HIGH FREQUENCY 3-PHASE ELECTRONIC LOAD

Peyman Farhang

Supervisor: Prof. Stefan Mátéfi-Tempfli

Co-Supervisor: Alin Drimus

June 2015

Conclusion

Simulation Results

Different Topologies and Configurations

Basic Concepts

OUTLINE

Virtual machine

Fundamental objective

To provide a simulated electrical load to allow an equipment like inverter to be tested without using the real machine.To provide a simulated electrical load to allow an equipment like inverter to be tested without using the real machine.

Traditional method

Using real electric motor applied to a mechanical test bench and coupled to a load unit.

Test time

high operating costHeavy and Large equipmentComplexity

Large energy consumption

Large space

Different load configuration

Problems

As an alternative, electric motor emulators based on

are able to generate desired current and voltage

electronic load

[1] S. Uebener, J. Bocker, ‘‘Application of an e-machine emulator’’ EEVC European Electric Vehicle Congress, 2012.

Figure 1. Hardware-in-the-loop simulations [1]

Figure 2. virtual machine [2]

Electronic Load

Machine Model

Device Under Test

Virtual Machine

[2] A. Bouscayrol, ‘‘Different types of hardware-in-the loop simulation for electric drives’’ IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2008. 1

Basic Topology of Electronic load

[3] B. Han, et al “Load Simulator with Power Recovery Capability”, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007.

Figure 4. basic schematic of the emulator [4]

Figure 3. configuration for load simulator [3]

[4] R. Kennel, “Power electronics, hardware-in-the-loop systems, the example of the Virtual machine” Technical university of Munich, Electrical drive systems and power electronics.

2

The basic e-machine emulator

Regeneration unit

mains supply

Back to Back converters

Converters Two back to back, three-phase, six-switch, bridge converters

Regeneration capability.

This also reduces the laboratory power supply requirements.

[5] H.j. Slater, et al, ‘‘Real-time emulation for power equipment development. Part2: The virtual machine’’ IEE proceedings-Eelectric power applications, 1998.

InverterUnderTest

ConverterBridge ‘A’

ConverterBridge ‘B’

Link

VoltageSampling

Real-TimeMotorModel

PI

PI

PI

ia

ibic

ia*ib*ic*

Figure 5. e-machine emulator block diagram [5]

3

Parallel inverters

sequential switching

Higher dynamics Higher

switching frequency

A doubling or tripling of the switching frequency in an industrial inverter, however, is not simple, as the thermal design of the inverter product would not allow that.

Figure 6. E-machine emulator [1]

4

Principle of Sequential/Interleaved Switching

• Sharing the switching losses among several power devices

• Power devices are switched sequentially

[6] A. Ferreira, R. Kennel, ‘‘Interleaved or Sequential switching-’’ 7th international conference on power electronics, 2008.

Figure 7. Basic scheme of parallel power devices [6]

5

switching frequency:

(n = number of devices in parallel connection)

Principle of Sequential/Interleaved Switching

fparalle= fSwiches * n

Figure 8. concept of sequential switching [4]

6

Detailed structure

5 legs in parallel Regeneration

unit

[7] T. Boller, R.M. Kennel, J. Holtz, ‘‘ Increased power capability of standard drive ’’ IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), 2010 .

Figure 10. e-machine emulator with 5 legs in parallel [7]

Figure 9. structure of e-machine emulator [7]

7

In voltage mode a voltage is applied by the analog amplifier

In addition, two auxiliary power supplies are used to maintain the

current of the freewheeling phase in the ECU output stage

Analog structureIn current mode the electronic load

is active and adjusts the current at the output of the ECU

Figure 11. Motor simulator [8]

[8] T. Schulte, J. Bracker, '' Real-time simulation of BLDC motors for hardware-in-the-loop applications incorporating senserless control'' IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, pp. 2195 - 2200, Cambridge, 2008. 8

Quasi-Linear Inverter (Linverter)

The suggested structure consists of the basic modules

To enable the current to flow in both directions both elementary circuits can be combined.

in

ON

S k Source

PWM

TU U

T

in

PWM

S k Source

OF

TU U

T

[9] S.L. Baciu, S. Trabelsi, et al, ‘‘Linverter a low-harmonic and high-bandwidth inverter based on a parallel multilevel structure’’ 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004.

Figure 12. schematic for Linverter [9]

9

Switched mode

Emulator

Device under test

Proposed Structure

Analog + Switched mode

Simple topology

Parallel inverter

Linverter

Figure 13. schematic for proposed topology

10

Linverter Simulation

LinVerter Approach

Figure 14. Linverter for simulation

11

Figure 15. Interaction of PSO optimization algorithm with model during optimization

Get New Parameters From PSO

In MATLABModify the

Simulated Circuit Configuration

Perform Simulation with Transient

Simulation Command

Results of Simulation

StartInitialize the ParameterCheck System

Condition Rules Feasible Mode?

