International Symposium on Educational Reform for 2009(March 14, 2009)

High School/University Collaboration ;Trends and Cases

in The Republic of KoreaDr. Chung, KwangHee (鄭廣姫)

( Korean Educational Development Institute )

Contents

Why now the "High School/University Collaboration"? 1

2

3

4

5

Characteristics of the "High School/University Collaboration" in The Republic of Korea, and Challenges Facing the Partnership

KEDI's "High School/University Collaboration Study"

Cases of the "High School/University Partnership" in The Republic of Korea

Current Situation of High Schools and Universities in The Republic of Korea

•Distorted implementation of high-school curriculum (Subordinated to university entrance examinations) •Declining levels of academic ability of newly-enrolled university students •Newly-enrolled university students' maladjustment to their school environment and transfer to another school or department

Weakening educational function of high schools and

universities

•Counseling on the choice of university and selection of students, mainly based on their academic performance/test scores •Weakening function of selecting students eligible for taking university entrance examinations and linking high school and university education •Diversifying selective subjects at high school and university's lack of understanding of the diversification •Diversifying ways of screening in the university entrance examination process and difficulty for high schools to provide proper counseling on the choice of university

Educational segmentation between high

school and university

•Swelling "private tutoring" and entrance-examination industry •Declining age of examination takers in competition for admission and rising stress levels related to entrance examination.

Excessive competition for admission to university and serious social effec

ts

Why now the "High School/University Collaboration"?

Restoration of the educational functions of high schools and universities (Improvement and cooperation)

Improved university entrance examinations, and exchange of

information and dialogue

Obligation to society

4

Current Situation of High-School Education

Excessive competition for admission to university

and swelling "private tutoring"

High school leveling policy, and problems

Restricted right to select schoolStandardized school education

Insufficient response to diversified demand and learning levels, and rising dissatisfaction with school education

Education focused on entrance examinationsEducation by rote memory and by rote learningDeclining age of examination takers in competiti

on for admission to university, and prior learningDifferentials in academic ability between

classes of society

1. Why now the high school/university collaboration?

Difficulty to properly conduct high-school education, weakened educat

ional function

School-diversification policy and problems Competition for admission to high school to which

applicants are entitled Prior learning and the problem of "private tutoring"

Difference in academic ability between social classes

55.0% of all high school students, (62.0% for original H.S.)

4.5 hours per week, average

Reasons: ent. Exam (59.0%), cover daily class (20.4%)、pre

-study (13.2%)、because of anxiety(6.8%)

197,000 won per month

(average among users; 388,000 wong )

50.4 out of 100 pointsContent for school：43.5 %Content for private tutoring：55.3 %

｢2008年度韓国民の教育満足度調査｣(対象：初中高生のn=5,217人)

Korean Students’ Status in Testing.

Math２位, Science 4位

Confidence and Interest in Math 43位

Confidence in Science 27位、care 29位(29カ国)

Reading １位(日本15位) (2003/2位)Math Literacy 4位(日本10位) (2003/3位)Science Literacy 11位(日本6位) (2003/4位)

Interest and care for Science 55位、Delight of Science 51位Confidence in Science 53位／57ヶ国

Comparison of Students’ learning time.

Current Situation of Universities in KoreaHigh ratio of students going on to university (2008: 83.8%)

Phenomenon of lowering levels of academic ability of university students －Seoul University: Increased number of newly-enrolled students failing to meet minimum aca

demic-ability requirement in math exam (13 to 14% of the total) －Universities need to respond to their newly-enrolled students lacking basic academic ability. ：Student Tutor Program introduced by College of Natural Sciences, Seoul University ・Subjects offered: Mathematics, physics, biology, and chemistry

University‘s student selection based mainly on their test scores, and ranking of universities－Phenomenon of bipolarization due to university preference (Universities to which competition for admission is excessive: Universities not meeting their quota)－Declining sense of purpose and motivation to learn

－University student's lack of ability to learn on his or her own initiative : Phenomenon of "cram-school poisoning" of students accustomed to preparing for entrance

examinations and attending cram schools

Problem of students transferring to another university after admission: Increased number of students absent from school and transfer students (About 10% of newly-

enrolled students)

Excessive competition for admission to university and swelling "private tutoring"

Competitive Indexes of Korean Education(IMD2007)

