hematology board review
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Hematology Board Review. Ye Seventeenth of July Two Thousand and Fourteen Vince Herrin. Question #1. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Ye Seventeenth of JulyTwo Thousand and Fourteen
Vince Herrin
Hematology Board Review
A 45 year old woman presents with fatigue and nausea. She has occasional palpitations and SOB with minimal exertion. Her cardiac and pulmonary exams are normal but she has spooning of her nails.
Question #1
Which of the following should be true?
A) Low iron, low IBC, low ferritinB) Low iron, high IBC, high ferritinC) Low iron, low IBC, high ferritinD) Low iron, high IBC, low ferritin
#1
Your iron studies are nondiagnostic for a diagnosis of Iron deficiency. Which of the following would you order next?
a) Soluble transferrin receptorb) Beta 2 microglobulinc) RBC massd) ESR
#1 cont
However, remember the gold standard for proving Iron deficiency anemia is……
?????
#1
Treatment for iron deficiency is best accomplished with……
a) IV iron replacement weeklyb) IV iron replacement c) IM iron replacement d) PO iron replacement
#1
by indicesmicrocytic/low MCV normocytic/normal MCV iron deficiency -anemia of chronic
disease thalassemia lead poisoning
macrocytic/high MCV B12/folate deficiency hemolysis liver disease
Classification of Anemia:
by RDW normalIncreased
by reticulocyte responsenormalincreased
hemolysis
Classification of Anemia
A 38 yo male patient is referred to you for recommendations regarding their microcytic anemia. The patient has no systemic symptoms.
The CBC shows: WBC 5.7 (normal differential), RBC 5.8, Hgb 12, HCT 37.1, platelets 340. MCV is 71 and RDW is 15.
Ferritin is 50, iron 50, TIBC 300. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is normal.
#2
Your recommendation should be:
A. Referal for EGD and colonoscopyB. Iron infusion with a goal of replacing
1000 mg storage ironC. Reassurance and a discussion about DNA
testing testingD. Iron absorption assay followed by 6 months
of PO iron supplementation
#2
Know other anemias…..
#2
Anemia of chronic diseaseHemoglobinopathiesAplastic anemiaHemolytic anemias
AIHACold antibodiesmicroangiopathic
Other types of anemia
Anemia of inflammationUnable to utilize available storage ironMediated by inflammatory cytokines such as
TNF, IL 1, and IFN betaUsually associated with a decreased
erythropoietin state or reduced responsiveness to erythropoietin
ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE
Clues for diagnosis
Usually normochromic normocytic RBCs
Occasionally may be hypochromic microcytic
Decreased reticulocyte count
ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE
Comparison: Fe deficiency ACD
Fe Low Low
TIBC High Low
Transferrin Saturation
Low Low/Normal
Ferritin Low Normal/High
Differentiate with neurological symptomsCheck vitamin levelsCheck antibodiesSuspect diagnosis but vitamin levels
normal……Check MMA and Homocystine
B12/folate deficiency
WARMIgG antibodiesAssociated with lymphoproliferative and
collagen vascular diseasesCOLDIgM antibodiesHemolysis is via the complement pathwayAssociated with lymphoproliferative diseases
or infection
Warm and cold auto antibodies
CIGAR/PENCIL SHAPES
MACROOVALOCYTES
SPHEROCYTES
SCHISTOCYTES
RBC “CLUES”
BITE CELLS
BURR CELLS
SPUR CELLS
TARGET CELLS
TEARDROP CELLS
RBC “CLUES”
Primary platelet vs. coagulopathy can be differentiated by the type of bleeding
Primary platelet bleeding is mucosal with petechia, epistaxis, gum bleeding and GI tract bleeding
Coagulation cascade bleeds are generally joint and soft tissue bleeds
BLEEDING DISORDERS
A 42 year old female with complaints of epistaxis and easy bruising for 2 weeks is seen in the ER. She has the following CBC:
HGB 10 WBC 6200HCT 30 PLTS 38,000MCV 72 normal differential
CASE
A differential diagnosis includes:A) Systemic LupusB) HepatitisC) Drug effectD) ITPE) All of the above
CASE
Decreased platelets result from
Decreased IncreasedProduction Destruction
Sequestration
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
As a general rule, if platelets above 20,000 the risk of spontaneous bleeding is small. When the count goes below 10,000 then the risk increases substantially and transfusions should be considered.
