heat spreading performance of vapor chambereprints.utar.edu.my/1770/1/heat_spreading... · figure...

i

HEAT SPREADING PERFORMANCE OF VAPOR CHAMBER

LEE KOK HONG

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Industrial Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

May 2015

ii

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project report is based on my original work except for

citations and quotations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it

has not been previously and concurrently submitted for any other degree or award at

UTAR or other institutions.

Signature : _________________________

Name : LEE KOK HONG__________

ID No. : 11AGB05948______________

Date : _________________________

iii

APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION

I certify that this project report entitled “HEAT SPREADING PERFORMANCE

OF VAPOR CHAMBER” was prepared by LEE KOK HONG has met the

required standard for submission in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

award of Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Industrial Engineering at Universiti Tunku

Abdul Rahman.

Approved by,

Signature : _________________________

Supervisor : Prof. Ir. Dr. Ong Kok Seng___

Date : _________________________

iv

The copyright of this report belongs to the author under the terms of the

copyright Act 1987 as qualified by Intellectual Property Policy of Universiti Tunku

Abdul Rahman. Due acknowledgement shall always be made of the use of any

material contained in, or derived from, this report.

© 2015, Lee Kok Hong. All right reserved.

v

Specially dedicated to

my beloved family

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Ir. Dr. Ong

Kok Seng for the guidance, advices, supervision and enthusiasm given throughout

the progress of the research.

I would like to thank Mr Yang Chuan Choong, Mr. Christopher Lim Yi-Jin

and Mr. Tan Choon Foong for their help and valuable support during my research.

My appreciation also goes to Fujikura company and Multi Precision for

providing the vapor chamber and valuable machinery support respectively during the

research.

Last but not least, I also wish to acknowledge laboratory staff Mr Khairul

Hafiz bin Mohamad and Mr Mohd Syahrul Husni Bin Hassan for their assistance and

co-operation given to complete the research successfully.

vii

HEAT SPREADING PERFORMANCE OF VAPOR CHAMBER

ABSTRACT

The thermal performance of a vapor chamber was investigated to determine the heat

spreading effect. A vapor chamber together with a fin heat sink, aluminium block

heat spreader and heating element were assembled together to investigate the thermal

heat spreading resistance under natural and force convection air cooling. The overall

measurement of the vapor chamber was 139 x 123 x 4.7mm. A finned heat sink was

used. Electrical heating power input varied from 10W to 40W. The experimental

results showed that forced convection air cooling performance better than natural

convection. The thermal heat spreading resistance of the fin heat sink was around

0.17K/W to 0.18K/W. The thermal heat spreading resistance of vapor chamber was

kept constant which is around 0.14K/W to 0.28K/W under natural and force

convection. Furthermore, the aspect ratio of the larger heating element is almost the

same temperature to the smaller heating element under natural and force convection.

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ii

APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi

ABSTRACT vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Problem statement 3

1.3 Objectives 3

1.4 Outline of report 3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

3 THEORETICAL MODEL 21

3.1 Theoretical model 21

3.2 Theoretical calculation 22

4 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 24

4.1 Experimental apparatus 24

4.1.1 Fins heat sink 24

4.1.2 Aluminium block 24

4.1.3 Vapor chamber 25

ix

4.2 Experimental Procedure 25

4.2.1 Phase 1 – Heat sink only 25

4.2.2 Phase 2 – Vapor chamber, heat sink with heating

element 26

4.2.3 Phase 3 – Vapor chamber, heat sink with small heating

element 26

4.3 Experimental results 27

5 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 78

5.1 Repeatability 78

5.2 Effect of natural and force convection (ɛ1 and ɛ2) 79

5.3 Effect of vapor chamber (Natural and ɛ1 only) 80

5.4 Effect of aspect ratio, ɛ (Natural and force convection) 82

6 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES 84

7 CONCLUSIONS 85

REFERENCE 86

NOMENCLATURE 88

APPENDICES 89

x

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Fins heat sink under natural convection 89

Table 2. Fin heat sink with vapor chamber under natural and force convection 89

Table 3. Effect of aspect ratio between vapor chamber and heating element 90

Table 4. Raw data for run #1 91




Table 8. Raw data of run #8 117

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Cross-sectional view of a heat pipe 4

Figure 2. Cross sectional view of heat sink vapor chamber assembly 4

Figure 3. Vapor chamber for thermal management 5

Figure 4. Surface temperature for an isotropic plate with two heat sources

(Yovanovich, Muzychka, Culham, 2003) 16

Figure 5. Surface temperature for a compound plate with two heat sources

(Yovanovich, Muzychka, Culham, 2003) 16

Figure 6. Variation of the thermal resistance as a function of position for 7 watt input

power (25%, 35%, and 45%) (Z. Muhammad1, M. K. Abdullah, M. Z. Abdullah, M.

F. M. A. Majid, T.T.H. Joo and Y. Yaakob, M.F. Idrus, 2009) 16

Figure 7. Temperature distribution for vapor chamber without micro-channel

(Paisarn Naphon and Songkran Wiriyasart, 2015) 17

Figure 8. Temperature distribution for vapor chamber with micro-channel (Paisarn

Naphon and Songkran Wiriyasart, 2015) 17

Figure 9. The temperature rises of the top surface and the vertical surface of the

central plate fin for vapor chamber, copper plate and aluminum plate (Yen, S. C.,

Kuo, H. C., Tzu, C. H., Chi, C. W., Yuh, M. F., & Bau, S. P, 2008) 17

Figure 10. Temperature distribution on the conventional heat sink and vapor chamber

heat sink (Oliveira Alexandre, S., Mantelli Márcia, B. H., & Mantelli Fernando, H,

2007) 18

Figure 11. Vapor chamber inside view: (a) Photographic view, (b) SEM view at

300X, (c) SEM views at 6500X (Shukla Solomon, Pillai, 2013). 18

Figure 12. Temperature contours for comparison cells (Tong Hong Wang, Chang-

Chi Lee, Yi-Shao Lai, 2010) 19

Figure 13. Thermal interface material effects and heat source size effects (Tong

Hong Wang, Chang-Chi Lee, Yi-Shao Lai, 2010) 19

xii

Figure 14. Simulation results of LED vapor chamber-based plate (Jung-Chang Wang,

2011) 19

Figure 15. The relationship of luminance and time of LED vapor chamber-based

plate (Jung-Chang Wang, 2011) 20

Figure 16. Comparison of temperature uniformity under dual and six heat sources

(Kang, S. W., Chen, Y. T., Hsu, C. H., & Lin, J. y, 2012) 20

Figure 17. Thermal heat spreading resistance of fin heat sink for 2-D heat flow 23

Figure 18. Thermal resistance network of fin heat sink with vapor chamber 23

Figure 19. Overview of experimental setup 28

Figure 20. Schematic diagram of experimental setup without vapor chamber (Phase 1)

29

Figure 21. Schematic diagram of experimental setup with vapor chamber (Phase 2 +

3) 30

Figure 22. Heat sink 31

Figure 23. Location of measuring points on base of heat sink 31

Figure 24. Location of thermocouples on aluminium block 32

Figure 25. Location of thermocouples on aluminium block with small heating

element 32

Figure 26. Vapor chamber 32

Figure 27. Location of thermocouples on bottom of vapor chamber 33

Figure 28. Fin heat sink under natural convection (Run #1) - transient temperature 34

Figure 29. Fin heat sink under natural convection between 10W to 20W (Run 1) -

temperature distribution on base of heat sink 35

Figure 30. Fin heat sink and vapor chamber under natural convection (Run #2) -

transient temperature 36

Figure 31. Top surface of vapor chamber under natural convection between 10W to

40W (Run #2) - temperature distribution 37

Figure 32. Bottom surface of vapor chamber under natural convection between 10W

to 40W (Run #2) - temperature distribution 38

Figure 33. Fin heat sink and vapor chamber under natural convection (Run #3) -




xiii



Figure 36. Fin heat sink and vapor chamber under forced convection (Run #4) -


Figure 37. Top surface of vapor chamber under force convection between 10W to


Figure 38. Bottom surface of vapor chamber under force convection between 10W to


Figure 39. Fin heat sink and vapor chamber under forced convection (Run 5) -






Figure 42. Fin heat sink and vapor chamber with small heating element under natural

convection (Run #6) - transient temperature 48





Figure 45. Fin heat sink and vapor chamber with small heating element under natural






Figure 48. Fin heat sink and vapor chamber with small heating element under forced






Figure 51. Fin heat sink and vapor chamber with small heating element under forced


xiv





Figure 54. Comparison of top surface of vapor chamber under natural convection at

10W to 15W between phase 1 and phase 2 (Run #1 and run #2) - temperature

distribution 60


20W between phase 1 and phase 2 (Run #1 and run #2) - temperature distribution 61



distribution 62



distribution 63

Figure 58. Comparison of bottom surface of vapor chamber under natural convection

at 10W to 15W (Run #2 and run #6) - temperature distribution 64


at 20W to 40W between phase 2 and phase 3 (Run #2 and run #6) - temperature

distribution 65



distribution 66



distribution 67



distribution 68



distribution 69

xv

Figure 64. Comparison of top surface of vapor chamber under force convection at


distribution 70



distribution 71

Figure 66. Comparison of bottom surface of vapor chamber under force convection


distribution 72



distribution 73



distribution 74



distribution 75



distribution 76



distribution 77

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Heat pipes are devices with high thermal conductivity. The heat pipe is able to

transfer a very large quantity of heat and operate efficiently and effectively. The

ability of a heat pipe to operate is through heat transfer process of evaporation and

condensation. A heat pipe is able to transfer an amount of energy equivalent to a

thousand times more than what a copper rod could for a same temperature gradient.

The structure of heat pipe consists of a tube with little amount of working fluid and a

wick. The heat pipe is composed of three sections which are the evaporator section,

thermal insulation section and the condenser section. Figure 1 below shows the

cross-sectional view of a heat pipe.

The evaporator section is where the working fluid comes in contact with the

heat source. When the source of heat is applied to the surface layer of the evaporator

section, the heat will cause the working fluid to boil and the fluid in turn evaporates

and gives up latent heat of vaporization. The steam then spreads towards the cooler

region which is condenser section due to the pressure generated by the temperature

differences. Subsequently, the working fluid condenses in the condenser section and

gives up latent heat of condensation at the same time. The working fluid in turn

returns back into the liquid form and return to the evaporator section. After that the

2

repeating the cycle from evaporator section to condenser section of the pipe

continues endlessly up to a point of time that there is no temperature difference.

A vapor chamber is a flat heat pipe. It is a heat transfer device that is derived

from the concept of a heat pipe and consists of a sealed aluminum or copper

container. Vapor chamber is a mechanism with similar concept like heat pipe but the

shape between vapor chamber and heat pipe is the main difference. Therefore, the

dimensional flow of heat pipe and vapor chamber is different also. A heat pipe can

only flow in one dimensional from one single point to another but vapor chamber can

flow in two or three dimensions. Thus, the vapor chamber can achieve better

temperature uniformity as compared to the heat pipe. This is the purpose vapor

chamber will be using instead of heat pipe. For heat sink vapor chamber assembly, it

consists of a heat sink that is placed at the top of a vapor chamber for condensation

purpose. Figure 2 shows cross-sectional view of heat sink vapor chamber assembly.

The internal part of the vapor chamber is filled with a working fluid such as

distilled water. The fluid exists as a liquid under normal conditions. Heat dissipated

on the surface of the evaporator section of the pipe causes the fluid to boil, vaporize

and in turn picks up latent heat of vaporization. The vapor circulates inside the sealed

container and it condenses at the condenser section. Here, the gas gives up its latent

heat of condensation. Then the condensate flows back into the evaporator section by

the surface tension in the wick lining in the wall or by gravity in the case of a

wickless vapor chamber. The heat is transferred from the evaporator section to the

condenser section of the vapor chamber.

A vapor chamber is different from a heat pipe in that the condenser covers the

entire top surface of the structure. In a vapor chamber, the heat transfers in two

directions and is planar. In a heat pipe, heat transmission is in one direction and is

linear. The vapor chamber has a higher heat transfer rate and lower thermal

resistance. In the two-phase vapor chamber device, the rates of evaporation,

condensation and fluid transport are determined by the vapor chamber’s geometry

and the wicks structural properties. These properties include porosity, pore size,

permeability, specific surface area, thermal conductivity and the surface

wettability of the working fluid. Thermal properties of the wick structure and the

vapor space are described in the next section. Figure 3 is shown below.

3

1.2 Problem statement

Thermal management is a major concern in the electronic industry. As electronic

components become smaller and with higher thermal heat flux, it is necessary to find

a solution to increase reliability and sustain faster operation. Most electronic devices

like laptops use heat sinks to dissipate the heat that is generated. Computers are

running with high heat flux generated by the chips. There high temperatures can

easily lead to system crashes.

Using a fan or plate of high thermal conductivity is not effective enough to

dissipate the heat especially with high heat fluxes. Therefore, it is important to study

the thermal performance of the vapor chamber so that it can support the industry to

achieve a better solution. In this study, focus will be placed on the thermal

performance of vapor chambers with different aspect ratio of heating element, heat

sink surface area and different air cooling methods with different power input.

1.3 Objectives

The overall objective of the study is to evaluate the performance of a vapour

chamber. The study would be conducted in the following phases:

1. Phase 1: Performance of a fin heat sink under natural and force convection air

cooling.

2. Phase 2: Thermal heat spreading performance of vapor chamber.

3. Phase 3: Effect of aspect ratio of the heating element and heat sink.

1.4 Outline of report

Chapter 1 introduces the heat pipe and vapor chamber. Chapter 2 presents a literature

review of studies reported on the vapor chamber. A theoretical model for thermal

resistance of fin heat sinks is presented in chapter 3. Chapter 4 describes the

experimental apparatus and procedures and the experimental results obtained.

Chapter 5 discusses the experimental results obtained. Chapter 6 suggests some

further studies for future investigation. Chapter 7 concludes the thesis.

4

Evaporator

section

Condenser

section

Heat input from semi-conductor

Vapor

chamber

Heat sink

Heat dissipated to ambient

Liquid film

Figure 1. Cross-sectional view of a heat pipe

Figure 2. Cross sectional view of heat sink vapor chamber assembly

5

Figure 3. Vapor chamber for thermal management

6

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Yovanovich, Muzychka, Culham et al. (2003) have investigated the thermal

spreading resistance of eccentric heat sources on rectangular flux channels. The

solutions are obtained for both isotropic and compound flux channels. The general

solution can also be used to model any number of discrete heat sources on a

compound or isotropic flux channel using superposition. They diversified on the

usage of single and multiple heat sources as well. The results showed that the

temperature at the surface of a rectangular flux channel may be used to predict the

centroid temperatures for any number of heat sources using superposition. In

addition, the spreading resistance from a single eccentric heat source on isotropic,

compound, finite, and semi-infinite flux channels may be used to compute the

spreading resistance for corner and edge heat sources using the method of images.

Figure 4 and 5 shows the surface temperature for an isotropic plate with two heat

sources and surface temperature for a compound plate with two heat sources.

Zhang Ming et al. (2008) have carried out the experimental and numerical

investigation of a grooved vapor chamber. Vapor chamber is highly effective thermal

spreader. In this experiment, a novel grooved vapor chamber was designed. The

grooved structure of a vapor chamber can improve its axial and radial heat transfer. It

can also form the capillary loop between evaporation and condensation surfaces.

Besides that, the effect of heat flux of filling amount and gravity towards the

performance of a vapor chamber is studied by this experiment. From the experiment,

it obtained the best filling amount of this grooved vapor chamber. The thermal

resistance of a vapor chamber is compared with the solid copper plate, it is suggested

7

that the heat flux condition should be maintained to use a vapor chamber as an

efficient thermal spreader for cooling of electronics. A two-dimensional heat and

mass transfer model for the grooved vapor chamber is developed. The numerical

simulation results show that the thickness distribution of the liquid film in the

grooves is not uniform. The temperature and velocity field in the vapor chamber are

obtained. The thickness of the liquid film in the groove is influenced by pressure of

vapor and liquid beside liquid–vapor interface and can enhance the performance of a

vapor chamber. The optimal filling ratio should be maintained as a steady thin liquid

film in the heat source region of a vapor chamber. The steam condenses on

condensation surface so that the condensation surface achieves great uniform

temperature distribution. The results showed that the experimental results and

numerical simulation results are verified by the numerical model.

Z. Muhammad et al. (2009) have carried out an experiment on how to

improve the performance of electronic device. The device will cause the heat

dissipated at high heat flux and it requires better cooling to remove the heat to

maintain the performance and reliability of the electronic device. The conventional

cooling system such as rotary fan is inadequate for today’s high power dissipation

electronic products. To solve this problem, the vapor chamber is introduced as a part

of the heat remover device. The vapor chamber in this study has an area of 64 mm ×

44 mm. It is a two-phase closed flat chamber made of copper. Water is enclosed as

the working fluid, and four types of wick structures are used in the 5 mm thick vapor

chamber. The experiments were carried out for different types of wick structure such

as trapezium, rectangular, circular, empty and linear. The wick structure that leads to

the smallest overall thermal resistance which are 1.22, 0.49 and 0.05°C/W at 7 W,

and the maximum evaporator temperature were 65, 64 and 70 °C respectively and the

fill ratio of working fluid in a vapor chamber of 45% is found to be the linear wick

structure. Figure 6 shows the variation of the thermal resistance as a function of

position for 7 watt input power (25%, 35%, and 45%). From the experiment, the

design that has lowest thermal resistance is the rectangular structure. The wick

structure with the working fluid and the boiling phenomenon is practically effective

for a 45% fill ratio.

8

Paisarn Naphon et al. (2015) investigated the numerical and experimental

results on the thermal performance of a vapour chamber with and without micro-

channel under constant heat flux. The mathematical model of the vapour chamber is

a two-phase closed chamber with wick sheet and a wick column. A finite volume

method with structured uniform grid method system is applied to solve the model.

The variation of the temperature distribution of the vapour chamber with micro-

channel and without microchannel is different. With the micro-channel, the bottom

copper plate is the evaporator section that may be mounted on the electrical heater to

absorb the generated heat and the condenser section which heat is transferred to heat

sink and unmixed air flow cooling respectively. Without the micro-channel, the

interior volume of the vapour chamber is occupied with the working fluid and it can

be seen that the regions of concentrated high temperature are observed above the

heating element that lead to the accumulation of heat close to the heating region. The

generation of heat spreads more uniformly to the base plate. Figure 7 and 8 shows

the temperature distribution for the vapour chamber with and without micro-channel.

The results showed that the numerical results are useful for the design for the

improvement of thermal performance of the vapour chamber and also diminishes the

expense and time of a real test.

Ahmed A.A. Attia et al. (2012) has investigated the experimental

investigation of vapour chamber with different working fluids at different charge

ratios. In this experiment, work is done to evaluate thermal performance of 2.0 mm

high and 50 mm diameter vapour chamber with water and methyl alcohol at different

charge ratios. On the other hand, water and Propylene Glycol at two concentrations

50%, 15% were tested to study the effect of using surfactant as enhancement agent

for working fluid. The total thermal resistance of the chamber is divided into three

types which is junction resistance, internal resistance, and condenser resistance to

determine which type of thermal resistance has a major effect on chamber total

thermal resistance. The results show that using water as working fluid is much better

than using methyl alcohol. The charge ratio of 30% is best for most tested working

fluids. Using propylene glycol is much better than using water because the more

propylene glycol increases the more total thermal resistance of the vapour chamber

decreases. The junction resistance has the greatest value of thermal resistance of the

9

vapour chamber about 90% of the total thermal resistance so that it can reduce

junction resistance through enhancement vapouration process.

Chen et al. (2008) carried out numerical simulation of a heat sink embedded

with a vapour chamber and calculation of effective thermal conductivity of a vapour

chamber. The internal vapour is assumed as a common heat-transfer interface

between the wicks within using the vapour chamber. The study using the CFD

simulations of the integrated heat sink with this assumption. The calculated results

show that is good agreement with the experiments and a maximum difference of 6.3%

for the hotspot temperature rises. The study also found out the area of the heat source

has an important influence to the performance of the vapour chamber and the

spreading resistance of the vapour chamber comes from the bottom wall where a

concentrated heat source is used. In addition, the isotropic and orthotropic

approaches are proposed to calculate the effective thermal conductivities of the

vapour chamber. The vapor chamber can reduce the spreading resistances

sufficiently by its excellent lateral thermal spreading effect, which can be interpreted

by the orthotropic approach. Figure 9 shows the temperature rises of the top surface

and the vertical surface of the central plate fin for vapour chamber, copper plate and

aluminium plate.

Masataka Mochizuki et al. (2009) studied the thermal management in high

performance computers by use of heat pipes and vapour chambers. Nowadays,

computer processors performance and power consumption has been increased

significantly every year. Due to nano-size circuit technology, heat dissipation has

been increased but the size of die on the processor has been reduced or remained the

same size. Therefore, the heat flux is high. The extreme high performance processors

heat flux can be over 100 W/cm2 which is likely 10 times higher than the surface of

the household standard clothes iron. The intention of this paper is to provide insight

into various thermal management solution using heat pipes and vapour chambers as

heat transfer devices. The utilization of the two-phase fluid is spread the heat of

extending the air cooling limit capability for high performance computers. In

addition to the thermal management for computers include consideration use of heat

pipes to prevent global crisis of global warming and environmental impact by

reducing green house gas emission. The result showed that the development for next

10

generation of high power cooling chips and heat pipes is used in potential application

to reduce global warming.

Oliveira et al. (2007) has carried out the use of vapour chamber on electronic

devices to eliminate hot spots under heat sink. The hot spots are generated by high

heat fluxes from the large amount of trails and high processing of microprocessors.

These surfaces are usually small in some applications even the materials which are

good thermal drivers such as aluminium and copper are not capable of dissipating the

heat generated by the processor. This study is used a vapour chamber with a wick

structure to analyses the increase of the heat sink efficiency by. A finned vapour

chamber heat sink with dimensions 120 mm x 109 mm x 70 mm was built and tested

with filling ratios ranging from 10% to 40% of the vapour chamber volume and heat

power input ranging from 25W to 200 W. The result showed that the filling ratio of

30% leads to the smallest vapour chamber thermal resistance of 0.21ºC/W at 200W.

A conventional heat sink was compared and also tested and presented 0.24ºC/W

which corresponds in a decrease of 12.5% in the heat sink total thermal resistance.

Figure 10 shows the temperature distribution on the conventional heat sink and

vapour chamber heat sink.

Hao Peng et al. (2013) studied on the heat transfer performance of an

aluminium flat plate heat pipe with fins in vapour chamber. A variety of performance

tests of flat plate heat pipe were carried out with different air flow velocities between

1.5 m/s and 6 m/s. The working fluid filling ratios and vacuum degrees was also

different which was between 10% to 50% and the 0.002 Pa to 0.25 Pa. The distilled

water and acetone was used as working fluids. The influence of the above parameters

on steady-state heat transfer characteristics of the flat plate heat pipe was also

examined. The result was shows that the filling ratio and vacuum degree had a

significant influence on thermal performance of flat plate heat pipe. The distilled

water and acetone were used to compare the cooling performances; the flat plate heat

pipe cooling component using acetone had a stronger heat dissipation capacity for

the same filling ratio.

11

Shukla et al. (2012) describes experimental studies on the heat transfer

performance of a wickless vapour chamber with a heat sink. A vapour chamber was

used with dimension 78 mm length x 64 mm width was fabricated with a thickness of

5 mm and tested for two different working fluids which is copper-water and

aluminium-water nanofluids. The filling ratio of nanofluids was about 30% of the

vapour chamber volume. The de-ionized (DI) water is also used as a working fluid.

The vapour chamber was tested at power input of 90W to 150W. They observed that

the nanofluids charged vapour chamber performs better than that charged with de-

ionized water. The decrease of the thermal resistances was found with the increase of

the weight percentage of the nano particles. The copper nanofluids charged vapour

chamber performs better than that charged with aluminium nanofluids and deionized

water. The thermal conductivity was concentration and particle densities play major

role in the enhancement of heat transfer and found out the thin porous layer formed

on the evaporator surface causes dry spot rewet ability. It was also responsible for the

heat transfer enhancement of the vapour chamber using nano fluids. Furthermore, the

vapour chamber with heat sink and nanofluids can easily be integrated with heat

dissipating components and it will have wide applications in electronics cooling.

Figure 11 shows the vapour chamber inside view.

Tong et al. (2010) have carried an experiment on the thermal analysis which

compares the thermal performance of a board-level high performance flip-chip ball

grid array package equipped with solid Cu or vapour chamber as the heat spreader

and Al-filler gel or In solder as the thermal interface material. The effect of different

heat source sizes was also examined. The numerical experiment results showed the

thermal performance is remarkably enhanced by switching thermal interface material

from Al-filler gel to in solder while the enhancement by using vapour chamber

instead of solid Cu heat spreader is only observable when In solder is incorporated.

Moreover, the performance of vapour chamber gradually enhances then retards as the

heat source size decreases. Furthermore, when the heat source size is getting smaller,

the thermal enhancement of vapour chamber is getting greater compared with the

solid Cu heat spreader. However, when the heat source size keep reduce, the

enhancement of vapour chamber was retards. The reason is under such a situation the

bottleneck of heat dissipation is the die, which apparently cannot be improved by

simply changing thermal interface material or heat spreader. Figure 12 were shown

12

the temperature contours for comparison and Figure 13 is thermal interface material

effects and heat source size effects.

Tsai et al. (2008) describes the fundamental experiments on heat transfer

characteristics by using vapour chamber as a thermal solution for cooling of high

performance electronic devices. The vapour chamber was used in this experiment

with dimension of 87 mm × 90 mm. The vapour chamber is a two-phase closed flat

chamber made of copper. Water is enclosed as the working fluid, and sinter columns

made of small copper particles (particle size around 100mesh, 50% porosity) are

used as the wick into the 4 mm thickness vapour chamber. First experiments were

undertaken to evaluate the performance of vapour chamber with five different water

fill rates of 17%, 25%, 34%, 50%, at different input powers by air cooling condenser.

The heater surface is 14 mm × 14 mm. The results show that the best fill rate in

these four fill rate is 34 %. Secondly, we changed air condenser to water condenser

of 30 % fill rate. The heater surface area is 31 mm × 31 mm. The cooling water

temperature set at 20°C, and the flow rate set at 0.2 L/min. When the system reached

steady state, the temperature was recorded to evaluate the performance of the vapour

chamber. According to experiments, the fill rate of 30% leads to the smallest overall

thermal resistance is 0.51 °C/W at 73 W, and the maximum evaporator temperature

was 57 °C of the heater by air condenser. The secondly experiments for the fill rate

of 30%, the smallest overall thermal resistance is 0.181 °C/W at 243 W, and the

maximum evaporator temperature was 64 °C of the heater by water cooling

condenser. For comparison purposes, a conventional heat sink was also tested and

presented 0.88 °C/W in small size heat area and 0.312C/W in large surface area,

under these conditions which corresponds both decrease of 42% and in the heat sink

total thermal resistance

Chiang et al. (2008) carried out the thermal performance of the vapor

chamber. With the development of chip performance and operational speed, the

hotspot produced by the non-uniform density of heat source becomes even severe. To

solve the hotspot problem, the vapor chamber has been developed. Effects of the fill

ratio, the heating area, and the power dissipation on the vapor chamber performance

are investigated. It is found that a preferable fill ratio is 30% above or below which

13

the vapor chamber resistance increases. In addition, the vapor chamber resistance

increases with decreasing the heating area. For a fill ratio of 30% and a power

dissipation of 140 W, the vapor chamber resistance increases by 55% with the

heating area being varied from 961 mm2 to 81 mm

2. To further validate the capability

of the vapor chamber, the comparison between the vapor chamber and a copper plate

is also performed. It is found that, for a 30% fill ratio and a power dissipation of 140

W, the temperature difference between the top wall center and its periphery is 2.5oC

for the vapor chamber and is 15.5oC for the copper plate. The vapor chamber

veritably proves a better heat spreader compared with the copper plate.