Competition for Admission：4th／55

Education Service：35th

College Power：40th

Accountability of Colleges to

Socioeconomic Needs：53rd

Toward Educational ImprovementsToward Authentic Achievement

High-school education chiefly geared to university entrance examinations

(Academic ability to answer examination questions only)

Counseling on the choice of university, based on aptitude of interest

Counseling on the choice of university, based mainly on academic

performance

Functions to link high school and university education and to select students

eligible for university enrollment

Function of entrance examinations to rank universities

Effort to educational collaboration through mutual understanding and cooperation

Educational segmentation between high school

and university

Toward educational cooperation based on public obligation of high schools

and universities to society

Shifting of responsibility between high school and university in educational distrust

Initiation of study into KEDI's "high-school/university collaboration for normalizing high-school education and for selecting students eligible for university enrollment

(From 2004) → Win-win project for high schools and universities

KEDI's Study on "High School/University Collaboration"

From 2004 Onward

Meaning of "Articulation"

With each other‘s unique presence, to accomplish students' seamless transition, under collaboration of both systems.

Articulation and partnership

Chung 200４,2005

Methods of KEDI's "High School/University Collaboration"Conte

nt Parameter ClassificationDegree of collaboration Strong collaboration vs. weak collaboration

Leader (Entity sending out information and implementing educational programs)

Led by high school (including LEA) vs. Led by university

Time of collaboration Before university's selection of students vs. after the selection

Utilization of collaboration results

Reflected in university entrance examination process vs. high-school credits recognized by university vs. high-school credits yet to be recognized by university

Scope School collaboration vs. regional collaboration* Chung, KwangHee and et al. (2004 and 2005), Study into "High School/University Collaboration" Initiatives for Normalization of High-School Education and Selection of Students Eligible for University Enrollment

Educ

atio

nal p

rogr

am

Models of KEDI's High School/University Collaboration

(Chung, KwangHee)

After selection of

students University

High school

－

－

Model 10

Model 8

Model 9

Model 7

Model 5 Model 6

No reflection of university entrance examination or credit

Recognized as credits after university en

rollment

Reflected in university entrance examination

process

Weak ← Degree of collaboration → Strong Collaboration

leader Time of

collaboration

At national level

University Model 4

Model 3Model 2Before selection of

students

High school Model 1

At school level

At regional level

Participants in High School/University Collaboration

連携高校の単位

特定高校 多数の高校

連携

大学

の

単位

特定大学

Ⅰ

特定高校と特定大学

1:1 連携

Ⅱ

多数の高校と特定大学

多:1 連携

多数大学

Ⅲ

特定高校と多数の大

学1:多 連携

Ⅳ

多数の高校と多数の大学

多:多 連携

* Chung, KwangHee and et al. (2004 and 2005), Study into "High School/University Collaboration" Initiatives forNormalization of High-School Education and Selection of Students Eligible for University Enrollment

Credits of implementation for participating high schools

Particular high school Many high schools M

any

univ

ersi

ties

Part

icul

ar

univ

ersi

ties A single particular high

school and a single particular university

1:1 collaboration

Many high schools and a single particular university

Many:1 collaboration

A single particular high school and many universities

1: Many collaboration

Many high schools and many universities

Many: Many collaboration

Cre

dit o

f im

plem

enta

tion

for

part

icip

atin

g un

iver

sitie

s

Scope of High School/University Collaboration and Manner of Its Implementation

区分 適用方式

連携適用単位 学校連携・地域連携高校：大学の適用範囲

（1：1連携、1：多連携、多：１、多：多）

利用時間代 正規授業時間、放課後時間、週末、夏・冬休み

施行の期間 一回、短期、長期（学期、学年）

連携の内容 授業支援（カリキュラム開発と運営）人的・物的資源の支援

協約の有無 具体的かつ厳格な内容規定の協約一般事項への軽い協約特に協約なしの協力関係

結果の活用 高校の単位として認定／未認定大学の単位として認定／未認定大入選考への反映／未反映などの多様な組合方式

* Chung, KwangHee and et al. (2004 and 2005), Study into "High School/University Collaboration" Initiatives for Normalization of High-School Education and Selection of Students Eligible for University Enrollment

Parameter Implementation method

Units of collaboration implementation

Time of implementation

Period of implementation

Collaboration of activities

Presence of agreement

Utilization of collaboration results

・ School collaboration・Regional collaboration・ Scope of participating high schools and universities

