hematology health science i section 2.02 blood. hematology objectives upon completion of this unit,...

HematologyHematologyHealth Science I

Section 2.02Blood

HematologyHematologyOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

Upon Completion of this unit, the student will be able to:

1H07 Analyze the anatomy and physiology of the blood.1H07 Analyze the anatomy and physiology of the blood. 1H07.01 Explain the structure of the blood.1H07.01 Explain the structure of the blood. 1H07.02 Analyze the function of the blood1H07.02 Analyze the function of the blood 1H07.03 Discuss characteristics and treatments of 1H07.03 Discuss characteristics and treatments of

common blood disorderscommon blood disorders

HematologyHematology


1H07.011H07.01 Explain the structure of the blood.Explain the structure of the blood. Adult = 8-10 pintsAdult = 8-10 pints CompositionComposition

PlasmaPlasma SerumSerum Cellular components (red blood cells, white Cellular components (red blood cells, white

blood cells, platelets)blood cells, platelets) PlasmaPlasma

Straw coloredStraw colored Contains water, blood proteins, plasma proteins, Contains water, blood proteins, plasma proteins,

nutrients, etc.nutrients, etc.


ErythrocytesErythrocytes Shape = biconcave discs, donut-shapedShape = biconcave discs, donut-shaped HemoglobinHemoglobin

Gives red colorGives red color Heme is iron, globin is proteinHeme is iron, globin is protein Arterial blood is bright red = lots of Arterial blood is bright red = lots of

oxygenoxygen Venous blood is dark crimson = lots of Venous blood is dark crimson = lots of

COCO22


LeukocytesLeukocytes May be granular, agranular, translucent or May be granular, agranular, translucent or

ameboidameboid Larger than erythrocytesLarger than erythrocytes Types of white cellsTypes of white cells

NeutrophilsNeutrophils EosinophilsEosinophils BasophilsBasophils LymphocytesLymphocytes MonocytesMonocytes


ThrombocytesThrombocytes PlateletsPlatelets Make the blood clotMake the blood clot Smallest solid components of bloodSmallest solid components of blood Not cells – fragments of megakaryocytesNot cells – fragments of megakaryocytes


1H07.02 Analyze the function of the blood.1H07.02 Analyze the function of the blood. Four main functions Four main functions

1. Transport oxygen, nutrients, cellular waste products 1. Transport oxygen, nutrients, cellular waste products and hormonesand hormones

2.2. Aids in distribution of heatAids in distribution of heat

3. 3. Regulates acid-base balanceRegulates acid-base balance

4.4. Helps protect against infectionHelps protect against infection


PlasmaPlasma

1. Liquid part of blood1. Liquid part of blood

2.2. Plasma proteinsPlasma proteins

a.a. Fibrinogen – blood clottingFibrinogen – blood clotting

b.b. Albumin – osmotic pressure and volumeAlbumin – osmotic pressure and volume

c.c. Prothrombin – helps blood coagulate, Prothrombin – helps blood coagulate, production dependent on Vitamin Kproduction dependent on Vitamin K

3.3. Reduction of HeparinReduction of Heparin


Erythrocytes Erythrocytes

1.1. Contain hemoglobinContain hemoglobin

a. Transports Oa. Transports O22 to tissues and CO to tissues and CO22 away from cells away from cells

b. Red cells travel to lungs to get Ob. Red cells travel to lungs to get O22 and give up CO and give up CO2, 2,

then to tissues to deliver Othen to tissues to deliver O22 and pick up CO and pick up CO22

2. Erythropoiesis – manufacture of red cells in bone 2. Erythropoiesis – manufacture of red cells in bone marrowmarrow

3.3. Life spanLife span

a. Red cells live 120 daysa. Red cells live 120 days

b. Old cells broken down by spleen and liverb. Old cells broken down by spleen and liver

4.4. Hemolysis – rupture of erythrocyte from blood Hemolysis – rupture of erythrocyte from blood transfusion or diseasetransfusion or disease


LeukocytesLeukocytes

1.1. Fight infectionFight infection

2.2. Phagocytosis – white cells surround, engulf and digest Phagocytosis – white cells surround, engulf and digest harmful bacteriaharmful bacteria

3.3. Basophils produce heparin – (anticoagulant), respond to Basophils produce heparin – (anticoagulant), respond to allergic reactions (Histamine)allergic reactions (Histamine)

