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High-Skilled Human Resources Needed in Emerging ASEAN Community

December 13, 2014

Naoki Umemiya, Ph.D.

JICA Expert/Visiting Associate Professor

Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology

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OUTLINE

I. Issues faced by higher education sector in emerging ASEAN Community

II. JICA’s strategy and profile in higher education

III. Cases

1. AUN/SEED-Net Project

2. Malaysia-Japan International Institute of

Technology

IV. Conclusion

Issues Faced by Higher Education Sector in Emerging ASEAN Community

Issue 1 Advancement of industry in the region

The integration of the regional economy and the technology level in Southeast Asia have been progressively advanced in the past ten years, and is likely to grow further. Each government acknowledges importance of human resource development to support high-value-added industry for advancement of the economy, prioritizing improvement of higher education as one of the critical policies.

Issue 2 Importance to address global issues

It is becoming increasingly important to address global issues such as air and environmental pollution and climate change. Since ASEAN is rich in natural materials and resources for renewable energy, the needs for studies on the practical use of these materials will further increase.

Issue 3 Importance to enhance R&D in science and technology

The main portion of global R&D in science and technology is conducted by the U.S.A. and Europe. These countries attract many international students and researchers , including many from Asia. 3

Issue 1： Advancement of Industry in the Region

The integration of the regional economy and the technology level in Southeast Asia have been progressively advanced over the past ten years, and is likely to grow further.

With expansion and diversification of the ASEAN market, the region has evolved from being a “base for manufacturing” into a “base for the development” of local products. While most of the Japanese companies conduct basic /applied research in Japan, more companies conduct design and production development locally in emerging countries to meet the local needs.

Each government acknowledges importance of human resource development to support high-value-added industry for advancement of the economy, prioritizing improvement of higher education as one of the critical policies.

R&D Base of Japanese Manufacturing Corporations

Trend of Intra-Regional Trade in ASEAN

（Year）

(%)

Source: Direction of Trade Statistics , IMF, 2000-2010

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(N=571)

(N=570)

(N=567)

(N=578)

* Multiple answers allowed

%

Source: JBIC (2010) Survey on overseas activities of Japanese manufacturing companies

Issue 2：Importance to Address Global Issues in the region

It has become increasingly important to address common global issues in the region such as air/environmental pollution, climate change, flood, disaster mitigation and energy due to rapid increase of population/urbanization and based on various multilateral agreements on those issues.

Since ASEAN is rich in natural materials and resources for renewable energy, the needs for studies on the practical use of these materials will further increase.

Major Common Issues across ASEAN

Major Multilateral Environmental Agreements

Ratio of Ratified/Acceded by ASEAN

Vienna Convention 100%

Montreal Protocol 100%

UNFCCC 100%

Kyoto Protocol 100%

Convention of Biological Diversity 100%

Stockholm Convention 80%

Basel Convention 80%

Ramsar Convention 70%

Source： Fourth ASEAN State of the Environment Report, 2009

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Area Country and Region Common Issue

Disaster Mitigation

Indonesia, Vietnam, Laos Frequent forest fire

Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia Insufficient prevention against flood

The Mekong Basin (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam)

Frequent flood

Environment The Mekong Basin (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam)

Scarcity of water in dry season

Serious water contamination

Vietnam, Indonesia Low achievement in reducing CO2 emission

Laos, Vietnam Deforestation

Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam Industrial waste disposal

Vietnam, Indonesia Insufficient adoption of alternative energy

Logistics, Traffic/Transportation Planning

The Mekong Basin (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam)

Time-consuming logistics

Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam Traffic problem due to rapid urbanization

Source: Basic Information Survey for ASEAN University Network/Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network Project, 2011

Commitment for Global Issues in ASEAN

Issue 3： Importance to Enhance R&D in Science and Technology (1)

R&D activities in science and technology in ASEAN are still limited compared to other regions such as USA and Europe.

Many Asian human resources move to outside the region. Intra-regional research cooperation in ASEAN is limited.