Wang et al. (2011) investigated Thermal investigations on LED vapor

chamber-based plates. A thermal-performance experiment with the illumination-

analysis method was discussed the thermal performance of three kinds of LED based

on the plates compared with the experiments, theories, and simulation thermal

resistances. The results show that the thermal performance of the LED vapor

chamber-based plate is better than that of the LED copper-based plate with an input

power above 5W. The experimental thermal resistance values of LED copper- and

vapor chamber-based plate are 0.41 °C/W and 0.38 °C/W at 6W respectively. The

illumination of 6 Watt LED vapor chamber-based plate is 5% larger than the 6 Watt

LED aluminum-based plate. Therefore, the LED vapor chamber-based plate has the

best thermal performance above 5W. Figure 14 and 15 show the simulation results of

LED vapor chamber-based plate and the relationship of luminance and time of LED

vapor chamber-based plate.

Xiao et al. (2008) carried out the three-dimensional model to analyze the

thermal hydrodynamic behaviors of flat heat pipes without empirical correlations.

The three dimensional model accounts for the heat conduction in the wall, fluid flow

in the vapor chambers and porous wicks and the coupled heat and mass transfer at

the liquid interface. The flat pipes with and without vertical wick columns in the

vapor channel are intensively investigated in the model. Parametric effects, including

evaporative heat input and size on the thermal and hydrodynamic behavior in the

heat pipes, are investigated. The results show that the vertical wick columns in the

vapor core can improve the thermal and hydrodynamic performance of the heat pipes

14

including thermal resistance, capillary limit, wall temperature, pressure drop, and

fluid velocities due to the enhancement of the fluid/heat mechanism form the bottom

condenser to the top evaporator. The prediction that higher evaporative heat input

improves the thermal and hydrodynamic performance of the heat pipe and shortening

the size of heat pipe degrades the thermal performance of the heat pipe.

Xuan et al. (2004) investigated performance and mechanism of a flat plate

heat pipe. The flat plate heat pipe is a layer of sintered copper powder is applied to

the heated surface of the heat pipe to enhance evaporation process. The performance

of the flat plate heat pipe is experimentally measured under different heat fluxes,

orientations and amount of the working fluid. in order to investigate the effects of

charge amount of the working fluid, thickness of the sintered layer and orientation of

the heat pipe on the performance of the flat plate heat pipe. A theoretical model is

proposed to simulate dynamic behavior and steady-state performance of the flat plate

heat pipe. The simulation result shows that dynamic behavior of a flat plate heat pipe

is affected by geometrical parameters, charge amount of the working fluid and

installation orientation. The porous sintered layer on the heated surface can enhance

evaporation process and improve performance of the flat plate heat pipe. The

comparison between the solid heat sink and the flat plate heat pipe has great potential

for electronic elements with high power consumption because of its unique

performance of high response, efficiency, isothermal and lightweight feature.

Shou et.al (2008) have conducted an experiment to examine the spreading

thermal resistance of centrally positioned heat sources and the thermal performance

of a water charged, gravity assisted flat vapor chamber to be used for electronic

cooling. Parametric studies including different heat fluxes and operating

temperatures were conducted, and the effect of the relevant parameters on the

cooling performance in terms of the spreading resistance was presented and

discussed. The experiment results showed that the evaporation/condensation heat

transfer coefficient increases as the applied heat power increases. It is found that the

evaporation heat transfer coefficient is about 6000 W/m2 °C, and the condensation

heat transfer coefficient is 10,000 W/m2 °C at 140 W applied power. The maximum

heat input of 140 W with a heater size of 80 · 80 mm was found with a total thermal

15

resistance (Rt) of 0.5 °C/W at an operating temperature of 70 °C; while the thermal

spreading resistance (Rsp) is about 0.20 °C/W and is independent of the operating

temperature. The junction temperature of the die can reach 97 °C (74 °C) for 140 W

heat input at the operating temperature of 70 °C (50 °C), and the heat removal rate

can be up to 220 W/cm2. Based on the present experimental study, it is found that

the vapor chamber heat spreader is a good replacement for the traditional solid metal

heat sink under the cases studied herein. The present gravity assisted vapor chamber

has great potential for CPU cooling of a desktop PC Compared with the solid heat

sink.

Kang et al. (2012) investigated the temperature uniformity of multi-well

vapor chamber heat spreader. The experiment was conducted with different type of

multi-well heat spreader which was aluminum, copper, silver and vapor chamber

with dual and six heat sources under different power input. The multi-well heat

spreader is used with dimension 112mm x 75mm x 17.2mm with 96 holes each 5mm

diameter and the heat source is used with dimension 30mm x 30mm each. From the

experiment they found out the six heat sources was better uniform that dual heat

source over all types of multi-well heat spreader. The vapor chamber has best

uniformity than others and followed by silver, copper and aluminum which show in

figure below. The result also shows that the temperature will get affected by

surrounding temperature when in low heading rate which form a curve shape but

when in high temperature it is not easily affect by surrounding temperature which

shown in straight line. Figure 16 shows the comparison of temperature uniformity

under dual and six heat sources.

Lin et al. (2011) has carried out a measuring system to determine the thermal

performance of heat pipe, vapor chamber and defrost plate. They used the vapor

chamber with dimension of 50mm x 50mm and the thicknesses are 3.5mm and

6mm with the heat source ratios of 0.35, 0.53, and 0.71. The heat input range is from

1W to 5W with natural convection to ambient. The result showed that the different

thinness of vapor chamber and spreading ratio of heat source will affect the axial

thermal resistant. They also have indicated that the thicker of vapor chamber and the

lower of heat source ratio resulted higher axial thermal resistance

16

Figure 4. Surface temperature for an isotropic plate with two heat sources

(Yovanovich, Muzychka, Culham, 2003)

Figure 5. Surface temperature for a compound plate with two heat sources

(Yovanovich, Muzychka, Culham, 2003)

Figure 6. Variation of the thermal resistance as a function of position for 7 watt

input power (25%, 35%, and 45%) (Z. Muhammad1, M. K. Abdullah, M. Z.

Abdullah, M. F. M. A. Majid, T.T.H. Joo and Y. Yaakob, M.F. Idrus, 2009)

17

Figure 7. Temperature distribution for vapor chamber without micro-channel

(Paisarn Naphon and Songkran Wiriyasart, 2015)

Figure 8. Temperature distribution for vapor chamber with micro-channel

(Paisarn Naphon and Songkran Wiriyasart, 2015)

Figure 9. The temperature rises of the top surface and the vertical surface of the

central plate fin for vapor chamber, copper plate and aluminum plate (Yen, S.

C., Kuo, H. C., Tzu, C. H., Chi, C. W., Yuh, M. F., & Bau, S. P, 2008)

18

Figure 10. Temperature distribution on the conventional heat sink and vapor

chamber heat sink (Oliveira Alexandre, S., Mantelli Márcia, B. H., & Mantelli

Fernando, H, 2007)

Figure 11. Vapor chamber inside view: (a) Photographic view, (b) SEM view at

300X, (c) SEM views at 6500X (Shukla Solomon, Pillai, 2013).

19

Figure 12. Temperature contours for comparison cells (Tong Hong Wang,

Chang-Chi Lee, Yi-Shao Lai, 2010)

Figure 13. Thermal interface material effects and heat source size effects (Tong

Hong Wang, Chang-Chi Lee, Yi-Shao Lai, 2010)

Figure 14. Simulation results of LED vapor chamber-based plate (Jung-Chang

Wang, 2011)

20

Figure 15. The relationship of luminance and time of LED vapor chamber-

based plate (Jung-Chang Wang, 2011)

Figure 16. Comparison of temperature uniformity under dual and six heat

sources (Kang, S. W., Chen, Y. T., Hsu, C. H., & Lin, J. y, 2012)

21

CHAPTER 3

THEORETICAL MODEL

3.1 Theoretical model

A theoretical model for thermal heat spreading resistance of fin heat sink for 2-D

heat flow was shown in Figure 17. An aluminium block is placed in the middle of the

heating element and the fin heat sink. The heating element is smaller than the heat

sink. The temperature of the surface of the heating element (Ts) was assumed to be

uniformly distributed. The temperature of the top surface (Tal) of the aluminium

block was assumed to be uniform as well. Contact resistance between the base of the

heat sink and the top of the aluminium block was assumed to be negligible. Due to

that the thermal heat spreading that occurs on the interface of the temperature (Tf)

that will not be uniform. The base of the heat sink has a maximum temperature (Tfmax)

and the mean temperature (Tfm).

On the other hand, the thermal resistance network of a fin heat sink with

vapour chamber is shown in Figure 18. The thermal heat spreading exists at the

interface between the bottom of the vapour chamber and the top of the aluminium

block. The bottom surface of the vapour chamber will show the mean temperature

(Tvcm) and the maximum temperature (Tvcmax). The temperature at the top surface of

the vapour chamber (Tfm) was to be expected to have a uniform distribution.

22

3.2 Theoretical calculation

There were some equations that were needed to use in the experiment especially the

equation that to calculate the resistance and heat loss. The formulas were shown in

below:

Thermal resistance of aluminium block is given by

(1)

Thermal spreading resistance of heat sink is given by

(2)

Thermal resistance of heat sink is given by

(3)

Total 2-D heat spreading thermal resistance of the fin heat sink assembly is given by

∑ (4)

Thermal spreading resistance of vapor chamber is given by

(5)

Thermal resistance of vapor chamber is given by

(6)

Overall thermal resistance of the vapor chamber is given by

(7)

Total thermal resistance of the heat sink with vapor chamber is given by

∑ (8)

Heat loss from heating element is estimated from

(

) ( ) (9)

23

Ta

Al block

(a). Cross-section of fin heat sink.

(b). Resistance network of fin

heat sink.

Insulation

Tal

Heat source

Fin heat sink

Tfmax

Ts

Tfm

Ts

Ta

Rf1D Tfm

Ral

Tal

PEH

Rsrf

Tfmax

Rf2D

Ta

Ta

Tvcm

Rf1D

Rsrvc

Tfm

Tvcmax

Tfm

PEH

Rvc

(a). Cross-section of fin heat sink with

vapor chamber.

(b). Resistance network of fin heat sink with

vapor chamber.

Vapor chamber

Insulation

Heat source

Al block

Fin heat sink

Tvcmax

Tal

Ts

Ral Ts

Tvcm

Tal

Rvco

Rfvc

Figure 17. Thermal heat spreading resistance of fin heat sink for 2-D heat flow

Figure 18. Thermal resistance network of fin heat sink with vapor chamber

24

CHAPTER 4

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

4.1 Experimental apparatus

The basic experimental equipment consists of a fin heat sink, vapor chamber,

aluminium block and heating element. The investigation was conducted in 3 phases.

Figure 19 shows phase 1 is to investigate the performance of a fins heat sink. Phase

2 for a performance of a vapor chamber compared to a fin heat sink is shown in

figure 20. The setup for phase 3 is similar to the phase 2. The vapor chamber is

given with a smaller heating element.

4.1.1 Fins heat sink

The base of the fin heat sink measured 137mm long x 123mm wide x 10mm thick.

The dimensions of the fins are shown in Figure 19 and 20. A photograph of the fins

heat sink is shown in Figure 21. The locations of measuring point on the base of the

heat sink are shown in Figure 22.

4.1.2 Aluminium block

An aluminium block was placed in between the heating element and vapor chamber.

The aluminium block was provided groove with spaced apart. The depth of each

grooved was 1.5mm and the width of was 3mm. The aluminium block measured

37mm x 37mm x 12.5mm. The function of aluminium block was to house the

thermocouples used for measuring the temperatures between the heating element and

the vapor chamber. Details of the aluminium block are shown in Figure 23 and 24

together with the locations of the thermocouples.

25

4.1.3 Vapor chamber

The vapor chamber measured 139mm long x 123mm wide x 4.7mm thick. Figure 25

and 26 shows the vapor chamber and location of the thermocouples on the bottom of

the vapor chamber respectively.

4.2 Experimental procedure

4.2.1 Phase 1 (Heat sink only)

A G-clamp was used to press heat sink, aluminium block and heating element

together with total of 1 runs which from run #1. Thermal insulation was placed

around the aluminium block and heating element to minimize heat loss to ambient air.

The insulation consisted of a composite layer of 10 mm thick cork board and 95 mm

thick rock wool. An AC power supply was used to supply electrical current to an

electric resistance heating element for heat generation. It is connected to an AC

voltmeter and ammeter to measure the heating power supplied. Seventeen

thermocouples (Tf1-Tf17) were inserted in 3mm diameter holes drilled through the

base of heat sink to measure the temperature at the base of the heat sink. The mean

temperature at the base of heat sink (Tfm) was calculated from an arithmetic mean of

these 17 temperatures. The maximum temperature at the base of heat sink (Tfmax) was

expected to be located at the centre of the base of the heat sink as well as the heating

element.

Five thermocouples (Tal1 – Tal5) were inserted into grooves at the top surface

of the aluminium block to measure the temperature distribution between the top of

the aluminium block and the bottom surface of the heat sink. Another 5

thermocouples (Ts1 – Ts5) were inserted into deep grooves area at the bottom of the

block to measure the interface temperature of the heating element and the aluminium

block. An additional of two thermocouples (Tins1, Tins2) was placed at the surface of

the insulation layer to measure the insulation temperature. Finally, one thermocouple

was employed to measure the ambient temperature (Ta). All thermocouples were

connected to a data logger and logged every minute. Experiments were performed at

power inputs of 10W to 20 W under natural convection air cooling.

26

4.2.2 Phase 2 (Vapor chamber, heat sink with heating element)

A G-clamp was used to press heat sink, vapor chamber, aluminium block and heating

element together with total of 4 runs which from run #2 to 5. Thermal insulation was

placed around the aluminium block and the heating element to minimize heat loss to

ambient air. The insulation consisted of a composite layer of 10 mm thick cork board

and 95 mm thick rock wool. An AC power supply was used to supply electrical

current to an electric resistance heating element for heat generation. An AC

voltmeter and ammeter was connected to measure the heating power supplied. A

total of seventeen of thermocouples (Tf1-Tf17) were inserted through holes drilled into

the heat sink to measure the temperature distribution between the bottom of the heat

sink and the upper surface of the vapor chamber. Five thermocouples (Tal1 – Tal5)

were inserted into deep grooves area at the top surface of the aluminium block to

measure the temperature at the bottom surface of the vapor chamber. Another five

thermocouples (Ts1 – Ts5) were inserted into deep grooves area at the bottom of the

aluminium block to measure the temperature of the heating element and the

aluminium block.

Two thermocouples were used to measure the insulation surface temperature

(Tins1, Tins2) and one of the thermocouple was used to measure the ambient

temperature (Ta). Another fourteen thermocouples (Tvc1 - Tvc14) were used to measure

the bottom surface temperature of the vapour chamber through the insulation. The

experiments were performed at power inputs from 10W to 40 W under natural

convection and force convection air cooling. Each run was conducted over a period

of 4 hours. The experiments were repeated twice to determine experimental

repeatability and the results were repeatable within 2oC overall.

4.2.3 Phase 3 (Vapor chamber, heat sink with small heating element)

A G-clamp was used to press heat sink, vapor chamber, aluminium block and small

heating element together with total of 4 runs which from run #6 to 9. Thermal

insulation was placed around the aluminium block and the heating element to

minimize heat loss to ambient air. The insulation consisted of a composite layer of 10

mm thick cork board and 95 mm thick rock wool. AC power supply was used as

means of supplying electrical current to an electric resistance heating element for

heat generation. An AC voltmeter and ammeter were connected to measure the

27

heating power that was supplied. The seventeen of thermocouples (Tf1-Tf17) was

inserted through holes drilled into the heat sink to measure the temperature

distribution between the bottom of the heat sink and the upper surface of the vapour

chamber. Then five thermocouples (Tal1 – Tal5) were inserted into deep grooves area

on the top surface of the aluminium block to measure the temperature at the bottom

surface of the vapour chamber. Another three thermocouples (Ts1 – Ts3) were

inserted into deep grooves area at the bottom of the aluminium block to measure the

temperature of the heating element and the aluminium block.

Two thermocouples were there to measure the insulation surface temperature

(Tins1, Tins2) and one of the thermocouple was measuring the ambient temperature

(Ta). Another fourteen thermocouples (Tvc1 - Tvc14) were used to measure the bottom

surface temperature of the vapour chamber through the insulation. The experiments

were performed at power inputs from 10W to 40 W under natural convection and

force convection air cooling. Each run was conducted over a period of 4 hours. The

experiments were repeated twice to determine experimental repeatability and the

results were repeatable to within 2oC overall.

4.3 Experimental result

The experimental results are plotted in Figures 28 - 50. For phase 1 result are shown

in Figure 28 and represent as run #1. For phase 2 results are shown in Figure 30 and

36 represent as run #2 and 4. For phase 3 results are shown in Figure 42 and 48 that

in run #6 and run #8. Furthermore, Figure 33, 39, 45 and 51 were shows the

repeatability experimental result for run #3, #5, #7 and #9. Figure 29, 31, 34, 37, 40,

43, 46, 49 and 52 were the comparison of temperature distribution of top surface of

vapor chamber under natural and force convection between 10W to 40W. Figure 32,

35, 38, 41, 44, 47, 50 and 53 were the comparison of temperature distribution of

bottom surface of vapor chamber under natural and force convection between 10W

to 40W. Figure 54 to 71 is the comparison of temperature distribution between the

phase 1, phase 2 and phase 3.

28

Figure 19. Overview of experimental setup

Heat sink

Data logger

Multimeter

Thermocouples

AC power supply

29

Figure 20. Schematic diagram of experimental setup without vapor chamber

(Phase 1)

Iac

30

Figure 21. Schematic diagram of experimental setup with vapor chamber

(Phase 2 + 3)

31

Figure 22. Heat sink

Figure 23. Location of measuring points on base of heat sink

32

Figure 24. Location of thermocouples on aluminium block

Figure 25. Location of thermocouples on aluminium block with small heating

element

Figure 26. Vapor chamber

33

Figure 27. Location of thermocouples on bottom of vapor chamber

34

Figure 28. Fin heat sink under natural convection (Run #1) - transient temperature

Ts

Tfmax

Tal

Tfm

Tinsm

Ta 15W 10W 20W

35

38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9

46.5 46.5 46.6 46.6 46.6 46.6 46.6 46.5 46.5

39.2 39.2 39.0 39.0 39.0 39.0 39.1 39.1 38.9

46.8 46.8 46.7 46.7 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.6

39.4 39.5 39.1 39.1 39.1 39.2 39.2 39.4 38.9

47.1 47.0 46.9 46.9 46.9 47.0 47.0 47.1 46.6

39.7 39.8 39.7 40.3 40.8 40.4 40.0 39.6 38.9

47.3 47.4 47.6 48.5 49.4 48.6 47.9 47.4 46.7

39.9 40.1 40.3 41.4 42.5 41.6 40.7 39.8 38.9

47.6 47.6 48.2 50.0 51.8 50.3 48.8 47.8 46.7

39.9 40.0 40.2 40.7 41.3 40.9 40.5 39.8 39.1

47.5 47.7 48.0 48.9 49.8 49.1 48.4 47.7 46.9

39.8 39.9 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.1 40.2 39.8 39.3

47.5 47.6 47.7 47.8 47.8 47.9 48.0 47.6 47.1

39.8 39.8 39.9 39.8 39.9 39.9 40.0 39.7 39.5

47.4 47.5 47.6 47.6 47.7 47.7 47.7 47.5 47.2

39.7 39.7 39.8 39.8 39.8 39.8 39.8 39.7 39.7

47.3 47.4 47.4 47.5 47.5 47.5 47.5 47.4 47.4

42.5 40.7 39.8 38.9

51.8 49.2 47.8 46.5

51.1 51.2 51.2 51.3 51.3 51.3 51.3 51.2 51.2 51.4 51.4 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.6 51.3 51.7 51.7 51.7 51.7 51.7 51.7 51.7 51.9 51.3 51.9 52.2 52.4 53.6 54.7 53.7 52.8 52.3 51.4 52.2 52.7 53.1 55.4 57.7 55.8 53.8 52.6 51.4 52.4 52.6 52.8 54.6 55.2 54.9 53.3 52.5 51.6 52.1 52.3 52.5 53.8 52.6 54.0 52.8 52.3 51.7 52.0 52.1 52.3 52.9 52.4 53.1 52.5 52.2 51.9 51.9 52.0 52.1 52.1 52.2 52.2 52.1 52.1 52.0

57.7 54.5 52.8 51.2

Figure 29. Fin heat sink under natural convection between 10W to 20W (Run 1) - temperature distribution on base of heat sink

10W 15W

20W

36

Figure 30. Fin heat sink and vapor chamber under natural convection (Run #2) - transient temperature

40W 20W 15W 10W

180 540 360

37

Figure 31. Top surface of vapor chamber under natural convection between 10W to 40W (Run #2) - temperature distribution

40.4 40.3 40.2 40.1 40.0 39.9 39.9 39.8 39.7

47.5 47.4 47.3 47.1 47.0 46.9 46.8 46.6 46.5

40.5 40.5 40.4 40.3 40.1 40.2 40.2 40.0 39.9

47.6 47.5 47.5 47.3 47.1 47.2 47.3 46.9 46.7

40.6 40.6 40.6 40.4 40.2 40.4 40.6 40.3 40.0

47.6 47.7 47.7 47.5 47.2 47.5 47.8 47.3 46.9

40.7 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.9 41.0 40.5 40.2

47.7 47.8 47.9 47.8 47.8 48.0 48.2 47.6 47.1

40.8 40.9 41.0 41.2 41.3 41.3 41.3 40.8 40.3

47.7 47.9 48.0 48.2 48.4 48.5 48.5 47.9 47.3

40.8 40.9 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.3 41.3 40.8 40.4

47.8 48.0 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 48.6 47.9 47.4

40.9 40.9 41.2 41.2 41.2 41.3 41.3 40.8 40.6

47.9 48.1 48.3 48.4 48.4 48.5 48.6 47.9 47.6

40.9 40.9 41.1 40.9 41.1 41.1 41.1 40.8 40.7

47.9 48.0 48.2 48.2 48.2 48.2 48.3 47.9 47.7

40.9 40.9 40.9 40.9 40.9 40.9 40.9 40.8 40.8

48.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 47.9 47.9 47.8

41.3 40.5 40.1 39.7

48.6 47.6 47.0 46.5

53.8 53.7 53.5 53.4 53.2 53.1 52.9 52.8 52.6

75.5 75.2 75.0 74.7 74.4 74.0 73.7 73.3 72.9

53.8 53.8 53.9 53.6 53.4 53.5 53.6 53.1 52.9

75.3 75.4 75.6 75.1 74.6 74.8 75.0 74.2 73.4

53.9 54.0 54.2 53.9 53.5 53.9 54.3 53.5 53.1

75.1 75.6 76.2 75.5 74.7 75.5 76.3 75.1 74.0

53.9 54.1 54.3 54.2 54.2 54.4 54.6 53.9 53.4

74.8 75.3 75.9 75.7 75.5 76.0 76.5 75.5 74.5

53.9 54.1 54.3 54.6 54.8 54.9 54.9 54.3 53.6

74.6 75.1 75.5 75.9 76.3 76.5 76.6 75.8 75.0

54.0 54.3 54.5 54.5 54.8 54.7 55.0 54.2 53.7

74.9 75.2 76.0 76.2 76.4 76.2 76.7 75.6 74.9

54.1 54.4 54.7 54.4 54.7 54.5 55.0 54.1 53.8

75.2 75.4 76.4 76.5 76.5 76.0 76.8 75.4 74.9

54.2 54.4 54.5 54.4 54.5 54.4 54.6 54.1 53.8

75.5 75.6 76.1 76.1 76.1 75.7 76.0 75.2 74.9

54.3 54.3 54.3 54.3 54.3 54.2 54.1 54.0 53.9

75.8 75.8 75.8 75.7 75.7 75.5 75.3 75.0 74.8

`

55 53.8 53.2 52.6

76.8 74.9 73.9 72.9

10W 15W

20W 40W

38

40.6 41.2 41.8 41.9 42.0 42.1 42.1 42.1 42.0

48.0 48.8 49.6 49.7 49.8 49.9 49.8 49.8 49.6

40.7 41.2 41.8 42.1 42.4 43.0 43.6 42.8 42.0

48.1 48.8 49.6 50.0 50.4 51.3 52.2 50.5 49.7

40.8 41.2 41.7 42.3 42.9 43.4 42.0

48.2 48.9 49.6 50.3 51.1 51.3 49.7

40.8 41.2 41.7 42.5 43.3 43.7 41.9

48.3 48.9 49.5 50.7 51.8 52.1 49.8

40.9 41.3 41.6 42.7 43.8 44.0 41.9

48.4 49.0 49.5 51.0 52.5 52.9 49.8

40.9 41.2 41.6 42.4 43.3 43.6 41.9

48.4 48.9 49.4 50.6 51.8 52.2 49.9

40.9 41.2 41.6 42.2 42.8 43.3 41.9

48.4 48.9 49.4 50.2 51.0 51.4 49.9

40.8 41.2 41.5 41.9 42.3 42.8 43.3 42.6 41.8

48.3 48.8 49.3 49.8 50.3 51.0 51.8 50.7 50.0

40.8 41.2 41.5 41.6 41.8 42.0 42.0 41.9 41.8

48.3 48.8 49.2 49.4 49.6 49.9 49.9 50.0 50.0

44 42.3 41.5 40.6

52.9 50.5 49.2 48

54.5 55.5 56.5 56.7 56.8 56.9 56.8 56.7 56.5

76.9 78.7 80.5 80.7 80.9 81.3 81.2 81.0 80.7

54.7 55.5 56.4 57.1 57.7 58.8 59.9 58.2 56.6

77.3 79.0 80.7 81.7 82.8 85.2 87.6 84.2 80.8

54.9 55.6 56.3 57.4 58.5 58.8 56.6

77.7 79.3 80.9 82.8 84.7 85.3 81.0

55.0 55.6 56.2 57.8 59.4 59.5 56.7

78.1 79.6 81.0 83.8 86.5 87.4 81.1

55.2 55.7 56.1 58.2 60.2 60.7 56.8

78.5 79.9 81.2 84.8 88.4 89.5 81.3

55.2 55.6 56.1 57.7 59.3 59.4 56.8

78.4 79.7 81.0 83.7 86.5 87.6 81.4

55.1 55.6 56.1 57.2 58.4 58.8 56.9

78.3 79.5 80.7 82.7 84.7 85.6 81.5

55.1 55.6 56.1 57.2 57.5 58.4 59.3 58.1 56.9

78.1 79.3 80.5 81.6 82.8 85.0 87.1 83.7 81.7

55.0 55.6 56.1 56.3 56.6 57.0 57.0 57.0 57.0

78.0 79.1 80.2 80.6 81.0 81.7 81.7 81.8 81.8

60.7 57.6 56.1 54.5

89.5 83.2 80.1 76.9

Figure 32. Bottom surface of vapor chamber under natural convection between 10W to 40W (Run #2) - temperature distribution