4.4. Diapedesis – when white cells move through capillary Diapedesis – when white cells move through capillary walls into neighboring tissueswalls into neighboring tissues

5.5. InflammationInflammation

a. Body’s reaction to chemical and physical traumaa. Body’s reaction to chemical and physical trauma

b. Pathogenic – disease producing microorganisms that b. Pathogenic – disease producing microorganisms that can cause infectioncan cause infection

c. Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and painc. Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain

d. Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection d. Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema)of plasma in tissues (edema)


Thrombocytes (Platelets)Thrombocytes (Platelets)

1.1. Synthesized in red marrowSynthesized in red marrow

2.2. Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting processprocess

CoagulationCoagulation

1.1. Cut or injury causes to break/clumpCut or injury causes to break/clump

2.2. Chain reaction follows and involves the release of Chain reaction follows and involves the release of thromboplastin, prothrombin, thrombin and thromboplastin, prothrombin, thrombin and fibrinogenfibrinogen

3.3. Fibrin creates a mesh that traps red blood cells, Fibrin creates a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma, creating a blood clotplatelets and plasma, creating a blood clot

4.4. Anticoagulants prevent blood clottingAnticoagulants prevent blood clotting

5.5. Heparin is an anticoagulantHeparin is an anticoagulant


Blood typesBlood types

1.1. Four major types, determined by presence or absence of Four major types, determined by presence or absence of an antigen on the surface of the red blood cellan antigen on the surface of the red blood cell

a.a. AA

b.b. BB

c.c. OO

d.d. ABAB

2.2. Inherited from parentsInherited from parents

3.3. Antibody – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a Antibody – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the bodyforeign substance that enters the body

a.a. Someone with type A blood has Someone with type A blood has bb antibodies antibodies

b.b. Someone with type B blood has Someone with type B blood has aa antibodies antibodies

c.c. Someone with type AB blood has no antibodiesSomeone with type AB blood has no antibodies

d.d. Someone with type O blood has Someone with type O blood has aa and and bb antibodies antibodies


4.4. Universal donor – OUniversal donor – O

5.5. Universal recipient – ABUniversal recipient – AB

6.6. Red cells may also contain Rh factorRed cells may also contain Rh factor

1H07.03 Discuss characteristics and treatment of 1H07.03 Discuss characteristics and treatment of common blood disorders.common blood disorders.

A.A. InflammationInflammation

1.1. PusPus

2.2. AbscessAbscess

3.3. PyrexiaPyrexia

4.4. LeukocytosisLeukocytosis

5.5. EdemaEdema


Leukopenia – decrease in WBCsLeukopenia – decrease in WBCs

C.C. Anemia – deficiency in number or % of RBCsAnemia – deficiency in number or % of RBCs

1.1. Iron-deficiency anemiaIron-deficiency anemia

a.a. Usually women, children and adolescentsUsually women, children and adolescents

b.b. Deficiency of dietary iron causing insufficient Deficiency of dietary iron causing insufficient hemoglobinhemoglobin

c.c. Rx with iron supplements, green leafy vegetablesRx with iron supplements, green leafy vegetables

2.2. Aplastic anemiaAplastic anemia

a.a. Bone marrow does not produce enough blood cellsBone marrow does not produce enough blood cells

b.b. Cause – drugs or radiation therapyCause – drugs or radiation therapy

3.3. Sickle cell anemiaSickle cell anemia

a.a. Chronic, inherited blood disorderChronic, inherited blood disorder

b.b. RBCs abnormal sickle (crescent) shapeRBCs abnormal sickle (crescent) shape

c.c. Sickle cells break easily and carry less oxygenSickle cells break easily and carry less oxygen

d.d. Occurs primarily in African AmericansOccurs primarily in African Americans


Polycythemia – too many RBCsPolycythemia – too many RBCs

E.E. Embolism – moving blood clotEmbolism – moving blood clot

F.F. Thrombosis (thrombus) – formation of a blood clot in a Thrombosis (thrombus) – formation of a blood clot in a vesselvessel

