Chng 2 H thng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc Cu to v tnh cht ca cc nguyn tDimitri Mendeleev

NH LUT TUN HONTnh cht cc n cht cng nh dng tnh cht ca cc hp cht thay i tun hon theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn nguyn t.

NGUYN TC SP XP CC NGUYN T TRONG BNG H THNG TUN HONS in tch ht nhn Z l s th t.

Cc nguyn t c tnh cht ging nhau c xp trong cng mt ct (nhm).

Mi hng l mt chu k gm cc nguyn t c lp lng t ngoi cng ging nhau.Mi chu k bt u bng kim loi kim v kt thc kh tr (ngoi tr chu k I ).

BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC

Cc h nguyn t s, p, d, fCc nguyn t h s (ns1,2)ns1 kim loi kimns2 kim loi kim thCc nguyn t h p (ns2np1-6) Cc nguyn t h d ((n-1)d1-10ns1,2) - kim loi chuyn tipCc nguyn t h f ((n-2)f1-14(n-1)d0,1ns2 ) cc nguyn t t him4f1 14 : lantanoit 5f1 14 : actinoitTt c cc nguyn t d v f u l kim loi.

ns2np1ns2np2ns2np3ns2np4ns2np5ns2np6B - AlC - SiN - PO - SHalogenKh tr

Chu k l dy cc nguyn t vit theo hng ngang trong chu k tnh cht cc nguyn t bin i tun hon s th t chu k = n ca lp electron ngoi cng Chu k I (CK c bit): ch c 2 nguyn t h s Chu k II, III (CK nh): 8 nguyn t = 2(s) + 6(p) Chu k IV, V (CK ln): 18 ngt = 2(s) + 10(d) + 6(p) Chu k VI (CK hon ho): 32 ngt =2(s)+14(f)+10(d)+6(p) Chu k VII (CK d dang): c 2(s) + 14(f) + mt s (d)

Beyond the d-orbitalslanthanidesactinidesd-transition elementsf-transition elements

Nhm Phn nhm: Cc ngt c cng cu hnh electron ho tr tnh cht ha hc tng t nhaul ct dc cc ngt c tng s e ha tr bng nhau 8 phn nhm chnh A (ng t h s v p) 8 phn nhm ph B (ng t h d v f)

Phn nhm chnh A (nguyn t h s v p) S th t PN chnh = tng s e lp ngoi cng (tng s e ho tr )

IAIIAIIIAIVAVAVIAVIIAVIIIAns1ns2ns2np1ns2np2ns2np3ns2np4ns2np5ns2np6

Phn nhm ph B (nguyn t d(n 4), f(n 6))Cc Lantanoit (4f1 14 6s2) v Actinoit (5f1 14 7s2) to thnh 14 phn nhm ph th cp, mi phn nhm c hai nguyn t.

IIIBIVBVBVIB(n-1)d1ns2nguyn t f(n-1)d2ns2(n-1)d3ns2(n-1)d4ns2

(n-1)d5ns1 (24Cr,42Mo)VIIBVIIIBIBIIB(n-1)d5ns2(n-1)d6,7,8ns2(n-1)d10ns1(n-1)d10ns2

Cch xc nh v tr ngt trong bng HTTHS th t = ZS th t chu k = nmaxS nhm (A) =tng s in t thuc lp ngoi cng.S nhm (B) Nguyn t d vi cu hnh e ha tr (n-1)dansb a=10 s nhm = b a

S BIN THIN TUN HON MT S TNH CHT CA CC NGUYN T. Bn knh nguyn t v ion Nng lng ion ho (I) i lc electron (F) m in Ha tr v s oxy ha

Bn knh nguyn t v ion Quy c v bn knh

Bn knh nguyn t

Bn knh ion

Quy c v bn knh hiu dngCoi nguyn t hay ion nh nhng hnh cu.Hp cht l cc hnh cu tip xc nhau.Bn knh nguyn t hay ion c xc nh da trn khong cch gia cc ht nhn nguyn t bn knh hiu dng r ph thuc vo:bn cht nguyn tc trng lin kttrng thi tp hp