Publication on Science & Technology by Major Countries/Regions (2008）

Major Destinations of Mobile Students from East Asia and the Pacific （2008）

Country/Region Number of Publication

EU 434,375 U.S.A. 272,879

ASEAN countries excluding Brunei and Singapore

9,159

Japan 74,618 Source：UNESCO Science Report 2010

Country/Region of Destination

Number of Students from

East Asia and the Pacific

Ratio（％）

U.S.A. 267,367 31.58

West Europe 178,222 21.05

Australia, New Zealand

156,598 18.50

Japan 111,949 13.22

East Asia and the Pacific

93,186 11.01

Source：Global Education Digest , UNESCO 2010

Country Ratio of Int’l Co-Authorship (%)

1 2 3

Malaysia 48.4 China (18.0) U.K. (12.8) India (12.6) Thailand 56.6 U.S.A. (34.6) Japan (22.7) U.K. (12.1)

Indonesia 88.8 Japan (28.1) U.S.A. (22.1) Australia

(22.1) Philippines 71.9 U.S.A. (32.6) Japan (25.0) China (7.2) Vietnam 62.1 Japan (19.1) U.S.A. (15.3) France (14.6) Cambodia 93.9 U.S.A. (26.9) France (19.9) Japan (15.1)

Top 3 Countries for International Co-Authorship with ASEAN Countries （1998-2008）

Source：UNESCO Science Report 2010 6

Issue 3： Importance to Enhance R&D in Science and Technology (2)

Higher education sector has been growing at a rapid pace in recent years in every country in ASEAN.

High-skilled human resources and researchers still lack and many higher education institutions face quality problems in terms of academic/administrative staff, facility, network with international/regional academic communities, etc.

Gross Enrolment Rate of Higher Education in ASEAN (%)

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（Source) Data Center of UNESCO Institute of Statistics.

Number of Researchers per Million Inhabitants （2007）

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

EU U.S.A. Average ofMalaysia,

Philippines,Thailand

Japan

3,069

4,463

255

5,573

Source：UNESCO Science Report 2010 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Brunei

Cambodia

Indonesia

Laos

Malaysia

Myanmar

Philippines

Thailand

Viet Nam

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OUTLINE

I. Issues faced by higher education sector in emerging ASEAN Community

II. JICA’s strategy and profile in higher education

III. Cases

1. AUN/SEED-Net Project

2. Malaysia-Japan International Institute of

Technology

IV. Conclusion

• Surging needs of industry for high skilled human resources

• Need for research for innovation

• Increased importance to address global issues

• To develop high-skilled human resources in science and technology

• To promote science and technology

• Its own experience of successfully developing engineering HR and using this as a foundation for technological advancement in industry

Advantage of Japan

To strengthen leading institutions

To develop regional academic network

Including Japan

To support study abroad program

To Japan

Needs of Partner Countries

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Objectives

JICA’s Strategy

Objectives & Strategy of JICA’s Support for Higher Education in science and technology

• Promote brain circulation between partner countries and Japan

• Establish foundation of lasting academic network between universities of partner countries and Japan

• Strengthen leading institution of each country

• Improve higher education sector as a whole

（Spill-over effect）

• Develop high-skilled human resources for industry

• Strengthen cooperation between partner countries and Japan in science and technology

• Develop academic network between leading universities in partner countries and Japan

2. To develop regional academic network

Including Japan

1. To strengthen leading institutions

3. To support study abroad programs

to Japan

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JICA’s Strategies in Higher Education Sector

Vietnam •Hanoi University of Technology and Science (IT field): loan &TA •Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (heavy-chemical sector): TA •Scholarship for governmental officials (JDS): Grant

Afghanistan • Promotion and Enhancement of

Afghan Capacity for Effective Development (scholarship): TA

India •Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IIT-H): Loan & TA

Egypt •Establishment of Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST): TA

Timor Leste •Capacity Development of the Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology, the National University of Timor-Lorosa‘e: TA & Grant

Laos •Scholarship for governmental officials (JDS): Grant •Faculty of Management and Administration in Savannakhet Univ: TA

Indonesia •Institute of Technology Bandung: Loan •Indonesia University (health): Loan •Hasanuddin University: Loan & TA •Scholarship for government officials (PHRDP III~V): Loan •Institute of Technology Surabaya : TA •Indonesia Accreditation Board on Engineering Education (IABEE): TA

Malaysia •Scholarship for twinning programs (HELP III): loan •Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT): Loan & TA

Southeast Asia Region •AUN/SEED-Net (ASEAN University Network/Southeast Asia Engineering Education Network) Phase-3: TA (26 ASEAN univ. & 14 Japanese univ.)

