“CONSTRUCTION WORKS AT HWPK”

A

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Civil Engineering

By

LOKESH CHOUDHARY

UID: K10673

Submitted to the

Ms. Arpita Sharma

Department of Civil Engineering

Career Point University, Kota-325003

Rajasthan (India) 2013-17

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the industrial training project report entitled

“CONSTRUCTION WORKS AT HWPK”, in partial fuilfillment of the

requirements for the degree of Bachelor Of Technology submitted to the

Department of Civil Engineering at Career Ponit University, Kota (Raj.) the

record of work carried out by them under my supervision and guidance.

In my opintion the submitted work has reached a level requred for being accepted

for industrioal trarning examination.

Date: 19 September, 2016 Lokesh Choudhary

UID- K10673

This is to certify that above statement made by the candidates are correct to the

best of my knowledge.

Evaluator

Mr. Sitesh Singh

Civil Engineering Department

Career Point University , Kota,(RAJ)

i

ABSTRACT

During 60 days training session, I have completed many task and learn following skills related

to construction world-

1. Surveying on pond construction.

2. Tendering process

3. Increase the thickness of foundation

4. Water Treatment Plant process

5. Road resurfacing

6. Different construction equipment (machines) and their use in construction site.

7. Concrete is a vital material in any construction of reinforced concrete and is the main constituent

or ingredient of any reinforced concrete structure.

8. To organize our tasks and assignment, we need to analyze our problems and assignment, and to

formulate a good solution to the problem.

9. In working environment, teamwork is vital in contributing to a strong organization. Teamwork

is also essential in reaching the goals of the organization as an entity.

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I feel great pleasure in acknowledging my deepest gratitude to Hon’ble Vice

Chancellor providing me opportunity of practical training. I am also thankful to Mr. TS Reddy,

Head of Civil Department at HWPK for arranging such helpful training for me. I also thankful

to Mr. Sitesh Singh for delight guidance.

I find it hard to express my grateful to the Almighty in words for bestowing upon me his deepest

blessings and providing me with the most wonderful opportunity in the form of life of a human

being and for the warmth and kindness he has showered upon me by giving me life’s best.

Last but not least I am thankful to all who helped me direct or indirect for my endeavor.

Date: 19 September 2016 Lokesh Choudhary

(UID: K10673)

iii

CANDIDATES’S DECLARATION

I here declare that work which is being in presented in the Training Report entitled

“Construction Works at HWPK” in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of ‘Bachelor

Technology in Dept. of Civil Engineering and submitted to the department of Civil

Engineering Career Point University is a record of my own investigation carried of Ms. Arpita

Sharma Head, Civil Engineering department.

I have not submitted the matter presented in this report anywhere for the award of any other

Degree

Lokesh Choudhary

UID-K10673

Career Point University

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

DECLARATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLE

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Page No.

i

ii

iii

iv

v-vii

viii

ix

x

Chapter 1

Introduction 1-7

1.1 Heavy Water Board…………………………………………………………….

1.1.1 The project need………………………………………………………..

1.1.2 About HWB……………………………………………………………

1

1

1

1.2

1.3

Heavy Water Plant, Kota……………………..………….…………………….

1.2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………

1.2.2 HWPK- Technology Breakthrough in India……………………………..

What is heavy water? ………………………………………………………….

1.3.1 Uses of heavy water……………………………………………………...

1.3.2 Process Description………………………………………………………

3

3

3

3

4

5

Chapter 2

Literature Review

8-41

2.1 Construction of pond…………………………...…………………………….... 8

2.1.1 Pond……………………………..………………………………………. 8

2.1.2 Steps used for build a pond…………………………..………………….. 9

2.2 Water Treatment Plant & Process……………………………………………... 21

2.2.1 Water & its standards……………………………………………………. 22

2.2.2 Quality of water………………………...………………………………..

2.2.3 Water Treatment…………………………………………………………

24

26

2.3 Strengthening of foundation…………………………………………………... 31

2.3.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………... 31

2.3.2 Strengthening of existing building……………………………………….

2.3.3 Improving the foundation………………………………………………..

31

31

2.4 Tendering……………………………………………………………………… 33

2.4.1 From where it comes……………………………………………………. 33

2.4.2 What is tender? ………………………………………………………….

2.4.3 Contract Strategy………………………………………………………...

2.4.4 Invitation to Tender………………………………………………………

2.4.5 Decision of the review panel……………………………………………..

33

33

35

36

2.5 Road resurfacing……………………………………………………………..... 37

2.5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………… 37

2.5.2 Points need to be considered……………………………………………..

2.5.3 Detailed Considerations………………………………………………….

2.5.4 Mechanical Adhesion………………………….…………………………

2.5.5 Special Considerations…………………………………………………...

2.5.6 Laying

38

39

40

41

41

Chapter 3 Scope Of Training 42

Chapter 4 Objective Of Training 43

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Complete Work plan With Timelines

Result & Outcome

Experimental

44-45

46

47

Chapter 8 Conclusion

Appendix

References

48

49

51

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

Name of Figure

Heavy water plants in India

Cooling & Hot tower at RR site

Girdler Sulphide Process

Survey

Tripod

Digital Theodolite

Rough levelling with the circular level

Levelling with the plate level

Digital theodolite keys

Digital LCD monitor

Tree Slump

Preparing for a pond

Remove the surface soil

Random rubble masonry

Random Rubble Masonry Wall Design

Coping

Turbidity

Colour

Screening

Flocculation

Sedimentation

Rapid sand filter

Slow sand filter

Improving a foundation

Road Resurfacing

Page No.

2

5

6

10

11

11

12

12

13

13

14

15

16

19

19

20

25

25

27

28

28

29

29

32

37

viii

LIST OF TABLE

Table No.

1

2

Name of Table

General Data about HWPK

Indian standard Specification for drinking water (Part 1)

Indian standard Specification for drinking water (Part 2)

Page No.

7

23

24

ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1. HWB Heavy Water Board

2. DAE Department of Atomic Energy

3. ISO Indian Organization for Standardization

4. USA United States of America

5. RR site Rawatbhata Rajasthan site

6. Km Kilometer

7. Ev Electronvolt

8. atm Atmosphere

9. MmHg Millimeter of mercury

10. MT/year Metric ton per year

11. Cm Centimeter

12. PCC Plain Cement Concrete

13. NIT Notice Inviting Tender

14. Ca Calcium

15. Mg Magnesium

16. Na Sodium

17. K Potassium

18. MWe

19. HWPK

Megawatt of electricity

Heavy Water Plant Kota

x

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Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Heavy Water Board

1.1.1 The Project Need:

Department of Atomic Energy embarked on an ambitious programme of producing nuclear

power of 10,000 MWe which required setting up a number of heavy water plants. This was

also the time when the need for a separate organisation to oversee the planning and setting up

of Heavy Water Plants was strongly felt. Accordingly an organisation known as the Heavy

Water Projects was set up on May 1, 1969.

1.1.2 About HWB:

Heavy Water Board (HWB), a constituent unit of Industries and Minerals Sector under

Department of Atomic Energy, is primarily responsible for production of Heavy Water

(Deuterium Oxide-D2O). Heavy Water Board and its Plants are ISO Certified for Quality

Management System, Environment Management System and Occupational Health & Safety

Management System.

Heavy Water Board has successfully exported Heavy Water to countries viz. South Korea,

China and USA. This included development of the processes from laboratory synthesis through

scale up to commercially viable plants. The solvents produced by HWB have found

acceptability not only in DAE but outside as well.