(1:1 collaboration, 1:many collaboration, Many:1, and Many:Many collaboration)

・ During regular school hours, after school, on weekends, during summer vacation, and during winter vacation

・ One-off, short-term, and long-term (school term or academic year)

・ Support for classes (Development and implementation of curriculum)・ Support by providing human and material resources

・ Concrete agreements with strict provisions・ Loose agreements with general provisions only・ Cooperative relationship without any particular formal agreements

･ Recognized as high-school credits/Yet to be recognized as such・ Recognized as university credits/Yet to be recognized as such・ Reflected in university entrance examination process/Combination of various utilizations, including no reflection

Cases of Implementation of "High School/University Collaboration"

・ Exchange of information and dialogue between high school and university・ Tour of university and guidance for entering university (Visit to high school, free access to university)

・ High school sending out information and leading classes・ LEA sending out information and leading classes

•

・ University sending out information and leading collaboration [Advanced Placement (AP) and University-Level Challenge Program (UP)]・ LEA sending out information and leading collaboration

University's support for high-school classes

High school/university collaboration and

recognition of credits

High school/university Information exchange

Cases of Implementation of High School/University Collaboration in The Republic of Korea

"High School/University Collaboration" in which High School (LEA)

Sends Out Information

Support for classes (Basic and elective subjects)

Support for activities for deeper curriculum

Support for extracurricular activities

Core: Support for classesA teacher of the Korean language literacy realized his limitations in responding

sufficiently to many students who were interested in creative writing, and discussed thismatter with a university. This was the start of the support.

Entities participating in collaboration ：Suri High School and Chung-ang UniversityObjectives

To offer students interested in creative writing an opportunity to receive guidancefrom experts.

To develop an educational and model curriculum in creative writing.To develop abilities in learners and guide them in the acquiring of literary abilities.

Collaboration activities with universityPartner university: Creative Writing Department, Chung-ang UniversityCollaboration activities: Joint development of educational programs, and guidance

on visits to high schoolsCollaboration courseHigh-school course in creative writing for freshmen through seniors as regular

curriculum with a special attraction of its own (Poetry, novels, and essays)Two courses, regular and non-regular (for students with special skills)Provision of opportunities for learning experiences, including reading of pieces of

travel writing and camping in which literature is discussed.

Budget : Prepared by high school (with LEA's support)

Case 1: High School Sending Out Information Request for Cooperation with Classes (Suri High School)

Creative Writing Course at Suri High School

Logic Stylistics Modern literature

Guidance by correction and

training for power of thought

Guidance through correction and

discussion

In-depth interviewing

and essay-type testing

First year Second year Third year

Regular course

Special skills and

aptitudes

Practical training in creative writing

Case 2: High School Sending Out Information

Support for Extra-curriculum

Core : Support for extra-curriculumEducational support provided by a nearby university to a high

school located in a remote place

Entities participating in collaborationChung-ang High School and Geoje University, in Kyungnam

Educational areaExtracurricular area, English conversation for second year

students

Background and objectives・In order to deal with the relatively poor educational environment o

f the high school in the remote place, the teachers discussed thematter and sought cooperation from the near-by university.

・A high-school-level English class, held by the EnglishConversation Department once a week.

Case of LEA Taking the LeadSupport for High-School Education

Core: Support for implementation of elective curriculum, led by LEA inChunnam, Kwang-ju

Support for teaching of a second foreign language at Chosun UniversityCollaboration activities: Creating of the Spanish, Russian and Arabic language

classesApplicable students: Second year students of high schools in the Kwang-ju

areaCredits : 6 credits (102 hours a year) (Recognized as high-school credits)Expenses : Borne by LEA

Core ：Response to aversion to science and special education for the gifted in science Led by LEA, Kyeongbuk

Applicable students ：Junior and high school studentsEducational areas ：Physics, chemistry, biology, earth science, mathematics,

and othersClass composition ：One instructor + five students + one university

professorTime ：On weekendsExpenses ：Borne by LEA

Support for curriculum implementation

Program for developing future scientists

"High School/University Collaboration" in which University Credits are Granted

High school students studying university subjects• AP：Advanced Placement• UP：University-level Challenge ProgramHigh school/university collaboration program for

university preparatory students

Program for High School Students Studying University Subjects (AP)

AP at individual high school levelImplemented starting in 2001 by foreign language high schools, including

the Korean Minjok Leadership. Academy, which has become the AP Exam C

enter, an certification organization.

