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Mohr Siebeck

Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel

1Volume 4215

Commonalities and Differences: Religion(s) of Iron Age II Israel and Judah in Context

Christoph UehlingerDistinctive or diverse? Conceptualizing ancient Israelite religion in its southern Levantine setting 1–24

Amihai MazarReligious Practices and Cult Objects during the Iron Age IIA at Tel Reh. ov and their Implications regarding Religion in Northern Israel 25–55

Omer SergiState Formation, Religion and “Collective Identity” in the Southern Levant 56–77

Seth L. SandersWhen the Personal Became Political: An Onomastic Perspective on the Rise of Yahwism 78–15

Terje StordalenHorse Statues in Seventh Century Jerusalem: Ancient Social Formations and the Evaluation of Religious Diversity 16–132

New Projects

Oded Lipschits, Manfred Oeming, Yuval Gadot, Interdisciplinary Research of Assyrian Siege Ramps – The Case of Tel Azekah 135–143


Hebrew Bible and Ancient IsraelHerausgegeben von Gary N. Knoppers (Notre Dame IN), Oded Lipschits (Tel Aviv), Carol A. Newsom (Atlanta GA) und Konrad Schmid (Zürich)Redaktion: Phillip Michael Lasater (Zürich)

Die Annahme zur Veröffentlichung erfolgt schriftlich und unter dem Vor -behalt, dass das Manuskript nicht anderweitig zur Veröffentlichung angeboten wurde. Mit der Annahme zur Veröffentlichung überträgt der Autor dem Verlag das ausschließliche Verlagsrecht für die Publikation in gedruckter und elektro-nischer Form. Weitere Informationen dazu und zu den beim Autor verbleibenden Rechten finden Sie unter www.mohr.de/hebai. Ohne Erlaubnis des Verlags ist eine Vervielfältigung oder Verbreitung der ganzen Zeitschrift oder von Teilen daraus in gedruckter oder elektronischer Form nicht gestattet.Bitte wenden Sie sich an [email protected].

RedaktionsadresseProfessor Dr. Konrad SchmidTheologische Fakultät der Universität ZürichKirchgasse CH- ZürichSwitzerlandE-mail: [email protected]

Online-VolltextIm Abonnement für Institutionen und Privatpersonen ist der freie Zugang zum Online-Volltext enthalten. Institutionen mit mehr als . Nutzern bitten wir um Einholung eines Preisangebots direkt beim Verlag. Kontakt: [email protected]. Um den Online-Zugang für Institutionen/Bibliotheken einzurichten, gehen Sie bitte zur Seite: www.ingentaconnect.com/register/ institutional. Um den Online-Zugang für Privatpersonen einzurichten, gehen Sie bitte zur Seite: www.ingentaconnect.com/register/personal

Verlag: Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG, Postfach , TübingenVertrieb erfolgt über den Buchhandel.

© Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG, TübingenDie Zeitschrift und alle in ihr enthaltenen einzelnen Beiträge und Abbildungen sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlags unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Über-setzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen.

Satz: Martin Fischer, Tübingen.Druck: Gulde-Druck, Tübingen.

ISSN - (Gedruckte Ausgabe)ISSN - (Online-Ausgabe)

Hebrew Bible and Ancient IsraelEdited by Gary N. Knoppers (Notre Dame IN), Oded Lipschits (Tel Aviv), Carol A. Newsom (Atlanta GA), and Konrad Schmid (Zürich)Redaction: Phillip Michael Lasater (Zürich)

Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel publishes only invited articles. Submission of a paper will be held to imply that it contains original unpublished work and is not being submitted for publication elsewhere. All articles are refereed by specialists. Acceptance for publication will be given in writing. When an article is accepted for publication, the exclusive copyright is granted to Mohr Siebeck for publication in a print and an electronic version. Further information on this and the rights retained by the author can be found at www.mohr.de/hebai. No one may reproduce or distribute the entire journal or parts of it in a print or an electronic version without the publisher’s permission. Please contact [email protected].