HWB also has been successful in engineering / setting up and operating the boron isotope

enrichment units based on different technologies to meet the requirements of fast breeder

reactor programme. The other activities also include development of cryogenic process system

and recovery of rare material from secondary sources.

Apart from the above, HWB has opened avenues for development and promotion of non-

nuclear applications of Heavy Water and Deuterium. HWB has been successful in

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demonstrating the improved thermal stability of deuterated oral polio vaccine. HWB also has

been working with various institutions in further development in these applications.

1.1.2.1 HWB in India:

1. Heavy Water Plant, Baroda (Gujarat)

2. Heavy Water Plant, Hazira (Gujarat)

3. Heavy Water Plant, Kota (Rajasthan)

4. Heavy Water Plant, Manuguru (Andhra Pradesh)

5. Heavy Water Plant, Talcher (Orissa)

6. Heavy Water Plant, Thal (Maharashtra)

7. Heavy Water Plant, Tuticorin (Tamilnadu)

Fig 1: Heavy water plants in India

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1.2 Heavy Water Plant, Kota

1.2.1 Introduction:

Heavy Water Plant, Kota is India’s first plant based on Hydrogen sulphide- Water Dual

Temperature Exchange Process, set up indigenously. Plant is sited in close proximity to

Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RR site), Anushakti with it is integrated for supply of process

steam and electrical power. Anushakti is nearly 65 km from Kota Railway Station in Kherli

block under Tehsil of Rawatbhata in Chittorgarh Distict, Rajasthan. HWP, Kota is located in

the picturesque landscape of lush green hills on the bank of Rana Pratap Sagar reservoir of

Chambal River.

Project activities for this plant began in early 70’s with “Ground Breaking” on July 7, 1972.

Commissioning activities started in early 80’s. Nuclear grade heavy water was first produced

from Distillation Unit in 1981 using off grade heavy water. Trial production run of Exchange

Unit was accomplished in 1983 and full commercial operation of the plant started in April,

1985.

1.2.2 HWPK- Technology Breakthrough in India:

Heavy Water Plant, Kota was conceptualized, designed & engineered based on pilot plant study

at BARC. Development work led to a number of innovative concepts in design, engineering,

construction and operation, many of which were being tried out for first time in India.

Heavy water technology development in India, from grass root level to robust one, is a true

example pf self- reliance. The experience and expertise gained at Kota plant was utilized for

setting up double capacity plant at Manuguru. This technology proved to be a game changer in

Indian Heavy Water Programme making our country self- reliant and the largest global

producer.

1.3 What is Heavy Water?

Heavy water (D2O) is oxide of Deuterium (heavier isotope of hydrogen). Its nuclear properties

display a significant variation which makes it an extremely efficient material for use as

moderator in a nuclear reactor. Deuterium and its compounds have many promising application

4 | P a g e

in advanced technology and life science. Heavy water resembles normal water in appearance

and chemical properties. Heavy Water has great similarity in its physical and chemical

properties to ordinary water. It is noon-radioactive and apparently harmless to human being.

1.3.1 Uses of Heavy water:

Heavy water is largely used in the production of nuclear energy and a number of modern

research experiments as given below:

a.) As a Neutron moderator:

Moderator is required in a thermal reactor to slow down the neutrons produced in the fission

reaction to .025 ev (thermal reaction) so that the chain reaction can be sustained. Different

moderators normally in use are Heavy Water, Graphite, Beryllium and Light water. Heavy

Water is an excellent moderator. A good moderator should have excellent slowing down

power and low absorption cross section for neutrons.

b.) For production of Deuterium:

Heavy water is used for the production of deuterium and its compounds.

c.) As a Tracer Compound:

It is used as a tracer compound for the study of the study of the mechanism of chemical

reactions and in biochemical reactions.

d.) Coolant:

Heat energy produced in the fission reactor will be removed by coolant. Water is an excellent

coolant that can remove the heat from the feed. Heavy Water is used as a primary coolant to

transport heat generated by the fission reaction to secondary coolant, light water. In Gas cooled

reactors carbon di-oxide gas is used as coolant. Coolant transports heat to secondary coolant,

i.e. water for generation of steam at an appropriate pressure for running steam turbines. Steam

turbines drive generators to generate Electricity.

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1.3.2 Process Description:

Water from the nearby Rana Pratap Sagar lake, purified of suspended and dissolved impurities

forms the process feed with the D20 enriched from 150 ppm (0.015%) in the feed to 15% D20

by chemical exchange with H2S and later by vacuum distillation to produce 99.8% D20. The

exchange unit is arranged in a 3 stage cascade. The first stage handling large quantities of

process water and H2S gas, consists of three pairs of cold and hot towers operating at 30 deg.

C. and 130 deg. C. respectively. The second and third stage each consist of one pair of cold

and hot towers. The purified water enters the top of first stage cold tower and travels down

while hydrogen sulphide gas entering the bottom of the tower meets the water in counter current

way on tower internals and the exchange of deuterium takes place. In cold tower the water gets

enriched with respect to deuterium while gas gets depleted in deuterium concentration. In hot

tower the reverse reaction takes place i.e. the gas gets enriched instead of liquid. By proper

liquid and gas flow rates with gas in closed circuit in a pair of towers, a small quantity of

enriched liquid can be withdrawn from the bottom of the cold tower as a net product. This is

further enriched in a similar way in 2nd and 3rd stages. The hot tower bottoms liquid coming

from the first stage is divided into two parts. One part is recycled to the top of humidification

section located at the bottom of hot tower for heat recovery while the other part constitutes the

waste. Before discarding the waste to the environment it is necessary to recover the H2S

dissolved in the waste. For this purpose a waste stripper is provided to strip H2S by direct steam

stripping and the evolved gas and steam are put back to first stage hot towers. The enriched

water from the 3rd stage is stripped off its H2S in a product stripper and fed to the distillation

unit for further enrichment upto nuclear grade.

Fig 2: Cooling and Hot tower at RR site

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This process is known as the Girdler sulfide (GS) process.

Fig 3: Girdler sulfide process

As H2S gas is very toxic, corrosive and hazardous in nature and the plant has a dynamic hold

up of 200 Te H2S, extreme care has been taken in the design of the plant, selection of equipment

and materials, adhering to stringent fabrication procedures and codes. The exchange process

operates at about 20 atm. pressure and at a temperature of 30 to 1200C. while the vacuum

distillation plant works at a pressure of 100 mm Hg absolute. The isotopic exchange reaction

which is the heart of the technology is carried out with the aid of specially designed efficient

trays. The H2S gas required for the process is manufactured in a separate unit at the plant

premises by the chemical reaction between sodium sulphide and sulphuric acid. Very elaborate

and sensitive H2S detection instrumentation is provided not only in the plant but also in the

surrounding areas to monitor the environment.

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Table 1: General Data about HWPK

Process Used H2S - H2O Exchange

Process Know How Departmental

Capacity of the Plant 80 MT / Year

Date of Commissioning 1-4-1985

Capital cost of the Plant Rs. 7730 Lakhs

Plant Area 20 Hectares

Number of Employees (Man Power) 599 (as on 30.06.2012)

Operating Pressure 20 Kg/Cm 2

Total Weight of Structure 2683 MTe

Total Weight of Equipment 4414 MTe

Weight of Heaviest Equipment 286 MTe

Maximum Diameter of Equipment 4.5 M approx.

Maximum Height of Towers 52 M approx.