Calculate the Fitness Function

Run PSO Algorithm

Update Parameters

Feasible Mode? Finish

Yes

No

No

YesOptimization Package in MATLAB

Simulated Model in LTspice

Import data from simulation into Matlab

Creating the new configuration and new Ltspice file

Bidirectional Interface environment

Bidirectional Interface(MATLAB and LTspice)

Figure 16. Convergence of PSO.

The number of iteration

Fitn

ess

func

tion

12

Simulation (Tracking of a 2 kHz sinusoidal signal)

Figure 17. Output Voltage of LinVerter.

13

Simulation (Tracking of a varied Reference)

1 kHz

500 Hz

2 kHz

1

3

5

Figure 18. Output Voltage of LinVerter.

Time

Out

put V

olta

ge

Simulation (Tracking of a 50 kHz sinusoidal signal)

14

4-Quadrant Converter

The switches MP and MN are operated complementary to each other

The output of this converter has an ability to sink or source current regardless of

the output voltage polarity

D

D

V

V

in

out

1

21

Figure 19. schematic for 4-Quadrant converter [10]

[10] A, Wu, ‘‘ Product How- to: four quadrant DC/DC switching regulator smoothly transitions from positive to negative output voltages for FPGA’’ EDN network, March 2014. 15

4-Quadrant Converter

D

D

V

V

in

out

1

21

inout

outin

inout

VVD

VVD

VVD

66.0

066.05.0

05.0

16

Simulation of 4-Quadrant Converter

I

Figure 20. 4-Quadrant Converter Performance

II

III IV

17

4-Quadrant Flyback Converter

Additional secondary and primary windings

Extra steering switches in the secondary

Four-quadrant Flyback Converter

Conventional Flyback converter

The circuit can offer all the benefits of the flyback converter to DC/AC inverters

Figure 21. 4-Quadrant Flyback Converter [11]

[11] D, Dalal ‘‘A Complete Control Solution For a Four-Quadrant Flyback Converter Using the New UCC3750 Source Ringer Controller’’ APPLICATION NOTE U-16918

4-Quadrant Flyback Converter

Figure 22. Different Operation modes for Flyback Converter [11]

[11] D, Dalal ‘‘A Complete Control Solution For a Four-Quadrant Flyback Converter Using the New UCC3750 Source Ringer Controller’’ APPLICATION NOTE U-16919

Inconveniences• Controlling the current

? (it is still to identify)

• Current balance in the diodes in the case of parallel interleaved structure.

advantages• 4-quadrant application• It is able to control the

current (by making a balance).

• High switching frequency and reduction of the size of the filter elements by parallel structure

Conclusion

20

Inconveniences• Complementary type of

MOS transistors• Controlling the current in

both direction might be difficult. (asymmetric behavior)

• The maximum VDS stress on switches is 2Vin-Vout (the BVDSS ratings must be greater).

ADVANTAGES

• 4-quadrant application.• The number of switches.

