN/WAN System Equipment 328 Configuring High-Speed LAN/WAN System Equipment 328

Installing Wide Area Networks 328 Connecting via the Leased Line .329 Connecting with Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 330 Using Wireless 330 Connecting via Cable TV 330 Connecting via Satellite 330 Connecting via Fiber 331

xvii

Solving Problems that Can Occur during Implementation 332 How to Plan for High-Speed LAN/WAN Installation Problems: TDRS and OTDRS 332 High-Speed LAN/WAN Administration and Control: Advanced Wiring Closet Features 333

Multicast Support 333 COMP 334 NetFlow Feature Card 336 IGMP Snooping 336 Protocol Filtering 337 Quality of Service 337 Reliability 339 Load Sharing Data over Separate Paths 339 Uplink Scalability and Flexibility 340 User Mobility 341 Network Management 341

Lasting Words on Installation and Operation 342 From Here 343

High-Speed LAN/WAN Testing Techniques 345 Chassis Accessibility 345 Cooling and Airflow 345 Power 346 Test High-Speed LAN/WAN Topology Overview 346 Modem Test Requirements 346 Field Testing High-Speed LAN/WAN and Components Prior to Installation 346 Code Compliance and Safety Recommendations and Considerations 347 Creating the Environment 347 Using Power 347 Testing High-Speed LAN/WAN Requirements Techniques 348

Installing FDDI Transmissions 348 Installing CDDI 348 Installing IEEE 802.3 Ethernet lOBaseF Ports 349 Installing Ethernet lOBaseT Ports 349 Installing EIA/TIA-232 Signals 349

Understanding Field Testing of High-Speed LAN/WAN and Components Prior to Installation 349

Understanding the Channel and Basic Link Models 350 Reeognizing Levels of Accuracy 350 Measuring Accuracy 351 Increasing the Accuracy of Length Measurements 352 Preinstalling Field-Testing Fiber-Optic Cabling Systems with EIA/TIA Procedures 352

Testing Passive Link Segments 353 Testing Guidelines for General Preinstallation 353

Adhering to Code Compliance and Safety Recommendations and Considerations 354

Preventing Electrostatic Discharge Damage 356 Online High-Speed LAN/WAN Diagnosis via Digital Signal Processor (DSP)-Based Physical Layers (PHYs) 356

Holding Things Up 357 Breaking from the Normal Course of Things 357 Estimation of Cable Length 357

xviii High-Speed Cisco Networks: Planning, Design, and Implementation

Limitations of Analog PHY 358 Advantage of DSP-Based PHYs 359 Utility Apps Diagnosis 360

From Here 36l

13 High-Speed LAN/WAN Data Compression 363 High-Speed LAN/WAN Growth 363 The Strategie Alternative for Intranets and LANS 364 Fast Ethernet Technology 364 Fast Ethernet Migration 364 High-Speed LAN/WAN Types 365 Access to Bandwidth 365 More Bandwidth Demand 365 Bandwidth Poverty 365 New Online Compressed Satellite Encryption-Based Technology 366 Using the Dominant High-Speed LAN/WAN Technology 366

Considering High-Speed LAN/WAN Reliability 366 Troubleshooting and Management Tools 367 Establishing Scalability 367

Driving High-Speed LAN/WAN Growth 367 Using the Strategie Alternative for Intranets and LANS 368

Using the Ethernet Frame Format 368 Connecting through a Füll- and Half-Duplex Operation 369 Transitioning Management Objects 369 Evaluating the Low Cost of Ownership 370 Supporting New Applications and Data Types 370 Combining Flexible Internetworking and High-Speed LAN/WAN Design 371

Using Fast Ethernet Technology 371 Using Fibre Channel Components 372 Using Fast Ethernet Products 373 Providing Ethernet and Higher-Level Services 374

Facilitating the Quality of Service on Ethernet 374 Determining Layer-3 Functionality 375

Using Fast Ethernet Migration 375 Implementing High-Speed LAN/WAN Types 375 Accessing Bandwidth 376