10W 15W

20W 40W

39

Figure 33. Fin heat sink and vapor chamber under natural convection (Run #3) - transient temperature

Ts

Tal

Tfmax

Tfm

Tinsm

Ta

Tvcmax

Tvcm

180 540 360

40W 20W 15W 10W

40


38.4 38.3 38.2 38.1 38.0 37.9 37.9 37.8 37.7

45.5 45.4 45.3 45.1 45.0 44.9 44.8 44.6 44.5

38.5 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.1 38.2 38.2 38.0 37.9

45.6 45.5 45.5 45.3 45.1 45.2 45.3 44.9 44.7

38.6 38.6 38.6 38.4 38.2 38.4 38.6 38.3 38.0

45.6 45.7 45.7 45.5 45.2 45.5 45.8 45.3 44.9

38.7 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.9 39.0 38.5 38.2

45.7 45.8 45.9 45.8 45.8 46.0 46.2 45.6 45.1

38.8 38.9 39.0 39.2 39.3 39.3 39.3 38.8 38.3

45.7 46.0 46.0 46.2 46.4 46.5 46.5 45.9 45.3

38.8 38.9 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.3 39.3 38.8 38.4

45.8 46.0 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 46.6 45.9 45.4

38.9 38.9 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.3 39.3 38.8 38.6

45.9 46.1 46.3 46.4 46.4 46.5 46.6 45.9 45.6

38.9 38.9 39.1 38.9 39.1 39.1 39.1 38.8 38.7

45.9 46.0 46.2 46.2 46.2 46.2 46.3 45.9 45.7

38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.8 38.8

46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 45.9 45.9 45.8

39.3 38.5 38.1 37.7

46.6 45.6 45.0 44.5

51.8 51.7 51.5 51.4 51.2 51.1 50.9 50.8 50.6

73.5 73.2 73.0 72.7 72.4 72.0 71.7 71.3 70.9

51.8 51.8 51.9 51.6 51.4 51.5 51.6 51.1 50.9

73.3 73.4 73.6 73.1 72.6 72.8 73.0 72.2 71.4

51.9 52.0 52.2 51.9 51.5 51.9 52.3 51.5 51.1

73.1 73.6 74.2 73.5 72.7 73.5 74.3 73.1 72.0

51.9 52.1 52.3 52.2 52.2 52.4 52.6 51.9 51.4

72.8 73.3 73.9 73.7 73.5 74.0 74.5 73.5 72.5

51.9 52.1 52.3 52.6 52.8 52.9 52.9 52.3 51.6

72.6 73.1 73.5 73.9 74.3 74.5 74.6 73.8 73.0

52.0 52.3 52.5 52.5 52.8 52.7 53.0 52.2 51.7

72.9 73.2 74.0 74.2 74.4 74.2 74.7 73.6 72.9

52.1 52.4 52.7 52.4 52.7 52.5 53.0 52.1 51.8

73.2 73.4 74.4 74.5 74.5 74.0 74.8 73.4 72.9

52.2 52.4 52.5 52.4 52.5 52.4 52.6 52.1 51.8

73.5 73.6 74.1 74.1 74.1 73.7 74.0 73.2 72.9

52.3 52.3 52.3 52.3 52.3 52.2 52.1 52.0 51.9

73.8 73.8 73.8 73.7 73.7 73.5 73.3 73.0 72.8

53 51.8 51.2 50.6

74.8 72.9 71.9 70.9

10W 15W

20W 40W

41

38.6 39.2 39.8 39.9 40.0 40.1 40.1 40.1 40.0

46.0 46.8 47.6 47.7 47.8 47.9 47.8 47.8 47.6

38.7 39.2 39.8 40.1 40.4 41.0 41.6 40.8 40.0

46.1 46.8 47.6 48.0 48.4 49.3 50.2 48.5 47.7

38.8 39.2 39.7 40.3 40.9 41.4 40.0

46.2 46.9 47.6 48.3 49.1 49.3 47.7

38.8 39.2 39.7 40.5 41.3 41.7 39.9

46.3 46.9 47.5 48.7 49.8 50.1 47.8

38.9 39.3 39.6 40.7 41.8 42.0 39.9

46.4 47.0 47.5 49.0 50.5 50.9 47.8

38.9 39.2 39.6 40.4 41.3 41.6 39.9

46.4 46.9 47.4 48.6 49.8 50.2 47.9

38.9 39.2 39.6 40.2 40.8 41.3 39.9

46.4 46.9 47.4 48.2 49.0 49.4 47.9

38.8 39.2 39.5 39.9 40.3 40.8 41.3 40.6 39.8

46.3 46.8 47.3 47.8 48.3 49.0 49.8 48.7 48.0

38.8 39.2 39.5 39.6 39.8 40.0 40.0 39.9 39.8

46.3 46.8 47.2 47.4 47.6 47.9 47.9 48.0 48.0

42 40.3 39.5 38.6

50.9 48.5 47.2 46

52.5 53.5 54.5 54.7 54.8 54.9 54.8 54.7 54.5

74.9 76.7 78.5 78.7 78.9 79.3 79.2 79.0 78.7

52.7 53.5 54.4 55.1 55.7 56.8 57.9 56.2 54.6

75.3 77.0 78.7 79.7 80.8 83.2 85.6 82.2 78.8

52.9 53.6 54.3 55.4 56.5 56.8 54.6

75.7 77.3 78.9 80.8 82.7 83.3 79.0

53.0 53.6 54.2 55.8 57.4 57.5 54.7

76.1 77.6 79.0 81.8 84.5 85.4 79.1

53.2 53.7 54.1 56.2 58.2 58.7 54.8

76.5 77.9 79.2 82.8 86.4 87.5 79.3

53.2 53.6 54.1 55.7 57.3 57.4 54.8

76.4 77.7 79.0 81.7 84.5 85.6 79.4

53.1 53.6 54.1 55.2 56.4 56.8 54.9

76.3 77.5 78.7 80.7 82.7 83.6 79.5

53.1 53.6 54.1 55.2 55.5 56.4 57.3 56.1 54.9

76.1 77.3 78.5 79.6 80.8 83.0 85.1 81.7 79.7

53.0 53.6 54.1 54.3 54.6 55.0 55.0 55.0 55.0

76.0 77.1 78.2 78.6 79.0 79.7 79.7 79.8 79.8

58.7 55.6 54.1 52.5

87.5 81.2 78.1 74.9


10W 15W

20W 40W

42

Figure 36. Fin heat sink and vapor chamber under forced convection (Run #4) - transient temperature

Ts

Tal

Tvcm

Tfmax

Tinsm

Ta

Tfm

Tvcmax

180 360 540

10W 15W 20W 40W

43

26.6 26.5 26.5 26.4 26.3 26.2 26.1 25.9 25.8

27.3 27.2 27.1 27.0 26.9 26.7 26.6 26.4 26.2

26.7 26.6 26.5 26.4 26.3 26.3 26.4 26.2 26.0

27.3 27.3 27.3 27.1 26.9 27.0 27.1 26.7 26.4

26.8 26.7 26.6 26.4 26.2 26.5 26.7 26.4 26.1

27.4 27.4 27.4 27.1 26.8 27.2 27.6 27.0 26.7

26.8 26.8 26.8 26.7 26.7 26.9 27.1 26.7 26.3

27.4 27.4 27.5 27.4 27.3 27.5 27.8 27.3 26.9

26.9 27.0 27.0 27.1 27.1 27.3 27.4 26.9 26.4

27.4 27.4 27.5 27.6 27.7 27.9 28.0 27.6 27.1

26.9 27.0 27.1 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 26.9 26.5

27.5 27.6 27.7 27.7 27.8 28.0 28.1 27.5 27.2

27.0 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.2 27.3 27.4 26.9 26.6

27.5 27.7 27.8 27.9 27.9 28.1 28.2 27.5 27.2

27.0 27.0 27.1 27.0 27.1 27.1 27.2 26.9 26.7

27.6 27.6 27.7 27.7 27.8 27.8 27.8 27.4 27.3

27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 26.9 26.9 26.8

27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.5 27.5 27.4 27.3

27.4 26.6 26.2 25.8

28.2 27.2 26.7 26.2

29.5 29.4 29.2 29.1 28.9 28.7 28.5 28.2 28.0

36.9 36.6 36.3 35.9 35.6 35.2 34.8 34.4 34.0

29.4 29.4 29.4 29.1 28.9 29.0 29.1 28.6 28.3

36.6 36.6 36.6 36.1 35.6 35.9 36.1 35.3 34.6

29.4 29.4 29.5 29.2 28.8 29.3 29.7 28.9 28.6

36.4 36.7 37.0 36.3 35.6 36.5 37.4 36.3 35.2

29.3 29.4 29.5 29.4 29.3 29.6 29.9 29.2 28.8

36.1 36.3 36.6 36.4 36.2 36.8 37.5 36.6 35.7

29.2 29.3 29.4 29.6 29.7 29.9 30.0 29.6 29.1

35.8 36.0 36.2 36.5 36.8 37.2 37.5 36.9 36.3

29.3 29.4 29.6 29.5 29.8 29.7 30.1 29.5 29.1

36.1 36.2 36.7 36.9 37.1 37.0 37.7 36.7 36.1

29.4 29.6 29.8 29.5 29.9 29.6 30.2 29.4 29.1

36.3 36.4 37.2 37.3 37.4 36.8 37.8 36.5 36.1

29.5 29.6 29.7 29.5 29.7 29.5 29.8 29.3 29.1

36.6 36.6 37.0 37.0 37.1 36.7 37.1 36.3 36.0

29.6 29.6 29.6 29.5 29.5 29.4 29.3 29.2 29.1

36.8 36.8 36.8 36.7 36.7 36.5 36.3 36.1 35.9

30.2 29.1 28.6 28

37.8 35.9 35.0 34

Figure 37. Top surface of vapor chamber under force convection between 10W to 40W (Run #4) - temperature distribution

10W 15W

20W 40W

44

28.2 28.6 28.9 28.9 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.1 29.2

29.7 30.2 30.6 30.7 30.7 30.8 30.8 30.8 30.8

28.2 28.5 28.9 29.1 29.4 30.0 30.7 29.9 29.2

29.6 30.1 30.6 30.9 31.3 32.3 33.2 31.5 30.8

28.1 28.5 28.8 29.3 29.8 30.4 29.2

29.6 30.0 30.5 31.2 31.9 32.2 30.9

28.1 28.4 28.8 29.5 30.3 30.7 29.1

29.5 30.0 30.5 31.5 32.5 32.9 30.9

28.0 28.4 28.7 29.7 30.7 30.9 29.1

29.4 29.9 30.4 31.8 33.1 33.6 31.0

28.0 28.3 28.6 29.4 30.2 30.6 29.1

29.4 29.8 30.3 31.3 32.4 32.9 31.0

27.9 28.2 28.5 29.1 29.7 30.3 29.1

29.4 29.8 30.2 30.9 31.7 32.2 31.0

27.9 28.1 28.4 28.8 29.1 29.8 30.5 29.8 29.0

29.3 29.7 30.0 30.5 31.0 31.8 32.7 31.5 31.1

27.8 28.1 28.3 28.5 28.6 28.9 28.9 29.0 29.0

29.3 29.6 29.9 30.1 30.3 30.6 30.7 30.9 31.1

30.9 29.4 28.6 27.8

33.6 31.5 30.4 29.3

32.3 32.9 33.4 33.6 33.6 33.7 33.7 33.8 33.8

42.5 43.4 44.2 44.4 44.5 44.8 44.9 45.0 45.1

32.2 32.7 33.2 33.8 34.4 35.7 37.0 35.4 33.8

42.4 43.3 44.2 45.2 46.2 48.8 51.3 48.2 45.2

32.2 32.6 33.0 34.1 35.2 35.9 33.9

42.4 43.3 44.2 46.1 48.0 48.8 45.3

32.1 32.4 32.7 34.4 36.0 36.4 33.9

42.3 43.2 44.1 46.9 49.7 50.7 45.3

32.0 32.3 32.5 34.7 36.8 37.4 34.0

42.2 43.2 44.1 47.8 51.4 52.6 45.4

32.0 32.2 32.5 34.2 35.8 36.3 34.0

42.1 43.0 43.8 46.7 49.5 50.8 45.5

32.0 32.2 32.5 33.7 34.9 35.7 34.0

42.0 42.8 43.6 45.6 47.7 48.9 45.6

31.9 32.2 32.5 33.7 33.9 35.1 36.3 35.2 34.1

41.8 42.6 43.3 44.5 45.8 48.1 50.4 47.1 45.6

31.9 32.2 32.5 32.7 33.0 33.4 33.6 33.8 34.1

41.7 42.4 43.0 43.5 43.9 44.8 45.0 45.3 45.7

37.4 34.7 33.3 31.9

52.6 47.2 44.4 41.7

Figure 38. Bottom surface of vapor chamber under force convection between 10W to 40W (Run #4) - temperature distribution

10W 15W

20W 40W

45

Figure 39. Fin heat sink and vapor chamber under forced convection (Run 5) - transient temperature

Ts

Tvcmax

Tvcm

Tfmax

Tinsm

Ta

Tfm

Tal

180 360 540

10W 15W 20W 40W

46

25.4 25.3 25.3 25.2 25.1 25.0 24.9 24.7 24.6

26.1 26.0 25.9 25.8 25.7 25.5 25.4 25.2 25.0

25.5 25.4 25.3 25.2 25.1 25.1 25.2 25.0 24.8

26.1 26.1 26.1 25.9 25.7 25.8 25.9 25.5 25.2

25.6 25.5 25.4 25.2 25.0 25.3 25.5 25.2 24.9

26.2 26.2 26.2 25.9 25.6 26.0 26.4 25.8 25.5

25.6 25.6 25.6 25.5 25.5 25.7 25.9 25.5 25.1

26.2 26.2 26.3 26.2 26.1 26.3 26.6 26.1 25.7

25.7 25.8 25.8 25.9 25.9 26.1 26.2 25.7 25.2

26.2 26.4 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.7 26.8 26.4 25.9

25.7 25.8 25.9 25.9 26.0 26.1 26.2 25.7 25.3

26.3 26.4 26.5 26.5 26.6 26.8 26.9 26.3 26.0

25.8 25.8 25.9 26.0 26.0 26.1 26.2 25.7 25.4

26.3 26.5 26.6 26.7 26.7 26.9 27.0 26.3 26.0

25.8 25.8 25.9 25.8 25.9 25.9 26.0 25.7 25.5

26.4 26.4 26.5 26.5 26.6 26.6 26.6 26.2 26.1

25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.7 25.7 25.6

26.4 26.4 26.4 26.4 26.4 26.3 26.3 26.2 26.1

26.2 25.4 25 24.6

27 26.0 25.5 25

28.3 28.2 28.0 27.9 27.7 27.5 27.3 27.0 26.8

35.7 35.4 35.1 34.7 34.4 34.0 33.6 33.2 32.8

28.2 28.2 28.2 27.9 27.7 27.8 27.9 27.4 27.1

35.4 35.4 35.4 34.9 34.4 34.7 34.9 34.1 33.4

28.2 28.2 28.3 28.0 27.6 28.1 28.5 27.7 27.4

35.2 35.5 35.8 35.1 34.4 35.3 36.2 35.1 34.0

28.1 28.2 28.3 28.2 28.1 28.4 28.7 28.0 27.6

34.9 35.1 35.4 35.2 35.0 35.6 36.3 35.4 34.5

28.0 28.1 28.2 28.4 28.5 28.7 28.8 28.4 27.9

34.6 34.8 35.0 35.3 35.6 36.0 36.3 35.7 35.1

28.1 28.2 28.4 28.3 28.6 28.5 28.9 28.3 27.9

34.9 35.0 35.5 35.7 35.9 35.8 36.5 35.5 34.9

28.2 28.4 28.6 28.3 28.7 28.4 29.0 28.2 27.9

35.1 35.2 36.0 36.1 36.2 35.6 36.6 35.3 34.9

28.3 28.4 28.5 28.3 28.5 28.3 28.6 28.1 27.9

35.4 35.4 35.8 35.8 35.9 35.5 35.9 35.1 34.8

28.4 28.4 28.4 28.3 28.3 28.2 28.1 28.0 27.9

35.6 35.6 35.6 35.5 35.5 35.3 35.1 34.9 34.7

29 27.9 27.4 26.8

36.6 34.7 33.8 32.8


10W 15W

20W 40W

47

27.0 27.4 27.7 27.7 27.8 27.8 27.9 27.9 28.0

28.5 29.0 29.4 29.5 29.5 29.6 29.6 29.6 29.6

27.0 27.3 27.7 27.9 28.2 28.8 29.5 28.7 28.0

28.4 28.9 29.4 29.7 30.1 31.1 32.0 30.3 29.6

26.9 27.3 27.6 28.1 28.6 29.2 28.0

28.4 28.8 29.3 30.0 30.7 31.0 29.7

26.9 27.2 27.6 28.3 29.1 29.5 27.9

28.3 28.8 29.3 30.3 31.3 31.7 29.7

26.8 27.2 27.5 28.5 29.5 29.7 27.9

28.2 28.7 29.2 30.6 31.9 32.4 29.8

26.8 27.1 27.4 28.2 29.0 29.4 27.9

28.2 28.6 29.1 30.1 31.2 31.7 29.8

26.7 27.0 27.3 27.9 28.5 29.1 27.9

28.2 28.6 29.0 29.7 30.5 31.0 29.8

26.7 26.9 27.2 27.6 27.9 28.6 29.3 28.6 27.8

28.1 28.5 28.8 29.3 29.8 30.6 31.5 30.3 29.9

26.6 26.9 27.1 27.3 27.4 27.7 27.7 27.8 27.8

28.1 28.4 28.7 28.9 29.1 29.4 29.5 29.7 29.9

29.7 28.2 27.4 26.6

32.4 30.3 29.2 28.1

31.1 31.7 32.2 32.4 32.4 32.5 32.5 32.6 32.6

41.3 42.2 43.0 43.2 43.3 43.6 43.7 43.8 43.9

31.0 31.5 32.0 32.6 33.2 34.5 35.8 34.2 32.6

41.2 42.1 43.0 44.0 45.0 47.6 50.1 47.0 44.0

31.0 31.4 31.8 32.9 34.0 34.7 32.7

41.2 42.1 43.0 44.9 46.8 47.6 44.1

30.9 31.2 31.5 33.2 34.8 35.2 32.7

41.1 42.0 42.9 45.7 48.5 49.5 44.1

30.8 31.1 31.3 33.5 35.6 36.2 32.8

41.0 42.0 42.9 46.6 50.2 51.4 44.2

30.8 31.0 31.3 33.0 34.6 35.1 32.8

40.9 41.8 42.6 45.5 48.3 49.6 44.3

30.8 31.0 31.3 32.5 33.7 34.5 32.8

40.8 41.6 42.4 44.4 46.5 47.7 44.4

30.7 31.0 31.3 32.5 32.7 33.9 35.1 34.0 32.9

40.6 41.4 42.1 43.3 44.6 46.9 49.2 45.9 44.4

30.7 31.0 31.3 31.5 31.8 32.2 32.4 32.6 32.9

40.5 41.2 41.8 42.3 42.7 43.6 43.8 44.1 44.5

36.2 33.5 32.1 30.7

51.4 46.0 43.2 40.5


10W 15W

20W 40W

48

Figure 42. Fin heat sink and vapor chamber with small heating element under natural convection (Run #6) - transient

temperature

Ts

Tal

Tvcmax

Tfmax

Tf

m

Tinsm

Ta

Tvcm

10W 15W 20W 40W

180 360 540

49

39.0 39.0 39.0 38.9 38.9 38.7 38.5 38.3 38.1

47.1 47.0 47.0 46.9 46.8 46.5 46.2 45.8 45.5

39.2 39.2 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.7 38.6 38.5 38.2

47.3 47.1 46.9 46.8 46.8 46.5 46.3 46.0 45.7

39.5 39.4 38.9 38.9 38.8 38.8 38.7 38.7 38.3

47.6 47.2 46.9 46.8 46.7 46.6 46.5 46.3 45.8

39.7 39.7 39.4 39.4 39.5 39.3 39.1 38.8 38.4

47.8 47.6 47.5 47.5 47.5 47.2 46.9 46.5 46.0

39.9 39.9 39.9 40.0 40.1 39.8 39.5 39.0 38.5

48.0 47.8 48.0 48.1 48.2 47.8 47.3 46.7 46.1

40.0 39.9 40.0 39.9 39.8 39.6 39.5 39.1 38.7

48.1 48.1 48.2 48.0 47.7 47.5 47.4 46.8 46.4

40.0 39.9 40.1 39.8 39.4 39.5 39.5 39.2 39.0

48.2 48.3 48.4 47.8 47.2 47.3 47.4 46.9 46.6

40.1 39.9 39.9 39.6 39.4 39.4 39.5 39.3 39.2

48.2 48.2 48.1 47.7 47.3 47.3 47.3 47.0 46.9

40.1 39.9 39.8 39.6 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4

48.3 48.1 47.8 47.6 47.3 47.3 47.2 47.2 47.1

40.1 39.1 38.6 38.1

48.4 47.0 46.2 45.5

53.1 53.1 53.1 53.0 53.0 52.6 52.3 51.9 51.5

75.6 75.5 75.4 75.3 75.2 74.6 74.0 73.3 72.7

53.4 53.2 53.0 52.9 52.9 52.7 52.4 52.1 51.7

75.9 75.7 75.5 75.4 75.3 74.8 74.4 73.7 73.0

53.6 53.3 52.9 52.9 52.8 52.7 52.6 52.3 51.8

76.2 75.9 75.5 75.5 75.4 75.1 74.8 74.0 73.3

53.9 53.7 53.5 53.6 53.7 53.3 53.0 52.5 52.0

76.5 76.4 76.2 76.4 76.7 75.9 75.1 74.3 73.5

54.1 54.1 54.1 54.3 54.5 54.0 53.4 52.8 52.1

76.8 76.9 76.9 77.4 77.9 76.6 75.3 74.6 73.8

54.1 54.3 54.4 54.1 53.9 53.8 53.4 52.9 52.4

77.1 77.0 77.5 77.1 76.8 76.3 75.5 74.7 74.4

54.3 54.5 54.7 54.0 53.3 53.6 53.4 53.0 52.6

77.4 77.1 78.1 76.9 75.6 76.0 75.6 74.9 74.4

54.4 54.4 54.3 53.8 53.3 53.4 53.3 53.1 52.9

77.6 77.2 77.4 76.5 75.6 75.7 75.5 75.0 74.7

54.5 54.2 53.9 53.6 53.3 53.3 53.2 53.2 53.1

77.9 77.3 76.8 76.2 75.6 75.5 75.3 75.2 75.0

54.7 53.1 52.3 51.5

78.1 75.4 74.1 72.7


10W 15W

20W 40W

50

40.1 40.5 40.9 41.0 41.0 41.1 41.0 40.9 40.7

48.6 49.2 49.7 49.8 49.9 50.0 49.7 49.4 48.8

40.1 40.6 41.0 41.2 41.4 41.9 42.4 41.5 40.7

48.6 49.3 49.9 50.1 50.4 51.2 52.0 50.2 48.9

40.2 40.6 41.1 41.4 41.7 42.0 40.6

48.7 49.4 50.1 50.5 51.0 50.9 48.9

40.2 40.7 41.1 41.6 42.1 42.3 40.6

48.7 49.5 50.2 50.9 51.5 51.7 49.0

40.2 40.7 41.2 41.8 42.4 42.5 40.5

48.7 49.6 50.4 51.3 52.1 52.4 49.1

40.2 40.6 41.1 41.6 42.0 42.2 40.5

48.7 49.4 50.2 50.9 51.6 51.7 49.1

40.1 40.6 41.0 41.3 41.7 41.9 40.4

48.6 49.3 50.1 50.5 51.0 51.1 49.2

40.1 40.5 40.9 41.1 41.3 41.8 42.3 41.3 40.4

48.6 49.2 49.9 50.2 50.5 51.2 51.9 50.4 49.2

40.0 40.4 40.8 40.9 41.0 41.1 40.9 40.7 40.3

48.5 49.1 49.7 49.8 49.9 50.1 49.9 49.7 49.3

42.5 41.3 40.6 40

52.4 50.5 49.5 48.5

55.1 55.8 56.5 56.7 56.7 56.8 56.5 56.3 55.7

80.1 81.3 82.5 82.7 82.9 83.2 82.7 82.2 81.2

55.2 55.8 56.5 57.0 57.4 58.3 59.3 57.5 55.8

80.2 81.6 83.0 83.6 84.2 86.1 87.9 84.6 81.3

55.2 55.9 56.5 57.3 58.1 58.1 55.8

80.4 82.0 83.6 84.6 85.6 85.5 81.5

55.3 55.9 56.5 57.6 58.7 58.6 55.9

80.5 82.3 84.1 85.5 87.0 87.2 81.6

55.3 55.9 56.5 58.0 59.4 59.7 56.0

80.6 82.6 84.6 86.5 88.4 88.8 81.8

55.2 55.8 56.5 57.6 58.7 58.7 56.0

80.6 82.4 84.2 85.6 87.1 87.3 81.9

55.0 55.8 56.5 57.3 58.1 58.1 56.1

80.7 82.2 83.7 84.7 85.8 85.9 82.0

54.9 55.7 56.5 57.3 57.4 58.2 59.1 57.6 56.1

80.7 82.0 83.3 83.9 84.5 86.2 88.0 84.4 82.2

54.7 55.6 56.5 56.6 56.7 56.9 56.7 56.6 56.2

80.7 81.8 82.8 83.0 83.2 83.5 83.2 82.9 82.3

59.7 57.2 56.0 54.7

88.8 84.5 82.3 80.1


10W 15W

20W 40W

51

Figure 45. Fin heat sink and vapor chamber with small heating element under natural convection (Run #7) - transient

