herbicides: past, present, and future eric n. johnson scott
TRANSCRIPT
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Herbicides: Past, Present, and
Future
Eric N. Johnson
Scott Research Farm
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Background
• Presentation based on paper:
– Holm, F.A., and Johnson, E.N. 2009. The
history of herbicide use for weed
management on the Prairies. Prairie Soils and
Crops: 2. [Online] Available:
http://www.prairiesoilsandcrops.ca/display_art
icle.html?id=26 .
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History of herbicide use
• Early days 1920’s to 40’s: Focused on
persistent perennial control with inorganic
compounds. Sodium chlorate, sodium
arsenite, sodium metaborate tetrahydrate.
– High rates, highly residual, and high cost
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History of herbicide use
• Early attempts at selective weed control in cereals – Sulphuric acid, copper nitrate, iron sulphate,
sodium chloride, sodium dichromate, sodium chlorate, ammonium thiocyanate,ammonium bisulphate.
– Only copper nitrate, copper sulphate and sulphuric acid provided selective control.
– Sulphuric acid (4% soln.) applied at 840-1,120 L/ha controlled mustards, stinkweed, wild radish, false flax, and wild buckwheat.
– Copper compounds less efficacious but less crop injury and higher yield responses.
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History of herbicide use
• Selective weed control
– 1940’s – attention turned to organic compounds
due to less crop injury, lower corrosiveness and
lower toxicity;
– Sinox (Sodium dinitro-o-cresylate) introduced in
1944 for cereals and flax - applied in 420 – 560 L
of water/ha. Provided excellent control of wild
mustard, stinkweed and lamb’s quarters and
suppressed wild buckwheat.
– Sometimes resulted in “spectacular” yield
increases.
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Applying Sinox at Scott Research
Farm, 1948.
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Pesticide Safety Apparel in the 1940’s
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Modern Herbicide Era begins in
1945 with introduction of 2,4-D
Year Ha Treated
1946 40
1947 200,000
1949 3.2 M
1962 10 M
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Herbicide Mode of Action
Development in Western Canada
19
13
1 3 2 5 5 2 1 TOTAL
Gr 27 Gr 22
Gr 25 Gr 7
Gr 15 Gr 20 Gr 6
Gr 14 Gr 9 Gr 5 Gr 11
Gr 28 Gr 10 Gr 2 Gr 1 Gr 3 Gr 8 Gr 4 MOA
2000s 1990s 1980s 1970s 1960s 1950s 1940s Decade
1 3 2 5 5 2 1 TOTAL
Gr 27 Gr 22
Gr 25 Gr 7
Gr 15 Gr 20 Gr 6
Gr 14 9 Gr 5 Gr 11
Gr 28 Gr 10 Gr 2 Gr 1 Gr 3 Gr 8 Gr 4 MOA
2000s 1990s 1980s 1970s 1960s 1950s 1940s Decade
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Number of Herbicide Resistant Weeds – World
2010
Group 2
Group 5
Group 1
Group 4
Group 9
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Glyphosate introduced in 1976
• Transformed agriculture in the Prairies
• About 50% of the herbicide market share
in North America; 30% world-wide.
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Adoption rate of glyphosate-resistant crops
in the United States
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Confirmed Group 2 resistant Weeds in
Western Canada
1. kochia
2. Russian thistle
3. spiny annual sow-
thistle
4. redroot pigweed
5. wild mustard
6. wild oat
7. green foxtail
8. hemp-nettle
9. stinkweed
10.cleavers
11.chickweed
12.ball mustard
13.wild buckwheat
14.shepherd’s purse.
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2007 spring
survey: 100
fields
almost 90%
resistant
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Generations or years
Predicted increase of HR individuals over time
0
20
40
60
80
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
100
(Powles et al. 1997)
Frequency (%)
Herbicide A or B used alone Rotation of herbicide A and B
Mixture of herbicide A and B
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Herbicide
Group 2 --------2 + 4------------ ----------------------------- 4 ---------------------------- 4 + 6 6 + 28Herbicide
Group 2 --------2 + 4------------ ----------------------------- 4 ---------------------------- 4 + 6 6 + 28
Stellar
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Kochia control in cereals
• Unless you know otherwise assume your
kochia has some group 2 resistant types
• Group 2 mixes with another mode of
action may not always be effective for
controlling kochia.
• Group 2 tank-mixes that control group 2
resistant kochia
–Triton K, Stellar and Benchmark
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Present and Future
• Present: PPO inhibitors – Group 14
– Carfentrazone (CleanStart); Saflufenacil
(Heat); Sulfentrazone (Authority)
• Future:
– Aminocyclopyrachlor – Group 4 (auxin)
– Pyroxasulfone – Group 15 ?
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Authority
• Recently received full registration.
• Crops: chickpea, flax, field pea, and
sunflower.
• Label details to be available soon.
• Very effective on kochia, lambs-quarters,
wild buckwheat, and redroot pigweed.
• Soil applied; requires moisture for
activation.
