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Helicopter Safety and Survival� Procedures�

WORI{BOOI{�

Keyed to Revised Edition

by Marion Vose

published by

FE I EX:� PETROLEUM EXTENSION SERVICE The University ofTexas at Austin Continuing Education Austin, Texas

in cooperation with

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION

• OF DRILLING CONTRAOURS Houston, Texas

1981

© 1981 by The University ofTexas at Austin All rights reserved Published 1981. Third Impression 2005 Printed in the United States of America

This book or parts thereof may not be reproduced in any form withoutpermission from PetroleumExtensionService, The University ofTexas at Austin.

Brand names, company names, trademarks, or other iden­tifying symbols appearing in illustrations or text are used for educational purposes only and do not constitute an endorsement by the author or publisher.

Catalog No. 2.50716

The University oj7exasatAustin isan equalopportunity institu­tion. No state tax funds were used to print this book.

HOW TO STUDY THIS WORKBOOK

This workbook begins with a list of stated objectives to help you identify the information you will be responsible for when you finish studying the text, Helicopter Safety and Survival Procedures.

Read the objectives, and then read the beginning chapter assigned in the text. After completing the reading, try to answer the self-study questions that go with that chapter. You may refer to the chapter at any time in order to answer the questions. The questions are study aids provided to help you learn the material. Be sure you actually write down the letter or term asked for, since the very act of writing down the answer will help you remember the concept in the future. Fill in the blank, multiple choice, true or false, and mix and match questions will be interspersed throughout the book. Some multiple choice questions may have more than one answer; in that case, write all the appropriate letters in the blank. Check your answers against the answer key in the back of the book to make sure you are learning the material correctly.

Ifyou are taking this course under the supervision of the company you work for, you may be given a comprehensive test when you finish the workbook. The test will cover all the chapters in the text. The comprehensive test will have questions that were not in the self-study questions. However, mat.erial in general that is not mentioned in the objectives will not be covered on the comprehensive· test.

III

OBJEGIVES

Upon completion of chapters 1-4, you will be able ta­

l. Recall the early history of the helicopter.

2. List the uses of the helicopter in offshore operations.

, 3. Describe the conditions that might ground a helicopter.

4. Describe how base stations keep track of helicopters in flight.

5. Define autorotation, and describe how it aids in landing at sea.

6. Recall how night-flight operations differ from daylight operations.

7. Recall the procedures used during hurricane evacuation.

8. Describe the helicopter flotation gear and how it is used.

9. Recall how the industry's safety regulations compare with those set by the FAA.

10.� Recall the role that weight and weight distribution play in a safe helicopter flight.

11.� Recognize the danger, caution, and approach zones surrounding a helicopter.

12.� Describe and recognize how a helicopter should be properly approached.

13.� Recall the procedure for donning a life vest and checking for safety gear.

14.� List the procedures and equipment covered in the pilot's preflight briefing.

15.� Recall the rules that should be observed during a helicopter flight.

16.� Describe the procedures a passenger should take during and after an emergency landing at sea.

17.� List the equipment in the survival kit which can increase the survivors' chances of res­cue.

18.� Recall how the equipment in the survival kit should be used.

19.� Recognize the minimum recommended helipad size for a given helicopter.

20.� Define helipad obstructions and describe how they interfere with safety.

21.� Recall the various helipad surfaces and how they increase helicopter safety.

v

22. Recognize the various helipad obstruction markings.

23. Describe the tie-d()71Jn facilities used on an offshore helipad.

24. Define nonflight personnel and their responsibilities.

25. Recognize external helicopter load classes.

26. Recall safety regulations for external load operations.

27. Recall the helicopter's fuel range.

28. Describe the proper procedures used in the event of a fuel spillage or fuel fire.

VI

SELF-STUDY QUESTIONS

Chapter 1: Safety and Survival Procedures

1. Prior to 1946, all helicopters in existence were either or manufacturers' experimental models.

_

2. List three uses of the helicopter in offshore operations.

(1)

(2)

(3)

3. In the Arctic, helicopters are grounded by ground temperatures of oF or lower.

1�

Chapter 2: Safety Features of Helicopter Transportation

1.� Each flight is logged on a flight plan, and each pilot-

A.� must refuel his own helicopter.

B.� can carry as much cargo as he wants.

C.� is responsible for engine maintenance.

D.� is in constant communication with a base station.

2.� Helicopter pilots are in touch with their base stations at time intervals ranging from 10 to 20 minutes. (TIF)

3.� In the event of a forced landing at sea, rescue procedures may take a while; therefore, survivors should prepare for a long wait. (TIF)

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:'\OTE:

4.� The map to your right shows- 122.8 \ .\11 hila IHl tht,\.A.� a segmented flight path. uuralio'

B.� a hurricane prone area.

C.� weather conditions that� might interfere with flight.�

D.� possible sites for a drilling rIg.

