High Performance Buildings Research & Implementation Center (HiPer BRIC)

Proposal forNational Lab-Industry-University Partnership

Proposal forNational Lab-Industry-University Partnership

December 21, 2007

Arun MajumdarDirector, Environmental Energy Technologies Division

Arun MajumdarDirector, Environmental Energy Technologies Division

Outline

Vision and Mission

Timing

Importance

Gaps

Team

Approach

Recommendations

Vision

Completely transform the U.S. Commercial buildings sector in 20 years, starting NOW

– Save >4 Quads of energy and reduce >400 million tons of CO2 annually

• Reduction in energy consumption: 90% in new buildings; >50% in retrofits

– Simultaneously improve health, comfort, safety/security, and energy efficiency in buildings

Mission

– Team: Create HiPerBRIC to bring unique team of scientists, engineers and economists from

national lab, academia and industries to form comprehensive R&D, implementation, and market

transformation programs

– Technology: Use systems engineering approach to create scalable, fault tolerant, and robust

technology for both retrofit and new commercial buildings

– Training: Create user facility for component and systems validation/testing; education; and

training

– Transition: Engage and leverage all stake holders for implementation & policies

• Federal & State Agencies; Utilities; Industry Organizations (e.g. ASHRAE); Architecture &

Engr. Firms; Building Materials & Equipment Suppliers; Building Owners & Operators;

ESCOs; Service Contractors; Advocacy Groups; Financial

HiPerBRIC

Outcome & Milestone Roadmap3 Years (2011) >50% reduction in energy consumption at the end of 3 years demonstrated in a “deep” retrofit with market-averaged payback Develop methods for scale-up with energy, health, comfort, and safety in mind Curriculum development tie-ins for training personnel Product communication protocols

5 years (2013) >70% reduction in energy consumption demonstrated in a “deep” retrofit with market-averaged payback >80% reduction in energy consumption demonstrated in a new building with cost of conserved carbon below onsite

new clean generation Demonstrate fully automated self-tuning continuous energy minimization at test facility with designed comfort and

indoor air quality Demonstrate moderate scale up Develop regional market transformation programs for buildings industry

8 years (2016) Tens to Hundred deep retrofit

with >50% reduction in energy consumption with market averaged payback

Tens of new buildings with 90% reduction in energy consumption with market averaged payback

10 years (2018) >100 buildings being deep-retrofitted (>50% reduction) with

market averaged payback time Deploying fully automated self-tuning continuous energy

minimization and indoor environment optimizing in retrofits and new buildings

Multiple service companies offering deep-retrofit capabilities with financing, remote monitoring, and performance guarantees

Scale up for new buildings design and construction towards zero net energy and designed indoor environment and security with market averaged payback time

Several dozen hardware and software products available from private sector enabled with BOP protocols, and plug-and-play capability

2011

NOW

2013

2016 2018 2030

AIA Challenge & CPUC GoalsAll new commercial buildings will be zero net energy

Technology Maturation; Implementation in Large Commercial Buildings; Domestic and International Scale up to Thousands of Buildings

Conceptual Framework

MARKET TRANSFORMATION

DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS(Sub-scale or sponsored)

CORPORATERD&D

RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY EXPLORATION CONSORTIUM

(LBL – UTRC – University – Industry)

COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS INITIATIVE

(DOE – LBNL – WBCSD – AIA - ASHRAE)

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT: FINANCING, EDUCATION AND TRAINING

CODES AND STANDARDS, POLICY

Public Domain• Communication Protocols• Standards for Software modules

for components• Building Operations Platform

(BOP) software • Codes, Regulations, Policy,

Incentives, etc.

Public Domain• Communication Protocols• Standards for Software modules

for components• Building Operations Platform

(BOP) software • Codes, Regulations, Policy,

Incentives, etc.

Proprietary Products• Specific hardware products (e.g., chillers,

heat recovery units, sensors, lighting, control modules)

• GUI and customized software products that work with BOP software

• ESCO turnkey offerings• A&E turnkey offerings

Proprietary Products• Specific hardware products (e.g., chillers,

heat recovery units, sensors, lighting, control modules)

• GUI and customized software products that work with BOP software

• ESCO turnkey offerings• A&E turnkey offerings

2011

NOW

2013 2016 2018 2030

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1 2 3 4 5 6

Quads

3 GorgesDam

Hydro-electric

AllOtherRenewables

Coal

Nuclear

ProposedEnergy Savingsfrom CommercialBuildings 2030

Electricity Generation

Potential Impact on Energy and Environment

Building Stock CompositionAnnual % Rates of Change for:

New 2.30%Renovated 0.00%Retrofit 4.00%Retired 0.80%

Commercial Building Floor Area

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030Billion Square Feet

Existing Buildings Retrofit Buildings New Buildings

`

Commercial Buildings CO2 Emissions

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Millions of tons CO2

Future % Improvement in EUInew reno retro

2010-2015 50 0 502015-2020 70 0 502020-2025 80 0 502025-2030 90 0 50

Commercial Building Energy Consumption

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Energy (Quads) QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

China

India8.5%/yr growth

Outline

Vision and Mission

Timing

Importance

Gaps

Team

Approach

Recommendations

Alternative Individual Savings

0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

8.0%

Lighting DaylightDCV ERV

Heating controlCooling controlHigh perf chillerHigh perf windows

roof insulationradiant heatingwall insulationHeating control

daylighting

ecooling economizerchiller loop var speed

Shading

chiller selectionchiller control

chiller sec loop VSD

% Primary Energy Savings

UTC Green Building ...Otis Elevator TEDA Center25% Energy Reduction: Systems Engineering & Available Technology

another “one of a kind” new building with existing technology

Full occupancy - August 2007

Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs)

Daylighting

Shading

Radiant Heating

High Performance Equipment

Energy RecoveryVentilation

Demand ControlledVentilation

8%

7%

6%

5%

4%

3%

2%

1%

0%

% P

rimar

y E

nerg

y S

avin

gs

Ligh

ts

Day

light

s

DC

V ER

V

Chi

ller

Con

trol

Sec

. Lo

op V

SD

Chi

ller

Con

trol

2

Chi

ller

Seq

.

Sha

ding

Chi

ller

VS

D

H2O

Eco

n.

Day

light

ing

Hea

ting

Con

trol

Wal

l Ins

ulat

ion

Rad

iant

Hea

ting

Roo

f In

sula

tion

Hig

h P

erf.

Win

dow

s

Hig

h P

erf

Chi

ller

Coo

ling

Con

trol

Carrier Chiller

Heat Exchanger

Opportunity to integrate systems and achieve 70-80% reduction in energy consumption

Opportunity to integrate systems and achieve 70-80% reduction in energy consumption

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Markers indicate Years following Retro-commissioning(4 years per project)

Index: Year-N Consumption / Pre-

Cx Consumption

Electricity(N=20 projects)

Fuel(N=2)

Steam/Hot Water(N=9)

Chilled Water(N=9)

pre-Cx baseline

year-4

Gaps between predicted & actual performanceModels over-predict savings by ~20-30%

Source: “The Cost Effectiveness of Commercial Buildings Commissioning,” LBNL, 2005.

Faults in Operation of Buildings

Energy Cost Savings

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9293

294

295

296

297

298

299VAV Room (Heating)

time in hours

zone temperature [K]

window

middle

wallreturn diff

return duct

Broken Equipment

Cycling Controls

Operational faults waste ~20% energy• HVAC – air distribution• Operations and control

Many of these faults are invisible.

Hours

Façade Damage

Gain Changes by factor of 10!

Te

mp

. [K

]

Gaps in •Design & modeling•Fault diagnosis and self tuning•Understanding & exploiting dynamics and control in complex multi-component interacting systems

Gaps in •Design & modeling•Fault diagnosis and self tuning•Understanding & exploiting dynamics and control in complex multi-component interacting systems

WBCSD: Addressing Industry Fragmentation & Behavior

What types of participants/ influencers in the building industry are the biggest barriers to building more sustainable buildings?

Source: WBCSD EEB Quantitative Research (graph); WBCSD EEB Qualitative Research (quotes)

Why are more green/ sustainable buildings not built?

Number of mentions0% 10% 20% 30%

Too risky

No financial return

Too difficult to achieve

It’s not the norm

Country-specific

Owners/ tenants don’t want them

No regulations

Don’t care about env.

No clarity

Uneducated

Unaware

Too risky

No financial return

Too difficult to achieve

It’s not the norm

Country-specific

Owners/ tenants don’t want them

No regulations

Don’t care about env.