Agreement between Academy for Gifted Students in Busan and KAIST:

Part of special education for the gifted

AP(UP) at system level

AP system implemented by Seoul University on a trial basis in 2003AP implemented by a collaboration of 8 municipal LEAs and universities

in 2005 and 2006UP implemented in accordance with an agreement between the University

Education Council and major universities in 2008Relevant law (Higher Education Law, Articles 23 and 50) was revised on July 13, 2

007 to permit recognition of educational credits in high school/university collaboration.

AP at Academy for Gifted Students in Busan

CharacteristicAutonomous study by students gifted in science, and education in collaboratio

n with university (Guidance offered by university professors for students gifted in science)

Applicable students ：Students of Academy for Gifted Students in Busan

Class composition ：One researcher in charge + one associate researcher + 3 to 6 student

Study themesUniversity professors across the nation are invited to propose study themes,

and specific themes for study are selected through consultation with the researcher in charge (academic adviser) taking into consideration the student's desires and the academic area in which he or she is interested.

Implementation period ：On weekends during academic terms, and during summer and winter vacations (2 weeks or more per term)

Expenses ：Borne by high school (with the nation's support)

AP in Collaboration Between LEA and University

Method of implementing APIn collaboration between 8 municipal LEAs and universities located in each

geographical area Applicable studentsFor students of science high schools and foreign language high schools; and

excellent performers within the top 3 to 5% of the students of municipally-run general high schools, the AP course was implemented on a trial basis starting in 2005.

Subjects coveredA total of 8 subjects, including mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, foreign

language and others. The course for university freshmen in these subjects are implemented with emphasis on experiments and practical training impossible at high schools. The course consists of 45 hours for each subject, and upon passing the AP test, 3 credits are assigned.

Program for Recognition of Educational Credits in High School/University Collaboration(Led by LEA, Busan)

Objectives :An educational program for taking advantage of the in-between time before university enrollment to help students strengthen their ability to study at university and to develop regional human resources

Applicable students :Third year student of high schools who passed the test for their ability to study at university (Successful applicants of a comparable test)

Implementation period :Between the end of the test for the ability to study at university and university enrollment (Between December and January)

Subjects :69 subjects belonging to general education, including English, English conversation, a second foreign language and computers (varies from region to region)

History :First, implemented in collaboration between LEA in the Busan area and universities, in 2004, and then that between LEAs in the Yeungnam province (consisting of 5 areas) and universities.

Busan (2004) → Busan and Taegu (2005) → Kyungnam, Kyeongkuk, Taegu, Ulsan, and Busan (2006) <In 2004, 11 universities participated, and now, 28>

Annual Number of Universities that Made Agreements (In universities)Geographical

area 2004 2005 2006 2007

Busan 11 14 14 14

Ulsan ･ 2 2 2

Taegu ･ ･ 7 7

Kyungnam ･ ･ 4 4

Kyeongkuk ･ ･ 2 3

Total 11 15 27 28

Geographical area 2004 2005 2006 2007

Busan 719 1,558 1647 1443

Ulsan ･ 266 612 526

Taegu ･ ･ 212 212

Kyungnam ･ ･ 316 388

Kyeongkuk ･ ･ 417 372

Total 719 1,824 3,204 2,941

Annual Number of Students Completed the Course (In students)

Universities responding to information from high schools and LEAs (Active approach from high school and LEA, and passive approach from university)

University inclined toward collaboration for special education for the giftedPassive utilization of results of collaboration: Limited recognition of

educational credits and reflection in the university entrance examination processInsufficient high school/university communication

Characteristics of High School/University Collaboration in Korea, and Challenges Facing the Collaboration

Shared understanding of problems between high schools and universitiesUniversity's more positive attitude and enhanced sense of responsibility to

society• University's understanding of and cooperation with, high-school education• Improved university entrance examination process (Enhanced function ofselecting students eligible for university enrollment and of linking high schooland university education)

High schools for ordinary high school students - Development of programs forcollaboration with universities

Active utilization of results of collaborationMutual understanding and exchange of educational information, between high

schools and universities

Characteristics

Challenges to be met

Dr. Chung, KwangHee(kwang@kedi.re.kr)