Using the Backbone or Carrier Service 376 Channelizing 377 Packetizing 377

Bursting: What Is It? 377 Accessing the Data Compression Amplifier 378

Demanding More Bandwidth 378 Presenting More Frames/Packets/Cells 378

Eliminating Bandwidth Poverty 379 Misrepresenting Bandwidth Utilization 379 Misrepresenting the Bandwidth-Intensive Application 380 Designating Horizontal versus Vertical Cable Bandwidth 381 Increasing Horizontal Bandwidth 381 Using the Theoretical Bandwidth of UTP/STP Cable 382 Making Sufficient Strategies Available 383

Using a Real-Time Compression Router 383 Using Real-Time Compression 384

Contents xix

Scanning the Technology Background 384 Designing the Secure Gateway Router 385

Deploying Digital Wireless Communications 387 From Here 389

SectionV: Maintaining High-Speed LAN/WAN Systems

14 Configuring High-Speed LAN/WAN Interfaces 393 Configure an Asynchronous Serial Interface 394 Configure an ATM Interface 394 Configure a Channelized Tl Interface 394 Configure a Channelized El Interface 394 Configure an Ethernet Interface 394 Configure a Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 395 Configure a High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) 395 Configure an ISDN Basic BRI, MBRI, or ISDN PRI Interface 396 Configure a LAN Extender Interface 396 Configure a Loopback Interface 396 Configure a Null Interface 397 Configure a Synchronous Serial Interface 397 Configure a Token Ring Interface 397 Configure a Tunnel Interface 398 Understanding High-Speed LAN/WAN Interface Configuration 398 Configuring an Asynchronous Serial Interface 399

Specifying Asynchronous Serial Interface 1 400 Configuring Asynchronous Serial Encapsulation 400 Configuring the Addressing Method 400 Configuring DHCP 400 Configuring Dedicated or Interactive Mode 401 Enable Asynchronous Routing and Connection to Remote Routers via PPP or SLIP 401

Configuring a Channelized El Interface 402 Configuring a Channelized Tl Interface 402 Configuring an Ethernet Interface 403

Configuring the Ethernet Interface Task List 403 Specifying an Ethernet Interface 403

Configuring Ethernet Encapsulation 404 Configuring the Ethernet Network Interface Module on the Cisco 4000 404 Extend the lOBaseT Capability 404

Configuring a Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 405 Configuring a High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) 405

Configuring the HSSI Task List 406 Specifying an HSSI 406 Specifying HSSI Encapsulation 406 Invoking ATM on an HSSI Line 407 Converting HSSI to Clock Master 407

Configuring a LAN Extender Interface 407 Configuring a Loopback Interface 408 Configuring a Null Interface 408 Configuring a Synchronous Serial Interface 409

Specifying a Synchronous Serial Interface 409 Configuring a Token Ring Interface 409

XX High-Speed Cisco Networks: Pfenning, Design, and Implementation

Configuring a Tunnel Interface 410 Configuring Subinterfaces 411 Configuring Features Available on Any Interface 412

Add a Description for an Interface 412 Configuring MOP 412 Controlling Interface Hold-Queue Limits 413 Setting the Bandwidth 413 Setting the Interface Delay 414 Adjusting Timers 414 Limiting Transmit Queue Size 414 Adjusting the Maximum Packet Size or MTU Size 415

Configuring Dial Backup Service 415 Understanding Online Insertion and Removal (OIR) 4l6 Understanding Fast, Autonomous, and SSE Switching Support 417 Monitoring and Maintaining the Interface 417

Monitoring the Interface Port 417 Configuring LAN Interfaces 419

Configure an Ethernet or Fast Ethernet Interface 419 High-Speed Interconnections 419 Local Area Network Aggregation 420 VLAN Routing 420

Configure a Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 421 Configure a Hub Interface 421 Configure a LAN Extender Interface 421 Configure a Token Ring Interface 421

Configuring an Ethernet or Fast Ethernet Interface 421 Ethernet and Fast Ethernet Interface Configuration Task List 422 Specify an Ethernet or Fast Ethernet Interface 422 Specify the Media and Connector Type (Cisco 4000) 423 Configure the lOOVG-AnyLAN Port Adapter 423

Configuring a Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 424 Configuring a Hub Interface 425

Enable a Hub Port 425 Disable or Enable Automatic Receiver Polarity Reversal 426 Disable or Enable the Link Test Function 426 Enable Source Address Control 427 Enable SNMP Illegal Address Trap 427

Configuring a LAN Extender Interface 428 Configuring a Token Ring Interface 428

Specify a Token Ring Interface 428 Enable Early Token Release 428 Configure PCbus Token Ring Interface Management 430