No clarity

Uneducated

Unaware

0% 25% 50%Percentage of respondents

mentioning stakeholder

Other

Tenants

Owners

Landlords

Selling/ Letting agents

Builders and contractors

Developers

Engineers

Architects

Regulators

Financiers

Opinion leaders

Other

Tenants

Owners

Landlords

Selling/ Letting agents

Builders and contractors

Developers

Engineers

Architects

Regulators

Financiers

Opinion leaders

Arc

hite

ctur

al

Str

uctu

ral

Mec

hani

cal

Ele

ctric

al

Preliminary Design

Detailed Design

Working Drawings & Specs

Tender & Bidding

Planning & Scheduling

Construction Operations

Commissioning

+ =

Professional and TradeResponsibilities

(Functional Gaps)

Building DeliveryProcess (Management

Discontinuities)

Operational Islands(Ineffective coordination,

Poor communication)

Fragmentation Behavior

Key Summary Points

• Buildings are energy hogs

• Energy consumption must decrease by 50% in all retrofits and 90% in all new buildings by 2030

– Urgent problem

– New construction

– Retrofits

• Gaps in design processes

– Modeling tools, design processes, methods to achieve the 90% universally

• Gaps in operations

– Controls, diagnostics, robustness, “how buildings really operate”, data assimilation

• Neither has been a focus of R&D to date

– DOE has invested in incremental improvements of existing tools, methods and process

• Barriers in policy, economics and behavior

Narrow Wide

Shallow

Deep

Breadth

• Incremental change onexisting technology

• Tighten standards; tune up& retrofit programs

e.g. ESCOs

• Major advances incomponents

• Limited deployment insystems

e.g. Research

• Systems approach for integratingcomponents and optimizing for energyuse & cost

• Market understanding and stakeholderinvolvement (private/publicpartnership)

• Social equity, health, comfort,productivity issues

• Incremental and component level research cannot “solve” the problem

• Problem too large to be solved by a single entity

Integrated Design of Building Automation Systems

CONTROL

COMMUNICATION

MIDDLEWARE

Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli (UCB)Kameshwar Poolla (UCB)Clas Jacobson (UTC)

ElectricityTariffs &Carbon EmissionRates

ExternalPower

ElectricityStorage

OnsitePowerGeneration

WasteHeat

Sunlight

Technical Scope

Sensor Modules• Occupancy• Temperature• Humidity• Air Quality• Light• Appliances

Sensor Modules• Occupancy• Temperature• Humidity• Air Quality• Light• Appliances

AppliancePower Control

AppliancePower Control

ThermalStorage Capacity/

TemperatureInfo

ExternalVentilation Outside Air

Temperature/Humidity Info

Output• Energy Consumption• Indoor air quality and security data• Integrated and component system performanceGoal• Zero energy and/or carbon building• Healthy, comfortable, safe/secure environment• Minimum cost

Building Operating Platform (BOP)Real-time optimization - consumption, cost, carbon footprint

Building Simulation,Modeling & Analysis(EnergyPlus, Modelica)

CentralAir Conditioning/

Heat Pump

Local Thermal/Humidity Control

Local Thermal/Humidity Control

Lighting/Window/FacadeControl

Lighting/Window/FacadeControl

Coupled Interactions

CoupledInteractions

Current &Future Weather

Network Communication Layer

Building System DecompositionAnd Uncertainty Analysis

October Workshop

Net Zero Energy Buildings

Safe and Immune Buildings

Energy Efficient Retrofits of Existing

Buildings

Control, and Numerical Methods for Analysis of

Mixing

System Level Design: Platform Based Design

Wireless Enabled Visibility of Energy UseControl Oriented Modeling and

Design

Building Network Synthesis: Platform Based Design

LBNL, UTRC, UC Santa Barbara, UC Berkeley, Stanford, UIUC

HiPerBRIC TeamLBNL & Other National Labs• Advisors to CPUC, CEC & DOE• Involvement in nation-wide & state initiatives

and policy• 30+ years of R&D and standards/policies in

buildings sector• Buildings Technologies Dept. (66 staff)

– Windows & daylighting; Lighting systems; HVAC; Modeling & simulations (DOE-2, Energy Plus); Demand Response Research Center; Applications Team

• Indoor Environment Dept. (63 staff)– Airflow & pollutant transport; Indoor air quality;

Environmental chemistry & Exposure

• Energy Analysis Dept. (123 staff)– China, India & International Programs; Electricity

markets & policy; End use forecasting & market assessment; Energy efficiency & appliance standards; Heat islands

• Lab-to-Marketplace & Industrial Collaboration– Aeroseal, Electronic Ballasts & CFL,

DOE-2/Energy Plus, Smart Windows,….

Industrial Consortium• United Technologies Corporation (Lead)

– Market leader with wide range of products for commercial buildings (HVAC; onsite power; elevators/escalators; fire safety & security)

– Research center with deep knowledge of controls, energy analysis, modeling, simulation, systems integration, ..