Please do not send any unsolicited review copies. The publisher and the editors reserve the right to keep unsolicited books.

Contact address:Professor Dr. Konrad SchmidTheologische Fakultät der Universität ZürichKirchgasse CH- ZürichSwitzerlandE-mail: [email protected]

Full Text OnlineFree access to the full text online is included in a subscription. We ask institu-tions with more than , users to obtain a price quote directly from the publisher. Contact: [email protected]. In order to set up online access for institutions/libraries, please go to: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/register/institutional. In order to set up online access for private persons, please go to:http://www.ingentaconnect.com/register/personal

Publisher: Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG, Postfach , TübingenCan be purchased at bookstores.

© Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG, TübingenThe journal and all the individual articles and illustrations contained in it are protected by copyright. Any utilization beyond the narrow confines of copy-right law without the publisher’s consent is punishable by law. This applies in particular to copying, translations, microfilming and storage and processing in electronic systems.

Printed in Germany.Typeset by Martin Fischer, Tübingen.Printed by Gulde-Druck, Tübingen.

ISSN - (Print Edition)ISSN - (Online Edition)

HeBAI 4 (2015), 135–143 DOI 10.1628/219222715X14343676549304 ISSN 2192-2276 © 2015 Mohr Siebeck


Oded Lipschits, Manfred Oeming, Yuval Gadot

Interdisciplinary Research of Assyrian Siege Ramps – The Case of Tel Azekah

Over the next three years in Tel Azekah, a new project supported by the German-Israeli Fund (GIF Grant number 1238) will be conducted by a team of scholars from the Universities of Tel Aviv and Heidelberg, focusing on the study of the Assyrian siege ramp that was discovered at the site. This siege ramp’s exposure will be used as a case-study for interdisciplinary research on Assyrian siege ramps, in order to gain a better understanding of this phenomenon.

Located in the heart of the Judean Shephelah, Tel Azekah (Tell Zakariya) controls and watches over the strategic junction of roads that lead from Tell es-Safi (biblical Gath) in the west, extending through the Valley of Ellah, continuing to the Judean Hills in the east, and connecting with Beth-Shemesh in the north and with Lachish in the south. The tell is pear shaped, with its “head” leaning northward. The western, northern and eastern slopes of the site are very steep and, to the south, the tell joins with the ridge by a low saddle that is only ca. 30 meters below it. The site is approachable only from this southern side. For defensive purposes, the saddle was probably artificially lowered in ancient times.1

The name Azekah is not mentioned in 2nd millennium historical sources, but it is referenced in the Hebrew Bible and extra-biblical sources alike as one of the Judahite border towns during the late 8th to early 6th century b.c.e. It faced the territory of the Philistines.2 As such, it was the Assyrian army’s

1 Already Y. Dagan, “Tel Azekah. A New Look at the Site and Its’ ‘Judean Fortress’,” in The Fire Signals of Lachish: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Israel in the Late Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Persian Period in Honor of David Ussishkin (ed. I. Finkelstein and N. Na’aman; Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2011), 71–86, here 72–73, assumed that the city gate should be located on the southern slope of the tell, and that the Assyrian and Babylonian conquests of Azekah, as indicated by historical documents (see below), also came from this direction.

2 See especially the story of David and Goliath in 1 Samuel 17. For the other biblical appearances of Azekah in the Hebrew Bible, see Josh 10:10–11; 15:33–35; Neh 11:30; and 2 Chr 11:9.

Oded Lipschits, Manfred Oeming, Yuval Gadot136


first target when it attacked Judah from the west. From a text likely dating to Sennacherib’s reign that describes his 701 b.c.e. campaign, it is evident that the Assyrians took Azekah. According to this text,3 the Assyrian army besieged and attacked the site, using beaten earth ramps and battering rams and directly attacking the walls, so that the city was captured, ravaged, looted for spoils, and burned.