temperature

Ts

Tal

Tvcmax

Tfmax

Tfm

Tinsm

Ta

Tvcm

180 360 540

10W 15W 20W 40W

52

37.5 37.5 37.5 37.4 37.4 37.2 37.0 36.8 36.6

45.6 45.5 45.5 45.4 45.3 45.0 44.7 44.3 44.0

37.7 37.7 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.2 37.1 37.0 36.7

45.8 45.6 45.4 45.3 45.3 45.0 44.8 44.5 44.2

38.0 37.9 37.4 37.4 37.3 37.3 37.2 37.2 36.8

46.1 45.7 45.4 45.3 45.2 45.1 45.0 44.8 44.3

38.2 38.2 37.9 37.9 38.0 37.8 37.6 37.3 36.9

46.3 46.1 46.0 46.0 46.0 45.7 45.4 45.0 44.5

38.4 38.4 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.3 38.0 37.5 37.0

46.5 46.4 46.5 46.6 46.7 46.3 45.8 45.2 44.6

38.5 38.4 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.1 38.0 37.6 37.2

46.6 46.6 46.7 46.5 46.2 46.0 45.9 45.3 44.9

38.5 38.4 38.6 38.3 37.9 38.0 38.0 37.7 37.5

46.7 46.8 46.9 46.3 45.7 45.8 45.9 45.4 45.1

38.6 38.4 38.4 38.1 37.9 37.9 38.0 37.8 37.7

46.7 46.7 46.6 46.2 45.8 45.8 45.8 45.5 45.4

38.6 38.4 38.3 38.1 37.9 37.9 37.9 37.9 37.9

46.8 46.6 46.3 46.1 45.8 45.8 45.7 45.7 45.6

38.6 37.6 37.1 36.6

46.9 45.5 44.7 44

51.6 51.6 51.6 51.5 51.5 51.1 50.8 50.4 50.0

74.1 74.0 73.9 73.8 73.7 73.1 72.5 71.8 71.2

51.9 51.7 51.5 51.4 51.4 51.2 50.9 50.6 50.2

74.4 74.2 74.0 73.9 73.8 73.3 72.9 72.2 71.5

52.1 51.8 51.4 51.4 51.3 51.2 51.1 50.8 50.3

74.7 74.4 74.0 74.0 73.9 73.6 73.3 72.5 71.8

52.4 52.2 52.0 52.1 52.2 51.8 51.5 51.0 50.5

75.0 74.9 74.7 74.9 75.2 74.4 73.6 72.8 72.0

52.6 52.6 52.6 52.8 53.0 52.5 51.9 51.3 50.6

75.3 75.4 75.4 75.9 76.4 75.1 73.8 73.1 72.3

52.6 52.8 52.9 52.6 52.4 52.3 51.9 51.4 50.9

75.6 75.5 76.0 75.6 75.3 74.8 74.0 73.2 72.9

52.8 53.0 53.2 52.5 51.8 52.1 51.9 51.5 51.1

75.9 75.6 76.6 75.4 74.1 74.5 74.1 73.4 72.9

52.9 52.9 52.8 52.3 51.8 51.9 51.8 51.6 51.4

76.1 75.7 75.9 75.0 74.1 74.2 74.0 73.5 73.2

53.0 52.7 52.4 52.1 51.8 51.8 51.7 51.7 51.6

76.4 75.8 75.3 74.7 74.1 74.0 73.8 73.7 73.5

53.2 51.6 50.8 50

76.6 73.9 72.6 71.2


10W 15W

20W 40W

53

38.6 39.0 39.4 39.5 39.5 39.6 39.5 39.4 39.2

47.1 47.7 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 48.2 47.9 47.3

38.6 39.1 39.5 39.7 39.9 40.4 40.9 40.0 39.2

47.1 47.8 48.4 48.6 48.9 49.7 50.5 48.7 47.4

38.7 39.1 39.6 39.9 40.2 40.5 39.1

47.2 47.9 48.6 49.0 49.5 49.4 47.4

38.7 39.2 39.6 40.1 40.6 40.8 39.1

47.2 48.0 48.7 49.4 50.0 50.2 47.5

38.7 39.2 39.7 40.3 40.9 41.0 39.0

47.2 48.1 48.9 49.8 50.6 50.9 47.6

38.7 39.1 39.6 40.1 40.5 40.7 39.0

47.2 47.9 48.7 49.4 50.1 50.2 47.6

38.6 39.1 39.5 39.8 40.2 40.4 38.9

47.1 47.8 48.6 49.0 49.5 49.6 47.7

38.6 39.0 39.4 39.6 39.8 40.3 40.8 39.8 38.9

47.1 47.7 48.4 48.7 49.0 49.7 50.4 48.9 47.7

38.5 38.9 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.4 39.2 38.8

47.0 47.6 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.6 48.4 48.2 47.8

41 39.8 39.1 38.5

50.9 49.0 48.0 47

53.6 54.3 55.0 55.2 55.2 55.3 55.0 54.8 54.2

78.6 79.8 81.0 81.2 81.4 81.7 81.2 80.7 79.7

53.7 54.3 55.0 55.5 55.9 56.8 57.8 56.0 54.3

78.7 80.1 81.5 82.1 82.7 84.6 86.4 83.1 79.8

53.7 54.4 55.0 55.8 56.6 56.6 54.3

78.9 80.5 82.1 83.1 84.1 84.0 80.0

53.8 54.4 55.0 56.1 57.2 57.1 54.4

79.0 80.8 82.6 84.0 85.5 85.7 80.1

53.8 54.4 55.0 56.5 57.9 58.2 54.5

79.1 81.1 83.1 85.0 86.9 87.3 80.3

53.7 54.3 55.0 56.1 57.2 57.2 54.5

79.1 80.9 82.7 84.1 85.6 85.8 80.4

53.5 54.3 55.0 55.8 56.6 56.6 54.6

79.2 80.7 82.2 83.2 84.3 84.4 80.5

53.4 54.2 55.0 55.8 55.9 56.7 57.6 56.1 54.6

79.2 80.5 81.8 82.4 83.0 84.7 86.5 82.9 80.7

53.2 54.1 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.4 55.2 55.1 54.7

79.2 80.3 81.3 81.5 81.7 82.0 81.7 81.4 80.8

58.2 55.7 54.5 53.2

87.3 83.0 80.8 78.6


10W 15W

20W 40W

54

Figure 48. Fin heat sink and vapor chamber with small heating element under forced convection (Run #8) - transient

temperature

Ts

Tal

Tvcm

Tfmax

Tfm

Tinsm

Ta

Tvcmax

10W 15W 20W 40W

180 360 540

55

24.1 24.0 24.0 23.9 23.8 23.7 23.5 23.4 23.2

26.3 26.2 26.1 25.9 25.8 25.6 25.3 25.1 24.8

24.3 24.2 24.2 24.0 23.9 23.8 23.6 23.5 23.3

26.6 26.4 26.3 26.1 25.9 25.7 25.5 25.2 25.0

24.6 24.5 24.4 24.2 24.0 23.9 23.7 23.7 23.4

26.8 26.7 26.6 26.3 26.0 25.8 25.6 25.4 25.1

24.8 24.7 24.6 24.6 24.6 24.3 24.0 23.8 23.5

27.1 26.9 26.8 26.8 26.7 26.3 25.9 25.6 25.3

25.0 24.9 24.8 25.0 25.1 24.7 24.3 24.0 23.6

27.3 27.2 27.0 27.2 27.4 26.8 26.1 25.8 25.4

25.0 24.9 24.9 24.9 24.9 24.7 24.4 24.0 23.8

27.3 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 26.7 26.3 25.9 25.6

25.0 24.8 25.0 24.9 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.1 24.0

27.3 27.3 27.4 27.2 26.9 26.7 26.5 26.0 25.8

24.9 24.8 24.8 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.4 24.2 24.1

27.2 27.2 27.1 26.9 26.7 26.5 26.4 26.1 26.0

24.9 24.8 24.6 24.5 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3

27.2 27.0 26.8 26.6 26.4 26.4 26.3 26.3 26.2

25 24.1 23.7 23.2

27.4 26.1 25.5 24.8

29.3 29.2 29.2 29.1 29.0 28.7 28.4 28.1 27.8

36.6 36.4 36.2 36.0 35.8 35.2 34.5 33.9 33.2

29.6 29.5 29.3 29.2 29.1 28.8 28.6 28.3 28.0

37.0 36.9 36.9 36.5 36.0 35.4 34.8 34.2 33.5

30.0 29.7 29.4 29.3 29.2 29.0 28.7 28.5 28.1

37.3 37.5 37.6 36.9 36.2 35.7 35.1 34.5 33.8

30.3 30.1 29.9 30.0 30.1 29.5 29.0 28.7 28.3

37.7 37.6 37.6 37.5 37.4 36.3 35.3 34.7 34.1

30.6 30.5 30.3 30.6 30.9 30.1 29.3 28.9 28.4

38.0 37.8 37.5 38.1 38.6 37.0 35.4 34.9 34.4

30.5 30.5 30.6 30.4 30.6 29.9 29.4 29.0 28.6

38.1 37.8 38.1 38.0 38.0 36.7 35.7 35.1 34.9

30.7 30.7 30.8 30.2 30.2 29.7 29.5 29.1 28.9

38.2 37.8 38.6 38.0 37.3 36.4 36.0 35.2 34.9

30.7 30.6 30.4 29.9 29.8 29.6 29.4 29.2 29.1

38.3 37.8 37.9 37.3 36.7 36.1 35.9 35.4 35.2

30.7 30.4 30.1 29.7 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.3 29.3

38.4 37.8 37.2 36.6 36.0 35.9 35.7 35.6 35.4

30.8 29.3 28.6 27.8

38.6 35.9 34.6 33.2


10W 15W

20W 40W

56

26.1 26.4 26.7 26.8 26.9 27.0 27.1 27.3 27.5

29.4 29.8 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.3 30.2 29.9

26.2 26.5 26.9 27.1 27.3 27.8 28.4 27.9 27.4

29.5 29.9 30.4 30.6 30.8 31.6 32.3 30.7 30.0

26.3 26.6 27.0 27.3 27.7 28.2 27.3

29.6 30.1 30.6 31.0 31.4 31.3 30.2

26.3 26.7 27.2 27.6 28.1 28.4 27.2

29.7 30.3 30.9 31.4 31.9 31.9 30.3

26.4 26.9 27.3 27.9 28.5 28.5 27.1

29.8 30.5 31.1 31.8 32.5 32.5 30.5

26.4 26.8 27.2 27.6 28.1 28.3 27.0

29.8 30.3 30.9 31.4 32.0 32.1 30.6

26.4 26.7 27.0 27.4 27.8 28.0 26.9

29.8 30.2 30.7 31.1 31.5 31.7 30.7

26.3 26.6 26.9 27.1 27.4 27.8 28.3 27.6 26.8

29.7 30.1 30.4 30.7 31.0 31.6 32.2 31.3 30.9

26.3 26.5 26.7 26.9 27.0 27.3 27.2 27.0 26.7

29.7 30.0 30.2 30.4 30.5 30.8 30.9 30.9 31.0

28.5 27.3 26.7 26.1

32.5 31.0 30.2 29.4

33.2 33.8 34.3 34.6 34.7 34.8 34.7 34.5 34.2

43.6 44.5 45.3 45.6 45.8 46.3 46.1 46.0 45.6

33.4 33.9 34.4 35.0 35.5 36.6 37.8 36.1 34.4

43.9 45.0 46.1 46.7 47.4 49.7 52.0 49.0 45.9

33.5 34.0 34.5 35.4 36.2 36.6 34.5

44.1 45.5 46.8 47.9 49.0 49.7 46.3

33.7 34.1 34.5 35.8 37.0 37.0 34.7

44.4 46.0 47.6 49.0 50.5 51.5 46.6

33.8 34.2 34.6 36.2 37.8 38.0 34.9

44.6 46.5 48.3 50.2 52.1 53.4 46.9

33.8 34.2 34.6 35.8 37.1 37.2 35.0

44.6 46.1 47.7 49.2 50.7 52.0 47.2

33.8 34.2 34.6 35.5 36.4 36.9 35.2

44.6 45.8 47.1 48.2 49.3 50.6 47.6

33.7 34.2 34.6 35.5 35.7 36.6 37.6 36.5 35.3

44.5 45.5 46.5 47.2 47.9 49.8 51.7 49.1 47.9

33.7 34.2 34.6 34.8 35.0 35.3 35.4 35.4 35.5

44.5 45.2 45.9 46.2 46.6 47.2 47.5 47.7 48.2

38 35.6 34.4 33.2

53.4 48.5 46.1 43.6


10W 15W

20W 40W

57

Figure 51. Fin heat sink and vapor chamber with small heating element under forced convection (Run #9) - transient

temperature

Ts

Tal

Tvcmax

Tvc

m Tfmax

Tfm

Tinsm

Ta

180 360 540

10W 15W 20W 40W

58

23.6 23.5 23.5 23.4 23.3 23.2 23.0 22.9 22.7

25.8 25.7 25.6 25.4 25.3 25.1 24.8 24.6 24.3

23.8 23.7 23.7 23.5 23.4 23.3 23.1 23.0 22.8

26.1 25.9 25.8 25.6 25.4 25.2 25.0 24.7 24.5

24.1 24.0 23.9 23.7 23.5 23.4 23.2 23.2 22.9

26.3 26.2 26.1 25.8 25.5 25.3 25.1 24.9 24.6

24.3 24.2 24.1 24.1 24.1 23.8 23.5 23.3 23.0

26.6 26.4 26.3 26.3 26.2 25.8 25.4 25.1 24.8

24.5 24.4 24.3 24.5 24.6 24.2 23.8 23.5 23.1

26.8 26.4 26.5 26.7 26.9 26.3 25.6 25.3 24.9

24.5 24.4 24.4 24.4 24.4 24.2 23.9 23.5 23.3

26.8 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.2 25.8 25.4 25.1

24.5 24.3 24.5 24.4 24.2 24.1 24.0 23.6 23.5

26.8 26.8 26.9 26.7 26.4 26.2 26.0 25.5 25.3

24.4 24.3 24.3 24.0 24.0 24.0 23.9 23.7 23.6

26.7 26.7 26.6 26.4 26.2 26.0 25.9 25.6 25.5

24.4 24.3 24.1 24.0 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8

26.7 26.5 26.3 26.1 25.9 25.9 25.8 25.8 25.7

24.5 23.6 23.2 22.7

26.9 25.6 25.0 24.3

28.8 28.7 28.7 28.6 28.5 28.2 27.9 27.6 27.3

36.6 36.4 36.2 36.0 35.8 35.2 34.5 33.9 33.2

29.1 29.0 28.8 28.7 28.6 28.3 28.1 27.8 27.5

37.0 36.9 36.9 36.5 36.0 35.4 34.8 34.2 33.5

29.5 29.2 28.9 28.8 28.7 28.5 28.2 28.0 27.6

37.3 37.5 37.6 36.9 36.2 35.7 35.1 34.5 33.8

29.8 29.6 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.0 28.5 28.2 27.8

37.7 37.6 37.6 37.5 37.4 36.3 35.3 34.7 34.1

30.1 30.0 29.8 30.1 30.4 29.6 28.8 28.4 27.9

38.0 37.8 37.5 38.1 38.6 37.0 35.4 34.9 34.4

30.0 30.0 30.1 29.9 30.1 29.4 28.9 28.5 28.1

38.1 37.8 38.1 38.0 38.0 36.7 35.7 35.1 34.9

30.2 30.2 30.3 29.7 29.7 29.2 29.0 28.6 28.4

38.2 37.8 38.6 38.0 37.3 36.4 36.0 35.2 34.9

30.2 30.1 29.9 29.4 29.3 29.1 28.9 28.7 28.6

38.3 37.8 37.9 37.3 36.7 36.1 35.9 35.4 35.2

30.2 29.9 29.6 29.2 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.8 28.8

38.4 37.8 37.2 36.6 36.0 35.9 35.7 35.6 35.4

30.3 28.8 28.1 27.3

38.6 35.9 34.6 33.2


10W 15W

20W 40W

59

25.6 25.9 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.8 27.0

28.9 29.3 29.6 29.7 29.8 29.9 29.8 29.7 29.4

25.7 26.0 26.4 26.6 26.8 27.3 27.9 27.4 26.9

29.0 29.4 29.9 30.1 30.3 31.1 31.8 30.2 29.5

25.8 26.1 26.5 26.8 27.2 27.7 26.8

29.1 29.6 30.1 30.5 30.9 30.8 29.7

25.8 26.2 26.7 27.1 27.6 27.9 26.7

29.2 29.8 30.4 30.9 31.4 31.4 29.8

25.9 26.4 26.8 27.4 28.0 28.0 26.6

29.3 30.0 30.6 31.3 32.0 32.0 30.0

25.9 26.3 26.7 27.1 27.6 27.8 26.5

29.3 29.8 30.4 30.9 31.5 31.6 30.1

25.9 26.2 26.5 26.9 27.3 27.5 26.4

29.3 29.7 30.2 30.6 31.0 31.2 30.2

25.8 26.1 26.4 26.6 26.9 27.3 27.8 27.1 26.3

29.2 29.6 29.9 30.2 30.5 31.1 31.7 30.8 30.4

25.8 26.0 26.2 26.4 26.5 26.8 26.7 26.5 26.2

29.2 29.5 29.7 29.9 30.0 30.3 30.4 30.4 30.5

28 26.8 26.2 25.6

32 30.5 29.7 28.9

32.7 33.3 33.8 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.2 34.0 33.7

43.6 44.5 45.3 45.6 45.8 46.3 46.1 46.0 45.6

32.9 33.4 33.9 34.5 35.0 36.1 37.3 35.6 33.9

43.9 45.0 46.1 46.7 47.4 49.7 52.0 49.0 45.9

33.0 33.5 34.0 34.9 35.7 36.1 34.0

44.1 45.5 46.8 47.9 49.0 49.8 46.3

33.2 33.6 34.0 35.3 36.5 36.5 34.2

44.4 46.0 47.6 49.0 50.5 51.8 46.6

33.3 33.7 34.1 35.7 37.3 37.5 34.4

44.6 46.5 48.3 50.2 52.1 53.7 46.9

33.3 33.7 34.1 35.3 36.6 36.7 34.5

44.6 46.1 47.7 49.2 50.7 52.2 47.2

33.3 33.7 34.1 35.0 35.9 36.4 34.7

44.6 45.8 47.1 48.2 49.3 50.7 47.6

33.2 33.7 34.1 35.0 35.2 36.1 37.1 36.0 34.8

44.5 45.5 46.5 47.2 47.9 49.8 51.7 49.2 47.9

33.2 33.7 34.1 34.3 34.5 34.8 34.9 34.9 35.0

44.5 45.2 45.9 46.2 46.6 47.2 47.5 47.7 48.2

37.5 35.1 33.9 32.7

53.7 48.7 46.1 43.6


10W 15W

20W 40W

60

38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9

39.2 39.2 39.0 39.0 39.0 39.0 39.1 39.1 38.9

39.4 39.5 39.1 39.1 39.1 39.2 39.2 39.4 38.9

39.7 39.8 39.7 40.3 40.8 40.4 40.0 39.6 38.9

39.9 40.1 40.3 41.4 42.5 41.6 40.7 39.8 38.9

39.9 40.0 40.2 40.7 41.3 40.9 40.5 39.8 39.1

39.8 39.9 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.1 40.2 39.8 39.3

39.8 39.8 39.9 39.8 39.9 39.9 40.0 39.7 39.5

39.7 39.7 39.8 39.8 39.8 39.8 39.8 39.7 39.7

Figure 54. Comparison of top surface of vapor chamber under natural convection at 10W to 15W between phase 1 and phase 2

(Run #1 and run #2) - temperature distribution

40.4 40.3 40.2 40.1 40.0 39.9 39.9 39.8 39.7

40.5 40.5 40.4 40.3 40.1 40.2 40.2 40.0 39.9

40.6 40.6 40.6 40.4 40.2 40.4 40.6 40.3 40.0

40.7 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.9 41.0 40.5 40.2

40.8 40.9 41.0 41.2 41.3 41.3 41.3 40.8 40.3

40.8 40.9 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.3 41.3 40.8 40.4

40.9 40.9 41.2 41.2 41.2 41.3 41.3 40.8 40.6

40.9 40.9 41.1 40.9 41.1 41.1 41.1 40.8 40.7

40.9 40.9 40.9 40.9 40.9 40.9 40.9 40.8 40.8

41.3 40.5 40.1 39.7 42.5 40.7 39.8 38.9

46.5 46.5 46.6 46.6 46.6 46.6 46.6 46.5 46.5

46.8 46.8 46.7 46.7 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.6

47.1 47.0 46.9 46.9 46.9 47.0 47.0 47.1 46.6

47.3 47.4 47.6 48.5 49.4 48.6 47.9 47.4 46.7

47.6 47.6 48.2 50.0 51.8 50.3 48.8 47.8 46.7

47.5 47.7 48.0 48.9 49.8 49.1 48.4 47.7 46.9

47.5 47.6 47.7 47.8 47.8 47.9 48.0 47.6 47.1

47.4 47.5 47.6 47.6 47.7 47.7 47.7 47.5 47.2

47.3 47.4 47.4 47.5 47.5 47.5 47.5 47.4 47.4

47.5 47.4 47.3 47.1 47.0 46.9 46.8 46.6 46.5

47.6 47.5 47.5 47.3 47.1 47.2 47.3 46.9 46.7

47.6 47.7 47.7 47.5 47.2 47.5 47.8 47.3 46.9

47.7 47.8 47.9 47.8 47.8 48.0 48.2 47.6 47.1

47.7 47.9 48.0 48.2 48.4 48.5 48.5 47.9 47.3

47.8 48.0 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 48.6 47.9 47.4

47.9 48.1 48.3 48.4 48.4 48.5 48.6 47.9 47.6

47.9 48.0 48.2 48.2 48.2 48.2 48.3 47.9 47.7

48.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 47.9 47.9 47.8

48.6 47.6 47.0 46.5 51.8 49.2 47.8 46.5

10W 10W

15W 15W

Phase 1

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 2

61

Figure 55. Comparison of top surface of vapor chamber under natural convection at 20W between phase 1 and phase 2 (Run #1

and run #2) - temperature distribution

51.1 51.2 51.2 51.3 51.3 51.3 51.3 51.2 51.2

51.4 51.4 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.6 51.3

51.7 51.7 51.7 51.7 51.7 51.7 51.7 51.9 51.3

51.9 52.2 52.4 53.6 54.7 53.7 52.8 52.3 51.4

52.2 52.7 53.1 55.4 57.7 55.8 53.8 52.6 51.4

52.4 52.6 52.8 54.6 55.2 54.9 53.3 52.5 51.6

52.1 52.3 52.5 53.8 52.6 54.0 52.8 52.3 51.7

52.0 52.1 52.3 52.9 52.4 53.1 52.5 52.2 51.9

51.9 52.0 52.1 52.1 52.2 52.2 52.1 52.1 52.0

53.8 53.7 53.5 53.4 53.2 53.1 52.9 52.8 52.6

53.8 53.8 53.9 53.6 53.4 53.5 53.6 53.1 52.9

53.9 54.0 54.2 53.9 53.5 53.9 54.3 53.5 53.1

53.9 54.1 54.3 54.2 54.2 54.4 54.6 53.9 53.4

53.9 54.1 54.3 54.6 54.8 54.9 54.9 54.3 53.6

54.0 54.3 54.5 54.5 54.8 54.7 55.0 54.2 53.7

54.1 54.4 54.7 54.4 54.7 54.5 55.0 54.1 53.8

54.2 54.4 54.5 54.4 54.5 54.4 54.6 54.1 53.8

54.3 54.3 54.3 54.3 54.3 54.2 54.1 54.0 53.9

57.7 54.5 52.8 51.2 55 53.8 53.2 52.6 20W 20W

Phase 1 Phase 2

62



39.0 39.0 39.0 38.9 38.9 38.7 38.5 38.3 38.1

39.2 39.2 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.7 38.6 38.5 38.2

39.5 39.4 38.9 38.9 38.8 38.8 38.7 38.7 38.3

39.7 39.7 39.4 39.4 39.5 39.3 39.1 38.8 38.4

39.9 39.9 39.9 40.0 40.1 39.8 39.5 39.0 38.5

40.0 39.9 40.0 39.9 39.8 39.6 39.5 39.1 38.7

40.0 39.9 40.1 39.8 39.4 39.5 39.5 39.2 39.0

40.1 39.9 39.9 39.6 39.4 39.4 39.5 39.3 39.2

40.1 39.9 39.8 39.6 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4

40.1 39.1 38.6 38.1

40.4 40.3 40.2 40.1 40.0 39.9 39.9 39.8 39.7

40.5 40.5 40.4 40.3 40.1 40.2 40.2 40.0 39.9

40.6 40.6 40.6 40.4 40.2 40.4 40.6 40.3 40.0

40.7 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.9 41.0 40.5 40.2

40.8 40.9 41.0 41.2 41.3 41.3 41.3 40.8 40.3

40.8 40.9 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.3 41.3 40.8 40.4

40.9 40.9 41.2 41.2 41.2 41.3 41.3 40.8 40.6

40.9 40.9 41.1 40.9 41.1 41.1 41.1 40.8 40.7

40.9 40.9 40.9 40.9 40.9 40.9 40.9 40.8 40.8

41.3 40.5 40.1 39.7

47.1 47.0 47.0 46.9 46.8 46.5 46.2 45.8 45.5

47.3 47.1 46.9 46.8 46.8 46.5 46.3 46.0 45.7

47.6 47.2 46.9 46.8 46.7 46.6 46.5 46.3 45.8

47.8 47.6 47.5 47.5 47.5 47.2 46.9 46.5 46.0

48.0 47.8 48.0 48.1 48.2 47.8 47.3 46.7 46.1

48.1 48.1 48.2 48.0 47.7 47.5 47.4 46.8 46.4

48.2 48.3 48.4 47.8 47.2 47.3 47.4 46.9 46.6

48.2 48.2 48.1 47.7 47.3 47.3 47.3 47.0 46.9

48.3 48.1 47.8 47.6 47.3 47.3 47.2 47.2 47.1

48.4 47.0 46.2 45.5

45.5 45.4 45.3 45.1 45.0 44.9 44.8 44.6 44.5

45.6 45.5 45.5 45.3 45.1 45.2 45.3 44.9 44.7

45.6 45.7 45.7 45.5 45.2 45.5 45.8 45.3 44.9

45.7 45.8 45.9 45.8 45.8 46.0 46.2 45.6 45.1

45.7 46.0 46.0 46.2 46.4 46.5 46.5 45.9 45.3

45.8 46.0 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 46.6 45.9 45.4

45.9 46.1 46.3 46.4 46.4 46.5 46.6 45.9 45.6

45.9 46.0 46.2 46.2 46.2 46.2 46.3 45.9 45.7

46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 45.9 45.9 45.8

46.6 45.6 45.0 44.5

10W

15W 15W

Phase 2 Phase 3

Phase 2 Phase 3

10W

Phase 2 Phase 3

63



51.8 51.7 51.5 51.4 51.2 51.1 50.9 50.8 50.6

51.8 51.8 51.9 51.6 51.4 51.5 51.6 51.1 50.9

51.9 52.0 52.2 51.9 51.5 51.9 52.3 51.5 51.1

51.9 52.1 52.3 52.2 52.2 52.4 52.6 51.9 51.4

51.9 52.1 52.3 52.6 52.8 52.9 52.9 52.3 51.6

52.0 52.3 52.5 52.5 52.8 52.7 53.0 52.2 51.7

52.1 52.4 52.7 52.4 52.7 52.5 53.0 52.1 51.8

52.2 52.4 52.5 52.4 52.5 52.4 52.6 52.1 51.8

52.3 52.3 52.3 52.3 52.3 52.2 52.1 52.0 51.9

53 51.8 51.2 50.6

53.1 53.1 53.1 53.0 53.0 52.6 52.3 51.9 51.5

53.4 53.2 53.0 52.9 52.9 52.7 52.4 52.1 51.7

53.6 53.3 52.9 52.9 52.8 52.7 52.6 52.3 51.8

53.9 53.7 53.5 53.6 53.7 53.3 53.0 52.5 52.0

54.1 54.1 54.1 54.3 54.5 54.0 53.4 52.8 52.1

54.1 54.3 54.4 54.1 53.9 53.8 53.4 52.9 52.4

54.3 54.5 54.7 54.0 53.3 53.6 53.4 53.0 52.6

54.4 54.4 54.3 53.8 53.3 53.4 53.3 53.1 52.9

54.5 54.2 53.9 53.6 53.3 53.3 53.2 53.2 53.1

54.7 53.1 52.3 51.5

73.5 73.2 73.0 72.7 72.4 72.0 71.7 71.3 70.9

73.3 73.4 73.6 73.1 72.6 72.8 73.0 72.2 71.4

73.1 73.6 74.2 73.5 72.7 73.5 74.3 73.1 72.0

72.8 73.3 73.9 73.7 73.5 74.0 74.5 73.5 72.5

72.6 73.1 73.5 73.9 74.3 74.5 74.6 73.8 73.0

72.9 73.2 74.0 74.2 74.4 74.2 74.7 73.6 72.9

73.2 73.4 74.4 74.5 74.5 74.0 74.8 73.4 72.9

73.5 73.6 74.1 74.1 74.1 73.7 74.0 73.2 72.9

73.8 73.8 73.8 73.7 73.7 73.5 73.3 73.0 72.8

74.8 72.9 71.9 70.9

75.6 75.5 75.4 75.3 75.2 74.6 74.0 73.3 72.7

75.9 75.7 75.5 75.4 75.3 74.8 74.4 73.7 73.0

76.2 75.9 75.5 75.5 75.4 75.1 74.8 74.0 73.3

76.5 76.4 76.2 76.4 76.7 75.9 75.1 74.3 73.5

76.8 76.9 76.9 77.4 77.9 76.6 75.3 74.6 73.8

77.1 77.0 77.5 77.1 76.8 76.3 75.5 74.7 74.4

77.4 77.1 78.1 76.9 75.6 76.0 75.6 74.9 74.4

77.6 77.2 77.4 76.5 75.6 75.7 75.5 75.0 74.7

77.9 77.3 76.8 76.2 75.6 75.5 75.3 75.2 75.0

78.1 75.4 74.1 72.7

40W

20W 20W

40W

Phase 2

Phase 2 Phase 3

Phase 3

64

Figure 58. Comparison of bottom surface of vapor chamber under natural convection at 10W to 15W (Run #2 and run #6) -