Total Length of Piping 64 Km

Total length of Electrical Cables 350 Km

Substation Capacity 40 MVA

Connected Load 35.5 MW

Power Consumption 360 MWH/Day

Water Consumption 32400 M 3 /Day

Steam Consumption 2640 MT/Day

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Chapter 2

Literature Review

2.1 Construction of Pond

2.1.1 Pond:

A pond is a body of standing water, either natural or artificial, that is usually smaller than a

lake. They may arise naturally in floodplains as part of a river system, or they may be somewhat

isolated depressions (examples include vernal pools and prairie potholes). Usually they contain

shallow water with marsh and aquatic plants and animals.

2.1.1.1 Objective for making Pond:

As the plant comes under central government department, it fulfils all the ecological and

environment friendly structures. So here is a large no. of trees and greenery.

As where is a large amount of such a greenery there is always standing a chance of fire.

While the plant has a separate system of water pipelines in case of fire but the main

objective of this pond was to prepare such a dangerous accident.

As the plant is eco-friendly, there are some animals also so the second objective of the

pond is to slake their thirst.

In agriculture, treatment ponds may reduce nutrients released downstream from the

pond. They may also provide irrigation reservoirs at times of drought.

Waste stabilization ponds are used as a low-cost method for wastewater treatment.

In the Indian subcontinent, Hindu temples usually have a pond nearby so that pilgrims

can take baths. These ponds are considered sacred.

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2.1.2 Steps used for build a pond:

Survey

Site clearance

PCC

Masonry

Coping

Plaster

2.1.2.1 Survey:

Construction surveying or building surveying (otherwise known as "staking", "stake-out", "lay-

out" or "setting-out") is to stake out reference points and markers that will guide the

construction of new structures such as roads or buildings. These markers are usually staked out

according to a suitable coordinate system selected for the project.

Elements of the construction survey:

Survey existing conditions of the future work site, including topography, existing

buildings and infrastructure, and underground infrastructure whenever possible (for

example, measuring invert elevations and diameters of sewers at manholes);

Stake out lot corners, stake limit of work and stake location of construction trailer (clear

of all excavation and construction)

Stake out reference points and markers that will guide the construction of new structures

Verify the location of structures during construction;

Provide horizontal control on multiple floors.

Conduct an As-Built survey: a survey conducted at the end of the construction project

to verify that the work authorized was completed to the specifications set on plans.

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Fig 4: Survey

Coordinate systems used in construction:

Land surveys and surveys of existing conditions are generally performed according to geodesic

coordinates. However for the purposes of construction a more suitable coordinate system will

often be used. During construction surveying, the surveyor will often have to convert from

geodesic coordinates to the coordinate system used for that project.

Chainage or station:

In the case of roads or other linear infrastructure, a chainage (derived from Gunter's Chain - 1

chain is equal to 66 feet or 100 links) will be established, often to correspond with the center

line of the road or pipeline. During construction, structures would then be located in terms of

chainage, offset and elevation. Offset is said to be "left" or "right" relative to someone standing

on the chainage line who is looking in the direction of increasing chainage.

Other coordinate systems:

In other types of construction projects, arbitrary "north-south" and "east-west" reference lines

may be established, that do not necessarily correspond to true coordinates.

Equipment and techniques used in construction surveying:

Mainly there are three techniques:

1.) By theodolite

2.) Electronic distance measurement (EDM)

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3.) Total stations

Surveying equipment, such as levels and theodolites, are used for accurate measurement of

angular deviation, horizontal, vertical and slope distances.

The builder's level measures neither horizontal nor vertical angles. It simply combines a spirit

level and telescope to allow the user to visually establish a line of sight along a level plane.

At the site Theodolite is used.

Brief of Theodolite:

A theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes.

Theodolites are used mainly for surveying applications, and have been adapted for specialized

purposes in fields like meteorology and rocket launch technology.

Fig. 5: Tripod Fig 6: Digital Theodolite

Levelling the theodolite:

A. Referring to Fig. 7, roughly level the instrument using the circular level:

1. Turn the levelling screws A and B in opposite directions to centre the bubble along the AB

axis.

2. Turn levelling screw C to bring the bubble to the centre of the circular level.

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B. Referring to Fig. 8, precisely level the instrument using the plate level.

1. Free the horizontal motion clamp and rotate the instrument horizontally until the plate level

is parallel with line AB.

2. Bring the bubble to the centre of the plate level by turning screws A and B in opposite

directions.

3. Rotate the instrument by 90◦ around its vertical axis and turn screw C to centre the bubble

once more.

4. Repeat procedures 1. and 2. for each 90◦ rotation of the instrument and check that the bubble

is correctly centered for all four points. If after 180◦ of rotation, the bubble is of center, remove

half the error in the bubble centering. Check that when you have swung another 180◦ back to

the initial point, the bubble offset is the same as the offset you allowed to remain in the 180◦

rotated position.

Fig 7: rough levelling with the circular level Fig 8: levelling with the plate level

Glossary of terms:

- An alternative to measuring vertical angles in degrees, the gradient is defending

as the tangent of the vertical angle with respect to the horizontal times 100%. For example, a

gradient of -50% means a slope of 22:5◦ below the horizontal.

- The theodolite position in which the vertical circle is on the viewer's left while he

looks into the telescope.

- The theodolite position in which the vertical circle is on the viewer's right while

he looks into the telescope.

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- The graduated circle in the horizontal plane that the theodolite reads out

to measure horizontal angles.

- Thumbscrew that can be used to _x the angle of the theodolite with

respect to the

horizontally with the slow-motion screw.

- The line of sight through the centre of the telescope crosshairs.

- Small telescope whose eyepiece is near the bottom of the theodolite that

looks at the directly beneath the theodolite and is used for centring.

- A complete set of angle measurements performed in the face-left, then in

the face-right position.

w-motion screw - The adjustment screw used to translate the theodolite in the horizontal

or vertical plane when the horizontal or vertical clamp is tightened.

- See slow-motion screw.

- The axis about which the telescope pivots.

- The axis about which the horizontal circle pivots.

- The graduated circle in the vertical plane that the theodolite reads out to

measure vertical angles.

Fig 9: Digital theodolite keys Fig 10: Digital LCD monitor

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2.1.2.2 Site Clearance:

The site should be cleared of all obstructions such as:

Woody vegetation, where the roots can cause severe cracking in pond structures such

as concrete water inlets and outlets.

Tree stumps which, when decaying, can also weaken concrete pond structures by

leaving voids in the soil.

Fig 11: Tree Slump

Large stones, which may need to be dug out.

Hills and animal burrows, which should be dug completely; clayey soil should be

tramped into the hole created.

Where to clear:

Define carefully the exact area to be cleared before you begin. Determine the outer corners of

the pond area, which should include the entire area to be covered by the dikes. You could mark

the area using wooden stakes and cord or poles. When this is done, mark out an additional area

beyond the dikes to serve as a work space and a walkway around the site. Then you are ready

to proceed.

(a) Clear the area within the limit of the pond dikes of all vegetation, shrubs, trees (including

woody roots and tree stumps) and all large stones.

(b) Clear the work space and walkway around the dikes.

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(c) Clear all trees and shrubs within 10 m of dikes and pond structures and any access, water

supply or drainage area.

Fig 12: Preparing for a pond

Proceeding with the clearing:

The clearing method to be used largely depends on the type of vegetation on the site. In

open savannah country, it is a relatively easy task that can be done manually with limited

special equipment

There are two basic ways to clear the woody vegetation from a site:

1.) We can cut the trees and then remove the stumps;

2.) We can fell whole trees with their roots attached.