Azekah was rebuilt sometime in the 7th century b.c.e. In the early 6th century b.c.e., when the Babylonians attacked Judah, it was already again an important and strongly fortified city (or fortress?) on Judah’s western border. According to Jer 34:7, Azekah was among the last cities that the Babyloni-ans conquered. And according to Lachish ostracon no. 4, the defenders of Lachish reported, “… and let [my lord] know that we are watching for the signals of Lachish, according to all the indications which my lord hath given, for we cannot see Azekah.”

Tell Zakariya (Azekah) was one of the first sites to be excavated in Otto-man Palestine. On behalf of the Palestine Exploration Fund and with the assistance of R. A. S. Macalister, F. J. Bliss excavated the site for seventeen weeks between October 1898 and September 1899.4 The excavation focused

3 N. Na’aman, “Sennacherib’s ‘Letter to God’ on his Campaign to Judah,” BASOR 214 (1974): 25–39.

4 See F. J. Bliss, “First Report on the Excavations at Tell Zakariya,” PEFQSt (1899): 10–25; idem, “Second Report on the Excavations at Tell Zakariya,” PEFQSt (1899): 89–111; idem, “Third Report on the Excavations at Tell Zakariya. PEFQSt (1899): 170–187; idem, “Fourth Report on the Excavations at Tell Zakariya,” PEFQSt (1900): 7–16; see

Fig. 1: The location of Tel Azekah

Interdisciplinary Research of Assyrian Siege Ramps – The Case of Tel Azekah 137


on the citadel in the southeast corner of the site, the three towers in its south-west corner, and the trenches in the tell’s central and northern parts.

In the 20th century, Y. Dagan surveyed Tel Azekah as part of an effort at regional surveys of the Shephelah.5 In 2009–2010, Tel Azekah was subjected to a thorough archaeological survey above the surface and geo-physical sur-vey that penetrated the surface, all of which was preparation for renewed

also F. J. Bliss and S. R. Macalister, Excavations in Palestine during the Years 1898–1900 (London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1902), 12–27. For a summary of these exca-vations, a modern evaluation of its results, and further literature, see S. Napchan, Y. Gadot, and O. Lipschits, “Bliss and Macalister’s Excavations at Tell Zakariya (Tel Aze-kah) in Light of Published and Previously Unpublished Material,” in R. A. S. Macalister’s Contribution to the Archaeology of Palestine 100 Years Later: An Evaluation (ed. S. Wolff; London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 2015), 74–95.

5 Y. Dagan, The Settlement in the Judean Shephelah in the Second and First Millennium B. C. E. – A Test-Case of Settlement Processes in a Geographical Region (Ph.D. diss., Tel Aviv University, 2000), 46–47 (in Hebrew).

Fig. 2: Topographical map of Tel Azekah and the excavated areas in the 2012–2014 sea-sons



archaeological research of the site.6 In the months of July and August between 2012 and 2014, the Lautenschläger Azekah Expedition conducted three seasons of excavations (six weeks each) at the site. Four 10 meter wide sections were excavated along the southern (Area S1), eastern (Area E1) and western slopes (Areas W1 and W2). Area S2 was opened at the south-ern lower terrace of the site, and Areas T1, T2 and N1 were excavated at the top of the mound. Fifteen 2 × 2 meter pits were dug around the eastern and southern slopes in order to collect information about the fortifications and the area that was located and identified as the Assyrian siege ramp’s location.

The Assyrian siege ramp was located in the southeastern corner of the site. Having cleared the underbrush from this area, two 2 × 2 meter pits were dug in its lower part. It became clear that the siege ramp was built from lay-ers of both large and small stones, rubble and plaster. Aerial photographs and measurements of the siege ramp enabled us to compare the Azekah ramp to the one in neighboring Lachish, which turned out to have been con-structed with the same topographic and military logic in the same location at Lachish’s southeastern corner.

