High Medieval Europe (ca ) Society and Economy Social Orders Social Orders Oratores Clergy Bellatores Nobles Knights Laboratores Peasants (SERFS) Silent majority of Middle Ages Society and Economy Personal Dependency Personal Dependency Lords and Vassals Lords and Vassals VASSALS fought voluntarily for lord VASSALS fought voluntarily for lord Lords provided them land Lords provided them land Lords and peasants Lords and peasants Peasants worked on lords manor, paid dues Peasants worked on lords manor, paid dues Status was hereditary Status was hereditary Lords provided them place to live, protection Lords provided them place to live, protection Reeve, and serfs at work Society and Economy Agricultural Innovations Agricultural Innovations Three-field system Replaced two-field system More arable land (2/3) in use Iron Plowshare Heavy-wheeled Able to turn heavy northern soils Horses Replaced oxen in farm work Faster! Able to pull heavy plows Results More food, better food, better standard of living! Population doubled! Society and Economy Medieval Cities Medieval Cities Revival of urban life Revival of urban life Grew up around castles, churches, monasteries Grew up around castles, churches, monasteries Included Included Castle Castle Cathedral and churches Cathedral and churches Marketplace Marketplace Streets Streets Walls Walls Street, Siena Society and Economy The Guilds The Guilds Formed by urban merchants and artisans Formed by urban merchants and artisans Nature of guilds Nature of guilds Economic function Economic function Set standards for products quality Set standards for products quality Regulation of materials, prices, and work hours Regulation of materials, prices, and work hours Social function Social function Protection and aid Protection and aid Common identity, community Common identity, community Spiritual function Spiritual function Members prayed for and buried one another Members prayed for and buried one another Society and Economy The Guild Hierarchy The Guild Hierarchy Master Master Skilled artisan working for himself Skilled artisan working for himself VIPs in guilds VIPs in guilds Journeyman Journeyman Skilled artisan working as a day laborer Skilled artisan working as a day laborer Apprentice Apprentice In process of learning a trade In process of learning a trade Worked for master for room and board Worked for master for room and board Society and Economy Expansion of Trade Expansion of Trade Improved infrastructure more land-based trade opportunities Improved infrastructure more land-based trade opportunities Fairs Fairs More seaborne trade More seaborne trade Contact with Mongol Empire more trade! Contact with Mongol Empire more trade! Medieval Fair Court of Kubilai Khan Society and Economy Questions? Questions? The Emerging Western States England (9th-10th cents.) England (9th-10th cents.) Divided into many small kingdoms Divided into many small kingdoms Viking raids (9 th cent.) occupied most of England Viking raids (9 th cent.) occupied most of England KING ALFRED THE GREAT (r ) KING ALFRED THE GREAT (r ) Ruler of Wessex Ruler of Wessex Paid tribute to Vikings Paid tribute to Vikings Later raised army (878) and defeated Vikings Later raised army (878) and defeated Vikings Became king of all English not under Viking rule Became king of all English not under Viking rule King Alfred the Great The Emerging Western States Bronze statue of King Alfred the Great Winchester, United Kingdom The Emerging Western States The Bayeux Tapestry (ca ) The Norman Conquest The Norman Conquest Anglo-Saxon kings ruled until death of Edward the Confessor (r ) Died childless Two potential heirs: Harold of Wessex, William of Normandy The Norman Conquest William and Normans invaded England Victorious at BATTLE OF HASTINGS (1066) The Emerging Western States The Bayeux Tapestry (ca ) William the Conqueror (r ) William the Conqueror (r ) First Norman king of England Distributed lands among family and Norman barons Domesday Book (1086) Census Inventory of population, land, livestock, and taxes First in line of Norman/French rulers The Emerging Western States 2010 The Emerging Western States Magna Carta (1215) Magna Carta (1215) Origins: conflict with France Origins: conflict with France King Johns French territories confiscated, wanted them back King Johns French territories confiscated, wanted