The clearing of the site should be completed by gathering all cut vegetation, stumps, roots

and large stones. All these should be removed from the work area. When conditions are dry

enough, the clearing can be completed by starting a fire, which should be carefully kept

under control.

We can often sell the wood cleared from the site or make charcoal and sell it at a good price.

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Surface soil removal:

1. Surface soil has the highest concentration of roots and decaying organic materials. This soil

is unstable as a construction material and cannot be used for the foundations of any dike or

structure. Therefore the surface soil should be removed from the areas where:

Dikes and structures will be built;

Soil will be taken as a dike construction material.

2. Soil may also be required outside the site to supply topsoil for newly constructed areas such

as dikes.

3. The depth of the surface soil varies from region to region. It may be totally absent or more

than 1m thick. Usually the surface soil is from 5 to 30 cm deep. Once your site has been cleared,

find out how thick the surface soil is. On this basis plan the construction method for your dikes

and the removal and storage of the surface soil.

Fig 13: Remove the surface soil

4. Stake out clearly the areas of the site from where the surface soil should be removed, as was

done earlier before the clearing started.

5. Excavate to the desired depth and transport the surface soil away from the construction site.

6. To be able to dig out this surface soil without too much effort, it might be necessary to loosen

it by ploughing. In exceptional cases, you may have to rip the soil with a tractor first, before

starting excavation. Use as many shanks as possible, at low speed and maximum soil

penetration, to reach best efficiency. For small areas, the soil may be loosened using a pick.

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2.1.2.3 PCC

Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) is also called as Cement Concrete (CC) or Blinding

Concrete.

It is used for levelling, bedding for footings, grade slabs, concrete roads etc.

PCC is used to provide non-porous, rigid, impervious, firm and levelled bed for laying

RCC, where earth is soft and yielding.

PCC can be use over brick flat soling or without brick flat soling.

PCC also used as filler like lump concrete; this is a mix of PCC and boulder.

It consists of cement, sand and coarse aggregates mixed with water in the specified

proportions, the following proportions are mostly using:-

For foundation – Concrete Mix M10 (1:3:6) i.e.; 1 part of cement, 3 parts of sand and 6 parts

of coarse aggregates).

For Car park – Concrete Mix M15 (1:2:4) i.e.; 1 part of cement, 2 parts of sand and 4 parts of

coarse aggregates).

The ratio of PCC at site was 1:4:8.

Specifications for Plain Cement Concrete (PCC)

Materials Specifications:

Aggregate shall be of invert materials and should be clean, dense, hard, sound, durable, non-

absorbent and capable of developing good bond with mortar.

Coarse aggregate shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust, dirt

and other foreign matters. The stone ballast shall be of 20mm size and smaller. Fine aggregate

shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and shall pass through a

screen of 5mm square mesh. Sand shall be of standard specifications, clean and free from dust,

dirt and organic matter. Sea sand shall not be used.

Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard ISI specifications and shall have the required

tensile and compressive stresses and fineness.Water shall be clean and free from alkaline and

acid matters and suitable for drinking purposes.

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Proportion Specifications:

1:2:4 (Cement: sand: stone ballast) by volume when specified. Minimum compressive strength

of concrete of 1:2:4 proportion shall be 140 kg/cm2 in 7 days.

2.1.2.4 Masonry:

Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by

mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves. The common materials of

masonry construction are brick, building stone such as marble, granite, travertine, and

limestone, cast stone, concrete block, glass block, and cob. Masonry is generally a highly

durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and

workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can significantly affect the

durability of the overall masonry construction. A person who constructs masonry is called a

mason or bricklayer.

Structural limitations:

Masonry has high compressive strength under vertical loads but has low tensile strength

(against twisting or stretching) unless reinforced. The tensile strength of masonry walls can be

increased by thickening the wall, or by building masonry piers (vertical columns or ribs) at

intervals. Where practical, steel reinforcements such as wind posts can be added.

Random Rubble Masonry:

Random Rubble Masonry is slightly superior to unsourced rubble masonry. In this form the

stones used in the work are hammer or chisel-dressed. The stones are not suitably shaped or

finished and as such the elevation of this type of stone masonry shows irregular shaped stones

with non-uniform joints. In a good work the face stones are of uniform colour and

approximately equal in size. The height of stones should be greater than their breadth or length

of tail into the work.

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Fig 14: Random Rubble Masonry

At least one fourth of the face stone should tail back into the heading for ensuring proper

strength to the work. The quoins and the through stones are provided in a similar manner as

described earlier. The thickness of joints should not exceed 13 mm.

Fig 15: Random Rubble Masonry Wall Design

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2.1.2.5 Coping:

The protective top member of any vertical construction such as a wall or chimney. A coping

may be masonry, metal, or wood, and is usually sloped or bevelled to shed water in such a

way that it does not run down the vertical face of the wall. Copings often project out from a

wall with a drip groove on the underside.

Fig 16: Coping

2.1.2.6 Plaster:

Plaster is a building material used for the protective and/or decorative coating of walls and

ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English "plaster" usually means

a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external

applications. Another imprecise term used for the material is stucco, which is also often used

for plasterwork that is worked in some way to produce relief decoration, rather than flat

surfaces.The most common types of plaster mainly contain either gypsum, lime, or cement, but

all work in a similar way.

Types:

1. Gypsum plaster

2. Lime plaster

3. Cement plaster

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4. Heat resistant plaster

Cement Plaster:

Cement plaster is a mixture of suitable plaster, sand, Portland cement and water which is

normally applied to masonry interiors and exteriors to achieve a smooth surface. Interior

surfaces sometimes receive a final layer of gypsum plaster. Walls constructed with stock bricks

are normally plastered while face brick walls are not plastered.

Cement plaster is usually applied in a single coat or double coat. Double coat plaster is applied

where thickness of plaster is required to be more than 15 mm or when it is required to get a

very fine finish.

At the site we applied 20 mm thick plaster on masonry. The process of applying a

double coat cement plaster on wall surface consists of the following 4 steps.

1-Preparation of surface for plastering

2-Ground work for plaster

3-Applying first coat (or under coat or rendering coat)

4-Applying second coat (or finishing coat or fine coat)

2.2 Water Treatment Plant & Process

2.2.1 Water & its Standards:

Water is a precious commodity. Most of the earth water is sea water. About 2.5% of the water

is fresh water that does not contain significant levels of dissolved minerals or salt and two third

of that is frozen in ice caps and glaciers. In total only 0.01% of the total water of the planet is

accessible for consumption. Clean drinking water is a basic human need. Unfortunately, more

than one in six people still lack reliable access to this precious resource in developing world.

Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants,

suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a

specific purpose. Most water is disinfected for human consumption (drinking water), but water

purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including fulfilling the

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requirements of medical, pharmacological, chemical and industrial applications. The methods

used include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and distillation; biological

processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon; chemical processes such as

flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light.

Purifying water may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended

particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, as well as reducing the amount of a range of

dissolved and particulate material derived from the surfaces that come from runoff due to rain.

The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments or by international

standards. These standards usually include minimum and maximum concentrations of

contaminants, depending on the intended purpose of water use.

2.2.1.1. Water Quality Standards:

The definition of water quality depends on the intended use of the water which may be

either human consumption or it may be for industries, irrigation, recreation etc.

Depending upon the proposed use of water, certain water quality criteria are established

and based on these criteria quality standards are specified by health and other regulation

agencies.