With support from the German-Israeli Fund (GIF Grant number 1238), a three-year project will begin in 2015. It will be the first attempt at an aca-demic study of an Assyrian siege ramp in a well-planned, interdisciplinary archaeological excavation. Through this research, we hope to gain a bet-ter understanding not only of Assyrian methods of siege ramp building in general and of the 701 b.c.e. campaign in particular, but also of this crucial period in the history of Judah.

Prior to the discovery of the siege ramp at Tel Lachish in the 1970s, there had been only a handful of archeological studies regarding such ramps. Usu-ally, any study of siege ramps was part of a more general discussion about siege warfare in the ancient Near East.7 Only in two cases where actual siege ramps were discovered and excavated was there more detailed research along these lines. The first discovery of a siege ramp was during excava-tions at Bayraklğ (Turkey), ancient Smyrna.8 It was followed by the discov-

6 S. Emmanuilov, The History of the Settlement at Tel Azekah in Light of Archaeological Survey (M. A. Thesis, 2012).

7 First were H. Waschow, 4000 Jahre Kampf um die Mauer: Der Festungskrieg der Pioniere (Bottrop: Postberg, 1938); and Y. Yadin, The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands (2 vols.; New York: McGraw Hill, 1963). Both dealt with various techniques and elements of the siege warfare, mentioning the siege ramp only sporadically.

8 See J. M. Cook, “Old Smyrna, 1948–1951,” The Annual of the British School at Athens 53 (1958): 1–34, here 23–24; E. V. Nicholls, “Old Smyrna: The Iron Age Fortifications and associated Remains on the City Perimeter,” The Annual of the British School at Athens 53 (1958–1959): 35–137, 88–91, 128–134. A prominent siege ramp was unearthed dur-



ery of another siege ramp during excavations at Koiklia (Cyprus), ancient Paphos.9 The discovery of the Assyrian siege ramp from the 701 b.c.e. cam-paign against King Hezekiah’s revolt altered the research on this important

ing the excavations of this site, and it was dated to the Lydian conquest of the city in the late 7th–early 6th century b.c.e. Yet the discussion was restricted to the dimensions and date of the siege ramp, without undertaking a detailed description. In this discussion, Nicholls (ibid., 128–129 n. 114) suggested viewing a similar mound next to the fortifi-cations of Küçük Hüyük at Gordion, but his theory was not followed.

9 See F. G. Maier “Excavations at Kouklia (Palaeopaphos), Site A,” Report of the Depart-ment of Antiquities, Cyprus, 1967 (1967): 30–49; idem, “Excavations at Kouklia (Pal-aeopaphos),” Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, 1969 (1969): 33–42, here 33–34; idem, “Excavations at Kouklia (Palaeopaphos),” Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, 1973 (1973): 186–198, here 186–190; F. G. Maier and V. Kara-georghis, Paphos: History and Archaeology (Nicosia: A. G. Leventis Foundation, 1984), 192–203; F. G. Maier et al., Grabungsbefund und Baugeschichte, Vol. 3 of Nordost-Tor und persische Belagerungsrampe in Alt-Paphos (Ausgrabungen in Alt-Paphos 6; Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 2008); F. G. Maier and M. L. Wartburg, “Reconstruction of a Siege: the Persians at Paphos,” in Ancient Cyprus in the British Museum: Essays in Honour of Veronica Tatton-Brown (ed. T. Kiely; Research Publication of the British Museum 180; London: British Museum Press, 2009), 7–19. The excavators unearthed a siege ramp dated to the Persian conquest of the city during the early fifth century b.c.e., discussed the process of the construction of the ramp, the origin of these methods of warfare, the building techniques, the stages of the battle, and the remains from the bat-tle itself.