G.G. Hematoma Hematoma

1.1. Localized mass of blood found in organ, tissue or Localized mass of blood found in organ, tissue or spacespace

2.2. Caused by injury that causes a blood vessel to Caused by injury that causes a blood vessel to rupturerupture

H.H. HemophiliaHemophilia

1.1. Hereditary – sex-linked, transmitted from mother to Hereditary – sex-linked, transmitted from mother to sonson

2.2. Missing clotting factorMissing clotting factor

3.3. Blood clots slowly Blood clots slowly

4.4. Rx with missing clotting factor, avoid traumaRx with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma


I.I. ThrombocytopeniaThrombocytopenia

1.1. Not enough plateletsNot enough platelets

2.2. Blood does not clot properlyBlood does not clot properly

J.J. LeukemiaLeukemia

1.1. MalignancyMalignancy

2.2. Overproduction of immature white blood cellsOverproduction of immature white blood cells

3.3. Research on cord bloodResearch on cord blood

HematologyHematologyTerminologyTerminology

albuminalbumin antibodyantibody anticoagulantanticoagulant antigenantigen basophilbasophil coagulationcoagulation diapedesisdiapedesis eosinophileosinophil erythrocyteerythrocyte erythropoiesiserythropoiesis fibrinfibrin fibrinogenfibrinogen hemoglobinhemoglobin hemolysishemolysis


heparinheparin inflammationinflammation leukocyteleukocyte lymphocytelymphocyte monocytemonocyte neutrophilneutrophil pathogenicpathogenic phagocytosisphagocytosis plasmaplasma plateletsplatelets prothrombinprothrombin Rh factorRh factor serumserum


thrombinthrombin thrombocytethrombocyte universal donoruniversal donor universal recipient universal recipient Disorders and Related TerminologyDisorders and Related Terminology abscessabscess anemiaanemia aplastic anemiaaplastic anemia edemaedema embolismembolism hematomahematoma hemophiliahemophilia


inflammationinflammation iron-deficiency anemiairon-deficiency anemia leukemialeukemia leukocytosisleukocytosis leukopenialeukopenia polycythemiapolycythemia puspus pyrexiapyrexia Sickle cell anemiaSickle cell anemia thrombocytopeniathrombocytopenia thrombosisthrombosis thrombusthrombus


Average adult = Average adult = 8-108-10 pints of bloodpints of blood

Functions:Functions: Transports nutrients, Transports nutrients,

oxygen, cellular oxygen, cellular waste products, and waste products, and hormoneshormones

Aids in distribution of Aids in distribution of heatheat

Regulates acid-base Regulates acid-base balancebalance

Helps protect against Helps protect against infectioninfection


Composition:Composition: PlasmaPlasma – liquid – liquid

portion of blood portion of blood without cellular without cellular componentscomponents

SerumSerum – plasma – plasma after a blood clot after a blood clot is formedis formed

Cellular elements Cellular elements are red cells, white are red cells, white cells and plateletscells and platelets

HematologyHematologyPLASMAPLASMA

Straw colored, Straw colored, contains – contains –

WaterWater Blood proteinsBlood proteins Plasma proteins Plasma proteins

(3 types)(3 types)


Plasma proteins:Plasma proteins: FIBRONOGENFIBRONOGEN – necessary for blood – necessary for blood

clotting, synthesized in the liverclotting, synthesized in the liver ALBUMINALBUMIN – from the liver, helps – from the liver, helps

maintain blood’s osmotic pressure maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volumeand volume

PROTHROMBIN PROTHROMBIN – a globulin which – a globulin which helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin synthesis.necessary for prothrombin synthesis.

FibrinFibrin

Prothrombin = Vitamin KProthrombin = Vitamin K

HematologyHematologyPLASMAPLASMA

NutrientsNutrients ElectrolytesElectrolytes Hormones, Hormones,

vitamins, vitamins, enzymesenzymes

Metabolic waster Metabolic waster productsproducts

ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs)ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs)Biconcave discsBiconcave discs

HematologyHematology ERYTHROCYTES ERYTHROCYTES

(RBCs)(RBCs) HEMOGLOBIN HEMOGLOBIN – gives red color, – gives red color,

heme is iron and globin is heme is iron and globin is protein.protein.

FunctionFunction = transports oxygen to = transports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away tissues and carbon dioxide away from cellsfrom cells

Normal – men =14-18 gm, Normal – men =14-18 gm, women = 12-16 gmwomen = 12-16 gm

HematologyHematologyERYTHROCYTES ERYTHROCYTES

(RBCs)(RBCs)Function of Function of

Hemoglobin:Hemoglobin: Red cells travel Red cells travel

through the lungs through the lungs where Owhere O2 2 is is carried to tissues carried to tissues and releasedand released

COCO22 picked up and picked up and carried back to carried back to lungs for lungs for exchangeexchange

Arterial blood Arterial blood vsvs Venous blood Venous blood

lots of oxygen = lots of oxygen = bright redbright red

lots of COlots of CO2 = 2 = dark dark crimsoncrimson


(RBCs)(RBCs) What is carbon What is carbon

monoxide monoxide poisoning?poisoning?