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
Not always idiopathic30-30-30-10 rule
IdiopathicDrugsDisease states such as lymphoma, CLL,
collagen vascular diseasesViral illnesses such as HCV, HIV
ITP
Treatment options:Platelets > 30,000---observationPlatelets< 30,000---treatment
Steroids IVIGSplenectomy
Up to 80% improved with these maneuvers
ITP
You are evaluating a 40 yo female patient who fell at home. She has no known significant medical history. She is awake but lethargic and has the following test results of concern:
HCT 27, platelets 45, schistocytes on peripheral smear
BUN 40, creatinine 1.8, LDH 800
Coags are within normal limits; tox screen negative
Question
Your next move after completing your assessment should be:A. Send an ADAMTS13 and consult
Hematology for urgent plasmapheresisB. Order a d-dimer to rule out early DICC. One unit random-donor apheresed
irradiated plateletsD. CT Chest/Abdomen/Pelvis to look for occult
injury or PE
Question
DIAGNOSTIC PENTADFeverNeurological signsMicroangiopathic hemolytic anemiaThrombocytopeniaRenal dysfunction
THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
Newly determined genetic determinant for TTPADAMTS13 gene defect found in many
patientsEncodes for a vW antigen protease responsible
for cleaving unusually large vW multimersThis syndrome is considered a medical
emergency and treatment should be instituted immediately
TTP
Affects about 3% of patients treated with heparin
Less risk with porcine heparin Less risk with LMWHs
Occurs 5-8 days after starting heparin therapy unless there has been prior exposure
Amnestic response after prior exposure and can develop thrombocytopenia within 1-2 days
If platelet count falls by 50% or falls below 100,000 should immediately stop heparin
HEPARIN INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA
You are doing a pre-op physical on a healthy 55 yo man who injured his knee. He has a history of nosebleeds as a child and his mother was a “free-bleeder” but had no major episodes and died of an MI at age 74. He tells you he was once tested for von-Willebrands, but that it was negative.
His CBC is entirely normal, as are his chemistries.
His coags reveal a PT of 12.5 and a PTT of 40.
Question
You ordered a repeat PTT with a 1:1 mix, which corrected. Your next step will be:
A. Reassurance and clearance for surgery.B. Repeat testing for von Willebrand’s diseaseC. Order a bleeding time and clear the patient
for surgery if the result is normal.D. Recommend FFP prior to surgery at a dose
of 15 mg/kg to cover whatever coagulation abnormality he has.
Question
Most common inherited bleeding disorderAutosomal dominant inheritanceAffected individuals are heterozygousBleeding ranges from mild to severe and
spontaneousProlonged PT/PTT, BT, abnl platelet
aggregation with ristocetin
VON WILLEBRAND DISEASE
Von Willebrand factor is a multimeric protein with two functions
Platelet adhesion---links platelet receptors to exposed subendothelium
Carrier protein for factorVIIIType I – quantitative defectType 2 – qualitative defects
2b – thrombocytopenia associatedType 3 – no protein detectable
vWD
Also called the giant platelet syndromeGlycoprotein Ib platelet defectUnable to bind vWF which is important for
adhesion to the endotheliumHave abnormal ristocetin aggregationHave mild thrombocytopenia
BERNARD-SOULIER SYNDROME
Autosomal recessive inheritanceMucosal bleedingGlycoprotein IIb-IIIa defectUnable to crosslink fibrinogen which is
important for aggregationHave abnormal ADP and EPI aggregation
GLANZMANN’S THROMBASTHENIA
1:1 mix of patient and normal plasmaWill detect a factor deficiency---should see
correction with mix Will allow detection of an inhibitor---doesn’t
correct with mixingMay need to do a 2 hour incubation to reveal an
inhibitor--- may correct initially put prolong with incubation if a weak (slow) inhibitor is present
Hemophilia A and B most common
EVALUATION OF PROLONGED PT OR PTT
Third most commonAutosomal recessive inheritanceCorrelation between factor level and bleeding
tendency is poorLess spontaneous bleedingTreat with FFP
FACTOR XI
Deficiency is very rareAcquired deficiency occurs with
amyloidosis****Treat with FFP
FACTOR X
XII is also known as the Hageman factorHave very prolonged PTTNo evidence of clinical bleeding and have
normal hemostasis
FACTOR XII
A healthy 50 yo female has followed with your for several years and comes in with right leg swelling that has been present for about 3 weeks. She is on no medications except amlodipine. She has not injured herself, been ill lately, or been on any trips. Her BMI is 24.