323" nil'

5.� A properly loaded helicopter can be gently landed in the water by the pilot, using the technique known as _

6.� Autorotation is a neutral spin of the rotors induced by air rushing by the blades. (T/F)

7.� Helicopter operations at night-

A.� require no special procedures. B.� must be conducted with two pilots. C.� deviate from normal flight paths. D.� require both Band C.

2

3 Chapter 2

8.� Minimum weather conditions usually considered safe for helicopter flying include a-

A.� 200-foot ceiling with 2-mile visibility.

E.� 300-foot ceiling with 2-mile visibility.

C.� 200-foot ceiling with 3-mile visibility.

D.� SOO-foot ceiling with 3-mile visibility.

9. In Alaska, a results in reduced depth perception and poor visibility. This is an example of a condition, as outlined by ERA Helicopters.

___10.� When official word is received that a hurricane is predicted for an area, all rig per­sonnel evacuate immediately! (TIF)

___11. A flyaway is at the discretion of the company. (TIF)

___12. Helicopter flotation gear-

A.� is designed to keep the craft afloat in waves as high as IS feet.

E.� is required for all helicopters doing offshore operations.

C.� is always visible.

D. takes only a minute to inflate.

___13. A helicopter in the water will have its greatest stability when anchored with its nose facing away from the wind and waves. (TIF)

Chapter 3: The Normal Flight

1. The oil industry's safety regulations for offshore helicopter operations-

A.� are equal to those set by the FAA.

B.� are more lax than those set by the FAA.

e.� exceed those set by the FAA.

D. were not enforced until 1978.� ,

2. The proper loading of internl cargo is the responsibility of the-

A.� load rigger.

B.� pilot.

e.� dispatcher.

D. co-pilot.

3. There is a limitation on the gross weight of passengers and cargo. (T/F)

'.'.4.� Match the zones around the helicopter to your right with their description.�

___ (1) Caution� B __ (2) Approach�

__ (3) Danger�

B

c~

5. A person approaching a waiting helicopter should-

A.� first move to the rear of the helicopter and wait outside the perimeter of the tail rotor.

B.� move to the side of the helicopter in a crouched position.

e.� move to the front of the helicopter within view of the pilot, and wait outside the perimeter of the rotary blade.

D. wait until the rotary blades are completely stopped.

___ 6.� The figure at right dem­onstrates the proper way to approach a helicopter. (T/F)

4

5 Chapter 3

7.� If temporarily blinded by dust while walking to or from a helicopter, the passenger should-

A.� stop wallcing, remain crouched, and wait for help.

B.� crawl away from the helicopter.

e.� quickly leave the area.

D. raise his arms to signal that he is injured.

8.� Under certain conditions, the main rotor blades of some helicopter models dip as low as-

A.� 8 feet.

B.� 5 feet.

e.� 2 feet.

D. 10 feet.

9.� The Federal Aviation Agency demands that everyone put on a life vest prior to takeoff and wear it throughout the entire flight. (T/F)

10.� List three things that the pilot's briefing is designed to familiarize the passenger with.

(1)

(2)

(3)

11.� Most oil companies will an employee misusing or removing any helicopter safety and survival equipment.

___12. During the flight, a passenger may remove his hearing protectors if desired, since they are only necessary for takeoff and landing. (TIF)

___13.� The primary reason objects should never be thrown out of a helicopter during flight is that-

A.� they might fall on someone or something.

B.� they would pollute the ocean.

e.� the passenger would have to remove his seat belt to do so.

D. they might be sucked into the engine intake, causing a shutdown.

6 HELICOPTER SAFETY AND SURVIVAL PROCEDURES WORKBOOK

14.� The following photographs show how a life vest should be put on and how it should be checked for safety and survival items. Match the following picture descriptions with the letter assigned to the corresponding picture.

(1)� The life vest should be equipped with manual inflate tubes.

(2)� The straps should be pulled until they fit snugly.

(3)� A package of dye marker facilitates location at sea.

(4)� Two red pull tabs are designed to inflate the vest in case of ditching.

(5)� To don the life vest, put the head through the slot.

(6)� The passenger checks his vest to make certain both COL cartridges are in place.

A� B

c� D

E� F

G� H�

Chapter 4: The Aborted Flight

1.� The emergency door should be activated as soon as a ditched helicopter hits the water. (TIF)

2.� When it becomes necessary to leave the craft, each passenger should inflate his life vest after his upper body is clear of the door. (T/F)

3.� Each survivor will be more comfortable if he partially inflates his vest by pulling the tab only on the side of his chest.

4.� List the three items that a survivor should take along when exiting the downed helicopter.

(1)� _

(2)� _

(3)� _

5.� The passenger should enter the raft-

A.� by jumping into it quickly.

B.� without shoes and sharp objects.

C.� before loading the emergency gear.

D.� by rolling gently from the helicopter float system.

6.� The first necessary task after entering the raft is-

A.� removing bulky life vests.

B.� using the oars to paddle towards land.

C.� deploying the sea anchor.

D.� attempting to attract rescuers with the emergency beacon.