(RBCs)(RBCs)ERYTHROPOIESIS ERYTHROPOIESIS Manufacture of red blood cellsManufacture of red blood cells Occurs in bone marrow Occurs in bone marrow Red cells live 120 daysRed cells live 120 days Old cells broken down by the Old cells broken down by the

spleen and liverspleen and liver

ERYTHROPOIESIS ERYTHROPOIESIS


(RBCs)(RBCs) HEMOLYSIS HEMOLYSIS – –

rupture or rupture or bursting of bursting of erythrocyte, can erythrocyte, can be from a blood be from a blood transfusion or transfusion or disease.disease.

HematologyHematologyLEUKOCYTES (WBCs)LEUKOCYTES (WBCs)

Larger than erythrocytesLarger than erythrocytes

5 types:5 types: NeutrophilsNeutrophils EosinophilsEosinophils BasophilsBasophils LymphocytesLymphocytes MonocytesMonocytes

Normal leukocyte count = 3,200 – 9,800Normal leukocyte count = 3,200 – 9,800

LEUKOCYTES (WBCs)LEUKOCYTES (WBCs)


PHAGOCYTOSIPHAGOCYTOSISS – process – process when white cells when white cells surround, engulf, surround, engulf, and digest and digest harmful bacteria.harmful bacteria.


Basophil Basophil produce produce HEPARIN HEPARIN – an – an anticoagulantanticoagulant

DIAPEDESISDIAPEDESIS – – when white cells when white cells move through move through capillary wall into capillary wall into neighboring neighboring tissue.tissue.

HematologyHematologyInflammationInflammation

Body’s reaction to Body’s reaction to chemical or physical chemical or physical traumatrauma

PATHOGENIC – PATHOGENIC – disease producing disease producing microorganisms can microorganisms can cause inflammationcause inflammation

Symptoms – redness, Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling local heat, swelling and painand pain

Why? Bacterial Why? Bacterial toxins, increased toxins, increased blood flow, collection blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues of plasma in tissues (edema)(edema)


HISTAMINEHISTAMINE increases the blood flow increases the blood flow to the injured area to the injured area

PUSPUS produced – a combination of produced – a combination of dead tissue, dead and living bacteria, dead tissue, dead and living bacteria, dead leukocytes and plasmadead leukocytes and plasma

ABSCESSABSCESS – pus-filled cavity below – pus-filled cavity below the epidermisthe epidermis

PYREXIAPYREXIA – increase in body – increase in body temperature by the hypothalamus – in temperature by the hypothalamus – in response to pathogenic invasionresponse to pathogenic invasion

Pus FormationPus Formation

Abscess & PusAbscess & Pus


LEUKOCYTOSISLEUKOCYTOSIS – increase in the – increase in the number of white number of white cells in response cells in response to infectionto infection

LEUKOPENIA LEUKOPENIA – – decrease in decrease in number of white number of white cells due to cells due to chemotherapy or chemotherapy or radiationradiation

HematologyHematologyTHROMBOCYTES THROMBOCYTES

(Platelets)(Platelets) Smallest of solid Smallest of solid

components of components of bloodblood

Synthesized in Synthesized in red marrowred marrow

Necessary for Necessary for the initiation the initiation of the blood of the blood clotting clotting processprocess


(Platelets)(Platelets)COAGULATIONCOAGULATION Cut or injury Cut or injury platelets and injured platelets and injured

tissue release THROMBOPLASTIN tissue release THROMBOPLASTIN act on PROTHROMBIN in plasma act on PROTHROMBIN in plasma + Calcium ions converts to + Calcium ions converts to THROMBIN THROMBIN the thrombin acts as the thrombin acts as an enzyme and changes an enzyme and changes FIBRINOGEN FIBRINOGEN FIBRIN creating a FIBRIN creating a mesh that traps red blood cells, mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma creating a platelets and plasma creating a blood clot.blood clot.