Fig. 3: An aerial photo of Tel Azekah with the Assyrian siege ramp on the south-east corner of the site



component of siege warfare.10 A British team in the 1930s that excavated the southwestern edge of Tel Lachish, just above the saddle connecting it with the hills to the south, unearthed an external ramp. But not until the 1970s was it identified as part of the Assyrian warfare weapons through the work of D. Ussishkin, who came back to the ramp and continued to expose it. Ussishkin also excavated a counter-ramp, which had been built by the defenders of Lachish in order to strengthen the city wall. The result of Ussishkin’s work was a detailed discussion regarding the ramp dimensions, building techniques, and remains from the battle itself (e. g., Assyrian-style weapons). Furthermore, Ussishkin11 analyzed the finds from Lachish in light of the Assyrian relief from Sennachirb’s palace at Nineveh that depicts the same event, thus making Lachish the sole case so far to be analyzed both with the help of archaeological excavation and ancient written and icono-graphic sources. Later investigations have discussed the amount and com-position of material used for constructing the ramp and the counter-ramp;12 the Akkadian terms for the siege elements;13 the timespan needed for such a project;14 and the remains from the battle, as well as comparable finds from other sites.15

These three discoveries, especially the finds at Lachish and the historical background described in contemporary sources, have renewed a discussion that was active in the 1990s. The first publication was by I. Eph’al,16 who sur-

10 D. Ussishkin, “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv 4 (1977): 28–60; idem, “Excavations at Lachish 1978–1983, Second Preliminary Report,” Tel Aviv 10 (1983): 97–185, here 137–146; idem, “The Assyrian Attack on Lachish: The Archaeological Evidence from the Southwest Corner of the Site,” Tel Aviv 17 (1990): 53–86; idem, “Area R and the Assyrian Siege,” in The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994) (ed. D. Ussishkin; Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology; Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2004), 695–767, here 695–742.

11 Idem, “The ‘Lachish Relief ’ and the City of Lachish,” IEJ 30 (1980): 174–195; idem, The Conquest of Lachish by Sennacherib (Publications of the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University 6; Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Archeological Institute, 1982).

12 I. Eph’al, “The Assyrian Siege Ramp at Lachish: Military and Lexical Aspects,” Tel Aviv 11 (1984): 60–70, here 63; Ussishkin, “Area R,” 716–719.

13 Eph’al, “Assyrian Siege Ramp,” 64.14 Eph’al, “Assyrian Siege Ramp,” 63–64; idem, Siege and Its Ancient Near Eastern Manifes-

tations (Jerusalem: 1996), 79–80, n. 152 (Hebrew); Ussishkin, “Area R,” 742.15 Ussishkin, “Area R,” 732–740.16 Eph’al, Ancient Near Eastern Manifestations; cf. idem, “Ways and Means to Conquer a

City, based on Assyrian Queries to the Sungod,” in Assyria 1995: Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Helsinki, September 7–11, 1995 (ed. S. Parpola and R. M. Whiting; Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Pro-ject, 1997), 49–53; idem, The City Besieged: Siege and Its Manifestations in the Ancient Near East (Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 36; Leiden: Brill, 2009).



veyed data from ancient Near Eastern texts and archaeological excavations and included a section that deals specifically with siege ramps,17 exploring in the process the above mentioned case studies plus several others known from texts, such as information from the Mari archive. The second publi-cation was by P. B. Kern,18 who dealt with various aspects of siege warfare from the dawn of urbanism until the Roman period, though this study lacks specific treatment of siege ramps.

A recent publication by Melville and Melville19 explores the various data concerning siege ramps from the second and first millennia b.c.e., the tech-niques involved in constructing the ramps, and their possible diffusion to the Greek world.

However, one should note that, until today, there has been no modern excavation of siege ramps with all of the new methods and different options available for considering the finds through the lens of interdisciplinary research. The still untapped data that such a project would enable us to incorporate will substantially change our understanding of siege warfare, and it will open doors for comparative research on the other siege ramps. The data to be considered involve issues such as the building technique; methods of planning and building; the engineering behind the construction; the sources of the raw materials and the combination of these materials in the various layers; the function and sources of the wood; the exact time span for such a project in antiquity; etc.