them back Forced barons to pay taxes Forced barons to pay taxes French won anyway! French won anyway! Barons rebelled, called king to account Barons rebelled, called king to account The Document The Document Defined rights and obligations of nobility Defined rights and obligations of nobility All English freemen have rights All English freemen have rights King John forced to sign King John forced to sign Major point: king is not above law! Major point: king is not above law! The Emerging Western States France France Heir of Carolingian Empire Heir of Carolingian Empire Capetian Dynasty Capetian Dynasty Hugh Capet (r ) Hugh Capet (r ) Most nobles paid homage to king Most nobles paid homage to king Gradually gained more territories Gradually gained more territories Ruled until 14 th cent. Ruled until 14 th cent. The Emerging Western States The Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire Heir of Carolingian Empire Heir of Carolingian Empire Consisted of many principalities under an emperor Consisted of many principalities under an emperor HRE coined by 13 th cent. HRE coined by 13 th cent. Holy: divine source of authority Holy: divine source of authority Roman: imperial power through Charlemagne Roman: imperial power through Charlemagne The Emerging Western States Authority in the Holy Roman Empire Authority in the Holy Roman Empire The Emperors The Emperors Claimed highest authority Claimed highest authority Had to respect rights of princes Had to respect rights of princes The Princes The Princes Their territories independent states Their territories independent states HRE: a decentralized monarchy HRE: a decentralized monarchy The Emerging Western States Questions? Questions? The Church and Christianity Papal Tiara (Triregnum) The Papal Monarchy The Papal Monarchy Supreme authority of Latin Church Supreme authority of Latin Church Papal States Papal States The Curia The Curia Papal Court, Rome Papal Court, Rome College of Cardinals College of Cardinals Exercising authority Exercising authority Excommunication Excommunication Took on Took on Eastern Church Eastern Church Secular rulers Secular rulers The Church and Christianity The Great Schism (1054) The Great Schism (1054) Eastern and Western Churches at odds Eastern and Western Churches at odds Papacy asserted authority at Constantinople (1054) Papacy asserted authority at Constantinople (1054) Legate sent, argued for papal supremacy Legate sent, argued for papal supremacy Patriarch disagreed Patriarch disagreed Legate excommunicated patriarch patriarch excommunicated legate Legate excommunicated patriarch patriarch excommunicated legate East and West no longer in communion East and West no longer in communion The Church and Christianity The Investiture Conflict The Investiture Conflict Positions on lay investiture Positions on lay investiture Pope Gregory VII (r ): skeptical, prohibited investiture (1075) Pope Gregory VII (r ): skeptical, prohibited investiture (1075) Henry IV of Germany (r ): investiture is tradition! Henry IV of Germany (r ): investiture is tradition! What happened? What happened? Henry appointed new archbishop of Milan; with German bishops called on Gregory to resign (1076) Henry appointed new archbishop of Milan; with German bishops called on Gregory to resign (1076) Gregorys response Gregorys response Excommunicated Henry, deprived him of office Excommunicated Henry, deprived him of office Released HRE from allegiance to emperor! Released HRE from allegiance to emperor! Henry caved in repented Henry caved in repented The Church and Christianity King John vs. Pope Innocent King John vs. Pope Innocent POPE INNOCENT III (r ) POPE INNOCENT III (r ) Trained in law Trained in law Most powerful pope ever Most powerful pope ever Situation: See of Canterbury was vacant (1205) Situation: See of Canterbury was vacant (1205) King John favored one candidate King John favored one candidate Innocent consecrated another (1207), sent him to England Innocent consecrated another (1207), sent him to England John refused to admit new archbishop John refused to admit new archbishop What happened? What happened? John excommunicated John excommunicated Yielded to Innocent humiliated Yielded to Innocent humiliated Innocent III The Church and Christianity The Crusades The Crusades Origins Origins Turks were threatening Byzantium