You are suspicious based on the exam and order a Doppler which reveals subacute nearly occlusive clot in the right superficial femoral vein.
Question
Her CBC, chemistries, and coags are all wnl. Your recommendation to her is:
A. Take aspirin, use warm soaks and wear support hose because this is superficial thrombophlebitis.
B. Admit to the hospital for tPA infusion to prevent varicose vein formation.
C. Order a JAK-2 analysis to assess occult myeloproliferative disease
D. Recommend at least 6 months of anticoagulation, initiating LMW heparin and warfarin today.
E. 3 months of anticoagulation beginning with Lovenox for a week and then warfarin loading at 10mg per day for 3 days
Question
Hypercoaguable states result in unprovoked thrombosis
Generally there is a family history of thrombosis
Most are undefined but there are several deficiencies of the natural occurring anticoagulants that are described
THROMBOTIC DISORDERS
Protein may be decreased or dysfunctionalCheck level prior to initiation of HeparinPROTEIN C DEFICIENCYShould measure prior to the initiation of
Warfarin therapyPROTEIN S DEFICIENCYFunctions as a cofactor with Protein CShould measure prior to the initiation of
Warfarin therapy
ANTITHROMBIN III DEFICIENCY
Mutation in factor V resulting in resistance to Activated Protein C
Most common cause is Factor V Leiden mutation
Most common inherited hypercoaguable defect
Found in up to 25% of patients with recurrent thrombosis
Additive to other risk factors (OCPs, pregnancy, other defects)
APC RESISTANCE
Prolonged PTT
Paradoxical clottingmay be venous or arterial
Recurrent spontaneous fetal loss
ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY SYNDROME
A 72 year old man presents with fatigue and bruising. He has been noted to be mildly pancytopenic with a CBC as follows:
Hgb 9.4 WBC 2300 segs 35HCT 28 Plt ct 65,000 monos 45MCV 102 Retic 0.4% lymphs 20His peripheral smear shows basophilic
stippling and a dimorphic population.