Since there have been no modern excavations of siege ramps, and since this case will be the first, the strategy for executing it was carefully devel-oped. The plan is to conduct one main longitude crosscut (10 meters wide) along the siege ramp to the north of its center, and two half latitudinal cross-cuts, one to the south (in the lower part) and one to the north (in the upper part). This excavation method, resulting in 10 different architectural cross-cuts of each constructional side of the siege ramp, will allow us to study it in great detail and to glean most of the data from the excavation.

Furthermore, such an excavation should be interdisciplinary and involve research from a variety of experts. The scholars participating in the pro-ject include a construction engineer, who will study the plan of the siege ramp and the manner in which it was built; a geologist, who will analyze

17 idem, The City Besieged, 84–9018 P. B. Kern, Ancient Siege Warfare (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999).19 S. C. Melville and D. J. Melville, “Observations on the Diffusion of Military Technol-

ogy: Siege Warfare in the Near East and Greece,” in From the Banks of the Euphrates: Studies in Honor of Alice Louise Slotsky (ed. M. Ross; Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2008), 145–168.



the nature of the rock and soil layers, their origin and their function in the ramp; a luminesence expert, who will study the dates of each level using OSL; a palynologist, who will look for fossil pollen inside the plaster layers in order to determine the time of year in which the ramp was built; and an archaeobotanist, who will analyze the wood remains in the siege ramp in order to determine its date.

Oded Lipschits Professor of Jewish History Department of Archeology and Ancient Near Eastern Studies Faculty of Humanities Tel Aviv University Gilman Building, Room 221 Tel Aviv Israel [email protected] Manfred Oeming Professor of Old Testament Theology University of Heidelberg Kisselgasse 1 Heidelberg 69117 Germany [email protected]

Fig. 4: The planned excavation squares of the siege ramp at Tel Azekah



Yuval Gadot Senior Lecture of Archeology and Ancient Near Eastern Studies Faculty of Humanities Tel Aviv University Gilman Building, Room 322 Tel Aviv Israel [email protected]


Hebrew Bible and Ancient IsraelHerausgegeben von Gary N. Knoppers (Notre Dame IN), Oded Lipschits (Tel Aviv), Carol A. Newsom (Atlanta GA) und Konrad Schmid (Zürich)Redaktion: Phillip Michael Lasater (Zürich)

Die Annahme zur Veröffentlichung erfolgt schriftlich und unter dem Vor -behalt, dass das Manuskript nicht anderweitig zur Veröffentlichung angeboten wurde. Mit der Annahme zur Veröffentlichung überträgt der Autor dem Verlag das ausschließliche Verlagsrecht für die Publikation in gedruckter und elektro-nischer Form. Weitere Informationen dazu und zu den beim Autor verbleibenden Rechten finden Sie unter www.mohr.de/hebai. Ohne Erlaubnis des Verlags ist eine Vervielfältigung oder Verbreitung der ganzen Zeitschrift oder von Teilen daraus in gedruckter oder elektronischer Form nicht gestattet.Bitte wenden Sie sich an [email protected].

RedaktionsadresseProfessor Dr. Konrad SchmidTheologische Fakultät der Universität ZürichKirchgasse CH- ZürichSwitzerlandE-mail: [email protected]

Online-VolltextIm Abonnement für Institutionen und Privatpersonen ist der freie Zugang zum Online-Volltext enthalten. Institutionen mit mehr als . Nutzern bitten wir um Einholung eines Preisangebots direkt beim Verlag. Kontakt: [email protected]. Um den Online-Zugang für Institutionen/Bibliotheken einzurichten, gehen Sie bitte zur Seite: www.ingentaconnect.com/register/ institutional. Um den Online-Zugang für Privatpersonen einzurichten, gehen Sie bitte zur Seite: www.ingentaconnect.com/register/personal

Verlag: Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG, Postfach , TübingenVertrieb erfolgt über den Buchhandel.

© Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG, TübingenDie Zeitschrift und alle in ihr enthaltenen einzelnen Beiträge und Abbildungen sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlags unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Über-setzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen.

