henle loop fenestrated capillary
TRANSCRIPT
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Kidney and Urinary System
CTB Lab 9
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General Kidney Features
(macroscopic structure)
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Kidney
Retroperitoneal
Encapsulated w/ Dense Irregular CT
Cortex
outermost region
Cortex composed of
Renal corpuscles (little circles)
Proximal/Distal Tubules
Capillaries
Medullary rays
Kidney (monkey):
RC renal corpuscles
V interlobular veinCx cortex
MR medullary ray
AV arcuate vein
AA arcuate artery
G glomerulus
IA interlobular artery
RP renal papilla
C calyxP renal pelvis
U ureter
Ai interlobar artery
T tubule
Zoom to ~150% to really see the
arteries and veins
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Renal Corpuscle1. Glomerulus tuft of fenestrated capillaries
2. Mesangial cells modified sm muscle cells, support glomerulus, maybe maintain Glomerular bsmt membrane
3. Bowmans Capsule double walled epithelial layer surrounding glomerulus (Visceral + Parietal)
Question 1: *Parietal Layer of Bowmans Capsule is made up of Simple Squamous Epithelial cells
Visceral layer of Bowmans Capsule consists ofPodocytesQ2: *Nuclei within Glomerulus belong to 3 types of cells: Capillary endothelial cells, Podocytes, Mesangial Cells
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Renal Corpuscle
Schematic
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Renal corpuscle:
A afferent arteriole
C glomerular capillary
E endothelial cell
GBM glomerular basementmembrane
I interstitium
M mesangium
N mesangial cell nucleus
PCT proximal convoluted tubule
S squamous cell
Renal Corpuscle
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Glomerular Filter SchematicGlomerulusBC Bowman's capsuleBM basement membraneBS Bowman's space (urinary space)C capillary loopE endothelial cellF fenestrationsFS filtration slitM mesangial cellMM mesangial matrixP podocyteP1 podocyte primary processP2 podocyte secondary foot process
Q3: **The Clear Space between the Glomerulusand Parietal Layer of Bowmans Capsule is called theUrinary Space (Bowmans Space in Wheatersdiagrams)
**The Urinary Space contains Plasma Ultrafiltrate itpassed from capillaries into it.
Q4: **3 Components of the Filtration barrier going
from glomerular caps to urinary space:1) Fenestrated capillary endothelial cells (ECs)2) Fused basal laminae of cap ECs & podocytes3) Diaphragm-covered filtration slits betweenpodocyte foot processes
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Ultrastructure of Podocytes & Endothelial CellsGlomerulus
BC Bowman's capsule BM basement membrane
BS Bowman's space C capillary loop
E endothelial cell F fenestrationsFS filtration slit M mesangial cell
MM mesangial matrix P podocyte
P1 podocyte primary process
P2 podocyte secondary foot process
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Slide 27 Kidney PAS
Note intense staining within glomerulus
It indicates the Basal Lamina that contributes to the glomerular filtration barrier.
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Back to slide 26
Afferent Arteriolefeeds glomerular caps
Efferent Arterioledrains glomerular caps
Both enter/exit the renal corpuscle at theVascular Pole
Urinary Poleopposite from Vascular pole; where plasma ultrafiltrate drains from corpuscle.Q5: **Plasma Ultrafiltrate drains from urinary space into proximal tubule.