Cambodia •Institute of Technology of Cambodia: Grant & TA •Scholarship for governmental officials (JDS): Grant

As of November 2014

Africa [54 countries] • African Business Education (ABE)

Initiative for Youth: Master’s Program & Internship Program: TA

Myanmar •Yangon Technological University & Mandalay Technological University: Grant &TA •Scholarship for governmental officials (JDS): Grant

Rwanda • Tumba Technical College: TA

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Mongolia •National University of Mongolia & Mongolia University of Science & Technology: Loan •Scholarship for governmental officials (JDS): Grant

JICA’s Profile in Higher Education in Science and Technology

Philippines •Senior High School Modeling in Selected Tech & Vocational High School: TA •Scholarship for governmental officials (JDS): Grant

Kenya •Pan Africa University – Science, Technology & Innovation (PAUSTI) @ Jomo Kenyatta Univ. of Agr. & Tech: TA

*JDS (Japanese Grant Aid for Human Resource Development Scholarship) is provided to Other countries such as Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Ghana.

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OUTLINE

I. Issues faced by higher education sector in emerging ASEAN Community

II. JICA’s strategy and profile in higher education

III. Cases

1. AUN/SEED-Net Project

2. Malaysia-Japan International Institute of

Technology

IV. Conclusion

The project has been implemented since 2001 aiming at developing engineering human resources required for social and economic development of ASEAN through educational and research capacity enhancement of Member Institutions in ASEAN, and strengthening a network among Member Institutions and Japanese Supporting Universities. Currently Phase III of the project (March 2013-March2018 ) is being implemented.

Leading Engineering Institutions in each

ASEAN country

Project Outline

1. Improvement of Quality of Academic Staff About 900 academic staff at Member Institutions have obtained opportunities to study for master’s degree and/or Ph.D. at leading universities in Southeast Asia or Japan. 2. Improvement of Quality of Research Research capacity of academic staff at Member Institutions has been strengthened by collaborative research with Japanese universities and implementation of academic conferences. More than 700 collaborative research projects have been undertaken and more than 1000 academic papers have been published. 3. Establishment of Network A human resources network has been developed by the project, and participated by 400 ASEAN and 200 Japanese academic staff. An international academic journal has been published since 2011.

Achievements

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Hanoi University of Technology Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

University of the Philippines - Diliman De La Salle University Mindanao State University-Illigan Institute of Technology

National University of Singapore Nanyang Technological University

•Hokkaido University •Keio University •Kyoto University •Kyushu University •Nagoya University •National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies

•Osaka University •Shibaura Institute of Technology

•Tohoku University •Tokai University •Tokyo Institute of Technology

•Toyohashi University of Technology

•University of Tokyo •Waseda University National University of Laos

University of Yangon Yangon Technological University

Institut Teknologi Bandung Gadjah Mada University Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Universitas Indonesia

Universiti Brunei Darussalam Institut Teknologi Brunei

Universiti Sains Malaysia Universiti Malaya Universiti Putra Malaysia Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Institute of Technology of Cambodia

10 ASEAN countries：

26 Member Institutions

Japan： 14 Supporting

Universities

Chulalongkorn University King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Burapha University Kasetsart University King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Thammasat University

CASE 1: AUN/SEED-Net Project (ASEAN University Network/ Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network)

Framework of SEED-Net Master’s/Doctoral Programs + Collaborative Research + Networking

留学生の 研究参加

Master’s/Doctoral programs in ASEAN

Collaborative Research

Co-supervision

Inter-University Network

Advanced ASEAN Countries*

Host U.

Sending U. mainly in CLMV**

Japanese U.