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Sulfentrazone Application Rates and Restrictions
(from conditional label) • Use on medium or fine textured soils only. NOT FOR USE ON
COARSE (Sand, Loamy Sand) TEXTURED SOILS.
• Do not use on soils with a pH of 7.8 or greater.
• Do NOT apply to fine textured soils with less than 1.5% organic
matter or any soil type with more than 6% organic matter.
Soil pH
< 7.0 > 7.0
ml/acre
(g ai ha-1)
118
(140)
89
(105)
Acres/jug 32 43
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Effect of sulfentrazone
rate on control of wild
mustard and kochia.
2003-2006
Scott, SK.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 17 35 70 140 210 280 420 560 840
4 12 16 42 14 15n 12 42 38
0
20
40
60
80
100
Kochia
0 140 210 280 420 560 840
32 16 32 12 28 12n
Wild Mustard
0
20
40
60
80
100
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Effect of
sulfentrazone
rate on control of wild
buckwheat, lamb’s-
quarters. 2003-2006
Scott, SK.
0 17 35 70 140 210 280 420 560 840
4 12 16 32n 32 28412 3
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wild buckwheat
0 35 70 140 280 420 560 840
4 4 10 10 6 6n 10
0
20
40
60
80
100
Lamb's-quarters
0 17 35 70 140 280 420 560 840
4 4 8 8n 448 4
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cow cockle
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0 10 30 50 100 200
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Sulfentrazone dose-response curves in ten soils as
determined by shoot length inhibition of sugar beet 0 100 200 300 400
Shoot le
ngth
inhib
itio
n (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Central Butte (1), SK
Moose Jaw, SK
Scott, SK
Central Butte (4), SK
Lockport, MB
Sulfentrazone concentration (g/kg)
0 100 200 300 400
Shoot le
ngth
inhib
itio
n (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Central Butte (2), SK
Saskatoon, SK
Central Butte (3), SK
Clavet, SK
Melfort, SK
0 100 200 300 400
Shoot le
ngth
inhib
itio
n (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Central Butte (1), SK
Moose Jaw, SK
Scott, SK
Central Butte (4), SK
Lockport, MB
Sulfentrazone concentration (g/kg)
0 100 200 300 400
Shoot le
ngth
inhib
itio
n (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Central Butte (2), SK
Saskatoon, SK
Central Butte (3), SK
Clavet, SK
Melfort, SK
0 100 200 300 400
Shoot le
ngth
inhib
itio
n (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Central Butte (1), SK
Moose Jaw, SK
Scott, SK
Central Butte (4), SK
Lockport, MB
Sulfentrazone concentration (g/kg)
0 100 200 300 400
Shoot le
ngth
inhib
itio
n (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Central Butte (2), SK
Saskatoon, SK
Central Butte (3), SK
Clavet, SK
Melfort, SK
0 100 200 300 400
Shoot le
ngth
inhib
itio
n (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Central Butte (1), SK
Moose Jaw, SK
Scott, SK
Central Butte (4), SK
Lockport, MB
Sulfentrazone concentration (g/kg)
0 100 200 300 400
Shoot le
ngth
inhib
itio
n (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Central Butte (2), SK
Saskatoon, SK
Central Butte (3), SK
Clavet, SK
Melfort, SK
51, 31, 1.3, 7.8
19, 52, 1.3, 7.5
33, 39, 3.2, 5.6
23, 46, 2.3, 6.2
3, 83, 4.3, 7.2
k
d
Sand, Clay, OC %, pH
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Sulfentrazone dose-response curves in ten soils as
determined by shoot length inhibition of sugar beet 0 100 200 300 400
Shoot le
ngth
inhib
itio
n (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Central Butte (1), SK
Moose Jaw, SK
Scott, SK
Central Butte (4), SK
Lockport, MB
Sulfentrazone concentration (g/kg)
0 100 200 300 400
Sh
oo
t le
ng
th in
hib
itio
n (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Central Butte (2), SK
Saskatoon, SK
Central Butte (3), SK
Clavet, SK
Melfort, SK
46, 38, 1.7, 7.7
14, 67, 3.0, 7.5
24, 51, 2.6, 6.3
60, 26, 2.4, 6.7
9, 72, 6.6, 6.1
k
d
Sand, Clay, OC %, pH
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Effect of soil pH on shoot length
inhibition from sulfentrazone
Sulfentrazone (ppb)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Shoot
Length
Inhib
itio
n (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
pH 7.2
pH 6.6 (natural)
pH 6.0
pH 5.6
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Effect of Sulfentrazone rate and soil organic matter on
control of cleavers
105
105
140
140
140210
280
420
0 20 40 60 80 100
<3% SOM
3 to 5% SOM
> 5% SOM
% control
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Aminocyclopyrachlor
• A new pryimidine carboxylic acid herbicide
under development by E.I. DuPont Canada Co.
• Activity on a wide range of non-cropland
broadleaf weed species.
• Attributes include low use rates, low animal
toxicity, and low environmental impact.
• It is formulated as a methyl-ester (DPX-KJM44)
or free-acid (DPX-MAT28).