Configuring WAN Interfaces 430 Configure ATM 431 Configure DDR 431 Configure Frame Relay 431 Configure ISDN 432 Configure LAN Emulation (LANE) 432 Configure PPP for Wide Area Networking 432 Configure SMDS 433 Configure X.25 and LAPB 433

Contents xxi

Configuring and Using ATM 433 ATM Environment 434

Configuring and Controlling DDR 435 Controlling Access for DDR 436

Dialer Access Lists and Dialer Access Groups 436 Address Mapping 437 CHAP 437

Configuring and Accessing Frame Relay 437 Configuring and Using ISDN 439

Configuring and Using LAN Emulation (LANE) 440 Configuring and Using PPP for Wide Area Networking 441 Configuring and Using SMDS 441 Configuring and Using LAPB and X.25 442 LAPB Datagram Transport 442

X.25 Datagram Transport 443 X.25 Switch 443 PÄD and QLLC 443 Connection-Mode Network Service (CMNS) 443 DDN and BFE X.25 444 X.25 MIB 444

From Here 444

15 Certification of High-Speed LAN/WAN System Performance 445 Fiber-Optic High-Speed LAN/WAN Fault Detection with OTDR 445

When a High-Speed LAN/WAN Fault Occurs 446 Locating High-Speed LAN/WAN Faults Precisely 446

How Faults Are Detected 446 Toward Extremely High-Speed Transmission 447

System Testing and Troubleshooting 447 High-Speed LAN/WAN System Testing and Tuning for Certification 447

Coordinating Work 448 Do Your Homework 448 High-Speed LAN/WAN System Measuring 449 Locating Faults 449 Inventory Protocols 450 Pinging Tests 450 PC Overload 451 Routing Traffic 451 Increase Performance 452 A J o b Well Done 452

High-Speed LAN/WAN System Troubleshooting 452 Focus on Symptoms, Causes, and Actions 453

General Problem-Solving Model 453 Problem-Solving Model Components 453

Preparing for High-Speed LAN/WAN System Failure 455 Troubleshooting Tools 456

Specialized Items 457 Tracer Probes 457 Shared Tools 457 Information Tools 458 Using Cisco Diagnostic Tools 458

xxii High-Speed Cisco Networks: Planning, Design, and Implementation

Using Show Commands 458 Using Debug Commands 459 Using Ping and Trace Commands 460 Using Core Dumps 460 Diagnosing Cisco Hardware 460 Physically Inspecting Your System 460 Applying Power and Evaluating the System 464 Testing and Verifying Operation 465 Identifying LAN Problems 466 Troubleshooting the Workstation 466 Troubleshooting the Segment 467 Token Ring Faults 468 Troubleshooting the High-Speed LAN/WAN System 469 Using CiscoWorks to Troubleshoot Your Internet 469 Using CiscoWorks to Troubleshoot Connectivity Problems 470 Using CiscoWorks to Troubleshoot Performance Problems 470 Using Third-Party Troubleshooting Tools 471 Time-Domain Reflectometer (TDR) 471 Optical Power Source and Meter 471 Oscilloscope 472 Breakout Box (BOB) 472 LAN Analyzer 472 WAN/Serial Line Analyzer 472 Troubleshooting Media Problems 472

Loss Testing: Certifying Copper and Fiber 472 Analyzing Test Results 475

Documenting and Testing the Fiber-Optic High-Speed LAN/WAN System 475 Certifying Your System Performance 476

TSB-67 Compliant Autotest Execution Time 477 Fast Autotest 477 Overall Test Time Optimization 478

Cable ID Auto-Increment 478 TSB-67 and Level I and II Testing 478

Testing Issues 478 TSB-67 Generated 479

Basic Link 479 Channel 479

Two Testing Accuracy Levels: TSB-67 Level I And II 480 From Here 480 Notes 481

SectionVI: Future Directions

16 High-Speed LAN/WAN Internetworking Applications 485 RIP and OSPF Redistribution 486

Configuring a RIP Network 486 Adding OSPF to the Center of a RIP Network 486 Adding OSPF Areas 489

ICMP Router Discovery Protocol (IRDP) 490 Proxy Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 490 Setting Up Mutual Redictribution 491