Field-wise Regional Conference Japanese staff dispatch

Short-term visits to Japan Short-term visits in ASEAN

Networking

Sending staff Sending staff

14 * Advanced ASEAN countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore & Thailand

** CLMV: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar & Vietnam

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Japan Singapore Vietnam Laos Cambodia Myanmar

Junior ASEAN Senior ASEAN

Malaysia Thailand Philippines Indonesia

128

128

28

42

70

90

31

6

121

16

57

22

175

11

232

20

31

179

119

94

25

31

22

9

126

95

31 34

122

90

32

213

117

96

69

110 33

98

132

66

796 scholarships （Master: 496 PhD: 300）

Total Master sending

PhD sending

Master hosting

PhD hosting

33

Number of Supported Scholars（Mar 2003～Feb 2012）

CASE 2: Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT)

Electronic Systems Engineering

Mechanical Precision Engineering

Environmental &Green Technology

Management of Technology

Undergraduate Graduate

ESE

MPE

Chemical Process Engineering （Sep 2013）

Master PhD

By research

By research

Mixed mode

Area/Field

Study at Japanese University for 3-12 months （Joint Supervision）

●Number of students Undergraduate: 514 （including 9 international students), Graduate: 320 (including 59 international students)

●Number of academic staff 79 (including 21 Japanese staff) *as of October, 204

Established in September, 2011, under University Teknologi Malaysia, as a joint-venture of Malaysian and Japanese governments, to cultivate human resources with high level of technological and research capability as well as good working culture, by establishment of UG and PG programmes with Japanese style engineering education

Objective

Vision 2020 and Look East Policy of Malaysia

• Malaysia’s vision 2020 aiming at fully developed country by 2020

• Needs for restructuring current export-oriented economy relying on manufacturing industry to value-added industry with R&D

• Industry needs high skilled human resources both with technical skills and soft skills

• Look East Policy to learn from Japanese technology, Japanese values and work ethics

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Research-based education. Inculcating

positive Japanese working culture and ethics thru

lab-based education

Strong industry linkage. Incorporation

of Industry-based research and design

projects

Joint degree / Double degree programs

Public/industry lecture series - constant

update on technology

Students attachment/mobility in

Japan – joint-supervision & exchange

program

Industrial training at Japanese campanies in

Malaysia or Japan

Japanese values

Education that comply with Malaysian Qualifications Agency and Engineering

Accreditation Council requirements

Curriculum -Basic Japanese language & soft skill development

for UG

MJIIT Education: Innovative Japanese-style Education

MJIIT’s Collaboration with Japan

【Period】December, 2011〜June, 2018

【Budget】Total 750 mil RM （350 mil RM by Malaysian government for building, salary of staff, fellowship for study abroad, etc. and 6700 mil JPY by Yen Loan ）

◎ Yen Loan ・Equipment ・Consulting Service

【Period】 July, 2013〜July, 2018

【Budget】 325 mil JPY

【Inputs】 JICA Experts, Training of MJIIT staff

JICA

Japanese University Consortium

- Consortium of 25 universities

- Dispatch of Japanese academic staff (21 as of October 2014）

- Receiving students from MJIIT

- Collaborative research, etc.

◎ Technical Cooperation

- Donation by Japanese Chamber of Trade and Industry, Malaysia

- Industry representatives’ participation in Advisory Panel

- Acceptance of students as interns

Industry

- Japan ASEAN Integration Fund (JAIF) to provide 25 scholarships for master students from ASEAN to study at MJIIT

- JASSO fellowships and JST Sakura Exchange Program to support for MJIIT students to go to Japanese universities for short-term attachment

- JSPS Re-inventing Japan Program to support student exchange, etc.

Japanese Government

Conclusion

• High-skilled human resources in science and technology with global perspective and soft skills are needed in an emerging ASEAN Community, who can contribute to development of value-added-industry and to research activities on global issues commonly faced by the region.

• Regional and international cooperation in higher education is more important than ever, to develop such high-skilled human resources, and to promote people-to-people connectivity.

• AIMS and other programs that promote regional/international cooperation in higher education can take an important role in this context.

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Thank you very much for your attention.

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