Different types of water require different level of water purity.

Drinking water requires highest standard of purity whereas water of lower quality.

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Table 2 (Part 1): INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR DRINKING WATER

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Table 2 (Part 2): INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR DRINKING WATER

2.2.2 Quality of Water:

Parameters of water which are required to be tested for determining the quality of water can be

divided into:

Physical

Chemical

Microbiological

2.2.2.1 Physical Parameters:

It includes -Turbidity

Colour

Odour

Taste

Temperature

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Turbidity: It is the large amount of suspended matter such as clay, silt, some other finely

divided organic matter present in the water, and it will appear to be muddy or cloudy or turbid

in appearance. Turbidity is measured by turbid meter and is expressed in mg/l.

Fig 17: Turbidity Fig 18: Colour

Colour:

Dissolved organic matter from decaying vegetation or some inorganic materials such as

coloured soils, may impart colour to water. The excessive growth of algae also may impart

colour to the water. The presence of colour in water is not objectionable from health point of

view, but may spoil the colour of clothes being washed in it.

Colour of water is measured by platinum cobalt scale. It should not exceed 20 and should be

less than 10.

Taste and Odour:

The dissolved organic matter, inorganic salts, or dissolved gases may impart tastes and

odours to the water, which generally occurs together.

Taste and odour may be due to presence of dissolved gases such as H2S, CH4, CO2,

O2, etc. Some mineral substances like Iron, sulphates, may impart taste to water.

For drinking purpose water should not contain any undesirable taste and odour.

Taste of water should be agreeable to the consumers.

And odour of water is measured in terms of threshold odour number.

For public supplies threshold odour no should be 1 and should not exceed 3.

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Temperature:

Temperature of water has no practical significance however temperature of water should be

above 10°C while temperature above 25°C are considered as objectionable.

2.2.2.2 Chemical Parameters:

a) Solids ( Suspended, Dissolved, Volatile)

b) Hardness

c) Chlorides

d) pH

e) Dissolved gases like Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen supplied

f) Nitrogen compound like Nitrates, Nitrites.

g) Metals and other in organic substance like fluoride, iron, and manganese, lead, Arsenic,

Iodide, and Cadmium.

2.2.2.3 Microbiological Parameters:

It Includes various microorganisms i.e. bacteria, virus, protozoa, worms, present in water it

may be pathogenic or non-pathogenic.

2.2.3 Water Treatment:

2.2.3.1 Aims:

The aims of the treatment are to remove unwanted constituents in the water and to make it safe

to drink or fit for a specific purpose in industry or medical applications. Widely varied

techniques are available to remove contaminants like fine solids, micro-organisms and some

dissolved inorganic and organic materials, or environmental persistent pharmaceutical

pollutants. The choice of method will depend on the quality of the water being treated, the cost

of the treatment process and the quality standards expected of the processed water.

The processes below are the ones commonly used in water purification plants. Some or most

may not be used depending on the scale of the plant and quality of the raw (source) water.

2.2.3.2 Pre-treatment:

Pumping and containment – The majority of water must be pumped from its source or directed

into pipes or holding tanks. To avoid adding contaminants to the water, this physical

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infrastructure must be made from appropriate materials and constructed so that accidental

contamination does not occur.

Screening (see also screen filter) – The first step in purifying surface water is to remove large

Debris such as sticks, leaves, rubbish and other large particles which may interfere with

subsequent purification steps. Most deep groundwater does not need screening before other

purification steps.

Fig 19: Screening

Storage – Water from rivers may also be stored in bankside reservoirs for periods between a

few days and many months to allow natural biological purification to take place. This is

especially important if treatment is by slow sand filters. Storage reservoirs also provide a buffer

against short periods of drought or to allow water supply to be maintained during transitory

pollution incidents in the source river.

Pre-chlorination – In many plants the incoming water was chlorinated to minimize the growth

of fouling organisms on the pipe-work and tanks. Because of the potential adverse quality

effects, this has largely been discontinued.

2.2.3.3 Coagulation and flocculation:

In coagulation we add a chemical such as alum which produces positive charges to neutralize

the negative charges on the particles, particles can stick together, forming larger particles more

easily removed, process involves addition of chemical (e.g. alum) rapid mixing to dissolve the

chemical, distribute it evenly throughout water. Small particles are not removed efficiently by

sedimentation because they settle too slowly & they may also pass through filters easier to

remove if they are clumped together. Coagulated to form larger particles, but they don't because

they have a negative charge repel each other (like two north poles of a magnet).

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In flocculation now the particles have a neutral charge can stick together. The water flows into

a tank with paddles that provide slow mixing, it bring the small particles together to form larger

particles called flocks. Mixing is done quite slowly and gently in the flocculation step.

Fig 20: Flocculation

If the mixing is too fast, the flocks will break apart into small particles that are difficult to

remove by sedimentation or filtration.

2.2.3.4 Sedimentation:

Water flows to a tank called a sedimentation basin. Gravity causes the flocks to settle to the

bottom. Large particles settle more rapidly than small particles. It would take a very long time

for all particles to settle out and that would mean we would need a very large sedimentation

basin. So the clarified water, with most of the particles removed, moves on to the filtration step

where the finer particles are removed.

Fig 21: Sedimentation

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2.2.3.5 Filtration:

After separating most flock, the water is filtered as the final step to remove remaining

suspended particles and unsettled flock.

Rapid sand filters:

The most common type of filter is a rapid sand filter. The top layer removes organic

compounds, which contribute to taste and odour. The space between sand particles is larger

than the smallest suspended particles, so simple filtration is not enough. Most particles pass

through surface layers but are trapped in pore spaces or adhere to sand particles. Effective

filtration extends into the depth of the filter. This property of the filter is key to its operation:

if the top layer of sand were to block all the particles, the filter would quickly clog.

Slow sand filters:

Slow sand filters may be used where there is sufficient land and space, as the water must be

passed very slowly through the filters. These filters rely on biological treatment processes for

their action rather than physical filtration. The filters are carefully constructed using graded

layers of sand, with the coarsest sand, along with some gravel, at the bottom and finest sand at

the top. Drains at the base convey treated water away for disinfection. Filtration depends on

the development of a thin biological layer, called the zoogleal layer, on the surface of the filter.

An effective slow sand filter may remain in service for many weeks or even months if the pre-

treatment is well designed and produces water with a very low available nutrient level which

physical methods of treatment rarely achieve. Very low nutrient levels allow water to be safely

sent through distribution systems with very low disinfectant levels, thereby reducing consumer

irritation over offensive levels of chlorine and chlorine by-products.

Fig 22: Rapid Sand Filter Fig 23: Slow Sand Filter

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2.2.3.6 Removal of ions and other dissolved substances:

Ultrafiltration membranes use polymer membranes with chemically formed microscopic pores

that can be used to filter out dissolved substances avoiding the use of coagulants. The type of

membrane media determines how much pressure is needed to drive the water through and what

sizes of micro-organisms can be filtered out.

Ion exchange: Ion exchange systems use ion exchange resin- or zeolite-packed columns to

replace unwanted ions. The most common case is water softening consisting of removal of

Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions replacing them with benign (soap friendly) Na+ or K+ ions. Ion exchange

resins are also used to remove toxic ions such as nitrite, lead, mercury, arsenic and many others.

2.2.3.7 Disinfection:

With particles removed, it only remains to provide disinfection, so that no pathogens remain in

the water. Protozoan pathogens are large in size and have been removed with other particles.