CASE
The best diagnosis for this case would be:A) Lymphoma with a leukemic phase B) Sickle Cell diseaseC) Evans syndromeD) MyelodysplasiaE) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CASE
Peripheral smear and lab findings suggestive of a MDS state includeDimorphic RBC populationMacrocytic RBC’s Pseudo Pelger-Huet anomalyLarge agranular plateletsDecreased reticulocyte count
MDS
CytogeneticsPrimarily see abnormalities of chromosomes
5,7,or 8Trisomy 8 very common5q- syndrome has a more favorable
prognosis and is usually found in females with thrombocytosis
Abnormalities of chr 11 with secondary MDS
MDS
A 45 year old woman presents with fatigue, early satiety and bruising. She has noted some night sweats and a 10 pound weight loss over the last 6 weeks. Her PE is remarkable for splenomegaly and large ecchymosis. Her CBC is as follows:
HGB 10 WBC 250,500HCT 31 Plts 675,000MCV 78
CASE
What would you like to see next?A) Platelet aggregationsB) Coagulation studiesC) Iron studiesD) WBC differential
CASE
What is the most likely diagnosis?A) Chronic Myeloid LeukemiaB) Polycythemia veraC) Acute Myeloid LeukemiaD) Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
CASE
Polycythemia vera
Essential Thrombocytosis
Myelofibrosis
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS
Peripheral blood looks like marrowBasophilia/EosinophiliaDecreased LAPPhiladelphia chromosome -- t(9,22)
Moves the abl proto-oncogene on chr 9 to the bcr region on chr 22
Results in production of an abnormal tyrosine kinase
CML
Natural disease progression CHRONIC PHASE
ACCELERATED PHASE
BLAST CRISIS
CML
Imatinib , et alPrototype in the class of drugs designed to
take advantage of the t(9,22) abnormalityA tyrosine kinase inhibitorMany patients with cytogenetic remissions
but duration unknownFew side effects—N/V/D, cytopenias
CML
Diagnosis requires exclusion of secondary causes of erythrocytosisGaisbock’s syndromeHypoxic statesRenal diseaseMalignancy
Polycythemia Vera
VERALOW ERYTHROPOIETIN levelsJAK-2 associationTREAT with PHLEBOTOMYLEUKEMIA/MYELOFIBROSIS
SECONDARYHYPOXIAPHLEBOTOMYNO LEUKEMIA risk
POLYCYTHEMIA
By definition - thrombocytosis sustained over 6 months that is unexplained
May be associated with splenomegaly but not usually massive
No clear diagnostic tests exist
ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTOSIS
Must rule out other causes for “reactive” thrombocytosis
Iron deficiency anemiaMalignancyCollagen vascular diseaseInfectionPostsplenectomy stateOther MPDs
ET
Characterized by a myelophthisic picture on peripheral smearTeardrop-shaped RBC’sNRBC’sLeft shifted WBC series
AnemicLAP nondiagnostic
MYELOFIBROSIS
Clues on peripheral smearBlasts==Acute leukemia Auer rods == myeloid blastsMature cells==Chronic leukemia Mature lymphocytes==CLLMature segs==CML
HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES
Work up includesA bone marrow aspirate and biopsySpecial stains on marrow or peripheral bloodFlow cytometry on marrow or peripheral bloodCytogenetic studies on marrow
ACUTE LEUKEMIA
AMLM0 UNDIFFERENTIATEDM1 WITHOUT MATURATIONM2 WITH MATURATIONM3 PROMYELOCYTICM4 MYELOMONOCYTICM5 MONOCYTICM6 ERYTHROIDM7 MEGAKARYOCYTIC
M2With t(8,21) has a good prognosis
M4With inverted 16 and associated eosinophilia
is a good prognostic category
AML
M3Associated with t(15,17) Translocation involving the retinoic acid
receptor geneGood prognosis categoryProminent Auer rodsCommonly associated with DIC
AML
M5Commonly associated with skin and soft
tissue diseaseGingival hyperplasiaCNS disease may occur
AML
Treatment scheme:Induction chemotherapy—designed to take a
patient to aplasia with recovery of “normal” hematopoiesis and a remission state
Consolidation chemotherapy– designed to reinforce the remission obtained. Usually multiple cycles given
AML
Treatment for APL is differentBased on the translocation of the retinoic acid
receptorUses All Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) as a
maturational agentMust also include chemotherapy with at least
an anthracyclineHeparin usually not necessary
AML
Primarily occurs in childrenLymphadenopathy and splenomegaly occur in
50%An anterior mediastinal mass is common with
the T-cell subtypesCNS disease is common
ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
ALLL1 CHILDHOOD
L2 ADULT
L3 BURKITT’S
Treatment schemeInduction chemotherapy with multi-drug
regimens Consolidation chemotherapy with multi-
drug regimens for multiple cyclesimportant drugs include Vincristine,
prednisone and anthracyclines
ALL
Treatment scheme contMaintenance chemotherapy is an important
part of ALL treatment and lasts for several cycles
CNS prophylaxis is also necessary with chemotherapy +/- radiation therapy
ALL
An 80 year old woman is seen for her yearly check up. She feels well. A screening CBC is done and has the following values.