Dial-on-Demand Routing 491 Having the Central Site Dial Out 493

Contents XXIII

Configuring One Interface per Remote Site 493 Configuring a Single Interface for Multiple Remote Sites 495 Configuring Multiple Interfaces for Multiple Remote Sites 497

Having the Central and Remote Sites Dial In and Dial Out 499 Configuring One Interface per Remote Site 500 Configuring a Single Interface for Multiple Remote Sites 500 Configuring Multiple Interfaces for Multiple Remote Sites 500

Having Remote Sites Dial Out 501 Configuring Multiple Interfaces for Multiple Remote Sites 501

Using DDR as a Backup to Leased Lines 501 Floating Static Routes 502

Using Leased Lines and Dial Backup 502 DTR Dialing 502 Central Site 502 Remote Sites 503 V.25bis Dialing 503

Increasing Security on IP High-Speed LAN/WAN Networks 503 Understanding Cisco's Approach to High-Speed LAN/WAN Network Security 504

Know Your Enemy 504 Count the Cost 505 Identify Your Assumptions 505 Control Your Secrets 505 Remember Human Factors 505 Know Your Weaknesses 506 Limit the Scope of Access 506 Understand Your Environment 506 Limit Your Trust 506 Remember Physical Security 507 Security Is Pervasive 507

Controlling Access to Cisco Routers 507 Console Access 508 Telnet Access 509 Terminal Access Controller Access Control System (TACACS) 513 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Access 515 Controlling Access to Network Servers that Contain Configuration Files .... 516 Setting Up Your Firewall Architecture 517

Controlling Traffic Flow 517 Configuring the Firewall Router 518 Defining Access Lists 519 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Port 522 Applying Access Lists to Interfaces 522 Filtering TCP and UDP Services 523 CERT Advisory 524 Input Access Lists 524

Securing Nonstandard Services 525 Integrating Enhanced IGRP into Existing High-Speed LAN/WAN Networks 526

IP Network 527 Configuring an IGRP Network 527 Adding Enhanced IGRP to IGRP Networks 528 Adding Enhanced IGRP to a Single IGRP Network 528 Adding Enhanced IGRP to Multiple IGRP Networks 530

xxiv High-Speed Cisco Networks: Planning, Design, and Implementation

Route Selection 533 Metrie Handling 533 Redistribution 533 Route Summarization 534 Redistribution between Enhanced IGRP and RIP 535

Novell IPX Network 538 Configuring a Novell IPX Network 538 Adding Enhanced IGRP to a Novell IPX Network 539 Route Selection 543 Redistribution and Metrie Handling 543 Reducing SAP Traffic 547

AppleTalk Network 550 Configuring an AppleTalk Network 550 Adding Enhanced IGRP to an Appletalk Network 551 Route Selection 553 Metrie Handling 553 Redistribution 553

Reducing SAP Traffic in Novell IPX Networks 554 UDP Broadcast Flooding 555 STUN for Front-End Processors 558

Basic STUN 558 SDLC STUN 558 SDLC-Transmission Group STUN 558

Using ISDN Effectively in Multi-protocol Networks 558 Using HSRP for Fault-Tolerant IP Routing 559 LAN Switching 562

Faster CPUs 562 Faster Operating Systems 562 Network-Intensive Applications 562

Multicasting in IP and Appletalk Networks 563 Unicast 563 Broadcast 563 Multicast 564

Scaling Dial-on-Demand Routing 564 RIP and OSPF Redistribution 564 Using the Border Gateway Protocol for Interdomain Routing 565 From Here 565

17 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations 567 Summary: Symptoms 567 Conclusions: Problems 568 Recommendations: Solutions 570

Other Cisco Internetworking Recommendations 571 Access VPDN Solutions 571 Broadband/Cable Solutions 572 Dial Solutions 572 Interdomain Multicast Solutions 573 IP Multicast Solutions 573 Quality-of-Service Solutions 573 Security Solutions 574 Voice-over-IP Solutions 575 Basic IP Modem Services 575 NetFlow Services Solutions 575

Contents XXV

SectionVIl: Appendices Appendix A Glossary 581 Appendix B LAN/WAN Interface Configuration Task List 607

Appendix C LAN Interface Configuration Examples 619

Appendix D WAN Interface Configuration Examples 627

Appendix E List of WAN Application Design Tools 635

Index 637