7.� Ifone chamber of the raft is damaged, the other should be kept fully inflated while repairs are made with the _

8.� List five devices, contained in the survival kit, which can increase the survivors' chances of rescue.

(1)� _

(2)� _

(3)� _

(4)� _

(5)� _

___ 9. The signal mirror should not be used until an aircraft can be seen. (T/F)

7

8 HELICOPTER SAFETY AND SURVIVAL PROCEDURES WORKBOOK

___ 10.� The marker dye, contained in the survival kit, should only be used during daylight hours. (TIF)

___11.� V\'hether the rescuers arrive by aircraft or boat, survivors should keep calm and slowly row towards the rescuing craft. (TIF)

Chapter 5: Safety on the Offshore Helipad

I.� The helicopter at right would like to land on a helipad. Which one of the following pads is the minimum recommendedsize for this helicopter?

2.� The greatest threat to the helicopter operations on offshore helipads are _ which are any objects helipad level.

3.� Astroturf, wood, nonskid paints, outdoor carpet, or landing nets placed on the helipad provide _

9

10 HELICOPTER SAFETY Al',i'D SURVIVAL PROCEDURES WORKBOOK

___ 4.� The marlcings painted on the ------~-~

helipad to the right indicate-

A. tie-down eyes and rings.

B. recessed lighting.� -- --l 6'C. a landing-gear obstruction. ID. a tail rotor-blade obstruction.

5. The markings painted on -------------­the� helipad to the right indicate-�

A. a landing-gear obstruction.

B. a tail rotor-blade obstruction. 3'DIAMETER

C. recessed lighting.

D. tie-down eyes and rings.

3' RADIUS

___ 6.� Tie-down facilities on an offshore helipad should be-

A. highlighted with a bright contrasting paint.

B. not closer than 10 feet nor farther than 24 feet apart.

C. arranged so each helicopter can be anchored at four points.

D. all of the above.

7.� Match the nonflight personnel listed on the right with their jobs listed on the left.

___ (1) Keeps the helipad and landing A. Ground signal man area in a safe condition. B. Fire guard

___ (2) Directs the loading and unloading C. External load hook-up man of passengers. D. Ramp attendants and

maintenance personnel ___ (3)� Directs the helicopter operator in E. Externa.lload riggers

his maneuvers to land, load, and F. Passenger attendant take off. G. Dispatcher

___ (4)� Knows the characteristics of the H. Standby boat crew helicopter, the cargo, and the techniques of the pilot.

___ (5) Directs the pilot by radio when� necessary.�

___ (6) Stays available for rescue operations� in the event of an emergency.�

11 Chapter 5

8. The figure to your right is an example of a Class _____ load.

9.� All loose gear, which is within 100 feet of the load lifting site, load depositing site, and other areas susceptible to rotor downwash, must be secured or removed. (TIF)

___10. Unauthorized persons are not allowed within 30 feet of a helicopter when the rotor blades are turning. (TIF)

___11. A helicopter's fuel range should be large enough-

A.� to last a minimum of six hours.

B.� to include a one-hour reserve.

C.� to cover the journey from land to an offshore platform where it can be refu­eled, if needed.

D. to cover the journey from land to an offshore platform and return, with a thirty-minute reserve, and five-minute turnaround.

12.� In the event of a fuel spillage, ground crew should stand by with _ and wash the spillage away with _

___13. Smoking or any flame or spark is prohibited within 50 feet of a refueling area or fuel facility. (TIF)

ANSWER KEY Helicopter Safety and SUlvival Procedures

Chapter 1 1. military aircraft 2. (l) To transport cargo

(2) To transport personnel (3) To bring injured personnel to hospitals

3. -35°F

Chapter 2 l.D

2. T 3. F 4. A 5. autorotation 6. T 7. B 8. D 9. whiteout; no-fly

10. F 11. T 12. B 13. F

Chapter 3 1. C 2. B 3. T 4. (1) B

(2) C (3) A

5. C 6. T 7. A 8. B 9. F

10. (1) Location and operation of life raft (2) Location and opemon of emergency exits (3) Location and operation of signaling equipment� Also:� Location and operation of locator beacon� Location and operation of survival kit� Location and operation of fire extinguishers�

11. dismiss 12. F 13. D 14. (1) F

(2) C (3) G (4) E

(5) A (6) D

Chapter 4 1. F 2. T 3. left 4. (1) Life raft

(2) Survival kit (3) Signaling equipment

5. B 6. C 7. patch repair kit 8. (1) Emergency beacon

(2) Radar reflector (3) Battery-operated strobe light (4) Flares (5) Dye markers Also: Signal mirrors Police whistle Multiple-use canopy Magnetic compass Raft· patching kit Oars Bail bucket Gloves First-aid kit Dramamine

9. F 10. T 11. F

Chapter 5 1. B 2. obstructions; above 3. traction/friction. 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. (1) D

(2) F (3) A (4) C (5) G (6) H

8. B 9. T

10. F 11. C, D 12. fire extinguishers; water 13. T

2.50716