Hgb 7 WBC 55,000 lymphs 98%HCT 20 Plts 40,000
Her physical exam is remarkable for 2 cm lymphadenopathy in the cervical chain. Her peripheral smear looks like this:
CASE
What is this disease?A) CMLB) CLLC) HCLD) PLL
CASE
Which of the following statements is true? A) She has stage IV diseaseB) She should be observed rather than treated
at this stageC) Her life expectancy from this leukemia is
less than 6 monthsD) This is a leukemoid reaction
CASE
The most common leukemia in the western countries
Typically a disease of older individualsFlow cytometry is usually diagnostic
Typically a B cell disorder CD19,CD20,CD23 PositiveCD5 Positive
CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
RAI staging system Survival
O Lymphocytosis > 10 yrs I Lymphadenopathy 6-7 yrsII Splenomegaly 6-7 yrsIII Anemia 2-3 yrsIV Thrombocytopenia 2-3 yrs
CLL
Treatment options includeObservation –many patients have no
indication for therapy at the time of presentation
Indications for treatment include Symptomatic disease Rapid doubling of the WBC count Anemia Thrombocytopenia
CLL
Complications includeHypogammaglobulinemia
Treatment with IVIG may be of benefitAutoimmune disorders such as AIHA or ITP
Treat with high dose steroids Treat disease as well
Commonly associated with second malignanciesLung cancerHead and neck cancer
CLL
B cell phenotype-- CD 19,CD20 Positivealso CD 11C, CD 25, and CD 103 PositiveIncreased risk for infectionsAffects males 4:1 over females
Usual presentation is PancytopeniaLarge splenomegalyInaspirable bone marrow
HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA
A 24 year old girl presents with painless lymphadenopathy in her cervical chain that measures up to 3 cm. She is asymptomatic and has not had any recent URI symptoms.
Physical exam is pertinent for the lymph nodes mentioned as well as several small inguinal nodes measuring 2-3 cm.
She has an FNA of an inguinal node that is nondiagnostic.
CASE
The next step should beA) CT scan of chest, abdomen and pelvisB) ObservationC) Fine needle aspiration of the cervical nodesD) Excisional biopsy of a cervical node
CASE
Her pathology returns diffuse large cell lymphoma. After discussion of her diagnosis with her, the next most appropriate step in her management would be:
CASE
A) Referral to general surgery for debulking of all disease
B) Check a GHS and begin chemotherapy with ABVD
C) Check a b2MG, LDH, and ESRD) CT scan of chest, abdomen, and pelvis
CASE
Her CT scan returns with a mediastinal mass that measures 12 cm as well as many nodes in her abdomen, the largest being 3 cms.
She has a bone marrow that is negative for disease.
What is the stage of her disease?