Satz: Martin Fischer, Tübingen.Druck: Gulde-Druck, Tübingen.

ISSN - (Gedruckte Ausgabe)ISSN - (Online-Ausgabe)

Hebrew Bible and Ancient IsraelEdited by Gary N. Knoppers (Notre Dame IN), Oded Lipschits (Tel Aviv), Carol A. Newsom (Atlanta GA), and Konrad Schmid (Zürich)Redaction: Phillip Michael Lasater (Zürich)

Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel publishes only invited articles. Submission of a paper will be held to imply that it contains original unpublished work and is not being submitted for publication elsewhere. All articles are refereed by specialists. Acceptance for publication will be given in writing. When an article is accepted for publication, the exclusive copyright is granted to Mohr Siebeck for publication in a print and an electronic version. Further information on this and the rights retained by the author can be found at www.mohr.de/hebai. No one may reproduce or distribute the entire journal or parts of it in a print or an electronic version without the publisher’s permission. Please contact [email protected].

Please do not send any unsolicited review copies. The publisher and the editors reserve the right to keep unsolicited books.

Contact address:Professor Dr. Konrad SchmidTheologische Fakultät der Universität ZürichKirchgasse CH- ZürichSwitzerlandE-mail: [email protected]

Full Text OnlineFree access to the full text online is included in a subscription. We ask institu-tions with more than , users to obtain a price quote directly from the publisher. Contact: [email protected]. In order to set up online access for institutions/libraries, please go to: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/register/institutional. In order to set up online access for private persons, please go to:http://www.ingentaconnect.com/register/personal

Publisher: Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG, Postfach , TübingenCan be purchased at bookstores.

© Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG, TübingenThe journal and all the individual articles and illustrations contained in it are protected by copyright. Any utilization beyond the narrow confines of copy-right law without the publisher’s consent is punishable by law. This applies in particular to copying, translations, microfilming and storage and processing in electronic systems.

Printed in Germany.Typeset by Martin Fischer, Tübingen.Printed by Gulde-Druck, Tübingen.

ISSN - (Print Edition)ISSN - (Online Edition)


Mohr Siebeck www.mohr.de

Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel volume 4 (215), no. 1

Edited byGary N. Knoppers (Notre Dame IN), Oded Lipschits (Tel Aviv),Carol A. Newsom (Atlanta GA), and Konrad Schmid (Zürich)

Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel is a new, peer-reviewed, quarterly journal focusing primarily on the biblical texts in their ancient historical contexts, but also on the history of Israel in its own right. Each issue has a topical focus. The primary language is English, but articles may also be published in German and French. A specific goal of the new journal is to foster discussion among different academic cultures within a larger international context pertaining to the study of the Hebrew Bible and ancient Israel in the first millennium b.c.e.

Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel ist eine neue Zeitschrift, die vierteljährlich erscheint und deren Beiträge durch einen Peerreview-Prozess evaluiert werden. Ihr Thema sind die Texte der hebräischen und aramäischen Bibel in ihren historischen Kontexten, aber auch die Geschichte Israels selbst. Jedes Heft wird einen thematischen Fokus haben. Die meisten Beiträge werden in Englisch verfasst sein, Artikel können aber auch auf Deutsch oder Französisch erscheinen. Ein besonderes Ziel der Zeitschrift besteht in der Vermittlung der unterschiedlichen akademischen Kulturen im globalen Kontext, die sich mit der Hebräischen Bibel und dem antiken Israel im . Jahrtausend v. Chr. beschäftigen.

Associate Editors (212–215)Erhard Blum, Tübingen; John Day, Oxford; Louis Jonker, Stellenbosch; John Kessler, Toronto; Jacqueline E. Lapsley, Princeton; Martti Nissinen, Helsinki; Thomas Römer, Paris/Lausanne; Christoph Uehlinger, Zürich; David Vanderhooft, Boston; Nili Wazana, Jerusalem

2192-2276(201503)4:1;1-Z

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