temperature distribution

40.6 41.2 41.8 41.9 42.0 42.1 42.1 42.1 42.0

40.7 41.2 41.8 42.1 42.4 43.0 43.6 42.8 42.0

40.8 41.2 41.7 42.3 42.9 43.4 42.0

40.8 41.2 41.7 42.5 43.3 43.7 41.9

40.9 41.3 41.6 42.7 43.8 44.0 41.9

40.9 41.2 41.6 42.4 43.3 43.6 41.9

40.9 41.2 41.6 42.2 42.8 43.3 41.9

40.8 41.2 41.5 41.9 42.3 42.8 43.3 42.6 41.8

40.8 41.2 41.5 41.6 41.8 42.0 42.0 41.9 41.8

44 42.3 41.5 40.6

48.0 48.8 49.6 49.7 49.8 49.9 49.8 49.8 49.6

48.1 48.8 49.6 50.0 50.4 51.3 52.2 50.5 49.7

48.2 48.9 49.6 50.3 51.1 51.3 49.7

48.3 48.9 49.5 50.7 51.8 52.1 49.8

48.4 49.0 49.5 51.0 52.5 52.9 49.8

48.4 48.9 49.4 50.6 51.8 52.2 49.9

48.4 48.9 49.4 50.2 51.0 51.4 49.9

48.3 48.8 49.3 49.8 50.3 51.0 51.8 50.7 50.0

48.3 48.8 49.2 49.4 49.6 49.9 49.9 50.0 50.0

52.9 50.5 49.2 48

40.1 40.5 40.9 41.0 41.0 41.1 41.0 40.9 40.7

40.1 40.6 41.0 41.2 41.4 41.9 42.4 41.5 40.7

40.2 40.6 41.1 41.4 41.7 42.0 40.6

40.2 40.7 41.1 41.6 42.1 42.3 40.6

40.2 40.7 41.2 41.8 42.4 42.5 40.5

40.2 40.6 41.1 41.6 42.0 42.2 40.5

40.1 40.6 41.0 41.3 41.7 41.9 40.4

40.1 40.5 40.9 41.1 41.3 41.8 42.3 41.3 40.4

40.0 40.4 40.8 40.9 41.0 41.1 40.9 40.7 40.3

42.5 41.3 40.6 40

48.6 49.2 49.7 49.8 49.9 50.0 49.7 49.4 48.8

48.6 49.3 49.9 50.1 50.4 51.2 52.0 50.2 48.9

48.7 49.4 50.1 50.5 51.0 50.9 48.9

48.7 49.5 50.2 50.9 51.5 51.7 49.0

48.7 49.6 50.4 51.3 52.1 52.4 49.1

48.7 49.4 50.2 50.9 51.6 51.7 49.1

48.6 49.3 50.1 50.5 51.0 51.1 49.2

48.6 49.2 49.9 50.2 50.5 51.2 51.9 50.4 49.2

48.5 49.1 49.7 49.8 49.9 50.1 49.9 49.7 49.3

52.4 50.5 49.5 48.5

15W

10W

15W

10W

Phase 3 Phase 2

Phase 2 Phase 3

65

Figure 59. Comparison of bottom surface of vapor chamber under natural convection at 20W to 40W between phase 2 and

phase 3 (Run #2 and run #6) - temperature distribution

55.1 55.8 56.5 56.7 56.7 56.8 56.5 56.3 55.7

55.2 55.8 56.5 57.0 57.4 58.3 59.3 57.5 55.8

55.2 55.9 56.5 57.3 58.1 58.1 55.8

55.3 55.9 56.5 57.6 58.7 58.6 55.9

55.3 55.9 56.5 58.0 59.4 59.7 56.0

55.2 55.8 56.5 57.6 58.7 58.7 56.0

55.0 55.8 56.5 57.3 58.1 58.1 56.1

54.9 55.7 56.5 57.3 57.4 58.2 59.1 57.6 56.1

54.7 55.6 56.5 56.6 56.7 56.9 56.7 56.6 56.2

59.7 57.2 56.0 54.7

54.5 55.5 56.5 56.7 56.8 56.9 56.8 56.7 56.5

54.7 55.5 56.4 57.1 57.7 58.8 59.9 58.2 56.6

54.9 55.6 56.3 57.4 58.5 58.8 56.6

55.0 55.6 56.2 57.8 59.4 59.5 56.7

55.2 55.7 56.1 58.2 60.2 60.7 56.8

55.2 55.6 56.1 57.7 59.3 59.4 56.8

55.1 55.6 56.1 57.2 58.4 58.8 56.9

55.1 55.6 56.1 57.2 57.5 58.4 59.3 58.1 56.9

55.0 55.6 56.1 56.3 56.6 57.0 57.0 57.0 57.0

60.7 57.6 56.1 54.5

76.9 78.7 80.5 80.7 80.9 81.3 81.2 81.0 80.7

77.3 79.0 80.7 81.7 82.8 85.2 87.6 84.2 80.8

77.7 79.3 80.9 82.8 84.7 85.3 81.0

78.1 79.6 81.0 83.8 86.5 87.4 81.1

78.5 79.9 81.2 84.8 88.4 89.5 81.3

78.4 79.7 81.0 83.7 86.5 87.6 81.4

78.3 79.5 80.7 82.7 84.7 85.6 81.5

78.1 79.3 80.5 81.6 82.8 85.0 87.1 83.7 81.7

78.0 79.1 80.2 80.6 81.0 81.7 81.7 81.8 81.8

89.5 83.2 80.1 76.9

80.1 81.3 82.5 82.7 82.9 83.2 82.7 82.2 81.2

80.2 81.6 83.0 83.6 84.2 86.1 87.9 84.6 81.3

80.4 82.0 83.6 84.6 85.6 85.5 81.5

80.5 82.3 84.1 85.5 87.0 87.2 81.6

80.6 82.6 84.6 86.5 88.4 88.8 81.8

80.6 82.4 84.2 85.6 87.1 87.3 81.9

80.7 82.2 83.7 84.7 85.8 85.9 82.0

80.7 82.0 83.3 83.9 84.5 86.2 88.0 84.4 82.2

80.7 81.8 82.8 83.0 83.2 83.5 83.2 82.9 82.3

88.8 84.5 82.3 80.1

20W 20W

40W 40W

Phase 3

Phase 3 Phase 2

Phase 2

66



37.5 37.5 37.5 37.4 37.4 37.2 37.0 36.8 36.6

37.7 37.7 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.2 37.1 37.0 36.7

38.0 37.9 37.4 37.4 37.3 37.3 37.2 37.2 36.8

38.2 38.2 37.9 37.9 38.0 37.8 37.6 37.3 36.9

38.4 38.4 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.3 38.0 37.5 37.0

38.5 38.4 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.1 38.0 37.6 37.2

38.5 38.4 38.6 38.3 37.9 38.0 38.0 37.7 37.5

38.6 38.4 38.4 38.1 37.9 37.9 38.0 37.8 37.7

38.6 38.4 38.3 38.1 37.9 37.9 37.9 37.9 37.9

38.6 37.6 37.1 36.6

38.4 38.3 38.2 38.1 38.0 37.9 37.9 37.8 37.7

38.5 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.1 38.2 38.2 38.0 37.9

38.6 38.6 38.6 38.4 38.2 38.4 38.6 38.3 38.0

38.7 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.9 39.0 38.5 38.2

38.8 38.9 39.0 39.2 39.3 39.3 39.3 38.8 38.3

38.8 38.9 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.3 39.3 38.8 38.4

38.9 38.9 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.3 39.3 38.8 38.6

38.9 38.9 39.1 38.9 39.1 39.1 39.1 38.8 38.7

38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.8 38.8

39.3 38.5 38.1 37.7

45.6 45.5 45.5 45.4 45.3 45.0 44.7 44.3 44.0

45.8 45.6 45.4 45.3 45.3 45.0 44.8 44.5 44.2

46.1 45.7 45.4 45.3 45.2 45.1 45.0 44.8 44.3

46.3 46.1 46.0 46.0 46.0 45.7 45.4 45.0 44.5

46.5 46.4 46.5 46.6 46.7 46.3 45.8 45.2 44.6

46.6 46.6 46.7 46.5 46.2 46.0 45.9 45.3 44.9

46.7 46.8 46.9 46.3 45.7 45.8 45.9 45.4 45.1

46.7 46.7 46.6 46.2 45.8 45.8 45.8 45.5 45.4

46.8 46.6 46.3 46.1 45.8 45.8 45.7 45.7 45.6

46.9 45.5 44.7 44

45.5 45.4 45.3 45.1 45.0 44.9 44.8 44.6 44.5

45.6 45.5 45.5 45.3 45.1 45.2 45.3 44.9 44.7

45.6 45.7 45.7 45.5 45.2 45.5 45.8 45.3 44.9

45.7 45.8 45.9 45.8 45.8 46.0 46.2 45.6 45.1

45.7 46.0 46.0 46.2 46.4 46.5 46.5 45.9 45.3

45.8 46.0 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 46.6 45.9 45.4

45.9 46.1 46.3 46.4 46.4 46.5 46.6 45.9 45.6

45.9 46.0 46.2 46.2 46.2 46.2 46.3 45.9 45.7

46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 45.9 45.9 45.8

46.6 45.6 45.0 44.5

10W

15W 15W

10W

Phase 3

Phase 3 Phase 2

Phase 2

67



51.8 51.7 51.5 51.4 51.2 51.1 50.9 50.8 50.6

51.8 51.8 51.9 51.6 51.4 51.5 51.6 51.1 50.9

51.9 52.0 52.2 51.9 51.5 51.9 52.3 51.5 51.1

51.9 52.1 52.3 52.2 52.2 52.4 52.6 51.9 51.4

51.9 52.1 52.3 52.6 52.8 52.9 52.9 52.3 51.6

52.0 52.3 52.5 52.5 52.8 52.7 53.0 52.2 51.7

52.1 52.4 52.7 52.4 52.7 52.5 53.0 52.1 51.8

52.2 52.4 52.5 52.4 52.5 52.4 52.6 52.1 51.8

52.3 52.3 52.3 52.3 52.3 52.2 52.1 52.0 51.9

53 51.8 51.2 50.6

51.6 51.6 51.6 51.5 51.5 51.1 50.8 50.4 50.0

51.9 51.7 51.5 51.4 51.4 51.2 50.9 50.6 50.2

52.1 51.8 51.4 51.4 51.3 51.2 51.1 50.8 50.3

52.4 52.2 52.0 52.1 52.2 51.8 51.5 51.0 50.5

52.6 52.6 52.6 52.8 53.0 52.5 51.9 51.3 50.6

52.6 52.8 52.9 52.6 52.4 52.3 51.9 51.4 50.9

52.8 53.0 53.2 52.5 51.8 52.1 51.9 51.5 51.1

52.9 52.9 52.8 52.3 51.8 51.9 51.8 51.6 51.4

53.0 52.7 52.4 52.1 51.8 51.8 51.7 51.7 51.6

53.2 51.6 50.8 50

74.1 74.0 73.9 73.8 73.7 73.1 72.5 71.8 71.2

74.4 74.2 74.0 73.9 73.8 73.3 72.9 72.2 71.5

74.7 74.4 74.0 74.0 73.9 73.6 73.3 72.5 71.8

75.0 74.9 74.7 74.9 75.2 74.4 73.6 72.8 72.0

75.3 75.4 75.4 75.9 76.4 75.1 73.8 73.1 72.3

75.6 75.5 76.0 75.6 75.3 74.8 74.0 73.2 72.9

75.9 75.6 76.6 75.4 74.1 74.5 74.1 73.4 72.9

76.1 75.7 75.9 75.0 74.1 74.2 74.0 73.5 73.2

76.4 75.8 75.3 74.7 74.1 74.0 73.8 73.7 73.5

76.6 73.9 72.6 71.2

73.5 73.2 73.0 72.7 72.4 72.0 71.7 71.3 70.9

73.3 73.4 73.6 73.1 72.6 72.8 73.0 72.2 71.4

73.1 73.6 74.2 73.5 72.7 73.5 74.3 73.1 72.0

72.8 73.3 73.9 73.7 73.5 74.0 74.5 73.5 72.5

72.6 73.1 73.5 73.9 74.3 74.5 74.6 73.8 73.0

72.9 73.2 74.0 74.2 74.4 74.2 74.7 73.6 72.9

73.2 73.4 74.4 74.5 74.5 74.0 74.8 73.4 72.9

73.5 73.6 74.1 74.1 74.1 73.7 74.0 73.2 72.9

73.8 73.8 73.8 73.7 73.7 73.5 73.3 73.0 72.8

74.8 72.9 71.9 70.9

20W 20W

40W 40W

Phase 2

Phase 2 Phase 3

Phase 3

68



38.6 39.0 39.4 39.5 39.5 39.6 39.5 39.4 39.2

38.6 39.1 39.5 39.7 39.9 40.4 40.9 40.0 39.2

38.7 39.1 39.6 39.9 40.2 40.5 39.1

38.7 39.2 39.6 40.1 40.6 40.8 39.1

38.7 39.2 39.7 40.3 40.9 41.0 39.0

38.7 39.1 39.6 40.1 40.5 40.7 39.0

38.6 39.1 39.5 39.8 40.2 40.4 38.9

38.6 39.0 39.4 39.6 39.8 40.3 40.8 39.8 38.9

38.5 38.9 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.4 39.2 38.8

41 39.8 39.1 38.5

38.6 39.2 39.8 39.9 40.0 40.1 40.1 40.1 40.0

38.7 39.2 39.8 40.1 40.4 41.0 41.6 40.8 40.0

38.8 39.2 39.7 40.3 40.9 41.4 40.0

38.8 39.2 39.7 40.5 41.3 41.7 39.9

38.9 39.3 39.6 40.7 41.8 42.0 39.9

38.9 39.2 39.6 40.4 41.3 41.6 39.9

38.9 39.2 39.6 40.2 40.8 41.3 39.9

38.8 39.2 39.5 39.9 40.3 40.8 41.3 40.6 39.8

38.8 39.2 39.5 39.6 39.8 40.0 40.0 39.9 39.8

42 40.3 39.5 38.6

47.1 47.7 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 48.2 47.9 47.3

47.1 47.8 48.4 48.6 48.9 49.7 50.5 48.7 47.4

47.2 47.9 48.6 49.0 49.5 49.4 47.4

47.2 48.0 48.7 49.4 50.0 50.2 47.5

47.2 48.1 48.9 49.8 50.6 50.9 47.6

47.2 47.9 48.7 49.4 50.1 50.2 47.6

47.1 47.8 48.6 49.0 49.5 49.6 47.7

47.1 47.7 48.4 48.7 49.0 49.7 50.4 48.9 47.7

47.0 47.6 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.6 48.4 48.2 47.8

50.9 49.0 48.0 47

46.0 46.8 47.6 47.7 47.8 47.9 47.8 47.8 47.6

46.1 46.8 47.6 48.0 48.4 49.3 50.2 48.5 47.7

46.2 46.9 47.6 48.3 49.1 49.3 47.7

46.3 46.9 47.5 48.7 49.8 50.1 47.8

46.4 47.0 47.5 49.0 50.5 50.9 47.8

46.4 46.9 47.4 48.6 49.8 50.2 47.9

46.4 46.9 47.4 48.2 49.0 49.4 47.9

46.3 46.8 47.3 47.8 48.3 49.0 49.8 48.7 48.0

46.3 46.8 47.2 47.4 47.6 47.9 47.9 48.0 48.0

50.9 48.5 47.2 46

10W 10W

15W 15W

Phase 3

Phase 3 Phase 2

Phase 2

69



52.5 53.5 54.5 54.7 54.8 54.9 54.8 54.7 54.5

52.7 53.5 54.4 55.1 55.7 56.8 57.9 56.2 54.6

52.9 53.6 54.3 55.4 56.5 56.8 54.6

53.0 53.6 54.2 55.8 57.4 57.5 54.7

53.2 53.7 54.1 56.2 58.2 58.7 54.8

53.2 53.6 54.1 55.7 57.3 57.4 54.8

53.1 53.6 54.1 55.2 56.4 56.8 54.9

53.1 53.6 54.1 55.2 55.5 56.4 57.3 56.1 54.9

53.0 53.6 54.1 54.3 54.6 55.0 55.0 55.0 55.0

58.7 55.6 54.1 52.5

53.6 54.3 55.0 55.2 55.2 55.3 55.0 54.8 54.2

53.7 54.3 55.0 55.5 55.9 56.8 57.8 56.0 54.3

53.7 54.4 55.0 55.8 56.6 56.6 54.3

53.8 54.4 55.0 56.1 57.2 57.1 54.4

53.8 54.4 55.0 56.5 57.9 58.2 54.5

53.7 54.3 55.0 56.1 57.2 57.2 54.5

53.5 54.3 55.0 55.8 56.6 56.6 54.6

53.4 54.2 55.0 55.8 55.9 56.7 57.6 56.1 54.6

53.2 54.1 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.4 55.2 55.1 54.7

58.2 55.7 54.5 53.2

78.6 79.8 81.0 81.2 81.4 81.7 81.2 80.7 79.7

78.7 80.1 81.5 82.1 82.7 84.6 86.4 83.1 79.8

78.9 80.5 82.1 83.1 84.1 84.0 80.0

79.0 80.8 82.6 84.0 85.5 85.7 80.1

79.1 81.1 83.1 85.0 86.9 87.3 80.3

79.1 80.9 82.7 84.1 85.6 85.8 80.4

79.2 80.7 82.2 83.2 84.3 84.4 80.5

79.2 80.5 81.8 82.4 83.0 84.7 86.5 82.9 80.7

79.2 80.3 81.3 81.5 81.7 82.0 81.7 81.4 80.8

87.3 83.0 80.8 78.6

74.9 76.7 78.5 78.7 78.9 79.3 79.2 79.0 78.7

75.3 77.0 78.7 79.7 80.8 83.2 85.6 82.2 78.8

75.7 77.3 78.9 80.8 82.7 83.3 79.0

76.1 77.6 79.0 81.8 84.5 85.4 79.1

76.5 77.9 79.2 82.8 86.4 87.5 79.3

76.4 77.7 79.0 81.7 84.5 85.6 79.4

76.3 77.5 78.7 80.7 82.7 83.6 79.5

76.1 77.3 78.5 79.6 80.8 83.0 85.1 81.7 79.7

76.0 77.1 78.2 78.6 79.0 79.7 79.7 79.8 79.8

87.5 81.2 78.1 74.9

20W 20W

40W 40W

Phase 2

Phase 2 Phase 3

Phase 3

70

Figure 64. Comparison of top surface of vapor chamber under force convection at 10W to 15W between phase 2 and phase 3


26.6 26.5 26.5 26.4 26.3 26.2 26.1 25.9 25.8

26.7 26.6 26.5 26.4 26.3 26.3 26.4 26.2 26.0

26.8 26.7 26.6 26.4 26.2 26.5 26.7 26.4 26.1

26.8 26.8 26.8 26.7 26.7 26.9 27.1 26.7 26.3

26.9 27.0 27.0 27.1 27.1 27.3 27.4 26.9 26.4

26.9 27.0 27.1 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 26.9 26.5

27.0 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.2 27.3 27.4 26.9 26.6

27.0 27.0 27.1 27.0 27.1 27.1 27.2 26.9 26.7

27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 26.9 26.9 26.8

27.4 26.6 26.2 25.8

24.1 24.0 24.0 23.9 23.8 23.7 23.5 23.4 23.2

24.3 24.2 24.2 24.0 23.9 23.8 23.6 23.5 23.3

24.6 24.5 24.4 24.2 24.0 23.9 23.7 23.7 23.4

24.8 24.7 24.6 24.6 24.6 24.3 24.0 23.8 23.5

25.0 24.9 24.8 25.0 25.1 24.7 24.3 24.0 23.6

25.0 24.9 24.9 24.9 24.9 24.7 24.4 24.0 23.8

25.0 24.8 25.0 24.9 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.1 24.0

24.9 24.8 24.8 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.4 24.2 24.1

24.9 24.8 24.6 24.5 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3

25 24.1 23.7 23.2

26.3 26.2 26.1 25.9 25.8 25.6 25.3 25.1 24.8

26.6 26.4 26.3 26.1 25.9 25.7 25.5 25.2 25.0

26.8 26.7 26.6 26.3 26.0 25.8 25.6 25.4 25.1

27.1 26.9 26.8 26.8 26.7 26.3 25.9 25.6 25.3

27.3 27.2 27.0 27.2 27.4 26.8 26.1 25.8 25.4

27.3 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 26.7 26.3 25.9 25.6

27.3 27.3 27.4 27.2 26.9 26.7 26.5 26.0 25.8

27.2 27.2 27.1 26.9 26.7 26.5 26.4 26.1 26.0

27.2 27.0 26.8 26.6 26.4 26.4 26.3 26.3 26.2

27.4 26.1 25.5 24.8

27.3 27.2 27.1 27.0 26.9 26.7 26.6 26.4 26.2

27.3 27.3 27.3 27.1 26.9 27.0 27.1 26.7 26.4

27.4 27.4 27.4 27.1 26.8 27.2 27.6 27.0 26.7

27.4 27.4 27.5 27.4 27.3 27.5 27.8 27.3 26.9

27.4 27.4 27.5 27.6 27.7 27.9 28.0 27.6 27.1

27.5 27.6 27.7 27.7 27.8 28.0 28.1 27.5 27.2

27.5 27.7 27.8 27.9 27.9 28.1 28.2 27.5 27.2

27.6 27.6 27.7 27.7 27.8 27.8 27.8 27.4 27.3

27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.5 27.5 27.4 27.3

28.2 27.2 26.7 26.2

10W 10W

15W 15W

Phase 3

Phase 3 Phase 2

Phase 2

71



29.5 29.4 29.2 29.1 28.9 28.7 28.5 28.2 28.0

29.4 29.4 29.4 29.1 28.9 29.0 29.1 28.6 28.3

29.4 29.4 29.5 29.2 28.8 29.3 29.7 28.9 28.6

29.3 29.4 29.5 29.4 29.3 29.6 29.9 29.2 28.8

29.2 29.3 29.4 29.6 29.7 29.9 30.0 29.6 29.1

29.3 29.4 29.6 29.5 29.8 29.7 30.1 29.5 29.1

29.4 29.6 29.8 29.5 29.9 29.6 30.2 29.4 29.1

29.5 29.6 29.7 29.5 29.7 29.5 29.8 29.3 29.1

29.6 29.6 29.6 29.5 29.5 29.4 29.3 29.2 29.1

30.2 29.1 28.6 28

29.3 29.2 29.2 29.1 29.0 28.7 28.4 28.1 27.8

29.6 29.5 29.3 29.2 29.1 28.8 28.6 28.3 28.0

30.0 29.7 29.4 29.3 29.2 29.0 28.7 28.5 28.1

30.3 30.1 29.9 30.0 30.1 29.5 29.0 28.7 28.3

30.6 30.5 30.3 30.6 30.9 30.1 29.3 28.9 28.4

30.5 30.5 30.6 30.4 30.6 29.9 29.4 29.0 28.6

30.7 30.7 30.8 30.2 30.2 29.7 29.5 29.1 28.9

30.7 30.6 30.4 29.9 29.8 29.6 29.4 29.2 29.1

30.7 30.4 30.1 29.7 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.3 29.3

30.8 29.3 28.6 27.8

36.9 36.6 36.3 35.9 35.6 35.2 34.8 34.4 34.0

36.6 36.6 36.6 36.1 35.6 35.9 36.1 35.3 34.6

36.4 36.7 37.0 36.3 35.6 36.5 37.4 36.3 35.2

36.1 36.3 36.6 36.4 36.2 36.8 37.5 36.6 35.7

35.8 36.0 36.2 36.5 36.8 37.2 37.5 36.9 36.3

36.1 36.2 36.7 36.9 37.1 37.0 37.7 36.7 36.1

36.3 36.4 37.2 37.3 37.4 36.8 37.8 36.5 36.1

36.6 36.6 37.0 37.0 37.1 36.7 37.1 36.3 36.0

36.8 36.8 36.8 36.7 36.7 36.5 36.3 36.1 35.9

37.8 35.9 35.0 34

36.6 36.4 36.2 36.0 35.8 35.2 34.5 33.9 33.2

37.0 36.9 36.9 36.5 36.0 35.4 34.8 34.2 33.5

37.3 37.5 37.6 36.9 36.2 35.7 35.1 34.5 33.8

37.7 37.6 37.6 37.5 37.4 36.3 35.3 34.7 34.1

38.0 37.8 37.5 38.1 38.6 37.0 35.4 34.9 34.4

38.1 37.8 38.1 38.0 38.0 36.7 35.7 35.1 34.9

38.2 37.8 38.6 38.0 37.3 36.4 36.0 35.2 34.9

38.3 37.8 37.9 37.3 36.7 36.1 35.9 35.4 35.2

38.4 37.8 37.2 36.6 36.0 35.9 35.7 35.6 35.4

38.6 35.9 34.6 33.2

20W

40W

20W

40W

Phase 2

Phase 2 Phase 3

Phase 3

72

Figure 66. Comparison of bottom surface of vapor chamber under force convection at 10W to 15W between phase 2 and phase 3