CASE
A) IIBB) IIIBEC) IIBXD) IIIAXE) IV
CASE
Staging systemAnn Arbor
Stage I 1 node or groupStage II 2 or more lymph node
groups, same side of the diaphragmStage III Spans the diaphragmStage IV Disseminated disease
LYMPHOMA
Subscripts with the staging system include A --B symptoms absentB --B symptoms presentX --Bulky disease --defined as any
mass >10 cms or a mass > 1/3 the diameter of the chest
E –Extranodal disease
Lymphoma
You have now determined that your patient has stage IIIAX disease. She asks your advice concerning treatment options. You should tell her:
CASE
A) She does not yet need treatment B) She should not agree to treatment as there
is none with proven efficacyC) She should receive radiation therapy to her
mediastinal mass followed by rituxanD) Multiagent chemotherapy will offer her a
chance for cure
CASE
Bimodal age distributionOften see the “B” symptoms
Fever Night sweatsWeight loss
Pruritus is commonUnusual complaint of pain with alcohol
ingestion
HD
Classification includesLymphocyte PredominantMixed CellularityNodular SclerosingLymphocyte Depleted
Prognosis is most closely linked to stage of diseaseStage IA with survival rate of >90%Stage IV with survival rate of >60%
HODGKIN DISEASE
Long term complications after treatment for Hodgkin Disease are common and include
HypothyroidismInfertilitySecondary malignancy including
MDS/AMLSolid tumors such as Breast and Lung
HD
Most are B cell in origin
Incidence is increasing in Western countries
Many associated with immunodeficiency states
NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
Burkitt’s lymphoma==L3 Endemic Epidemic
African variety USJaw mass Abdominal massEBV +++ EBV +/-
NHL
Lymphoblastic lymphoma ==ALLTypically young adults and childrenFrequently a mediastinal mass at
presentationOften Stage IV at presentationCNS involvement is common
NHL –specific types
H PYLORI ASSOCIATEDMALT
EBV ASSOCIATEDPOST TRANSPLANT NHL
HTLV-1 ASSOCIATEDATLL
OTHER NHL’S
A 72 year old man is seen for routine check up. He has no complaints and his physical exam is benign. Screening lab is as follows:Hgb 12.0 Tprot 10HCT 37 Alb 2.0WBC 3300 AST 67Plts 460,000 ALT 80
CASE
Work up should include which of the following?A) Liver biopsyB) Bone marrow aspirate and biopsyC) SPEP/UPEPD) Beta-2-Microglobulin
CASE
MULTIPLE MYELOMAClues include A low anion gapRouleaux on
peripheral smearAn elevated globulin
fraction (TP-Alb)
95% will have an abnormal protein on SPEP or UPEP
The M spike is most commonly IgG followed by IgA, light chain disease,and IgD
<5% will be non-secretory and have no evidence of protein secretion
MM
GAMMOPATHY
MGUS<10%
PLASMA CELLS
< 3 GRAMS PROTEIN
NO LYTIC LESIONS
MM>30%
PLASMA CELLS
>3.5 GRAMS PROTEIN
+/- LYTIC LESIONS
Affects about 5% of patients over 70About 25% will progress to MM over about
10 yearsNo treatment requiredFollow lab studies every 6 monthsMULTIPLE MYELOMATreat for progressive diseaseBMT accepted treatment for MM Solitary plasmacytoma becomes MM in most
patients over time
MGUS
Increased IgM levelsMore common in older menPresentation is usually with
Lymphadenopathy/organomegalyPurpuraNeuropathyHyperviscosity syndrome
Cells best described as “plasmacytoid lymphocytes”
WALDENSTROM’s MACROGLOBULINEMIA
Pluripotent cells found in the bone marrowRare (less than 1 in 100,000 cells)No identifiable morphological characteristicsCD 34 + (stem cell antigen)Can be induced to circulate
in the peripheral bloodNeed 2.0–5.0 x 106 CD 34 + cells/kg
of recipient body weight
STEM CELLS
Cell sources:
HPSCT
BONE MARROW PBSC
HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
Types of transplants:
HPSCT
AUTOLOGOUS ALLOGENEIC
HPSCT
Use patient’s own cellsHas less acute mortalityHigher relapse rateSome accepted indications for autologous
transplant include: Lymphoma including NHL and HD Leukemia including AML and ALL in CR Multiple Myeloma Breast cancer is controversial Testicular cancer for
relapsed disease
AUTOLOGOUS TRANSPLANT
Related donor or unrelated donor(NMDP)Has a higher acute mortality rateLess relapse risk Some accepted indications
for allogeneic transplantChronic leukemia including CML and CLLRelapsed acute leukemia including
AML and ALLMyelodysplasiaMultiple myeloma (VIC)
ALLOGENEIC TRANSPLANT
GVHD—a unique toxicity to allogeneic transplant—higher risk with unrelated donor source; may be fatal; acute looks like fever, skin rash, GI track involvement; chronic looks like scleroderma
GV“T”—a benefit of GVHD is graft vs. tumor effect, which may decrease relapse rate—mediated by T lymphocytes
TOXICITY