Bacteria and viruses are now destroyed by addition of a disinfectant.

Chlorination:

Enough chlorine is added so that some remains to go out in the water distribution system,

protecting the public once the water leaves the plant.

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2.3 Strengthening of Foundation

2.3.1 Introduction:

The need to improve the ability of an existing building to withstand seismic forces arises

usually from the evidence of damage and poor behaviour during a recent earthquake. It can

arise also from calculations or by comparisons with similar buildings that have been damaged

in other places. While in the first case the owner can be rather easily convinced to take measures

to improve the strength of his building, in the second case dwellers that have much more

stringent day-to-day needs are usually reluctant to invest money in the improvement of seismic

safety.

2.3.2 Strengthening of existing buildings:

The seismic behaviour of old existing buildings is affected by their original structural

inadequacies, material degradation due to time, and alterations carried out during use over the

years such as making new openings, addition of new parts inducing dissymmetry in plan and

elevation, etc. The possibility of substituting them with new earthquake resistant buildings is

generally neglected due to historical, artistic, social and economical reasons. The complete

replacement of the buildings in a given area will also lead to destroying a number of social and

human links. Therefore seismic strengthening of existing damaged or undamaged buildings

can be a definite requirement in same areas.

2.3.3 Improving the Foundation:

Seismic strengthening of foundations before or after the earthquake is the most involved task

since it may require careful underpinning operations. Some alternatives are given below for

preliminary consideration of the strengthening scheme.

(i) Introducing new load bearing members including foundations to relieve the already loaded

members. Jacking operations may be needed in this process.

(ii) Improving the drainage of the area to prevent saturation of foundation soil to obviate any

problems of liquefaction which may occur because of poor drainage.

(iii) Providing apron around the building to prevent soaking of foundation directly and draining

off the water.

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(iv) Adding strong elements in the form of reinforced concrete strips attached to the existing

foundation part of the building. These will also bind the various wall footings and may be

provided on both sides of the wall, to avoid digging the floor inside the building, the extra

width could be provided only on the outside of external walls. The extra width may be provided

above the existing footing or at the level of the existing footing. In any case the reinforced

concrete strips and the walls have to be linked by a number of keys, inserted into the existing

footing.

Fig 24: Improving a foundation by inserting lateral concrete beams

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2.4 Tendering

2.4.1 From where it comes:

There is an always need of some construction work, repair work, replacement and this need

will continue till so far the world alive. The work is decided by people, committee, and higher

authorities. Every human being or an organisation are not capable to draw self-requirements

i.e. they need professional and experienced worker or company. Around 15 -20 years back the

public decide to hire which company because there are negligible competition but now the

market developed well itself that the public cannot decide to hire which one. So there need

comes to find the experience, budget etc. of the builders. Now the term “Tender” starts and

rules & regulations were made.

2.4.2 What is Tender?

A tender is a submission made by a prospective supplier in response to an invitation to tender.

It makes an offer for the supply of goods or services. In construction, the main tender process

is generally for the selection of the contractor that will construct the works.

2.4.3 Contract Strategy:

The buyer, in consultation with all interested parties, legal, engineering, finance,

production and, most importantly, the end user, should agree as early as possible the

overall strategy for the project or purchase. Plans should be agreed concerning the

operation of the tendering exercise, writing the detailed specification, the scope and

appearance of draft tender documents, the timescales of the process and the team which

will have responsibility for the evaluation of bids.

A timetable of anticipated events is essential and should be completed, at least in draft

form, as early as possible to ensure target dates are achieved. Named persons with

responsibility for each activity should be included to allow them time to allocate the

necessary dates and times.

The buyer should ensure all likely requirements for the goods, or services, are identified

and included in the bid process. There is nothing worse than nearing completion of one

bid

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Process only to find someone else in the enterprise has a need for the same or very

similar product. A whole company business plan, if properly prepared, should remove

the risk of ignoring total requirements.

The duration of any contract, particularly service contracts should be agreed at the

outset. In Central Government, for instance, this is normally between three and five

years, in order to ensure that the procurement organisation continues to buy in the best

market, and that access to public sector contracts is open. It is a commercial decision

taking into account all costs involved in the tendering process, the balance between the

value of long-term contract against short-term ones and any known likely changes in

the requirement for the service.

Further areas for the team to consider are improvements in technology, the likelihood

of new contractors or suppliers entering a competitive market, price adjustments that

could be foreseen, and the dangers that may arise from long-term contact with one

supplier. Potential conflict of interests should be considered both within the company

and bid evaluation group and, in the service area, the possibility of contractors being

invited to tender for conflicting or concurrent activities.

How to Prepare and Evaluate Tenders - Knowledge How To

Quality standards must be clearly defined to ensure there is no ambiguity, particularly between

the requirements set out in the specification and information provided through any discussions

or other documents. All critical aspects of the contract should be identified and it might be

necessary to determine and show how they will be identified and measured. It could be that

approval of a quality plan is a condition of contract and a requirement for assessment of the

bids.

The sort of information which might be included on a quality plan is:

• The named people involved in implementing the quality plan

• How the contract will be monitored, measured and reported upon

• The procedures and controls in place

• The quality of materials and how these are to be defined

• How the service or materials will be provided

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• The method for resolution of difficulties or disputes

• Details of any improvements incorporated or proposed.

All documentation must clearly detail the responsibilities of the customer and supplier with

respect to testing and/or acceptance of the goods or service on completion of supply.

In the event of a failure, by a supplier or contractor, details should be included to the effect that

the customer reserves the right to employ another supplier or contractor to complete the

contract, with all resulting costs becoming the responsibility of the failed contractor or supplier.

Use of any existing services must be detailed. Care must be taken, however, to ensure such

requirements will not limit the scope or range of possible cost savings. As an example, would

any training provide better value if carried out off-site rather than utilizing in-company training

resources?

When drawing up a specification and/or contract details the need for competition must be

maintained. As an example, gains anticipated during the life of the project or process, or from

more efficient equipment, must be considered when preparing any specification or tender

where the exercise is a retendering one.

2.4.4 Invitations to tender:

Invitations to tender should normally consist of the following sections; it will however depend

upon the complexity of the requirement.

Part 1 - Defines the contract, giving details of timescales for commencement and completion

Part 2 - Contains the “Conditions of Contract” wherein the commercial details are explained in

simple language; where appropriate the draft contract can be included.

Part 3 - Should be a pricing schedule

Part 4 - Will give details of the scope of the work or services or the quantity and frequency of

requirements of goods or services to be supplied.

Part 5 - Depending on the size of the contract, should highlight all procedural requirements,

such as third party inspection, variations if any, the communication route and names of people

involved in discharging contractual requirements and so on.

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Part 6 - The specification; if a “Technical” specification this should give full details of the

work, supply or service to be undertaken; current preference is for this to be a “performance”

or “functional” specification, which allows freedom of choice to the bidder as to how best to

meet the requirement.

Part 7 - Any drawings and/or plans required to allow bidders to ensure their offered goods or

service comply, not only to the specification, but also with those drawings originally issued as

part of the Technical Specification.

Part 8 - Should contain details of free issue goods, if any, and the arrangement for such free

issue.

Part 9 - Gives details of submission of bids, such as time and precise location, that late bids

will not be accepted, the date of bid opening and whether it will be open or closed. Open

bidding is where all bidders have the option of being present to view and note total prices

submitted by all bidders. Often used overseas as a means of avoiding accusations of corrupt

practices as only those bids opened, registered, and with their total cost announced, will be

considered in the evaluation process. Where appropriate, information should be included on

the tender evaluation methods that should be adopted.