28.2 28.6 28.9 28.9 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.1 29.2

28.2 28.5 28.9 29.1 29.4 30.0 30.7 29.9 29.2

28.1 28.5 28.8 29.3 29.8 30.4 29.2

28.1 28.4 28.8 29.5 30.3 30.7 29.1

28.0 28.4 28.7 29.7 30.7 30.9 29.1

28.0 28.3 28.6 29.4 30.2 30.6 29.1

27.9 28.2 28.5 29.1 29.7 30.3 29.1

27.9 28.1 28.4 28.8 29.1 29.8 30.5 29.8 29.0

27.8 28.1 28.3 28.5 28.6 28.9 28.9 29.0 29.0

30.9 29.4 28.6 27.8

26.1 26.4 26.7 26.8 26.9 27.0 27.1 27.3 27.5

26.2 26.5 26.9 27.1 27.3 27.8 28.4 27.9 27.4

26.3 26.6 27.0 27.3 27.7 28.2 27.3

26.3 26.7 27.2 27.6 28.1 28.4 27.2

26.4 26.9 27.3 27.9 28.5 28.5 27.1

26.4 26.8 27.2 27.6 28.1 28.3 27.0

26.4 26.7 27.0 27.4 27.8 28.0 26.9

26.3 26.6 26.9 27.1 27.4 27.8 28.3 27.6 26.8

26.3 26.5 26.7 26.9 27.0 27.3 27.2 27.0 26.7

28.5 27.3 26.7 26.1

29.7 30.2 30.6 30.7 30.7 30.8 30.8 30.8 30.8

29.6 30.1 30.6 30.9 31.3 32.3 33.2 31.5 30.8

29.6 30.0 30.5 31.2 31.9 32.2 30.9

29.5 30.0 30.5 31.5 32.5 32.9 30.9

29.4 29.9 30.4 31.8 33.1 33.6 31.0

29.4 29.8 30.3 31.3 32.4 32.9 31.0

29.4 29.8 30.2 30.9 31.7 32.2 31.0

29.3 29.7 30.0 30.5 31.0 31.8 32.7 31.5 31.1

29.3 29.6 29.9 30.1 30.3 30.6 30.7 30.9 31.1

33.6 31.5 30.4 29.3

29.4 29.8 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.3 30.2 29.9

29.5 29.9 30.4 30.6 30.8 31.6 32.3 30.7 30.0

29.6 30.1 30.6 31.0 31.4 31.3 30.2

29.7 30.3 30.9 31.4 31.9 31.9 30.3

29.8 30.5 31.1 31.8 32.5 32.5 30.5

29.8 30.3 30.9 31.4 32.0 32.1 30.6

29.8 30.2 30.7 31.1 31.5 31.7 30.7

29.7 30.1 30.4 30.7 31.0 31.6 32.2 31.3 30.9

29.7 30.0 30.2 30.4 30.5 30.8 30.9 30.9 31.0

32.5 31.0 30.2 29.4

10W

15W

10W

15W

Phase 2

Phase 2 Phase 3

Phase 3

73



32.3 32.9 33.4 33.6 33.6 33.7 33.7 33.8 33.8

32.2 32.7 33.2 33.8 34.4 35.7 37.0 35.4 33.8

32.2 32.6 33.0 34.1 35.2 35.9 33.9

32.1 32.4 32.7 34.4 36.0 36.4 33.9

32.0 32.3 32.5 34.7 36.8 37.4 34.0

32.0 32.2 32.5 34.2 35.8 36.3 34.0

32.0 32.2 32.5 33.7 34.9 35.7 34.0

31.9 32.2 32.5 33.7 33.9 35.1 36.3 35.2 34.1

31.9 32.2 32.5 32.7 33.0 33.4 33.6 33.8 34.1

37.4 34.7 33.3 31.9

33.2 33.8 34.3 34.6 34.7 34.8 34.7 34.5 34.2

33.4 33.9 34.4 35.0 35.5 36.6 37.8 36.1 34.4

33.5 34.0 34.5 35.4 36.2 36.6 34.5

33.7 34.1 34.5 35.8 37.0 37.0 34.7

33.8 34.2 34.6 36.2 37.8 38.0 34.9

33.8 34.2 34.6 35.8 37.1 37.2 35.0

33.8 34.2 34.6 35.5 36.4 36.9 35.2

33.7 34.2 34.6 35.5 35.7 36.6 37.6 36.5 35.3

33.7 34.2 34.6 34.8 35.0 35.3 35.4 35.4 35.5

38 35.6 34.4 33.2

43.6 44.5 45.3 45.6 45.8 46.3 46.1 46.0 45.6

43.9 45.0 46.1 46.7 47.4 49.7 52.0 49.0 45.9

44.1 45.5 46.8 47.9 49.0 49.7 46.3

44.4 46.0 47.6 49.0 50.5 51.5 46.6

44.6 46.5 48.3 50.2 52.1 53.4 46.9

44.6 46.1 47.7 49.2 50.7 52.0 47.2

44.6 45.8 47.1 48.2 49.3 50.6 47.6

44.5 45.5 46.5 47.2 47.9 49.8 51.7 49.1 47.9

44.5 45.2 45.9 46.2 46.6 47.2 47.5 47.7 48.2

53.4 48.5 46.1 43.6

42.5 43.4 44.2 44.4 44.5 44.8 44.9 45.0 45.1

42.4 43.3 44.2 45.2 46.2 48.8 51.3 48.2 45.2

42.4 43.3 44.2 46.1 48.0 48.8 45.3

42.3 43.2 44.1 46.9 49.7 50.7 45.3

42.2 43.2 44.1 47.8 51.4 52.6 45.4

42.1 43.0 43.8 46.7 49.5 50.8 45.5

42.0 42.8 43.6 45.6 47.7 48.9 45.6

41.8 42.6 43.3 44.5 45.8 48.1 50.4 47.1 45.6

41.7 42.4 43.0 43.5 43.9 44.8 45.0 45.3 45.7

52.6 47.2 44.4 41.7

20W

40W

20W

40W

Phase 2

Phase 2 Phase 3

Phase 4

74



25.4 25.3 25.3 25.2 25.1 25.0 24.9 24.7 24.6

25.5 25.4 25.3 25.2 25.1 25.1 25.2 25.0 24.8

25.6 25.5 25.4 25.2 25.0 25.3 25.5 25.2 24.9

25.6 25.6 25.6 25.5 25.5 25.7 25.9 25.5 25.1

25.7 25.8 25.8 25.9 25.9 26.1 26.2 25.7 25.2

25.7 25.8 25.9 25.9 26.0 26.1 26.2 25.7 25.3

25.8 25.8 25.9 26.0 26.0 26.1 26.2 25.7 25.4

25.8 25.8 25.9 25.8 25.9 25.9 26.0 25.7 25.5

25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.7 25.7 25.6

26.2 25.4 25 24.6

23.6 23.5 23.5 23.4 23.3 23.2 23.0 22.9 22.7

23.8 23.7 23.7 23.5 23.4 23.3 23.1 23.0 22.8

24.1 24.0 23.9 23.7 23.5 23.4 23.2 23.2 22.9

24.3 24.2 24.1 24.1 24.1 23.8 23.5 23.3 23.0

24.5 24.4 24.3 24.5 24.6 24.2 23.8 23.5 23.1

24.5 24.4 24.4 24.4 24.4 24.2 23.9 23.5 23.3

24.5 24.3 24.5 24.4 24.2 24.1 24.0 23.6 23.5

24.4 24.3 24.3 24.0 24.0 24.0 23.9 23.7 23.6

24.4 24.3 24.1 24.0 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8

24.5 23.6 23.2 22.7

25.8 25.7 25.6 25.4 25.3 25.1 24.8 24.6 24.3

26.1 25.9 25.8 25.6 25.4 25.2 25.0 24.7 24.5

26.3 26.2 26.1 25.8 25.5 25.3 25.1 24.9 24.6

26.6 26.4 26.3 26.3 26.2 25.8 25.4 25.1 24.8

26.8 26.4 26.5 26.7 26.9 26.3 25.6 25.3 24.9

26.8 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.2 25.8 25.4 25.1

26.8 26.8 26.9 26.7 26.4 26.2 26.0 25.5 25.3

26.7 26.7 26.6 26.4 26.2 26.0 25.9 25.6 25.5

26.7 26.5 26.3 26.1 25.9 25.9 25.8 25.8 25.7

26.9 25.6 25.0 24.3

26.1 26.0 25.9 25.8 25.7 25.5 25.4 25.2 25.0

26.1 26.1 26.1 25.9 25.7 25.8 25.9 25.5 25.2

26.2 26.2 26.2 25.9 25.6 26.0 26.4 25.8 25.5

26.2 26.2 26.3 26.2 26.1 26.3 26.6 26.1 25.7

26.2 26.4 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.7 26.8 26.4 25.9

26.3 26.4 26.5 26.5 26.6 26.8 26.9 26.3 26.0

26.3 26.5 26.6 26.7 26.7 26.9 27.0 26.3 26.0

26.4 26.4 26.5 26.5 26.6 26.6 26.6 26.2 26.1

26.4 26.4 26.4 26.4 26.4 26.3 26.3 26.2 26.1

27 26.0 25.5 25

10W

15W

10W

15W

Phase 2

Phase 2 Phase 3

Phase 3

75



28.3 28.2 28.0 27.9 27.7 27.5 27.3 27.0 26.8

28.2 28.2 28.2 27.9 27.7 27.8 27.9 27.4 27.1

28.2 28.2 28.3 28.0 27.6 28.1 28.5 27.7 27.4

28.1 28.2 28.3 28.2 28.1 28.4 28.7 28.0 27.6

28.0 28.1 28.2 28.4 28.5 28.7 28.8 28.4 27.9

28.1 28.2 28.4 28.3 28.6 28.5 28.9 28.3 27.9

28.2 28.4 28.6 28.3 28.7 28.4 29.0 28.2 27.9

28.3 28.4 28.5 28.3 28.5 28.3 28.6 28.1 27.9

28.4 28.4 28.4 28.3 28.3 28.2 28.1 28.0 27.9

29 27.9 27.4 26.8

28.8 28.7 28.7 28.6 28.5 28.2 27.9 27.6 27.3

29.1 29.0 28.8 28.7 28.6 28.3 28.1 27.8 27.5

29.5 29.2 28.9 28.8 28.7 28.5 28.2 28.0 27.6

29.8 29.6 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.0 28.5 28.2 27.8

30.1 30.0 29.8 30.1 30.4 29.6 28.8 28.4 27.9

30.0 30.0 30.1 29.9 30.1 29.4 28.9 28.5 28.1

30.2 30.2 30.3 29.7 29.7 29.2 29.0 28.6 28.4

30.2 30.1 29.9 29.4 29.3 29.1 28.9 28.7 28.6

30.2 29.9 29.6 29.2 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.8 28.8

30.3 28.8 28.1 27.3

35.7 35.4 35.1 34.7 34.4 34.0 33.6 33.2 32.8

35.4 35.4 35.4 34.9 34.4 34.7 34.9 34.1 33.4

35.2 35.5 35.8 35.1 34.4 35.3 36.2 35.1 34.0

34.9 35.1 35.4 35.2 35.0 35.6 36.3 35.4 34.5

34.6 34.8 35.0 35.3 35.6 36.0 36.3 35.7 35.1

34.9 35.0 35.5 35.7 35.9 35.8 36.5 35.5 34.9

35.1 35.2 36.0 36.1 36.2 35.6 36.6 35.3 34.9

35.4 35.4 35.8 35.8 35.9 35.5 35.9 35.1 34.8

35.6 35.6 35.6 35.5 35.5 35.3 35.1 34.9 34.7

36.6 34.7 33.8 32.8

36.6 36.4 36.2 36.0 35.8 35.2 34.5 33.9 33.2

37.0 36.9 36.9 36.5 36.0 35.4 34.8 34.2 33.5

37.3 37.5 37.6 36.9 36.2 35.7 35.1 34.5 33.8

37.7 37.6 37.6 37.5 37.4 36.3 35.3 34.7 34.1

38.0 37.8 37.5 38.1 38.6 37.0 35.4 34.9 34.4

38.1 37.8 38.1 38.0 38.0 36.7 35.7 35.1 34.9

38.2 37.8 38.6 38.0 37.3 36.4 36.0 35.2 34.9

38.3 37.8 37.9 37.3 36.7 36.1 35.9 35.4 35.2

38.4 37.8 37.2 36.6 36.0 35.9 35.7 35.6 35.4

38.6 35.9 34.6 33.2

40W

20W

40W

20W

Phase 3

Phase 3 Phase 2

Phase 2

76



27.0 27.4 27.7 27.7 27.8 27.8 27.9 27.9 28.0

27.0 27.3 27.7 27.9 28.2 28.8 29.5 28.7 28.0

26.9 27.3 27.6 28.1 28.6 29.2 28.0

26.9 27.2 27.6 28.3 29.1 29.5 27.9

26.8 27.2 27.5 28.5 29.5 29.7 27.9

26.8 27.1 27.4 28.2 29.0 29.4 27.9

26.7 27.0 27.3 27.9 28.5 29.1 27.9

26.7 26.9 27.2 27.6 27.9 28.6 29.3 28.6 27.8

26.6 26.9 27.1 27.3 27.4 27.7 27.7 27.8 27.8

29.7 28.2 27.4 26.6

25.6 25.9 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.8 27.0

25.7 26.0 26.4 26.6 26.8 27.3 27.9 27.4 26.9

25.8 26.1 26.5 26.8 27.2 27.7 26.8

25.8 26.2 26.7 27.1 27.6 27.9 26.7

25.9 26.4 26.8 27.4 28.0 28.0 26.6

25.9 26.3 26.7 27.1 27.6 27.8 26.5

25.9 26.2 26.5 26.9 27.3 27.5 26.4

25.8 26.1 26.4 26.6 26.9 27.3 27.8 27.1 26.3

25.8 26.0 26.2 26.4 26.5 26.8 26.7 26.5 26.2

28 26.8 26.2 25.6

28.5 29.0 29.4 29.5 29.5 29.6 29.6 29.6 29.6

28.4 28.9 29.4 29.7 30.1 31.1 32.0 30.3 29.6

28.4 28.8 29.3 30.0 30.7 31.0 29.7

28.3 28.8 29.3 30.3 31.3 31.7 29.7

28.2 28.7 29.2 30.6 31.9 32.4 29.8

28.2 28.6 29.1 30.1 31.2 31.7 29.8

28.2 28.6 29.0 29.7 30.5 31.0 29.8

28.1 28.5 28.8 29.3 29.8 30.6 31.5 30.3 29.9

28.1 28.4 28.7 28.9 29.1 29.4 29.5 29.7 29.9

32.4 30.3 29.2 28.1

28.9 29.3 29.6 29.7 29.8 29.9 29.8 29.7 29.4

29.0 29.4 29.9 30.1 30.3 31.1 31.8 30.2 29.5

29.1 29.6 30.1 30.5 30.9 30.8 29.7

29.2 29.8 30.4 30.9 31.4 31.4 29.8

29.3 30.0 30.6 31.3 32.0 32.0 30.0

29.3 29.8 30.4 30.9 31.5 31.6 30.1

29.3 29.7 30.2 30.6 31.0 31.2 30.2

29.2 29.6 29.9 30.2 30.5 31.1 31.7 30.8 30.4

29.2 29.5 29.7 29.9 30.0 30.3 30.4 30.4 30.5

32 30.5 29.7 28.9

15W

10W

15W

10W

Phase 2

Phase 2 Phase 3

Phase 3

77



31.1 31.7 32.2 32.4 32.4 32.5 32.5 32.6 32.6

31.0 31.5 32.0 32.6 33.2 34.5 35.8 34.2 32.6

31.0 31.4 31.8 32.9 34.0 34.7 32.7

30.9 31.2 31.5 33.2 34.8 35.2 32.7

30.8 31.1 31.3 33.5 35.6 36.2 32.8

30.8 31.0 31.3 33.0 34.6 35.1 32.8

30.8 31.0 31.3 32.5 33.7 34.5 32.8

30.7 31.0 31.3 32.5 32.7 33.9 35.1 34.0 32.9

30.7 31.0 31.3 31.5 31.8 32.2 32.4 32.6 32.9

36.2 33.5 32.1 30.7

32.7 33.3 33.8 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.2 34.0 33.7

32.9 33.4 33.9 34.5 35.0 36.1 37.3 35.6 33.9

33.0 33.5 34.0 34.9 35.7 36.1 34.0

33.2 33.6 34.0 35.3 36.5 36.5 34.2

33.3 33.7 34.1 35.7 37.3 37.5 34.4

33.3 33.7 34.1 35.3 36.6 36.7 34.5

33.3 33.7 34.1 35.0 35.9 36.4 34.7

33.2 33.7 34.1 35.0 35.2 36.1 37.1 36.0 34.8

33.2 33.7 34.1 34.3 34.5 34.8 34.9 34.9 35.0

37.5 35.1 33.9 32.7

41.3 42.2 43.0 43.2 43.3 43.6 43.7 43.8 43.9

41.2 42.1 43.0 44.0 45.0 47.6 50.1 47.0 44.0

41.2 42.1 43.0 44.9 46.8 47.6 44.1

41.1 42.0 42.9 45.7 48.5 49.5 44.1

41.0 42.0 42.9 46.6 50.2 51.4 44.2

40.9 41.8 42.6 45.5 48.3 49.6 44.3

40.8 41.6 42.4 44.4 46.5 47.7 44.4

40.6 41.4 42.1 43.3 44.6 46.9 49.2 45.9 44.4

40.5 41.2 41.8 42.3 42.7 43.6 43.8 44.1 44.5

51.4 46.0 43.2 40.5

43.6 44.5 45.3 45.6 45.8 46.3 46.1 46.0 45.6

43.9 45.0 46.1 46.7 47.4 49.7 52.0 49.0 45.9

44.1 45.5 46.8 47.9 49.0 49.8 46.3

44.4 46.0 47.6 49.0 50.5 51.8 46.6

44.6 46.5 48.3 50.2 52.1 53.7 46.9

44.6 46.1 47.7 49.2 50.7 52.2 47.2

44.6 45.8 47.1 48.2 49.3 50.7 47.6

44.5 45.5 46.5 47.2 47.9 49.8 51.7 49.2 47.9

44.5 45.2 45.9 46.2 46.6 47.2 47.5 47.7 48.2

53.7 48.7 46.1 43.6

20W

40W

Phase 3

Phase 3 Phase 2

Phase 2

20W

40W

Phase 3

78

CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

5.1 Repeatability

The experiments results show that in run #2, #3, #4 and #5, the temperature is

decreasing from 1ºC to 2ºC under natural and force convection air cooling and aspect

ratio is 0.09. The repeatability of Ts, Tal, Tfm, Tfmax, Tvcm and Tvcmax were decreasing

by 2oC during the experimental run #3 compare with the experimental run #2.

Meanwhile, the repeatability of the experimental result of run #5 was also decreasing

by 1.2oC as compared with the experimental result of run #4. The insulation result

and the ambient temperature has slightly decreased by 1oC in run #3 and run #5. The

thermal resistances of Ral, Rsrvc, Rvc and Rvco in run #3 and run #5 remained

unchanged. Besides that, the thermal resistance of Rf1D was decreasing from

1.65K/W to 1.24K/W when low power input changes to high power input compared

with run #2 while the thermal resistance of Rf1D was decreasing from 0.37K/W to

0.31K/W compared with run #4. In addition, the thermal resistance of Rfvc was

decreasing from 2.00K/W to 1.61K/W in run #3 and from 0.80K/W to 0.73K/W in

run #5.

In run #6 and #7 that under natural convection and the aspect ratio is 0.05, the

repeatability of Ts, Tal, Tfm, Tfmax, Tvcm and Tvcmax were decreasing 1.5oC during the

experimental run #7 compare with the experimental run #6. Meanwhile, the

repeatability of experimental result of run #9 was also decreasing 0.5oC compare

with the experimental result of run #8. The insulation result and the ambient

79

temperature have remained unchanged in run #7 but it slightly decreases 1oC in run

#9. The thermal resistances of Ral, Rsrvc, Rvc and Rvco in run #7 and run #9 were

remaining unchanged. Besides that, the thermal resistance of Rf1D was decreasing

from 1.75K/W to 1.33K/W when low power input change to high power input

compare with the run #6 while the thermal resistance of Rf1D was kept constant

compare with the run #8. In additional, the thermal resistance of Rfvc under natural

convection was decreasing from 2.09K/W to 1.66K/W in run #7 and under force

convection was increasing from 0.79K/W to 0.81K/W in run #9.

5.2 Effect of natural or force convection (ɛ1 and ɛ2)

From Table 2, the experimental result showed that the natural convection is run #2

and #3 while force convection is run #4 and #5 with aspect ratio (ɛ1) of 0.09. The

insulation result was about 23.8oC in low power input of 10W and 26

oC at 40W in

natural convection while in forced convection was about 22.7oC in 10W and 23.2

oC

in 40W. The insulation temperature results showed that in total heat loss accounted

to about 0.2% from the sides at the power input of 10W and 0.2% at the power input

of 40W. In force convection cooling, the heat loss was negligible because most of the

heat loss was from the top of the fin heat sink.

From the experimental results, the resistance of the aluminium block is

around 0.52K/W to 0.63K/W. Under natural convection, the thermal heat spreading

resistance (Rsrvc) was around 0.16K/W to 0.17K/W. However, under force

convection the heat thermal heat spreading resistance (Rsrvc) was 0.14K/W to

0.16K/W. Besides that, the thermal resistance of the vapor chamber (Rvc) was

increasing from about 0.19K/W to 0.28K/W when the low power input to high power

input regardless of the natural or forced convection. This is due to the higher

evaporator surface temperature related with the high input power. The overall

thermal resistance of the vapor chamber (Rvco) was 0.36K/W at low power input of

10W and about 0.42K/W at high power input of 40W. The total 2-D heat spreading

thermal resistance of the fin heat sink with vapor chamber (Rfvc) varied from

2.10K/W to 0.73K/W when reduces with the power input and with natural

convection or force convection.

80

In table 3, the experimental result showed that the natural convection is run

#6 and #7 while force convection is run #8 and #9 with aspect ratio (ɛ2) of 0.05. The

insulation result was about 21.2oC in low power input of 10W and 22.8

oC at 40W in

natural convection while in force convection was about 20.5oC in 10W and 22.8

oC in

40W. The insulation temperature results showed that there total accounted about 0.3%

heat loss from the sides at the power input of 10W and 0.3% heat loss at the high

power input of 40W. In force convection cooling, the heat loss was negligible

because most of the heat loss was from the top of the fin heat sink.

From the experimental results, the resistance of the aluminium block that

under natural convection was decreasing from 0.50K/W to 0.47K/W while under

force convection was also decreasing from 0.49K/W to 0.48K/W. Under the natural

convection, the thermal heat spreading resistance (Rsrvc) was between 0.11K/W to

0.13K/W. However, under force convection the heat thermal heat spreading

resistance (Rsrvc) was 0.10K/W to 0.13K/W. Besides that, the thermal resistance of

the vapour chamber (Rvc) was increased from about 0.22K/W to 0.32K/W when the

low power input of 10W to high power input of 40W regardless of the natural or

force convection. The overall thermal resistance of the vapour chamber (Rvco) was

about 0.34K/W at low power input of 10W and about 0.45K/W at high power input

of 40W. The total 2-D heat spreading thermal resistance of the fin heat sink with

vapour chamber (Rfvc) varied from 2.24K/W to 0.81K/W when reduces with the

power input and with natural convection or force convection.

.

5.3 Effect of vapor chamber (Natural convection and ɛ1 only)

The experimental result in run #1 shows that the temperatures are uniformly

distributed from 1oC to 2

oC except on the mean surface temperature of the heating

surface (Ts) and the average temperature of the fin heat sink (Tfm). When the power

input runs at 10W, the temperature shows uniformity on Tal which is 0.7oC while the

average surface temperature of the heating surface (Ts) and the average temperature

of fin heat sink (Tfm) were 1.4oC and 1.8

oC respectively. However, when the power

input increases to 20W, the temperature uniformity of mean surface temperature of

the heating surface (Ts) increases to 2.8oC. At the same time, the Tal slightly

81

increases to 1.4oC and Tfm increases to 3.3

oC. The temperature has increased from

1.8oC at low power input of 10W to 3.3

oC at high power input of 20W. The

maximum temperature of fins heat sink (Tfmax) is higher than the average of the fin

temperature (Tfm). Based on the insulation results, the heat loss is accounted for

about 0.4% at the power input of 10W and 0.35% heat loss at 20W. The ambient

temperature (Ta) was not kept constant and varied about 0.6oC and the reason is the

surrounding area is getting cold when the power input at 20W. The heat source

surface temperature (Ts) was expected to decrease when the power input is high. The

total thermal resistance of the fin heat sink under one dimensional heat flow (Rf1D)

was decreasing from 1.83K/W to 1.62K/W. This is because of the high natural

convection of heat loss from higher surface temperature that is generated by the

environment. The thermal resistance of the aluminium block slightly decreased with

power input from 0.52K/W at 10W to 0.50K/W at 20W and the thermal heat

spreading resistance of the fin heat sink was in a range of 0.17K/W to 0.18K/W. The

total 2-D thermal heat spreading resistance of the fin heat sink (Rf2D) differed from

2.01K/W to 1.79K/W at power input 10W to 20W.

In run #2 and #3, the experimental result of the insulation result was about

23.8oC in low power input of 10W and 26

oC at 40W in natural convection. The

insulation temperature results showed that in total heat loss accounted to about 0.2%

from the sides at the power input of 10W and 0.2% at the power input of 40W. The

ambient temperature was not kept constant and the temperature result is about 23oC

at low power input of 10W and 24.3oC with high power input at 40W. The mean

surface temperature of the heating surface (Ts) was about 2.4oC in power input of

10W and 10.4oC at input power of 40W in natural cooling convection. The upper

surface of the aluminium block (Tal) of natural convection cooling is 1.4oC at power

input of 10W and 5.5oC at power input of 40W. The mean temperature of fin heat

sink (Tfm) differed between the maximum temperature of fin heat sink (Tfmax) which

is 0.8oC at 10W and 2.0

oC at 40W. The mean temperature of the fin heat sink (Tfm)

was lower than the average temperature of vapor chamber (Tvcm). Under natural

convection, the temperature difference between maximum (Tvcmax) and mean (Tvcm)

temperatures was 1.7oC at power input of 10W and 6.3

oC at power input of 40W. As

expected in the experiment, the maximum temperature of vapor chamber (Tvcmax)

82

was higher than the mean temperature of vapor chamber (Tvcm). The resistance of

the aluminium block is around 0.53K/W to 0.55K/W. Under natural convection, the

thermal heat spreading resistance (Rsrvc) was between 0.16K/W to 0.17K/W. Besides

that, the thermal resistance of the vapor chamber (Rvc) was increasing from about

0.18K/W to 0.21K/W when the low power input to high power input under natural

convection. This is due to the higher evaporator surface temperature related with the

high input power. The overall thermal resistance of the vapor chamber (Rvco) was

about 0.36K/W at low power input of 10W and about 0.37K/W at high power input

of 40W. The total 2-D heat spreading thermal resistance of the fin heat sink with

vapour chamber (Rfvc) varied from 2.10K/W to 1.61K/W when reduces with the

power input and with natural convection.