Conclusion

21

Conclusion

Inconveniences

• Higher complexity

• Energy losses in analog part

ADVANTAGES• Combine the analog

with switched mode• High frequency• Current control from

analog mode and voltage control from switched mode

• simple structures might be enough in the switched mode like half bridge

22

Future Steps

Interactions

• On control sides• On designing the magnetic components sides

Implementation

• Will be designed

• and built

23

References

[1] S. Uebener, J. Bocker, ‘‘Application of an e-machine emulator for power converter tests in the development of electric drives’’ EEVC European Electric Vehicle Congress, pp. 1-9, Brussels, 2012.[2] A. Bouscayrol, ‘‘Different types of hardware-in-the loop simulation for electric drives’’ IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, pp. 2146 – 2151, Cambridge, 2008.[3] B. Han, B. Bae, N. Kwak “Load Simulator with Power Recovery Capability Based on Voltage Source Converter-Inverter Set”, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, pp. 1-7, Tampa, 2007.[4] R. Kennel, ‘‘Power electronics, hardware-in-the-loop systems, the example of the Virtual machine’’ presentation, Technical university of Munich, Electrical drive systems and power electronics. [5] H.j. Slater, et al, ‘‘Real-time emulation for power equipment development. Part2: The virtual machine’’ IEE proceedings-Eelectric power applications, pp. 153-158, 1998. [6] A. Ferreira, R. Kennel, ‘‘Interleaved or Sequential switching- for increasing the switching frequency’’ 7th international conference on power electronics, pp. 738-741, Daegu, 2008.[7] T. Boller, R.M. Kennel, J. Holtz, ‘‘ Increased power capability of standard drive inverters by sequential switching’’ IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), pp. 769 - 774 , Vi a del Mar, 2010 .[8] T. Schulte, J. Bracker, ‘‘ Real-time simulation of BLDC motors for hardware-in-the-loop applications incorporating senserless control’’ IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, pp. 2195 - 2200, Cambridge, 2008.[9] S.Grubic, etal, ‘‘A high –performance electronic hardware-in-the-loop drive-load simulation using a linear inverter (Linverter)’’ IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, No.4, pp. 1208-1216, 2010. [10] A, Wu, ‘‘ Product How- to: four quadrant DC/DC switching regulator smoothly transitions from positive to negative output voltages for FPGA’’ EDN network, March 2014.[11] D, Dalal ‘‘A Complete Control Solution For a Four-Quadrant Flyback Converter Using the New UCC3750 Source Ringer Controller’’ APPLICATION NOTE U-169[12] Xu She, Y. Zou, Ch. Wang, Lei Lin, Jian Tang, Jian Chen, ‘‘Research on power electronic load: topology, modeling, and control’’ 24 Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC. , pp. 1661 – 1666, Washington, DC, 2009.[13] R.L. Klein, A.F. De Paiva, M. Mezaroba ‘‘ Emulation of nonlinear loads with energy regeneration’’ Power Electronics Conference (COBEP), pp. 884 – 890, Praiamar , 2011.[14] R.M. Kennel et al, ‘‘Replacement of electrical (load) drives by a Hardware-in-the-loop system’’ International Aegean Conference on Electrical Machines and Power Electronics (ACEMP) and Electromotion Joint Conference, pp. 17-25, Istanbul, 2011. [15] S.L. Baciu, S. Trabelsi, et al, ‘‘Linverter a low-harmonic and high-bandwidth inverter based on a parallel multilevel structure’’ 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Vol.5, pp. 3927 - 3931 2004. [16] D.Dalal ‘‘A unique Four Quadrant Flyback Converter’’ 2013.[17] Y. Berkovich and et al, ‘‘ A family of Four-Quadrant PWM DC-DC converters’’ IEEE international conference, 2007.

24

(𝟒𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟎−𝟗)∗𝟏∗𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟐

=𝟏 .𝟒∗𝟏𝟎−𝟒

(𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟎−𝟗)∗𝟏∗𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟐

=𝟐𝟒 .𝟓∗𝟏𝟎−𝟒

400ns 7000ns

j

𝟐 .𝟓𝟐𝟕∗𝟏𝟎−𝟒 =𝟏𝒌𝒉𝒛

400 ns+7000 ns

𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟎−𝟗 =𝟏𝟑𝟓𝐤𝐡𝐳

22

Problem

diodes cannot be switched sequentially

All diodes are loaded with the

full switching frequency

The diodes with the lowest

internal resistance heat more than

the others

All diodes are loaded with the

full switching frequency

The diodes with the lowest

internal resistance heat more than

the others

R

12

3

D1 D2D3

S1 S2S3

Principle of Magnetic Freewheeling ControlThe concept of magnetic free wheeling control is a possibility to provide

sequential switching in parallel diodes.

GA

L

Parallel Structure

[12] S.Grubic, etal, ‘‘A high –performance electronic hardware-in-the-loop drive-load simulation using a linear inverter (Linverter)’’ IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, 2010.

Figure 17. Linverter with just one leg [12]

Figure 18. Schematic of linverter with parallel structute [12]

Higher switching

frequencies

Sizereduction

Reduction of output harmonics

Smoother voltage profile

Bidirectionalcurrent

Reduction in switching

losses

Dynamic performance improvement

The aims of

this extension

Tested power Device

Load imitation Converter

DC bus capacitor

Grid Connected Converter

Grid

Single phase and Three-phase structure

Requirements: Much higher dynamics Higher frequency bidirectional current

[6] Xu She, Y. Zou, Ch. Wang, Lei Lin, Jian Tang, Jian Chen, ‘‘Research on power electronic load’’ Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC. 2009.

Figure 6. single phase topology of electronic load [6]

Figure 7. Three-phase topology of electronic load [7]

[7] R.L. Klein, A.F. De Paiva, M. Mezaroba ‘‘ Emulation of nonlinear loads with energy regeneration’’ Power Electronics Conference, 2011.

T2

T1

T3

TPWM

TonTT1

T

Example of pulse sequence for sequential switching of paralleled power devices

reduction of the switching lossesby reducing the switching frequency in each device

the devices are loaded with the full current !

limitation of the maximum switch-on timeto the cycle time of the system frequency

(pulse / pause = 33.3% max. for three IGBTs in parallel)

Basic Idea of Sequential Switching

II

Simulation of 4-Quadrant converter

Figure 20. 4-Quadrant Converter Performance

IIISimulation of 4-Quadrant converter

Figure 20. 4-Quadrant Converter Performance

III

IV

Simulation of 4-Quadrant converter

Figure 20. 4-Quadrant Converter Performance