• Other Companies– Lighting– Insulation & Building Materials– Glass & Glazing Materials– …

• Strengths in all necessary aspects: science/engineering; tech. & product development; education/training; economics and market analysis; domestic/international policies, standards, regulation

• First ever team with these complementary skills

University of California (Berkeley & Santa Barbara) & Academia

• Top engineering schools in new and important areas – Microsensors and actuators– Multiscale dynamics and control systems– Wireless sensor networks– Cyber-physical system– Design methods of complex and hierarchical systems (e.g. VLSI)– Energy systems engineering

• History of commercialization & Industrial collaboration– Started 7 industries more than >$1B – BWRC, BSAC, …

• Architecture & Business Schools involved in energy research• Bright pool of students and post-docs that are active in energy

research (e.g. Berkeley Energy & Resources Collaborative)• New Designated Emphasis on Energy Education

High Performance Buildings Research & Implementation Center (HiPerBRIC)

(Research Partnerships: LBNL, UCB, UCSB, UTC, …..)

HVAC

Lighting

Insulation &Building Materials

Glass & GlazingSystems

DOE

CEC

CPUC

INDUSTRIAL CONSORTIUM FEDERAL & STATE GOVT.

X XMATCHING FUNDS

USERSStartup Companies, National Lab folks, & Academic Researchers using Facility to try out new idea/concept/technology and evaluate its performance and impact on the whole building system

Foundry ModelNon-proprietary research is freeProprietary research is charged

Others

SPONSORED RESEARCH TEAMS

Power Handling

Control Systems

Research Prioritization

Other Stakeholders• Utilities• Other State Agencies• Industry Orgs

(ASHRAE)• Building Construction• A& E firms• Building Materials &

Equipment Suppliers• Building Owners &

Operators• ESCOs• Service Contractors• Building Manager

Training• Advocacy

UTC

Technical Prioritization

Integration & BuildingOperating Platform

(BOP) Team

Buildings Design& Energy Analysis

Team

Windows & Lighting Team

Sensors, Networks,Communications

ControlsTeam

HVAC Team

Power Delivery &Demand Response

Team

DemonstrationTeam

Domestic/InternationalPolicies, Regulation,Standards, Markets

Indoor Environment Team

Natural VentilationTeam

Conceptual Framework

MARKET TRANSFORMATION

DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS(Sub-scale or sponsored)

CORPORATERD&D

RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY EXPLORATION CONSORTIUM

(LBL – UTRC – University – Industry)

COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS INITIATIVE

(DOE – LBNL – WBCSD – AIA - ASHRAE)

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT: FINANCING, EDUCATION AND TRAINING

CODES AND STANDARDS, POLICY

Public Domain• Communication Protocols• Standards for Software modules

for components• Building Operations Platform

(BOP) software • Codes, Regulations, Policy,

Incentives, etc.

Public Domain• Communication Protocols• Standards for Software modules

for components• Building Operations Platform

(BOP) software • Codes, Regulations, Policy,

Incentives, etc.

Proprietary Products• Specific hardware products (e.g., chillers,

heat recovery units, sensors, lighting, control modules)

• GUI and customized software products that work with BOP software

• ESCO turnkey offerings• A&E turnkey offerings

Proprietary Products• Specific hardware products (e.g., chillers,

heat recovery units, sensors, lighting, control modules)

• GUI and customized software products that work with BOP software

• ESCO turnkey offerings• A&E turnkey offerings

2011

NOW

2013 2016 2018 2030

Recommendations for Partnership• Establish Strategic Value

– Set the community agenda about high-performance buildings• Form alliances with research agencies, foundations, media, nonprofits,

trade and professional organizations

– Technology• Identify and conduct precompetitive R&D• Develop technology for scalable, fault-tolerant, robust, networked

systems• Deliver technology roadmaps and key demonstrations• Start joint seed projects NOW

– Human Capital Development• Form critical mass from academia, national lab, industry to

collaboratively address complex systems problem• Create educational program for energy efficiency and complex

systems• Create training program for building operations, policy makers

NAS estimate of economic benefits of EE R&D assigns $23 of $30 billion in savings to LBNL - derived technologies

Additional $48 billion in savings from energy efficiency standards for 9 residential products

Recommendations for Partnership• Create HiPerBRIC as a Global Innovation Hub in High-

Performance Buildings– Attract the world’s best scientists, engineers, architects, and social

scientists from national lab, academia, industry, and investment community to work on high-performance buildings

– HiPerBRIC Living Lab. & User Facility to host people in one building

– 10 year program with milestones & deliverables

• Funding– $40M/year

• $20M from Industrial Consortium• $20M from Federal & State Governments • 0.1% of ~$40B/year in potential US energy savings (4 quads) -

1000X/year