5.4 Effect of aspect ratio, ɛ (Natural and force convection)

For run #2, #3, #4 and #5, the aspect ratio is 0.09. The result shows that the mean

surface temperature of the heating surface (Ts) was about 2.4oC in power input of

10W and 10.4oC at input power of 40W in natural cooling convection. However, the

mean surface temperatures of the heating surface (Ts) that are under force convection

were about 3.5oC at 10W and 12.6

oC at 40W. The upper surface of the aluminium

block (Tal) of natural convection cooling was different with the forced convection

cooling which is 1.4oC and 1.5

oC at power input of 10W and 5.5

oC and 5.7

oC at

power input of 40W. Natural convection result has higher heat source surface

temperatures compared to forced convection. The mean temperature of fin heat sink

(Tfm) differed between the maximum temperature of fin heat sink (Tfmax) which is

0.8oC at 10W and 2.0

oC at 40W. For force convection, the mean temperature of fin

heat sink (Tfm) was also showing a difference with the maximum temperature of fin

heat sink (Tfmax) which was about 0.8oC in power input of 10W and 1.9

oC in power

input of 40W. The mean temperature of the fin heat sink (Tfm) was lower than the

average temperature of vapor chamber (Tvcm). Under natural convection, the

temperature difference between maximum (Tvcmax) and mean (Tvcm) temperatures

was 1.7oC at power input of 10W and 6.3

oC at power input of 40W. However, under

force convection the temperature difference between maximum temperature of vapor

chamber (Tvcmax) and mean temperature of vapor chamber (Tvcm) temperatures was

83

1.6oC at power input of 10W and 5.5

oC at power input of 40W. As expected in the

experiment, the maximum temperature of vapor chamber (Tvcmax) was higher than the

mean temperature of vapor chamber (Tvcm).

For run #6, #7, #8 and #9, the aspect ratio is 0.05. The mean surface

temperature of the heating surface (Ts) was about 0.2oC in power input of 10W and

1.4oC at input power of 40W in natural cooling convection. However, the mean

surface temperatures of the heating surface (Ts) that under force convection was

about 0.8oC at 10W and 2.3

oC at 40W. The upper surface of the aluminium block (Tal)

of natural convection cooling was difference with the force convection cooling which

is 2.1oC and 2.2

oC at power input of 10W and 8.2

oC and 8.8

oC at power input of

40W. The mean temperature of fin heat sink (Tfm) was difference between the

maximum temperature of fin heat sink (Tfmax) which is 1.0oC at 10W and 2.7

oC at

40W under natural and force convection. The mean temperature of the fin heat sink

(Tfm) was lower than the average temperature of vapor chamber (Tvcm). Under natural

convection, the temperature difference between maximum temperature of vapor

chamber (Tvcmax) and mean temperatures of vapor chamber (Tvcm) was 1.3oC at

power input of 10W and 4.4oC at power input of 40W. However, under force

convection the temperature difference between maximum temperature of vapor

chamber (Tvcmax) and mean temperature of vapor chamber (Tvcm) temperatures was

1.2oC at power input of 10W and 4.9

oC at power input of 40W. As expected in the

experiment, the maximum temperature of vapor chamber (Tvcmax) was higher than the

average temperature of vapor chamber (Tvcm).

84

CHAPTER 6

SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES

Suggestions for future studies are:

Determine the effect of type of filling ratio and filling liquid.

Use different types of heat sink.

Use multiple heat sources

85

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

The heat spreading performance of a vapor chamber was experimentally investigated.

The thermal heat spreading resistance of the fin heat sink was around 0.17K/W to

0.18K/W. The thermal heat spreading resistance of vapor chamber was kept constant

which is around 0.14K/W to 0.28K/W under natural and force convection.

Furthermore, the aspect ratio the aspect ratio of the larger heating element is almost

the same temperature to the smaller heating element under natural and force

convection. Force convection is better than natural convection air cooling.

86

REFERENCES

1. Yovanovich, Muzychka, Culham. (2003). The thermal spreading resistance of

eccentric heat sources on rectangular flux channels. DOI: 10.1115/1.1568125

2. Zhang Ming, Liu Zhongliang, Ma Guoyuan. (2008). The experimental and

numerical investigation of a grooved vapor chamber. 29, 422–430

3. Z. Muhammad1, M. K. Abdullah, M. Z. Abdullah, M. F. M. A. Majid, T.T.H.

Joo and Y. Yaakob, M.F. Idrus (2009). The Effect Wick and Filling Ratio to

the Vapor Chamber Performance in Electronic Cooling, EP09-16-04.

4. Paisarn Naphon and Songkran Wiriyasart. (2015). On the Thermal Performance

of the Vapor Chamber with Micro-channel for Unmixed Air Flow Cooling,

10.4186/ej.2015.19.1.125

5. Ahmed A.A. Attia, Baiumy T.A. El-Assal (2012). Experimental investigation

of vapor chamber with different working fluids at different charge ratios. 3,

289–297

6. Yen, S. C., Kuo, H. C., Tzu, C. H., Chi, C. W., Yuh, M. F., & Bau, S. P. (2008).

Numerical simulation of a heat sink embedded with a vapor chamber and

calculation of effective thermal conductivity of a vapor chamber. Applied

Thermal Engineering 29, 2655-2664

7. Masataka Mochizuki, Thang Nguyen, Koichi Mashiko, Yuji Saito, Xiao

PingWu, Tien Nguyen and Vijit Wuttijumnong. (2009). Thermal Management

in High Performance Computers by Use of Heat Pipes and Vapor Chambers,

and the Challenges of Global Warming and Environment. 978-1-4244-4342-

/0/09/S25.00

8. Oliveira Alexandre, S., Mantelli Márcia, B. H., & Mantelli Fernando, H. (2007).

Use of vapor chamber on electronic devices to eliminate hot spots under fin

heat sinks. 14th International Heat Pipe Conference (14th IHPC), Florianópolis,

Brazil, 1-6.

87

9. Hao Peng, Juan Li, Xiang Ling (2013). Study on heat transfer performance of

an aluminum flat plate heat pipe with fins in vapor chamber. 74, 44–50

10. Shukla, K. N., Solomon, A. B., & Pillai, B. C. (2013). Thermal performance of

vapor chamber with nanofluid. Frontiers in Heat Pipes (FHP), 3, 033004

11. Jeung Sang Go (2005). Quantitative thermal performance evaluation of a cost-

effective vapor chamber heat sink containing a metal-etched micro wick

structure for advanced microprocessor cooling, Sensors and Actuators A 121

(2005) 549–556

12. Tong Hong Wang, Chang-Chi Lee, Yi-Shao Lai (2010). Thermal

characteristics evaluation for board-level high performance flip-chip package

equipped with vapor chamber as heat spreader, 87, 2463–2467.

13. Meng-Chang Tsai, Kun-Cheng Chien, Chi-Yao Huang and Shung-Wen Kang

(2008). Thermal Performance of a Vapor Chamber, 9th International Heat Pipe

Symposium, pp87-89.

14. Ching-Ming Chiang, Yuan-Ching Chiang and Sih-Li Chen (2008).

Experimental Investigation on Thermal Performance of the Vapor Chamber

Module, 9th International Heat Pipe Symposium, pp96-102.

15. Jung-Chang Wang (2011). Thermal investigations on LED vapor chamber-

based plates, 38, 1206–1212.

16. Bin Xiao, Amir Faghri (2008). A three-dimensional thermal-fluid analysis of

flat heat pipes. 51, 3113–3126

17. Yimin Xuan, Yuping Hong, Qiang Li (2004). Investigation on transient

behaviors of flat plate heat pipes, 28, 249–255.

18. Shou-Shing Hsieha, Ron-Yu Leea, Jin-Cherng Shyub, Shao-Wen Chen (2008).

Thermal performance of flat vapor chamber heat spreader, 49 1774–1784

19. Kang, S. W., Chen, Y. T., Hsu, C. H., & Lin, J. y. (2012). Temperature

uniformity analysis of a multi-well vapor chamber heat spreader. Frontiers in

Heat Pipes (FHP)

20. Lin, W. K., Chao, C. I., Tzou, Y. M., Chang, G. H., & Wang, P. (2011). The

development of the performance measuring system for the phase change heat

transport device- heat pipe, vapor chamber and defrost plate. Microsystems,

Packaging, Assembly and Circuits Technology Conference (IMPACT), 2011

6th International, 253-256.

88

NOMENCLATURE

Ainsb area at base of insulation (= 35 mm x 32 mm)

Ainss area at side of insulation (= 2 x 35 mm x 15 mm)

(= 2 x 32mm x 15mm)

kins thermal conductivity of insulation. (= 0.045 W/m K)

PEH power input to electric heating element (W)

Ploss heat loss from heating element (W)

Rf heat sink thermal resistance (K/W)

Ta ambient temperature (oC)

Ts heat source temperature (oC)

Ths heat spreader temperature (oC)

Tfmax maximum temperature on fin heat sink (oC)

Tfm mean temperature of base of heat sink (oC)

Tvcmax maximum temperature of vapor chamber (oC)

Tvcm mean temperature of vapor chamber (oC)

xinsb thickness of base of insulation (= 248mm)

xside thickness of side of insulation (= 308mm)

89

APPENDICES

Table 1. Fins heat sink under natural convection

Run

# ɛ

PEH

(W)

Ta

(C)

Tinsm

(C)

Ts

(C)

Tal

(C)

Tfm

(C)

Tfmax

(C)

Ral

(K/W)

Rsrf

(K/W)

Rf

(K/W) Rf2D

(K/W)

Ploss

(W)

1 0.09

10 22.4 23.5 47.7±1.4 42.7±0.7 40.7±1.8 42.5 0.52 0.18 1.83 2.01 0.04

15 22.6 23.8 60.0±2.2 52.3±1.1 49.2±2.7 51.8 0.51 0.18 1.77 1.95 0.06

20 22.0 23.4 68.2±2.8 58.4±1.4 54.4±3.3 57.7 0.50 0.17 1.62 1.79 0.07

Table 2. Fin heat sink with vapor chamber under natural and force convection

Run

# Flow ɛ

PEH

(W)

Ta

(C)

Tinsm

(C)

Ts

(C)

Tal

(C)

Tfm

(C)

Tfmax

(C)

Tvcm

(C)

Tvcmax

(C)

Ral

(K/W)

Rf1D

(K/W)

Rsrvc (K/W

)

Rvc (K/W

)

Rvco

(K/W) Rfvc

(K/W)

Ploss

(W)

2

NC 0.09

10 23 23.8 50.4±2.4 45.1±1.4 40.5±0.8 41.3 42.3±1.7 44.0 0.530 1.75 0.17 0.18 0.35 2.10 0.02

15 22.5 24.0 62.4±3.5 54.5±2.1 47.6±1.1 48.6 50.5±2.5 52.9 0.527 1.67 0.16 0.19 0.36 2.03 0.04

20 23.4 24.5 73.2±4.8 62.7±2.7 53.8±1.2 55.0 57.6±3.1 60.7 0.523 1.52 0.16 0.19 0.35 1.87 0.05

40 24.3 26.0 115.3±10.4 93.1±5.5 74.9±2.0 76.8 83.2±6.3 89.5 0.555 1.26 0.16 0.21 0.37 1.63 0.08

3

10 22 22.8 48.4±2.4 43.1±1.4 38.5±0.8 39.3 40.3±1.7 42.0 0.530 1.65 0.17 0.18 0.35 2.00 0.02

15 21.5 23.0 60.4±3.5 52.5±2.1 45.6±1.1 46.6 48.5±2.5 50.9 0.527 1.60 0.16 0.19 0.36 1.96 0.04

20 22.4 23.5 71.2±4.8 60.7±2.7 51.8±1.2 53.0 55.6±3.1 58.7 0.523 1.47 0.16 0.19 0.35 1.82 0.04

40 23.3 25.0 113.3±10.4 91.1±5.5 72.9±2.0 74.8 81.2±6.3 87.5 0.555 1.24 0.16 0.21 0.37 1.61 0.08

90

4

FC 0.09

10 22.7 23.5 38.3±3.5 32.1±1.5 26.6±0.8 27.4 29.4±1.6 30.9 0.625 0.39 0.16 0.28 0.43 0.82 0.01

15 21.6 22.6 44.3±5.2 35.1±2.2 27.2±1.0 28.2 31.5±2.2 33.6 0.613 0.37 0.14 0.28 0.43 0.80 0.01

20 22.2 23.0 51.3±6.7 39.3±2.9 29.1±1.1 30.2 34.7±2.8 37.4 0.598 0.35 0.14 0.28 0.42 0.76 0.01

40 23.2 24.6 78.7±12.6 55.6±5.7 35.9±1.9 37.8 47.2±5.5 52.6 0.576 0.32 0.14 0.28 0.42 0.74 0.02

5

10 21.7 22.5 37.1±3.5 30.9±1.5 25.4±0.8 26.2 28.7±2.1 29.7 0.625 0.37 0.16 0.28 0.43 0.80 0.01

15 20.6 21.6 43.1±5.2 33.9±2.2 26.0±1.0 27.0 30.3±2.2 32.4 0.613 0.36 0.14 0.28 0.43 0.79 0.01

20 21.2 22.0 50.1±6.7 38.1±2.9 27.9±1.1 29.0 33.5±2.8 36.2 0.598 0.34 0.14 0.28 0.42 0.75 0.01

40 22.2 23.6 77.5±12.6 54.4±5.7 34.7±1.9 36.6 46.0±5.5 51.4 0.576 0.31 0.14 0.28 0.42 0.73 0.02

Table 3. Effect of aspect ratio between vapor chamber and heating element

Run #

Flow ɛ PEH (W)

Ta

(C)

Tinsm

(C)

Ts

(C)

Tal

(C)

Tfm

(C)

Tfmax

(C)

Tvcm

(C)

Tvcmax

(C)

Ral (K/W)

Rf1D (K/W)

Rsrvc

(K/W

)

Rvc

(K/W

)

Rvco (K/W)

Rfvc

(K/W)

Ploss (W)

6

NC 0.05

10 20.1 21.2 50.6±0.2 45.6±2.1 39.1±1.0 40.1 41.3±1.3 42.5 0.500 1.90 0.13 0.22 0.34 2.24 0.03

15 20.6 21.9 64.4±0.3 56.9±3.3 47.0±1.5 48.2 50.5±2.0 52.4 0.500 1.76 0.13 0.23 0.36 2.12 0.04

20 21.4 23.3 74.6±0.4 65.1±4.1 53.1±1.6 54.5 57.2±2.5 59.7 0.475 1.59 0.13 0.21 0.33 1.92 0.05

40 20.8 22.8 117.7±1.4 98.9±8.2 75.4±2.7 77.9 84.5±4.4 88.8 0.469 1.37 0.11 0.23 0.34 1.70 0.09

7

10 21.0 22.2 49.1±0.2 44.1±2.1 37.6±1.0 38.6 39.8±1.3 41.0 0.500 1.75 0.13 0.22 0.34 2.09 0.03

15 21.6 22.9 62.9±0.3 55.4±3.3 45.5±1.5 46.7 49.0±2.0 50.9 0.500 1.66 0.13 0.23 0.36 2.02 0.04

20 22.0 24.4 73.1±0.4 63.6±4.1 51.6±1.6 53.0 55.7±2.5 58.2 0.475 1.51 0.13 0.21 0.33 1.84 0.05

40 21.8 24.0 116.2±1.4 97.4±8.2 73.9±2.7 76.4 83.0±4.4 87.3 0.469 1.33 0.11 0.23 0.34 1.66 0.09

8 FC 0.05

10 20.1 20.5 36.0±0.8 31.1±2.2 24.2±1.0 25.1 27.3±1.2 28.5 0.485 0.41 0.12 0.32 0.44 0.84 0.01

15 20.6 21.9 43.7±1.1 36.4±3.4 26.1±1.3 27.4 31.0±1.6 32.5 0.487 0.37 0.10 0.32 0.43 0.79 0.02

20 21.4 21.7 52.4±1.3 42.6±4.5 29.4±1.6 30.9 35.6±2.4 38.0 0.490 0.40 0.12 0.31 0.43 0.83 0.03

40 20.8 22.8 81.1±2.3 62.0±8.8 35.9±2.7 38.6 48.5±4.9 53.4 0.476 0.38 0.12 0.32 0.44 0.82 0.05

91

9

10 20.5 21.2 35.5±0.8 30.6±2.2 23.7±1.0 24.6 26.8±1.2 28.0 0.485 0.36 0.12 0.32 0.44 0.79 0.01

15 20.8 21.0 43.2±1.1 35.9±3.4 25.6±1.3 26.9 30.5±1.6 32.0 0.487 0.37 0.10 0.32 0.43 0.79 0.02

20 21.8 22.0 51.9±1.3 42.1±4.5 28.9±1.6 30.4 35.1±2.4 37.5 0.490 0.37 0.12 0.31 0.43 0.81 0.03

40 21.5 22.2 79.4±2.2 62.4±9.1 35.9±2.7 38.6 48.7±5.1 53.7 0.425 0.36 0.13 0.32 0.45 0.81 0.05

Table 4. Raw data for run #1

P Time Ta Tins1 Tins2 Tins,m Ts1 Ts2 Ts3 Ts4 Ts5 Ts Ths1 Ths2 Ths3 Ths4 Ths5 Ths Tfm Tf Tf,max Ral Rsrf Rf Rf2D Ploss

10 1 22.0 22.6 22.4 22.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5±0.0 24.2 24.2 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3±0.1 24.1 24.1±0.4 24.5 0.025 0.04 0.21 0.25 0.00

10 21.4 22.5 22.5 22.5 35.8 34.2 33.3 34.9 35.2 34.6±1.3 30.6 29.8 30.0 29.4 30.3 30.0±0.6 28.3 28.3±1.6 29.9 0.455 0.16 0.69 0.85 0.02

20 21.4 22.4 22.4 22.4 38.8 37.2 36.2 37.9 38.3 37.5±1.3 33.5 32.7 32.9 32.3 33.2 32.9±0.6 31.2 31.2±1.7 32.8 0.460 0.17 0.98 1.14 0.02

30 21.5 22.3 22.4 22.4 41.0 39.4 38.4 40.1 40.4 39.7±1.3 35.6 34.7 35.0 34.4 35.3 35.0±0.6 33.2 33.2±1.7 34.8 0.470 0.17 1.17 1.33 0.03

40 21.4 22.3 22.4 22.4 42.6 40.9 40.0 41.7 42.1 41.3±1.3 37.1 36.2 36.5 35.9 36.8 36.5±0.6 34.7 34.7±1.8 36.4 0.480 0.18 1.33 1.50 0.03

50 21.4 22.4 22.5 22.5 43.7 42.1 41.1 42.8 43.2 42.4±1.3 38.2 37.3 37.7 37.0 37.9 37.6±0.6 35.8 35.8±1.8 37.5 0.480 0.18 1.44 1.61 0.03

60 21.5 22.3 22.4 22.4 44.6 42.9 41.9 43.7 44.1 43.3±1.4 39.0 38.1 38.5 37.8 38.7 38.4±0.6 36.5 36.5±1.8 38.2 0.485 0.18 1.50 1.67 0.03

70 21.5 22.4 22.6 22.5 45.4 43.6 42.7 44.5 44.9 44.1±1.4 39.8 38.9 39.2 38.5 39.4 39.2±0.6 37.2 37.2±1.8 38.9 0.490 0.18 1.57 1.74 0.03

80 21.6 22.4 22.6 22.5 45.8 44.1 43.1 44.9 45.3 44.5±1.4 40.2 39.3 39.6 39.0 39.9 39.6±0.6 37.7 37.7±1.8 39.4 0.485 0.18 1.61 1.78 0.03

90 21.5 22.5 22.6 22.6 46.2 44.5 43.5 45.3 45.7 44.9±1.4 40.6 39.7 40.0 39.3 40.3 40.0±0.7 38.1 38.1±1.8 39.8 0.490 0.18 1.66 1.83 0.04

100 21.7 22.6 22.6 22.6 46.5 44.8 43.8 45.6 46.0 45.2±1.4 40.9 40.0 40.3 39.7 40.6 40.3±0.6 38.4 38.4±1.8 40.1 0.485 0.18 1.67 1.84 0.04

110 21.7 22.6 22.7 22.7 46.8 45.1 44.1 45.9 46.3 45.5±1.4 41.2 40.3 40.6 39.9 40.9 40.6±0.7 38.6 38.6±1.8 40.4 0.490 0.18 1.69 1.87 0.04

120 21.7 22.7 22.8 22.8 47.1 45.3 44.4 46.1 46.5 45.8±1.4 41.4 40.5 40.8 40.2 41.1 40.8±0.6 38.8 38.8±1.8 40.6 0.495 0.18 1.71 1.89 0.04

130 21.6 22.7 22.7 22.7 47.3 45.5 44.6 46.3 46.7 46.0±1.4 41.6 40.6 41.0 40.3 41.3 41.0±0.7 39.0 39.0±1.8 40.8 0.500 0.18 1.74 1.92 0.04

140 21.6 22.7 22.8 22.8 47.5 45.8 44.8 46.6 47.0 46.2±1.4 41.8 40.9 41.2 40.5 41.5 41.2±0.6 39.2 39.2±1.8 41.0 0.500 0.18 1.76 1.94 0.04

150 21.7 22.8 22.8 22.8 47.8 46.0 45.0 46.8 47.2 46.4±1.4 42.0 41.1 41.4 40.7 41.7 41.4±0.6 39.4 39.4±1.8 41.2 0.505 0.18 1.77 1.95 0.04

160 21.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 48.0 46.2 45.3 47.0 47.5 46.7±1.4 42.2 41.3 41.6 40.9 41.9 41.6±0.7 39.6 39.6±1.8 41.4 0.510 0.18 1.78 1.96 0.04

170 21.8 23.0 23.0 23.0 48.2 46.4 45.5 47.3 47.7 46.9±1.4 42.4 41.5 41.8 41.1 42.1 41.8±0.6 39.8 39.8±1.9 41.6 0.510 0.19 1.80 1.98 0.04

180 21.9 23.0 23.0 23.0 48.4 46.6 45.6 47.4 47.9 47.0±1.4 42.6 41.6 42.0 41.3 42.2 42.0±0.7 40.0 40.0±1.9 41.8 0.505 0.18 1.81 1.99 0.04

190 22.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 48.6 46.8 45.8 47.6 48.0 47.2±1.4 42.7 41.8 42.1 41.4 42.4 42.1±0.7 40.1 40.1±1.8 41.9 0.515 0.18 1.81 1.99 0.04

200 22.1 23.1 23.0 23.1 48.7 46.9 45.9 47.7 48.2 47.3±1.4 42.8 41.9 42.2 41.6 42.5 42.2±0.6 40.2 40.2±1.8 42.0 0.510 0.18 1.81 1.99 0.04

210 22.6 23.2 23.2 23.2 48.8 47.0 46.0 47.8 48.3 47.4±1.4 42.9 42.0 42.3 41.7 42.6 42.3±0.6 40.3 40.3±1.8 42.1 0.510 0.18 1.77 1.95 0.04

220 23.1 23.5 23.6 23.6 49.0 47.2 46.2 48.0 48.5 47.6±1.4 43.2 42.2 42.6 41.8 42.8 42.5±0.7 40.6 40.6±1.9 42.4 0.510 0.19 1.75 1.93 0.04

230 22.6 23.5 23.6 23.6 49.0 47.2 46.3 48.0 48.5 47.7±1.4 43.2 42.3 42.6 41.9 42.9 42.6±0.7 40.6 40.6±1.8 42.4 0.510 0.18 1.80 1.98 0.04

240 22.4 23.5 23.5 23.5 49.1 47.3 46.3 48.1 48.6 47.7±1.4 43.3 42.4 42.7 42.0 43.0 42.7±0.6 40.7 40.7±1.8 42.5 0.505 0.18 1.83 2.01 0.04

15 250 23.9 23.8 23.7 23.8 53.1 50.7 49.3 51.9 52.4 51.2±1.9 45.0 43.7 44.1 43.2 44.5 44.1±0.9 41.4 41.4±2.3 43.7 0.473 0.15 1.17 1.32 0.04

260 23.0 23.8 23.7 23.8 56.1 53.5 52.0 54.8 55.4 54.1±2.1 47.5 46.1 46.5 45.5 47.0 46.5±1.0 43.6 43.6±2.5 46.0 0.503 0.16 1.37 1.53 0.05

270 23.1 24.0 23.8 23.9 57.5 54.9 53.4 56.1 56.8 55.5±2.1 48.9 47.5 47.9 46.9 48.3 47.9±1.0 45.0 45.0±2.5 47.4 0.503 0.16 1.46 1.62 0.05

280 23.2 24.0 23.9 24.0 58.3 55.7 54.3 57.0 57.7 56.3±2.0 49.8 48.3 48.8 47.8 49.2 48.8±1.0 45.8 45.8±2.5 48.2 0.500 0.16 1.50 1.67 0.05

290 22.8 24.0 24.0 24.0 58.9 56.3 54.9 57.5 58.2 56.9±2.0 50.4 48.9 49.4 48.4 49.8 49.4±1.0 46.4 46.4±2.6 48.9 0.500 0.17 1.57 1.74 0.05

300 22.9 24.1 24.0 24.1 60.0 57.3 55.8 58.6 59.2 57.9±2.1 51.2 49.7 50.2 49.1 50.6 50.2±1.1 47.1 47.1±2.6 49.6 0.517 0.17 1.61 1.78 0.05

310 22.9 24.1 23.9 24.0 60.5 57.8 56.3 59.1 59.8 58.4±2.1 51.7 50.2 50.7 49.6 51.1 50.7±1.1 47.6 47.6±2.6 50.1 0.517 0.17 1.64 1.81 0.05

320 23.0 24.1 23.9 24.0 60.9 58.2 56.7 59.5 60.2 58.8±2.1 52.1 50.6 51.1 50.0 51.5 51.1±1.1 47.9 47.9±2.6 50.5 0.517 0.17 1.66 1.83 0.05

330 22.8 24.1 23.9 24.0 61.3 58.5 57.0 59.8 60.6 59.2±2.2 52.4 50.9 51.4 50.3 51.8 51.4±1.1 48.2 48.2±2.7 50.8 0.520 0.18 1.69 1.87 0.06

340 22.8 24.1 23.9 24.0 61.5 58.7 57.2 60.0 60.8 59.4±2.2 52.6 51.1 51.6 50.5 52.0 51.6±1.1 48.3 48.3±2.6 50.9 0.520 0.17 1.70 1.87 0.06

350 23.0 24.1 24.0 24.1 61.7 58.9 57.4 60.2 60.9 59.6±2.2 52.8 51.2 51.7 50.6 52.2 51.7±1.1 48.5 48.5±2.6 51.1 0.523 0.17 1.70 1.87 0.06

360 22.6 24.1 23.9 24.0 61.9 59.1 57.6 60.4 61.1 59.8±2.2 53.0 51.4 51.9 50.8 52.3 51.9±1.1 48.7 48.7±2.7 51.4 0.523 0.18 1.74 1.92 0.06