Part 10 - Will detail the terms and conditions anticipated in any resultant contract, so that

bidders may take any “special” conditions into consideration when compiling their tender. All

invitations to tender for a specific product or service must be identical on issue.

2.4.5 Decision of the review panel:

Having agreed which tender provides best overall value for money, taking into account price,

quality, timing, and costs in use where appropriate, a decision can be taken about the award of

the contract

Most organizations will have established procedures, including levels of delegated authority,

usually on a defined financial limit basis, under which managers at different levels may take

decisions on award of contracts.

Where decisions have to be referred upwards, recommendations should be put forward,

detailing the factors, including price and performance, which have defined the best offer. These

should be shown in comparison with the details of the nearest competing bids, where

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appropriate, with reasons for their rejection. A spread-sheet presentation of the competing bids

is often helpful in recording the factors leading to the final recommendation or decision.

Following acceptance of the recommendation for contract award, the formal contract should

be prepared. In some circumstances, post-tender negotiations can be initiated with the

successful tenderer to improve details of the successful offer, such as delivery programs,

packaging and transport details.

2.5 Road Resurfacing

2.5.1 Introduction:

Resurfacing of a road pavement or other paved area is undertaken for one or more of the

following reasons:

• To add strength to the construction to prolong its life;

• To correct the surface profile and thus improve riding quality and surface water drainage;

• To restore skid-resistance to an old surfacing polished by traffic;

• To restore the aesthetic appearance of a worn, aged surface.

Figure 25: Road Resurfacing

As long as an existing pavement is of adequate strength and correct profile, the last two

objectives can be achieved by the application of a surface treatment such as surface dressing

(the technique described in which a bitumen spray is applied to the road surface followed by

an overall application of Chippings. However, in many situations there is a need to correct

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defective longitudinal/transverse profiles, and frequently the pavement needs to be

strengthened so that it can continue to carry traffic satisfactorily. In such circumstances a new

asphalt surfacing will be required. With judicious choice of a suitable surfacing,

Strength and riding quality can be restored, an adequate skid resistance provided and a

surfacing of pleasing appearance obtained which will give many years of trouble-free service

There is a large and sometimes bewildering choice of asphalt surfacing materials, each with its

own properties and uses. To ensure maximum benefit and durability from them when used in

resurfacing, it is essential that the work is given detailed consideration both before and during

its execution. Resurfacing is not simply a matter of “we’ll put another couple of inches on”.

This information sheet is intended to provide a brief aide-memoire of the main considerations

to be made at the design stage and in carrying out the work.

2.5.2 Points need to be considered:

When preparing for resurfacing work the following main points need to be considered:

• The strength of the existing construction - is it adequate to carry future anticipated loadings

and if not, what degree of strengthening is required?

• The shape (regularity) of the existing surface - is it adequate to ensure satisfactory riding

quality, surface water drainage and uniform compaction of any overlay material or does it need

regulating?

• Thickness - will existing fixed levels, such as kerbs, accesses and bridge headrooms, permit

an overlay to be used or will a particular thickness of the existing construction need to be

removed before a new surfacing is laid?

• Mechanical key/adhesion - will the existing surface with the application of a bond coat

provide adequate key/adhesion to any overlay that is applied?

• The new material - what type of material should be laid?

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2.5.3 Detailed Considerations

2.5.3.1 Strength:

The strength of the existing construction is all-important when considering resurfacing. Laying

of new material on an unsound substrate is simply wasting time and money. Cracks and crazing

on an existing surfacing are an indication of inadequate strength in the road structure below

and such areas should be taken out and reconstructed. Potholes may simply be localized failures

of a surface course or they may be an indication of more deep-seated weakness. A very poor

shape in a road, even without cracks, is often also an indication of insufficient strength and

sooner or later more definite signs of weakness in the form of cracks are likely to appear. Such

areas, therefore, may also need reconstruction.

In the case of major highways, it is possible from knowledge of the construction, traffic

loadings and transient deflection measurements to assess the strength and probable life of a

road and to estimate the amount of overlay strengthening required. Highway authorities use

detailed procedures for this purpose, but in situations other than major highways, in-depth

examination or knowledge of the existing construction, particularly in obviously weak areas,

may be sufficient to give some indication of the future load-carrying ability and what upgrading

or remedial action is required. Alternatively, mechanical testing to assess the existing strength

of the construction may be desirable.

2.5.3.2 Shape

Frequently, particularly in urban areas, resurfacing is required to restore the surface profile of

a pavement which is reasonably structurally sound. This happens for instance on roads which

have been excavated during the repair or installation of services beneath. Weak places, potholes

for instance, may well require reinstatement of the pavement to some depth. Thereafter

decisions are needed on the types and thicknesses of surfacing to be used, and whether it is

necessary or advantageous to plane off the old surface before laying the new.

Excessive variations in the thickness of asphalt surfacing layers due to the materials being laid

on a poorly shaped substrate are to be avoided as they can cause variations in initial compaction

with subsequent variations in durability of the surfacing and reduction in the riding quality.

British Standard recommends the minimum surface regularity tolerances, in terms of maximum

depression under a 3-metre straight edge, that are required under both single-layer and two-

layer surfacings to ensure a satisfactory uniformity of thickness of these layers.

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Cases will arise where the thickness of a regulating course will vary from a maximum at the

sides of the road reducing towards the crown. In such circumstances the nominal size or stone

content of the material used will depend on the minimum thickness. As the material will be

covered by a surface course and also in order to make the work more practical, the range of

thicknesses for which a size of material may be used in regulating work is greater than in

normal straightforward surfacing. Unless hot rolled asphalt or dense asphalt concretes are used,

it is advisable to let traffic run on the regulated surface for some time so that any minor

differential compaction arising from thickness variations can occur and be accommodated

when laying the surface course.

When an existing road is structurally sound but limited improvement in its shape is required

(e.g. where only the surface course is deformed or showing signs of wear) or where existing

levels/headroom do not permit any appreciable thickness of overlay, an appropriate thickness

of existing surfacing can be removed by cold planing prior to application of a new surface

course. If the original layer thickness is known, the thickness that will be planed out must be

such that there is either at least 15mm of the original surfacing remaining after planing, or the

whole thickness is removed to prevent the risk of mechanically generating a plane of weakness

at the interface of the two old asphalt layers. This weakness may be evidenced by small thin

slabs of the old surfacing, commonly called “biscuits”, being broken out by the planer.

Accumulations of surface treatments which might have given rise to an excessively soft or

‘fatty’ surfacing may similarly need to be removed. However, these materials will have

provided an impervious seal to the road and care should be taken to ensure that this seal is not

completely removed or is replaced by the new surfacing without delay.

After cold planning all that is normally required before application of a new surfacing is for

the planed area to be thoroughly cleaned and bond-coated.

2.5.4 Mechanical/Key Adhesion:

A smooth or highly polished surface will not give any significant mechanical key to an overlay

and roughening of the surface, e.g. by planning or scrabbling, should be considered,

particularly if on a gradient. Areas of major oil or other contamination should also be removed.

Special grades of bitumen emulsion are available for this purpose and in applying them the

following points should be borne in mind:

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a. Appropriate guidance on the rates of spread of tack and bond coat are found in British

Standard.

b. The application should be by the use of a pressure sprayer and the rate of spread should be

uniform, with no puddles allowed to form.

c. The emulsion must be allowed to break (that is, to change from brown to black) before the

new material is laid, otherwise it will form a slip coat.

d. The emulsion should not be spread so far in advance of the surfacing work that it is removed

by traffic or otherwise rendered ineffective.