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Effect of aminocyclopyrachlor on
leafy spurge in rangeland
• Three studies conducted near Battleford,
Sk in 2007, 2009, and 2010.
• Objectives:
– To determine the optimum rate of
aminocyclopyrachlor required for long-term
control of leafy spurge in non-cropland;
– To determine if the DPX-MAT28 and the DPX-
KJM44 formulations provide equivalent
control of leafy spurge
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2007 Study
Figure 1. Control of Leafy Spurge with DPX-KJM44 and Tank-Mixes. Battleford, SK 2007
2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
15 g ai/ha
DPX-KJM44
30 g ai/ha
DPX-KJM44
60 g ai/ha
DPX-KJM44
120 g ai/ha
DPX-KJM44
240 g ai/ha
DPX-KJM44
30 + 15 g ai/ha
DPX-KJM44
+ Metsulfuron
2135 g ai/ha
Grazon™
Treatment
% C
on
tro
l
2 WAA
6 WAA
58 WAA
110 WAA
Figure 1. Control of Leafy Spurge with DPX-KJM44 and Tank-Mixes. Battleford, SK 2007
2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
15 g ai/ha
DPX-KJM44
30 g ai/ha
DPX-KJM44
60 g ai/ha
DPX-KJM44
120 g ai/ha
DPX-KJM44
240 g ai/ha
DPX-KJM44
30 + 15 g ai/ha
DPX-KJM44
+ Metsulfuron
2135 g ai/ha
Grazon™
Treatment
% C
on
tro
l
2 WAA
6 WAA
58 WAA
110 WAA
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2009 Study
Figure 2. Control of Leafy Spurge with DPX-MAT28 and Tank-Mixes. Battleford, SK 2009
2009
0
20
40
60
80
100
15 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28
30 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28
60 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28
30 + 15 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28 +
Metsulfuron
60 + 30 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28 +
Metsulfuron
70 + 30 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28 +
Chlorosulfuron
2135 g ai/ha
Grazon™
30 g ai/ha
DPX-KJM44
Treatment
% C
on
tro
l
2 WAA
6 WAA
58 WAA
Figure 2. Control of Leafy Spurge with DPX-MAT28 and Tank-Mixes. Battleford, SK 2009
2009
0
20
40
60
80
100
15 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28
30 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28
60 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28
30 + 15 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28 +
Metsulfuron
60 + 30 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28 +
Metsulfuron
70 + 30 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28 +
Chlorosulfuron
2135 g ai/ha
Grazon™
30 g ai/ha
DPX-KJM44
Treatment
% C
on
tro
l
2 WAA
6 WAA
58 WAA
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2010 Study
Figure 3. Control of Leafy Spurge with DPX-MAT28 and Tank-Mixes. Battleford, SK 2010
2010
0
20
40
60
80
100
30 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28
60 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28
30 + 15 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28 +
Metsulfuron
70 + 30 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28 +
Chlorsulfuron
2135 g ai/ha
Grazon™
30 g ai/ha
DPX-KJM44
60 + 30 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT 28 +
Metsulfuron
Treatment
% C
on
tro
l
2 WAA
6 WAA
Figure 3. Control of Leafy Spurge with DPX-MAT28 and Tank-Mixes. Battleford, SK 2010
2010
0
20
40
60
80
100
30 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28
60 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28
30 + 15 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28 +
Metsulfuron
70 + 30 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT28 +
Chlorsulfuron
2135 g ai/ha
Grazon™
30 g ai/ha
DPX-KJM44
60 + 30 g ai/ha
DPX-MAT 28 +
Metsulfuron
Treatment
% C
on
tro
l
2 WAA
6 WAA
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Untreated (left) and DPX-MAT28 @ 60 g ai/ha 58 WAA
(right)
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Aminocyclopyrachlor
• Injury to grasses is acceptable at all rates
studies
• The 60 g ai ha-1 rate of both formulations of
aminocyclopyachlor is required for long-term
control of leafy spurge in mixed grassland.
• Tank-mixes with SU’s had minimal effect on
efficacy.
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Pyroxasulfone
• Group 15 herbicide
– Inhibitor of VLCFA
– Seedling inhibitor / soil applied / activated by moisture
• Developed by Kumiai America
• Currently evaluating its potential
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ED85 ( g ai ha-1)
Weed Species 45 DAA 67 DAA
Lambs quarters 284 618
Cleavers 60 63
Redroot pigweed 34 74
Wild mustard 298 625
Green Foxtail 35 63
Wild oat 25 335
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Herbicide Research Focus 2010-14
• Pulse Cluster
– Managing Group 2 resistant kochia, cleavers,
and wild mustard using a multiple mode of
action strategy
• Innovative Mustards
– Herbicide resistance in condiment mustard,
and Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata)
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Summarize
• Don’t expect new modes of action to solve
problems;
• Use tank-mixes of more than one mode of
action, when possible;
• Integrate herbicides with good agronomy
(listen to what Neil says!)
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Thank you!