hh world studies medieval europe overview. medieval europe the period in european history between...
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HH World Studies
Medieval EuropeOverview
Medieval EuropeThe period in European History between
the fall of Rome and the Renaissance (400s to 1400s AD)
Three PhasesEarly Middle Ages (400s-900s AD)
Known as the “Dark Ages”, characterized by declining population, scarcity of cultural achievements, and the unifying power of the Church; Carolingian Dynasty
High Middle Ages (1000s-1200s AD)With the end of invasions, populations
began to rise; characterized by Manorialism, feudalism, the rise of centralized states and the Crusades
Late Middle Ages (1300s-1400s AD)Characterized by war and famine – the
Black Death and Hundred Years War – along with intellectual and military developments
Early Middle Ages (400s-900s AD)Known as the “Dark Ages”, characterized by declining population, scarcity of cultural achievements, and the unifying power of the Church; Carolingian Dynasty
High Middle Ages (1000s-1200s AD)With the end of invasions, populations began to rise; characterized by Manorialism, feudalism, the rise of centralized states and the Crusades
Late Middle Ages (1300s-1400s AD)
Characterized by war and famine – the Black Death and Hundred Years War – along with intellectual and military developments
Early Middle Ages (400s-900s AD) Known as the “Dark Ages”, characterized by
declining population, scarcity of cultural achievements, and the unifying power of the Church; Carolingian Dynasty
Germanic InvadersGermanic peoples moved
into former Roman empireMedieval culture was a
combination of Germanic values and Roman institutionsTribal leaders became
kingsRoman law mixed
with German customsChristianity
Map of Germanic Invasions / Kingdoms
Latin ChristendomThe Civilization that dominated Europe after the fall of Rome – influenced by German Culture, Roman institutions, and THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
Catholic Church offered structure and authority
Only constant Offered promise of
salvation
Church Hierarchy
Monasteries and SacramentsCenters of knowledgeLived humble lifestyle
according to Rule of Saint Benedict
encouraged sacraments to provide people with a common path to achieve salvation
What role did Religion play in Medieval Europe? Why was the Church an important institution?Promise of salvation in
chaotic timesMonasteries preserved
knowledgeOffered structure and
hierarchy / order and organization
Provided a set of valuesMedieval kings desired the
approval of Rome for legitimacy
The Franksstrongest and most
powerful Germanic Kingdom
Made alliance with Rome to solidify control over vast lands
Greatest Frankish king was Charles the Great, or Charlemagne
Fell apart under Charlemagne’s descendants
Charlemagne In return for defending the Papal States he was
crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo on Christmas Day, 800AD
Valued learning created social stabilityImposed hierarchical orderEmpire weakened under his heirs
High Middle Ages(1000s-1200s AD) With the end of invasions, populations
began to rise; characterized by Manorialism, feudalism, the rise of centralized states and the Crusades
FeudalismInformal political system of Medieval Europe: legal and military obligations
among the warrior nobility, revolving around three key concepts: lords, vassals and fiefs
Many small kingdomsKings relied on nobles who
controlled the land and serfs Valued loyalty and local self-
sufficiency (fealty)
Manorial SystemThe dominant economic system of Medieval Europe
Peasants work the land of nobles in return for payment
Self-sufficient 3 Field Crop-rotation
The Crusades a series of European
expeditions to retake the Christian “Holy Land” from the Muslims
Causes: religion, power, adventure
Only the first was successful
Effects: revived trade, new learning, growth of towns
Nation-BuildingOvertime, kings solidified their power over the nobility and created stronger, more centralized governments
Examples:EnglandFrance
England 1066 – Norman lord William the Conqueror invades England and takes the throne
Domesday Book: survey of English land and ownership; useful for taxation and military service
Magna Carta: king agreed to never raise taxes without the consent of nobility
Late Middle Ages(1300s-1400s AD) Characterized by war and famine – the
Black Death and Hundred Years War – along with intellectual and military developments
Hundred Years WarSeries of conflicts between England and France fought on and off over a hundred year period [1337-1453]
Causes:SuccessionFrench landsNational unityEconomic rivalry
Strengths and WeaknessesENGLANDFRANCE
Strong Central Government
Military disciplineTechnological/weapons
superiority The longbowCannons
Relied on strategy rather than numbers Avoided pitched battlesPreferred quick raids
Larger population (about 16,000,000)
Home-field advantage Far richer than England
Internal disunity and social conflict
Lack of good leadership
3 Phases of the Hundred Years War
1. English Advance into France2. Internal Struggles
Peasant revolts
3. French Rally around Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc executed by English as a heretic
** In the end the English are driven out of France
Outcomes of the War
FrancenationalismMore centralized state Heavy taxes on peasantry
EnglandCivil War for the throne
(War of the Roses) Development of industry
(clothing)
Outcomes of the War
OverallBurden on peasants Downfall of feudalismRevolution in European
warfarelongbow = end of
knightsGunpowder and
cannons take down castle walls
Allowed strong and wealthy king to centralize power at the expense of rebellious nobles
Black Death Cases of bubonic
plague reached Italy in 1348 and quickly spread throughout Europe
25% to 50% of Europeans perished
Late Medieval RevivalRevival of tradeRise of TownsRevival of Learning