CoagulationCoagulation


(Platelets)(Platelets) ANTICOAGULANTANTICOAGULANT

SS – prevent blood – prevent blood clottingclotting

HEPARINHEPARIN = = antiprothrombinantiprothrombin

PROTHROMBIN PROTHROMBIN – – dependent on dependent on Vitamin KVitamin K

BLOOD TYPESBLOOD TYPES

Four major types Four major types of blood- of blood- A, B, A, B, AB and OAB and O

Inherited from Inherited from parentsparents

Determined by Determined by presence or presence or absence of an absence of an ANTIGEN on the ANTIGEN on the surface of the surface of the red blood cellred blood cell


ANTIBODY ANTIBODY – a protein – a protein in the plasma that in the plasma that will inactivate a will inactivate a foreign substance foreign substance that enters the body.that enters the body.

Someone with type A Someone with type A blood has blood has bb antibodies antibodies

Someone with type B Someone with type B blood has blood has aa antibodies antibodies

Someone with type AB Someone with type AB blood has no antibodiesblood has no antibodies

Someone with type O Someone with type O blood has blood has aa and and bb antibodiesantibodies


Red cells also Red cells also may contain Rh may contain Rh factorfactor

If you have it, If you have it, you’re Rh +you’re Rh +

If you don’t, If you don’t, you’re Rh –you’re Rh –

DISORDERS OF THE DISORDERS OF THE BLOODBLOOD

ANEMIA:ANEMIA: Deficiency in Deficiency in

number or % of number or % of red cellsred cells

Symptoms of AnemiaSymptoms of Anemia


IRON-DEFICIENCY IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA :ANEMIA :

Usually in women, Usually in women, children and children and adolescentsadolescents

Deficiency of iron in the Deficiency of iron in the diet causing insufficient diet causing insufficient hemoglobin synthesishemoglobin synthesis

Treat with iron Treat with iron supplements and supplements and green, leafy vegetablesgreen, leafy vegetables


APLASTIC ANEMIA:APLASTIC ANEMIA: Bone marrow Bone marrow

does not does not produce enough produce enough red and white red and white blood cellsblood cells

Caused by drugs Caused by drugs or radiation or radiation therapytherapy


SICKLE CELL ANEMIA:SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: Chronic blood Chronic blood

disease inherited disease inherited from both parentsfrom both parents

Causes the red cells Causes the red cells to form in abnormal to form in abnormal sickle shapesickle shape

Sickle cells break Sickle cells break easily and carry less easily and carry less oxygenoxygen

Occurs primarily in Occurs primarily in blacksblacks

Treatment – blood Treatment – blood transfusionstransfusions

Sickle Cell AnemiaSickle Cell Anemia


POLYCYTHEMIA:POLYCYTHEMIA: Too many red Too many red

blood cells are blood cells are formedformed

May be a May be a temporary temporary condition that condition that occurs at high occurs at high altitudealtitude


EMBOLISM:EMBOLISM: Air, blood clot, Air, blood clot,

cancer cells, fat, cancer cells, fat, etc. that is carried etc. that is carried by the by the bloodstream until bloodstream until it reaches an it reaches an artery too small for artery too small for passagepassage

Also known as a Also known as a “moving blood “moving blood clot”clot”


THROMBOSIS:THROMBOSIS: The formation of The formation of

a blood clot in a a blood clot in a blood vesselblood vessel

The blood clot is The blood clot is a THROMBUSa THROMBUS


HEMATOMA:HEMATOMA: Localized clotted Localized clotted

mass of blood mass of blood found in an found in an organ, tissue or organ, tissue or space.space.

Caused by an Caused by an injury that can injury that can cause a blood cause a blood vessel to rupturevessel to rupture


HEMOPHILIA:HEMOPHILIA: HereditaryHereditary Missing clotting factorMissing clotting factor Blood clots slow or Blood clots slow or

abnormallyabnormally Sex-linked – Sex-linked –

transmitted transmitted genetically from genetically from mothers to sonsmothers to sons

Treat with missing Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid clotting factor, avoid traumatrauma

HemophiliaHemophilia


THROMBOCYTOPENIA:THROMBOCYTOPENIA: Not enough Not enough

plateletsplatelets Blood will not Blood will not

clot properlyclot properly


LEUKEMIA:LEUKEMIA: Malignant Malignant

conditioncondition Overproduction Overproduction

of immature of immature white blood cellswhite blood cells

Hinders Hinders synthesis of red synthesis of red cellscells

hematology health science i section 2.02 blood. hematology objectives upon completion of this unit,...

Documents

white blood cells

blood proteins

blood transfusion

proteinarterial blood

blood clotting5

blood clot4

lots of oxygenvenous

fibrinogen blood clottingb