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Nephrons functional units of the kidney,
composed of four things:
Proximal and distal
convoluted tubulesBB brush border
BM basement membraneC peritubular capillaries
DCT distal convoluted tubule
PCT proximal convoluted tubul
1- Renalcorpuscle
2- Proximal tubule
3- Loop of Henle
4- Distal Tubule
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How to Distinguish Renal Tubes
-No brush border-Makes lumen appear wider/open
-Have a brush border (microvilli)-More Prox tubules than Distal;so will see more of these in Xsection
Extra info:
PalePaleEosinophilic & Granular(b/c abundant mitochondria,basal membrane infoldings)
Cytoplasmicstaining
Many centrallylocated
Many centrally located(beccause cells are smaller)
Few basally located(because cells are so large)
Nuclei in agiven plane ofsection
DistinctIndistinct(lateral borders highlyinterdigitate)
Indistinct(lateral borders highlyinterdigitate)
Cell borders
-Open
-Scalloped edge b/ccells bulge inward
-Open
-Wide
-Smooth contour
Occluded
Jagged outline
LumenCharacteristics
Cuboidal ColumnarLow CuboidalIn other words, shorter cellsHigh CuboidalIn other words, Large cells
Type ofEpithelium
Collecting DuctDistal TubuleProximal Tubule
Q6:**Cells in the Proximal Tubule function to resorb lots:
Active Reabsorption = Na/Cl
Passive Reabsorption = water (follows NaCl)
Facilitated Reabsorption = Glucose / AAs / Proteins
Q7: **Distal Tubule Cells only resorbe Na/Cl
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B Bowman's space
CP mesangial cell cytoplasmic processes
MC mesangial cell
MM mesangial matrix
P1 podocyte primary process
P2 podocyte secondary foot process;
BM basement membraneBME basement membrane of endothelium
Cap capillary
E endothelium
J junctional complex
L lysosome
M mitochondrion
Mv microvilli
P cell processes
S supporting tissueV pinocytotic vesicle
E endothelial cell
Structure of the Tubules with
adjacent capillaries for
reabsorption
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More Comparison of Proximal vs Distal Tubules
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MACULA DENSA:Place where the Distal Tubule passes close by the Vascular Pole
The Distal Tubules Columnar Cells are Tightly Packed here
Function: monitors the sodium concentration and volume of ultrafiltrate in the tubule
MACULA DENSA
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MACULA DENSAQ7: ** Macula densa is part of a larger structure called the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus, which
includes specialized cells in a portion of the afferent arteriole.
Q8: ** The secretory product of the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole is Renin.
S /C
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See/Compare:
-Glomerulus
-Macula densa
-Proximal tubule
-Distal tubule
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Loop of Henle(Intermediate Tubule)
Collecting tubules and ductsA thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
T thin limb of loop of Henle
CD collecting duct
CT collecting tubule
IC intercalated cell
V vasa recta
A U-shaped tube connecting the
proximal and distal tubules
First section of Henles loop is a thick
descending limb; goes from cortex
medulla via Medullary Rays
Thin loops dip down into the
medulla and go back up to
the cortex.
To identify look for squamous
cells, but they shouldnt have
bright RBCs within those
are capillaries.
Dont forget that Henles Loop functions as a Countercurrent Multiplier.
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Collecting tubules and ductsBM tubular basement membrane
CD collecting duct
IC intercalated cell
S supporting tissue
*The nephron stops at the end of the
distal tubule.. Doesnt include the
collecting duct.
*Dont fret about distinguishing
collecting ducts vs collecting tubules.
*But you will need to be able to
distinguish collecting tubules from
distal/proximal tubules.
Collecting Ducts have:
-Larger lumens
-Distinct intercellular borders
-Scalloped edges of lumens
-Many central nuclei
-Pale cytoplasm
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Note how the Thin loops have Squamous epithelium compared to the Cuboidal epithelial
cells in the thick desc/ascending loops, and cuboidal/columnar in collecting ducts.
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Kidney Stroma
(slide 28)
As you can see the stromal component in the kidney is primarily Reticular fibers
and not as predominant as in other organs.
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Ureterin or your outSlide 30Ureter
A adventitia
C circular muscle layer of ureter
L longitudinal muscle layer of ureter
LP lamina propria
V blood vessel
Q10:Transitional epithelium lines thelumen of the ureter.
Q11: Within the muscularis the
Inner layer = LongitudinalOuter layer = Circular
Therefore the section on slide 30 was
taken from the upper 2/3rds of ureter.
Q12: This arrangement is opposite of
that found in the tubular organs of the
GI tract. Hmph.
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One more look at the Transitional Epithelium lining the Ureter
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Bladder
IL inner longitudinal muscle layer of bladder
OC outer circular muscle layer of bladderOL outer longitudinal muscle layer of bladder
A adventitia
Um umbrella cell
LP lamina propria
The Bladder Mucosal layer is transitional epithelium
aka, Urothelium.
Q13: Fibrous CT composed of Elastin underlies the
mucosal layer. The fibers are refractile/pink staining.
Q14: Because the bladder is saccular, it has 3 layers
of smooth muscle in its walls. (See left)
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Q15: When fixed, the bladder in slide 31 was in the relaxed state.
Q16: Approximately 95% of bladder cancers arise from Transitional cell carcinoma.
Q17: A reliable reference listing most common causes of cancer in the US population is www.cancer.gov The US
NIH National Cancer Institute homepage..
Most Common Causes of Cancer: Bladder, Melonoma, Breast, Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, Colon/Rectal, Pancreatic,
Endometrial, Prostate, Kidney, Skin, Leukemia, Thyroid, and Lung.Incidence differs by factors including genetics environmental exposures etc
http://www.cancer.gov/http://www.cancer.gov/