Trong chu k nh(1,2,3) khi Z th ru

Bn knh nguyn tTrong mt chu k ln khi Z th rchm, khng u

Phn nhm chnh: s lp e hiu ng chn r

Bn knh nguyn tTrong mt phn nhm ph - r chm nhng khng u

IVBVBVIB22Ti 1,45 23 V 1,33 24Cr 1,25

40Zr1,59 41Nb 1,41 42Mo1,36

72Hf1,56 73Ta 1,43 74W 1,37

Bn knh ion

BN KNH NGUYN T V CATION

BN KNH NGUYN T V ANION

Bn knh ioni vi cation ca cng mt ngt: khi n th rn+ r(Fe2+) > r(Fe3+)

i vi cc ion trong cng phn nhm c in tch ion ging nhau: khi Z ngt th r r(Li+)

Trends in Ion SizesS BIN I BN KNH ION TRONG PHN NHM CHNH

i vi cc ion ng e: r ion khi Z r(8O2-) > r(9F-) > r(11Na+) > r(12Mg2+) > r(13Al3+)

Bn knh nguyn tHy sp xp cc nguyn t sau y theo trt t bn knh tng dn:19 K , 16S, 10Ne :20 Ca, 15P, 8O :Ne < S < KO < P < Ca Li+ < Na+ < Rb+ F- < Cl- < I-

Ionization Energy Nng lng ion ha (I)Nng lng ion ha ( I ) l nng lng cn tiu tn tch mt e ra khi nguyn t th kh v khng b kch thch.X(k) = X+(k) + e H = I1 >0I cng nh nguyn t cng d nhng e, do tnh kim loi v tnh kh cng mnh.

Ionization Energy Nng lng ion ha (I) I1 < I2 < I3 < I4.

Cc yu t nh hng n nng lng ion ha in tch ht nhn nguyn t.S lng t chnh n.Kh nng xm nhp ca electron bn ngoi vo lp bn trongTc dng chn ca electron bn trong n tng tc gia ht nhn vi electron ho tr.c im cu trc electron ha tr

S bin i nng lng ion ha trong chu k

B: 1s22s22p1O: 1s22s22p4Be 1s22s2 I1(B) < I1(Be) N : 1s22s22p3 I1(O) < I1(N)

S bin i nng lng ion ha trong phn nhm chnhNng lng ion hagim theo chiu Z tng

IAI1(eV) 3Li 5,39 11Na 5,14 19K4,34 37Rb4,18 55Cs3,89 87Fr3,98

S bin i nng lng ion ha trong phn nhm phNng lng ion hatng theo chiu Z tngr

IVB I1(eV) 22Ti 6,82 40Zr 6,84 72Hf 7,0

i lc electron Fi lc electron (F) l nng lng pht ra hay thu vo khi kt hp mt e vo nguyn t th kh khng b kch thch.X(k) + e = X- (k), H = FF c gi tr cng m th nguyn t cng d nhn e, do tnh phi kim v tnh oxi ha ca nguyn t cng mnh.Electron Affinity

m in Trong mi chu k khi i t tri sang phi, m in tng ln.Trong mi nhm khi i t trn xung, m in gim.* Ch : m in khng phi l mt hng s nguyn tc trng cho kh nng ht mt e v pha mnh khi to lin kt vi nguyn t ca nguyn t khc.

M iN

Mi lin h gia m in v cc loi lin kt

khc bit v m inLoi lin kt0Cng ha trTrung bnhCng ho tr c tnh ionTrung bnh lnIon c tnh cng ho trLnIon

PHI KIM LOII LC iN TNNG LNG ION HO BN KNH NGUYN TKIM LOI

Ha tr v s oxy haHa tr - s lin kt ha hc m mt ngt to nn trong phn t. S oxi ha - l in tch dng hay m ca ngt trong hp cht c tnh vi gi thit rng hp cht c to thnh t cc ionS oxi ha dng cao nht ca cc nguyn t = s th t ca nhm.(ngoi tr IB,VIIIB, VIIIA)S oxi ha m thp nht ca phi kim = s th t nhm - 8 (t IVA n VIIA )

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