Turks were threatening Byzantium Emperor petitioned pope for aid Emperor petitioned pope for aid Council of Clermont (1095) recapture Holy Land! Council of Clermont (1095) recapture Holy Land! First Crusade ( ) First Crusade ( ) Force of 50-60,000 Holy Land Force of 50-60,000 Holy Land Pilgrimage salvation as reward! Pilgrimage salvation as reward! Victory Crusader States established Victory Crusader States established Siege of Antioch The Church and Christianity Other Crusades Other Crusades Christians lost ground in Holy Land new crusades launched Christians lost ground in Holy Land new crusades launched Third Crusade ( ) Third Crusade ( ) Saladin captured Jerusalem (1187) Saladin captured Jerusalem (1187) Another crusade failure Another crusade failure Crusades over by 1300 Crusades over by 1300 Saladin 2005 The Church and Christianity The Franciscans The Franciscans Francis of Assisi (ca ) Francis of Assisi (ca ) Son of cloth merchant Son of cloth merchant Conversion experience attracted to poverty Conversion experience attracted to poverty Franciscans (1215) Franciscans (1215) Poverty Poverty Preached penance Preached penance Served lepers and poor Served lepers and poor Francis of Assisi The Church and Christianity Robe of Francis of Asissi, Basilica di S. Francesco, Assisi The Church and Christianity The Dominicans The Dominicans Dominic Guzman ( ) Dominic Guzman ( ) Spanish priest, missionary Spanish priest, missionary Disillusioned by Churchs method of preaching to heretics Disillusioned by Churchs method of preaching to heretics Proposed method based on Gospels Proposed method based on Gospels Dominicans (1216) Dominicans (1216) Preaching on foot Preaching on foot Teaching Teaching Intellectual Order Intellectual Order The Church and Christianity The Sacraments Seven Essential to salvation! Performed by clergy alone The Eucharist Sacrament of the Mass TRANSUBSTANTIATION Corpus Christi Procession The Church and Christianity Medieval Heresy Medieval Heresy Proliferation of heretical Groups Proliferation of heretical Groups The Churchs Response The Churchs Response Preaching Preaching Medieval Inquisition Medieval Inquisition Established 1231 combat heresy Established 1231 combat heresy Goal: uncover heresy guide those guilty to recant and do penance Goal: uncover heresy guide those guilty to recant and do penance Penalties: penitential acts, imprisonment, maybe torture or execution Penalties: penitential acts, imprisonment, maybe torture or execution 1986 The Church and Christianity Questions? Questions? Culture The University The University Organization of master and students Organization of master and students Specialization Specialization Students Students Clerical status Clerical status Grouped into nations Grouped into nations More intimate groups students lived in More intimate groups students lived in Provided protection, connection, legislation Provided protection, connection, legislation Culture Classroom Setting Classroom Setting Lectures considered best method of teaching Books very expensive! Masters role Read excerpt of text Commentary Refuted objections Students role Commit it all to memory! Culture Dante Alighieri Vernacular Literature Vernacular Literature Latin was language of Church, academia VERNACULAR LANGUAGES emerged ( ) Vernacular literature French: Chanson de Roland (12 th cent.) Old English: Beowulf (ca. 1000?) Italian: Dantes The Divine Comedy ( ) Culture Leaning Tower, Pisa ( ) Romanesque Architecture Romanesque Architecture Massive stone churches Massive stone churches Wooden churches fire! Wooden churches fire! Accommodated congregation and visiting pilgrims Accommodated congregation and visiting pilgrims Traits Traits Sculpture on exterior Sculpture on exterior Round Arches Round Arches Culture St. Sernin de Toulouse ( ), France Exterior Culture St. Sernin de Toulouse, Interior Culture Gothic Architecture Gothic Architecture Traits Pointed arches Stained-glass windows Flying buttresses The Gothic Cathedral Focal point of city Community project Sometimes centuries to complete! Chartres Cathedral ( ), France Culture Chartres Cathedral Interior Stained-Glass Window, Chartres Cathedral Culture Questions? Questions? High Medieval Europe The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Progress? Progress? Innovation? Innovation? Developments? Developments?