2.5.5 Special Considerations:

When overlaying an existing concrete road or paved area with an asphalt surfacing, there is a

specific problem which arises from the joints or cracks in the concrete. Concrete slabs expand

and contract with changes in temperature creating movement in the joints. This movement will

propagate cracks in the asphalt overlay. Experience has shown that even with relatively thick

overlays this ‘reflective cracking’ will appear in time, although the thicker the surfacing the

slower will be the rate of appearance. Pavement design research has indicated that an asphalt

surfacing thickness of 180mm or more will be needed to significantly delay the onset of

reflective cracking. In view of this, it is recommended that a two-layer surfacing (binder course

plus surface course) is adopted when surfacing over concrete, wherever existing levels permit.

2.5.6 Laying:

It is strongly advised that all surfacing work is entrusted to well-established specialist surfacing

contractors and not to itinerant or casual callers. A list of specialist surfacing contractors in any

area, who are members of the Mineral Products Association, is available from the address given

on this information sheet.

For very lightly trafficked or pedestrian areas, Asphalt Concrete surface course (open, medium

or fine graded) would normally be adequate. The binder course is a very important layer in the

road structure as it experiences high stress and is at risk of exposure to water.

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Chapter 3

Scope of training

3.1 Scope:

I have done my training at Heavy Water Plant. So I am well aware & have more knowledge

about the plant, its working procedure, their rules & regulations etc. These thing will take me

ahead as compare to other candidates because generally each industry have similar work plan.

By doing the training we will get chances in vast field as I have learnt five different topics of

civil engineering so in future I can engage in any of the following field:

a) Environmental Engineering

b) Contractor

c) Transportation Engineering

d) Structure Engineering

e) Site Engineering

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Chapter 4

Objective of training

Each work has its own objective. We did our vocational training for:

1. Familiar with basic facts related to that field to overcome difficulties and to become a

successful person.

2. After the completions of study most of engineering students are expected do serve an

industrial institution, may be under Govt. or a private sector so there it will help.

3. To aware of industrial Environment and be familiar with the equipment, their

performance, faults, protection system and maintenance.

4. To co-relate the theory and the practical field.

5. To learn about the general working of the plant and their specific field.

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Chapter 5

Complete work plan with Time

Week 1

Day Name of activity

Day 1 Issued the Training Pass

Day 2 Safety Class

Day 3 Contd.

Day 4 Contd.

Day 5 Visit the Control Room

Day 6 Learnt about Job Hazard Analysis

WEEK 2

Day Name of activity

Day 1 Visited Water Treatment Plant

Day 2 Get the Data of WTP

Day 3 Understanding the process of filtration

Day 4 Read the water permissible limits

Day 5 Visited the cation & anion bed

Day 6 Find the objective of pond

WEEK 3

Day Name of activity

Day 1 Inspection the area of the pond

Day 2 Survey

Day 3 Survey

Day 4 Site clearance

Day 5 Site clearance

Day 6 PCC work

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WEEK 4

Day Name of activity

Day 1 Masonry & coping

Day 2 Plaster

Day 3 Welding work at the entrance

Day 4 Tendering Class

Day 5 Tendering Class

Day 6 Tendering Class

WEEK 5

Day Name of activity

Day 1 Fill the pond with water

Day 2 Saw how they made bill

Day 3 Inspection the dumping tank

Day 4 Excavation for foundation

Day 5 Started work to increase the thickness of

foundation

Day 6 Finished the work of foundation

WEEK 6

Day Name of activity

Day 1 Preparation of the existing base course layer

Day 2 Application of tuck coat

Day 3 Preparation and placing of remix

Day 4 Rolling

Day 5 Quality control of bituminous concrete

Day 6 Finished surface

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Chapter 6

Result & Outcome

The aim of the internship is to address more practical knowledge for student. So, I found a

practical knowledge at the site as much possible within the four month. The knowledge we

have learn in the class is helpful to get those practical or real work in the site and totally

different from the actual knowledge gained from the class. Thus I found some knowledge in

the site which helps me to work with the site environment or site peoples.

At the site, I have learnt the following seven different fields of civil engineering:

1. Water Treatment Plant

2. Tendering

3. Construction of pond

4. Strengthening of foundation

5. Road Resurfacing

6. Safety Measurements

7. Job Hazard Analysis

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Chapter 7

Experiment

The following practical has been done there:

1. Turbidity Test

2. pH Test

3. Sieve Analysis of fine and coarse aggregate

4. Aggregate Impact Value

5. Cube Test

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Chapter 8

Conclusion

This report is prepared on the basis of study in Heavy Water Plant and a knowledge gain by

me. The most important aspect during my training was to study of WTP, Tendering and Road

Resurfacing. During this training I got a lot of knowledge from experts who taught me in about

the different Civil engineering fields. I got a real knowledge of practical environment.

Civil is a branch in which practical knowledge is main consideration. Just by reading books we

cannot get the main aspect. To be aware of practical world training is very much necessary.

During this time I was able to relate the theoretical part to the practical one, which relieved

many doubts. According to theory of electrical there has been a great demand of practical

knowledge everywhere so what we got here. To be a good engineer it is very much necessary

to undergo a practical training that's what our Career Point University recommends.

So I am very much thankful to all the group of Heavy Water plant who provided such a good

help and their time to acknowledge us.

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Appendix

9.1 Specification of water standards taken for water treatment at

HWPK

Table 3: Quality of Raw Water

S. No. Parameter Design (ppm) Actual

1. T.H. as CaCo3 88 90-102

2. Ca Hardness - 68-70

3. Mg Hardness - 30

4. TDS 150 160-170

5. pH 8.7 8.1-8.4

6. Cl 7.0 18-21

7. Turbidity (SiO2) 15 NTU 1-3 NTU

8. Dissolve O2 6 5-8

Table 4: Quality of filter Water

S. No. Parameter Design (ppm) Actual

1. HCL Hardness 88 118-146

2. Chloride Cl- 7 24-34

3 Turbidity (SiO2) 2 3-5.3

4. Sulphate 27 8.3- 15.6

5. Dissolve O2 6 -

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An Example of NIT:-

Job Hazard Analysis:

A job hazard analysis is a technique that focuses on job tasks as a way to identify hazards

before they occur. It focuses on the relationship between the worker, the task, the tools, and the

work environment. Ideally, after you identify uncontrolled hazards, you will take steps to

eliminate or reduce them to an acceptable risk level.

Why is job hazard analysis important?

Many workers are injured and killed at the workplace every day in the United States. Safety

and health can add value to your business, your job, and your life. You can help prevent

workplace injuries and illnesses by looking at your workplace operations, establishing proper

job procedures, and ensuring that all employees are trained properly. One of the best ways to

determine and establish proper work procedures is to conduct a job hazard analysis. A job

hazard analysis is one component of the larger commitment of a safety and health management

system.

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References

1. Water Supply Engineering by S. K. Garg

2. http://www.hwb.gov.in/

3. http://www.ustudy.in/node/2757

4. http://www.practicaldiy.com/general-building/plaster-repairs/plaster-repair-large.php

5. http://www.gharexpert.com/tips/articles/Construction/1038/Cement-Plastering-1038-

Ratio-Cement-Sand-%E2%80%98Plastering%E2%80%99_0

6. http://www.dolandemolition.com/site-clearance/