92

370 23.1 24.2 24.0 24.1 61.9 59.1 57.6 60.4 61.2 59.8±2.2 53.0 51.4 51.9 50.8 52.4 51.9±1.1 48.7 48.7±2.7 51.4 0.523 0.18 1.71 1.89 0.06

380 23.0 24.3 24.1 24.2 62.2 59.4 57.9 60.7 61.5 60.1±2.2 53.3 51.7 52.2 51.1 52.6 52.2±1.1 49.0 49.0±2.7 51.7 0.523 0.18 1.73 1.91 0.06

390 23.1 24.5 24.2 24.4 62.3 59.5 58.0 60.9 61.6 60.2±2.2 53.4 51.9 52.4 51.2 52.8 52.3±1.1 49.1 49.1±2.7 51.8 0.523 0.18 1.73 1.91 0.06

400 22.7 24.3 24.1 24.2 62.5 59.6 58.1 61.0 61.7 60.3±2.2 53.5 52.0 52.5 51.3 52.9 52.4±1.1 49.2 49.2±2.7 51.9 0.527 0.18 1.77 1.95 0.06

410 22.5 24.2 23.9 24.1 62.5 59.7 58.1 61.0 61.8 60.3±2.2 53.6 52.0 52.5 51.4 52.9 52.5±1.1 49.2 49.2±2.7 51.9 0.520 0.18 1.78 1.96 0.06

420 22.5 24.2 23.8 24.0 62.5 59.7 58.2 61.0 61.8 60.4±2.2 53.6 52.0 52.6 51.4 53.0 52.5±1.1 49.3 49.3±2.8 52.0 0.523 0.18 1.78 1.97 0.06

430 22.5 24.1 23.7 23.9 62.5 59.6 58.1 61.0 61.7 60.3±2.2 53.6 52.0 52.5 51.4 53.0 52.5±1.1 49.3 49.3±2.7 52.0 0.520 0.18 1.79 1.97 0.06

440 22.3 24.0 23.6 23.8 62.5 59.7 58.2 61.0 61.8 60.4±2.2 53.6 52.0 52.5 51.4 53.0 52.5±1.1 49.3 49.3±2.8 52.0 0.523 0.18 1.80 1.98 0.06

450 22.6 24.0 23.6 23.8 62.1 59.3 57.8 60.6 61.4 60.0±2.2 53.4 51.9 52.3 51.2 52.7 52.3±1.1 49.2 49.2±2.7 51.8 0.510 0.18 1.77 1.95 0.06

20 460 22.5 24.0 23.6 23.8 67.2 63.7 61.8 65.4 66.3 64.5±2.7 56.1 54.3 54.9 53.5 55.4 54.8±1.3 50.9 50.9±3.3 54.2 0.485 0.17 1.42 1.59 0.06

470 22.3 23.9 23.5 23.7 68.4 64.8 62.9 66.6 67.5 65.7±2.8 57.2 55.3 56.0 54.5 56.4 55.9±1.4 51.9 51.9±3.3 55.2 0.490 0.17 1.48 1.65 0.07

480 22.3 23.8 23.5 23.7 69.1 65.6 63.6 67.3 68.4 66.4±2.8 57.9 56.1 56.7 55.2 57.2 56.6±1.4 52.6 52.6±3.3 55.9 0.490 0.17 1.52 1.68 0.07

490 22.3 23.7 23.5 23.6 69.7 66.2 64.2 67.9 69.0 67.0±2.8 58.4 56.5 57.1 55.7 57.7 57.1±1.4 53.1 53.1±3.3 56.4 0.495 0.17 1.54 1.71 0.07

500 22.3 23.8 23.5 23.7 70.3 66.7 64.7 68.5 69.6 67.5±2.8 58.9 57.0 57.6 56.2 58.1 57.6±1.4 53.5 53.5±3.4 56.8 0.498 0.17 1.56 1.73 0.07

510 22.3 23.8 23.5 23.7 70.8 67.2 65.2 69.0 70.1 68.0±2.8 59.3 57.4 58.0 56.6 58.6 58.0±1.4 54.0 54.0±3.4 57.3 0.503 0.17 1.58 1.75 0.07

520 22.4 24.0 23.6 23.8 71.2 67.6 65.5 69.3 70.5 68.4±2.9 59.7 57.7 58.4 56.9 58.9 58.3±1.4 54.2 54.2±3.4 57.6 0.503 0.17 1.59 1.76 0.07

530 22.3 23.9 23.5 23.7 71.4 67.7 65.7 69.5 70.7 68.6±2.9 59.9 57.9 58.6 57.1 59.1 58.5±1.4 54.4 54.4±3.4 57.8 0.503 0.17 1.61 1.78 0.07

540 22.7 23.8 23.4 23.6 71.5 67.9 65.9 69.7 70.9 68.7±2.8 60.0 58.0 58.7 57.2 59.2 58.6±1.4 54.6 54.6±3.4 57.9 0.505 0.17 1.59 1.76 0.07

550 22.5 23.8 23.4 23.6 71.7 68.0 66.0 69.8 71.0 68.9±2.9 60.2 58.2 58.9 57.4 59.4 58.8±1.4 54.7 54.7±3.3 58.0 0.503 0.17 1.61 1.78 0.07

560 22.1 23.8 23.4 23.6 71.8 68.1 66.1 69.9 71.1 69.0±2.9 60.2 58.2 58.9 57.5 59.4 58.9±1.4 54.8 54.8±3.4 58.1 0.505 0.17 1.63 1.80 0.07

570 22.1 23.7 23.3 23.5 71.8 68.2 66.1 70.0 71.1 69.0±2.9 60.3 58.3 59.0 57.5 59.5 58.9±1.4 54.8 54.8±3.4 58.2 0.503 0.17 1.64 1.81 0.07

580 22.4 23.7 23.2 23.5 71.5 67.9 65.9 69.7 70.9 68.7±2.8 60.1 58.2 58.8 57.4 59.3 58.8±1.4 54.7 54.7±3.3 58.0 0.498 0.17 1.62 1.78 0.07

590 21.9 23.6 23.1 23.4 71.4 67.8 65.8 69.6 70.7 68.6±2.8 60.0 58.1 58.7 57.3 59.2 58.7±1.4 54.6 54.6±3.4 57.9 0.498 0.17 1.63 1.80 0.07

600 22.0 23.6 23.1 23.4 70.9 67.3 65.4 69.1 70.2 68.2±2.8 59.7 57.8 58.4 57.0 59.0 58.4±1.4 54.4 54.4±3.3 57.7 0.490 0.17 1.62 1.79 0.07

Tf1 Tf2 Tf3 Tf4 Tf5 Tf6 Tf7 Tf8 Tf9 Tf10 Tf11 Tf12 Tf13 Tf14 Tf15 Tf16 Tf17 Tf

24.5 24.5 24.5 24.4 24.4 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 23.7 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 24.1±0.4

27.5 27.5 27.5 27.7 27.7 27.8 27.7 28.0 29.9 28.3 26.9 26.9 26.9 27.0 26.7 26.7 26.7 28.3±1.6

30.3 30.3 30.3 30.5 30.6 30.6 30.5 30.8 32.8 31.1 29.7 29.8 29.8 29.8 29.6 29.5 29.5 31.2±1.7

32.3 32.3 32.3 32.5 32.6 32.6 32.5 32.8 34.8 33.2 31.7 31.8 31.8 31.8 31.5 31.5 31.5 33.2±1.7

33.7 33.7 33.7 34.0 34.0 34.1 34.0 34.3 36.4 34.6 33.0 33.2 33.2 33.2 32.9 32.9 32.9 34.7±1.8

34.8 34.8 34.8 35.1 35.1 35.2 35.0 35.4 37.5 35.7 34.1 34.3 34.3 34.3 34.0 34.1 34.0 35.8±1.8

35.6 35.6 35.6 35.8 35.9 36.0 35.8 36.1 38.2 36.5 34.9 35.0 35.0 35.1 34.7 34.8 34.7 36.5±1.8

36.3 36.3 36.2 36.5 36.5 36.6 36.5 36.8 38.9 37.2 35.5 35.7 35.7 35.7 35.4 35.5 35.5 37.2±1.8

36.7 36.7 36.7 37.0 37.0 37.1 36.9 37.3 39.4 37.6 36.1 36.2 36.2 36.2 35.9 36.0 35.9 37.7±1.8

37.1 37.2 37.1 37.4 37.4 37.5 37.3 37.7 39.8 38.0 36.4 36.5 36.5 36.6 36.3 36.3 36.3 38.1±1.8

37.4 37.5 37.4 37.7 37.7 37.9 37.6 38.0 40.1 38.4 36.7 36.9 36.9 36.9 36.6 36.7 36.6 38.4±1.8

37.7 37.7 37.7 37.9 37.9 38.1 37.9 38.2 40.4 38.6 37.0 37.1 37.1 37.1 36.8 36.9 36.8 38.6±1.8

37.9 38.0 37.9 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.1 38.5 40.6 38.9 37.2 37.4 37.3 37.4 37.1 37.1 37.0 38.8±1.8

38.0 38.1 38.0 38.3 38.3 38.4 38.2 38.6 40.8 38.9 37.3 37.4 37.4 37.5 37.2 37.3 37.2 39.0±1.8

38.3 38.3 38.3 38.6 38.6 38.7 38.4 38.8 41.0 39.2 37.5 37.7 37.7 37.7 37.4 37.5 37.4 39.2±1.8

38.4 38.5 38.4 38.7 38.7 38.9 38.6 39.0 41.2 39.4 37.7 37.9 37.9 37.9 37.6 37.7 37.6 39.4±1.8

38.6 38.7 38.6 38.9 38.9 39.0 38.8 39.2 41.4 39.6 37.9 38.0 38.0 38.1 37.8 37.8 37.8 39.6±1.8

38.8 38.9 38.8 39.1 39.1 39.2 39.0 39.4 41.6 39.8 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.3 37.9 38.1 38.0 39.8±1.9

39.0 39.0 39.0 39.3 39.3 39.4 39.2 39.5 41.8 39.9 38.3 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.1 38.2 38.1 40.0±1.9

39.1 39.2 39.1 39.4 39.4 39.5 39.3 39.7 41.9 40.1 38.4 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.3 38.4 38.3 40.1±1.8

39.2 39.3 39.2 39.5 39.5 39.7 39.4 39.8 42.0 40.2 38.5 38.6 38.6 38.7 38.4 38.4 38.4 40.2±1.8

39.3 39.4 39.3 39.6 39.7 39.8 39.5 39.9 42.1 40.3 38.6 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.5 38.6 38.5 40.3±1.8

39.5 39.6 39.5 39.8 39.8 40.0 39.7 40.1 42.4 40.5 38.8 38.9 39.0 39.0 38.7 38.8 38.7 40.6±1.9

39.6 39.7 39.7 39.9 39.9 40.1 39.8 40.2 42.4 40.6 38.9 39.0 39.1 39.1 38.8 38.9 38.8 40.6±1.8

39.7 39.8 39.7 40.0 40.0 40.2 39.9 40.3 42.5 40.7 38.9 39.1 39.1 39.2 38.9 38.9 38.9 40.7±1.8

93

39.9 40.0 40.0 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.2 40.7 43.7 41.2 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.5 39.1 39.2 39.2 41.4±2.3

41.9 42.0 41.9 42.3 42.4 42.5 42.2 42.7 46.0 43.3 41.3 41.5 41.5 41.6 41.1 41.2 41.1 43.6±2.5

43.2 43.3 43.2 43.7 43.7 43.8 43.6 44.1 47.4 44.6 42.5 42.8 42.9 42.9 42.5 42.5 42.5 45.0±2.5

44.1 44.2 44.1 44.5 44.6 44.7 44.4 44.9 48.2 45.5 43.4 43.7 43.7 43.8 43.3 43.4 43.3 45.8±2.5

44.7 44.8 44.7 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.0 45.6 48.9 46.1 44.0 44.2 44.3 44.3 43.8 44.0 43.9 46.4±2.6

45.3 45.4 45.3 45.7 45.8 45.9 45.6 46.2 49.6 46.7 44.6 44.9 44.9 45.0 44.5 44.6 44.5 47.1±2.6

45.7 45.9 45.8 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.0 46.6 50.1 47.2 45.1 45.4 45.4 45.4 45.0 45.0 45.0 47.6±2.6

46.1 46.2 46.2 46.6 46.7 46.8 46.4 47.0 50.5 47.5 45.4 45.7 45.7 45.8 45.3 45.4 45.3 47.9±2.6

46.4 46.5 46.5 46.8 46.9 47.1 46.7 47.3 50.8 47.9 45.8 46.0 46.0 46.1 45.5 45.7 45.6 48.2±2.7

46.5 46.6 46.6 47.0 47.0 47.2 46.8 47.4 50.9 48.0 45.9 46.1 46.1 46.2 45.7 45.8 45.7 48.3±2.6

46.7 46.8 46.7 47.1 47.2 47.4 47.0 47.6 51.1 48.2 46.0 46.3 46.3 46.4 45.9 46.0 45.9 48.5±2.6

46.8 46.9 46.9 47.3 47.3 47.5 47.1 47.7 51.4 48.3 46.2 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.0 46.1 46.0 48.7±2.7

46.9 47.0 46.9 47.3 47.4 47.4 47.1 47.7 51.4 48.2 46.1 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.0 46.1 46.0 48.7±2.7

47.1 47.3 47.2 47.6 47.7 47.8 47.4 48.0 51.7 48.6 46.5 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.3 46.5 46.4 49.0±2.7

47.2 47.4 47.3 47.7 47.8 47.9 47.5 48.1 51.8 48.7 46.6 46.8 46.9 46.9 46.4 46.5 46.4 49.1±2.7

47.3 47.4 47.4 47.7 47.9 48.0 47.6 48.2 51.9 48.8 46.7 46.9 47.0 47.0 46.5 46.6 46.5 49.2±2.7

47.3 47.5 47.4 47.8 47.9 48.0 47.6 48.3 51.9 48.8 46.7 47.0 47.0 47.1 46.6 46.6 46.5 49.2±2.7

47.4 47.5 47.4 47.8 47.9 48.1 47.7 48.3 52.0 48.9 46.7 47.0 47.0 47.1 46.6 46.7 46.5 49.3±2.8

47.4 47.5 47.4 47.8 47.9 48.1 47.7 48.3 52.0 48.9 46.8 47.0 47.0 47.1 46.6 46.7 46.6 49.3±2.7

47.3 47.5 47.4 47.8 47.9 48.0 47.6 48.2 52.0 48.8 46.7 47.0 47.0 47.0 46.5 46.6 46.5 49.3±2.8

47.3 47.5 47.4 47.7 47.8 48.0 47.6 48.2 51.8 48.8 46.7 46.9 46.9 47.0 46.5 46.6 46.5 49.2±2.7

48.4 48.6 48.5 49.0 49.1 49.3 48.8 49.5 54.2 50.3 47.9 48.1 48.2 48.3 47.6 47.8 47.7 50.9±3.3

49.4 49.6 49.5 50.0 50.1 50.2 49.8 50.6 55.2 51.3 48.9 49.2 49.2 49.3 48.6 48.8 48.7 51.9±3.3

50.1 50.3 50.2 50.7 50.8 50.9 50.5 51.2 55.9 52.0 49.5 49.9 49.9 50.0 49.3 49.5 49.4 52.6±3.3

50.5 50.7 50.6 51.2 51.3 51.4 50.9 51.7 56.4 52.5 50.0 50.3 50.3 50.4 49.8 49.9 49.8 53.1±3.3

51.0 51.2 51.1 51.6 51.7 51.8 51.3 52.1 56.8 52.9 50.4 50.7 50.7 50.8 50.1 50.3 50.2 53.5±3.4

51.3 51.6 51.4 52.0 52.1 52.2 51.7 52.5 57.3 53.3 50.8 51.2 51.2 51.2 50.6 50.7 50.6 54.0±3.4

51.7 51.9 51.8 52.3 52.5 52.6 52.1 52.9 57.6 53.7 51.1 51.5 51.5 51.6 50.8 51.0 50.9 54.2±3.4

51.9 52.1 51.9 52.5 52.6 52.7 52.2 53.0 57.8 53.8 51.3 51.6 51.7 51.7 51.0 51.2 51.0 54.4±3.4

52.0 52.2 52.1 52.6 52.7 52.9 52.4 53.2 57.9 54.0 51.4 51.8 51.8 51.9 51.2 51.3 51.2 54.6±3.4

52.1 52.3 52.2 52.7 52.9 53.0 52.5 53.3 58.0 54.1 51.6 51.9 52.0 52.0 51.4 51.5 51.4 54.7±3.3

52.2 52.4 52.3 52.8 52.9 53.1 52.6 53.4 58.1 54.2 51.7 52.0 52.0 52.1 51.4 51.6 51.4 54.8±3.4

52.3 52.5 52.3 52.9 53.0 53.1 52.6 53.4 58.2 54.2 51.7 52.1 52.1 52.1 51.4 51.6 51.4 54.8±3.4

52.2 52.4 52.2 52.8 52.9 53.0 52.6 53.4 58.0 54.1 51.6 52.0 52.0 52.1 51.4 51.5 51.4 54.7±3.3

52.1 52.3 52.2 52.7 52.8 53.0 52.4 53.2 57.9 54.0 51.6 51.8 51.9 51.9 51.2 51.4 51.3 54.6±3.4

51.9 52.2 52.0 52.5 52.6 52.8 52.2 53.1 57.7 53.8 51.4 51.7 51.7 51.7 51.1 51.3 51.2 54.4±3.3

94


P Ti

me Ta

Tin

s1

Tin

s2

Tins

,m

Ts

1

Ts

2

Ts

3

Ts

4

Ts

5 Ts

Th

s1

Th

s2

Th

s3

Th

s4

Th

s5 Ths

Tf(

m) Tf

Tf,

max

Tvc(

m) Tvc

Tvc,

max Ral Rf

Rsr

vc

R

vc

Rf

vc

Plo

ss

Rv

co

1

0 1

22

.4 23

23.

1 23.1

27.

9

26.

5

26.

2

26.

2

27.

3

27.1±0

.9

24.

8

24.

7

24.

5 25 25

24.8

±0.3

23.

9

23.9

±0.5 24.4 23.9

23.9

±0.3 24.2

0.2

30

0.

15

0.0

3

0.

00

0.

18

0.0

0

0.0

3

10

22

.2

22.

9

22.

9 22.9

37.

8

34.

1

33.

4

33.

4

35.

4

35.6±2

.2

31.

3

30.

8

29.

6

31.

8

31.

9

30.8

±1.2

26.

9

26.9

±0.8 27.6 27.9

27.9

±1.2 29.1

0.4

85

0.

47

0.1

2

0.

11

0.

69

0.0

1

0.2

3

20

22

.4 23 23 23.0

40.

9

37.

2

36.

5

36.

5

38.

5

38.7±2

.2

34.

3

33.

7

32.

5

34.

7

34.

9

33.7

±1.2

29.

8

29.8

±0.8 30.5 30.7

30.7

±1.4 32.1

0.5

00

0.

74

0.1

4

0.

10

0.

97

0.0

1

0.2

4

30

23

.4

23.

5

23.

6 23.6

43.

5

39.

6

38.

9

38.

9 41

41.2±2

.3

36.

7

36.

1

34.

9

37.

2

37.

4

36.2

±1.3

32.

1

32.1

±0.7 32.8 33.0

33.0

±1.6 34.6

0.5

05

0.

87

0.1

6

0.

09

1.

12

0.0

2

0.2

5

40

22

.7

23.

4

23.

3 23.4

45.

5

41.

6

40.

8

40.

9

42.

9

43.2±2

.4

38.

6 38

36.

7

39.

1

39.

3

38.0

±1.3

33.

9

33.9

±0.7 34.6 34.9

34.9

±1.6 36.5

0.5

15

1.

12

0.1

6

0.

10

1.

38

0.0

2

0.2

6

50

22

.6

23.

2

22.

9 23.1

46.

9

43.

1

42.

3

42.

3

44.

4

44.6±2

.3 40

39.

4

38.

1

40.

5

40.

7

39.4

±1.3

35.

3

35.3

±0.8 36.0 36.3

36.3

±1.6 37.9

0.5

20

1.

27

0.1

6

0.

11

1.

53

0.0

2

0.2

7

60

22

.8

23.

3

23.

1 23.2

48.

1

44.

2

43.

4

43.

5

45.

5

45.8±2

.4

41.

2

40.

6

39.

2

41.

7

41.

8

40.5

±1.3

36.

3

36.3

±0.7 37.0 37.5

37.5

±1.6 39.1

0.5

25

1.

35

0.1

6

0.

12

1.

63

0.0

2

0.2

8

70

23

.6

23.

8

23.

7 23.8

49.

2

45.

3

44.

5

44.

5

46.

6

46.9±2

.4

42.

2

41.

6

40.

3

42.

7

42.

9

41.6

±1.3

37.

3

37.3

±0.7 38.0 38.6

38.6

±1.7 40.2

0.5

25

1.

37

0.1

7

0.

13

1.

66

0.0

2

0.2

9

80 23

23.

9

23.

5 23.7 50

46.

1

45.

3

45.

3

47.

5

47.7±2

.4 43

42.

4

41.

1

43.

5

43.

7

42.4

±1.3

38.

1

38.1

±0.7 38.8 39.4

39.4

±1.7 41.0

0.5

25

1.

51

0.1

7

0.

13

1.

80

0.0

2

0.2

9

90

22

.5

23.

7

23.

2 23.5

50.

5

46.

6

45.

8

45.

9 48

48.2±2

.4

43.

6 43

41.

6

44.

1

44.

2

42.9

±1.3

38.

6

38.6

±0.8 39.3 40.0

40.0

±1.7 41.7

0.5

25

1.

61

0.1

7

0.

15

1.

92

0.0

2

0.3

2

10

0

22

.9

23.

7

23.

2 23.5 51 47

46.

2

46.

3

48.

4

48.6±2

.4 44

43.

4 42

44.

5

44.

6

43.3

±1.3

39.

0

39.0

±0.8 39.7 40.5

40.5

±1.7 42.1

0.5

30

1.

61

0.1

7

0.

15

1.

92

0.0

2

0.3

2

11

0

23

.8

24.

2

23.

8 24.0

51.

4

47.

5

46.

7

46.

7

48.

8

49.1±2

.4

44.

5

43.

8

42.

5 45

45.

1

43.8

±1.3

39.

4

39.4

±0.8 40.2 40.9

40.9

±1.7 42.5

0.5

25

1.

56

0.1

7

0.

15

1.

87

0.0

2

0.3

1

12

0

22

.9

24.

2

23.

7 24.0

51.

7

47.

8 47 47

49.

2

49.4±2

.4

44.

8

44.

1

42.

8

45.

3

45.

5

44.2

±1.4

39.

7

39.7

±0.8 40.5 41.3

41.3

±1.7 42.9

0.5

20

1.

68

0.1

7

0.

16

2.

00

0.0

2

0.3

2

13

0

22

.8 24

23.

3 23.7 52

48.

1

47.

3

47.

3

49.

4

49.7±2

.4 45

44.

4 43

45.

5

45.

7

44.4

±1.4

39.

9

39.9

±0.8 40.7 41.5

41.5

±1.7 43.2

0.5

30

1.

71

0.1

7

0.

16

2.

04

0.0

2

0.3

3

14

0

22

.9 24

23.

2 23.6

52.

3

48.

3

47.

5

47.

5

49.

7

49.9±2

.4

45.

2

44.

6

43.

2

45.

7

45.

9

44.6

±1.4

40.

0

40.0

±0.8 40.8 41.7

41.7

±1.7 43.3

0.5

35

1.

71

0.1

7

0.

17

2.

04

0.0

2

0.3

3

15

0

23

.6

24.

3

23.

7 24.0

52.

5

48.

5

47.

7

47.

7

49.

8

50.1±2

.4

45.

4

44.

8

43.

4

45.

9

46.

1

44.8

±1.4

40.

2

40.2

±0.8 41.0 41.9

41.9

±1.7 43.5

0.5

35

1.

66

0.1

7

0.

17

1.

99

0.0

2

0.3

3

16

0

23

.3

24.

5

23.

8 24.2

52.

6

48.

7

47.

9

47.

9 50

50.3±2

.4

45.

6 45

43.

6

46.

1

46.

3

45.0

±1.4

40.

5

40.5

±0.8 41.3 42.1

42.1

±1.7 43.8

0.5

30

1.

72

0.1

7

0.

16

2.

05

0.0

2

0.3

3

17

0

22

.8

24.

3

23.

5 23.9

52.

6

48.

7

47.

9

47.

9

50.

1

50.3±2

.4

45.

6

45.

1

43.

7

46.

1

46.

4

45.1

±1.4

40.

6

40.6

±0.8 41.3 42.2

42.2

±1.7 43.9

0.5

20

1.

78

0.1

7

0.

17

2.

11

0.0

2

0.3

4

18

0 23

24.

2

23.

4 23.8

52.

8

48.

8 48 48

50.

2

50.4±2

.4

45.

7

45.

1

43.

7

46.

3

46.

5

45.1

±1.4

40.

5

40.5

±0.8 41.3 42.3

42.3

±1.7 44.0

0.5

30

1.

75

0.1

7

0.

18

2.

10

0.0

2

0.3

5

1

5

19

0

23

.9

23.

8

23.

7 23.8 59

53.

4

52.

2

52.

3

55.

4

55.6±3

.4 49

48.

1

46.

1

49.

7 50

48.1

±2.0

41.

8

41.8

±1.0 42.7 44.0

44.0

±2.1 46.1

0.5

03

1.

19

0.1

4

0.

15

1.

48

0.0

3

0.2

9

20

0 23

23.

8

23.

7 23.8

60.

6

55.

1

53.

9

53.

9 57

57.3±3

.4

50.

6

49.

6

47.

6

51.

3

51.

6

49.6

±2.0

43.

2

43.2

±0.9 44.1 45.5

45.5

±2.3 47.7

0.5

10

1.

35

0.1

5

0.

15

1.

65

0.0

3

0.3

0

21

0

23

.1 24

23.

8 23.9

61.

7

56.

1 55 55

58.

1

58.4±3

.4

51.

7

50.

7

48.

7

52.

4

52.

7

50.7

±2.0

44.

3

44.3

±1.0 45.2 46.6

46.6

±2.4 48.9

0.5

10

1.

41

0.1

6

0.

15

1.

72

0.0

3

0.3

1

22

0

23

.2 24

23.

9 24.0

62.

4

56.

8

55.

7

55.

7

58.

8

59.1±3

.4

52.

4

51.

5

49.

4

53.

2

53.

4

51.4

±2.0

44.

9

44.9

±1.0 45.9 47.3

47.3

±2.4 49.7

0.5

10

1.

45

0.1

6

0.

16

1.

77

0.0

3

0.3

2

23

0

22

.8 24 24 24.0

62.

9

57.

4

56.

2

56.

2

59.

3

59.6±3

.4

52.

9 52

49.

9

53.

7

53.

9

51.9

±2.0

45.

4

45.4

±0.9 46.3 47.8

47.8

±2.4 50.2

0.5

10

1.

50

0.1

6

0.

16

1.

83

0.0

3

0.3

2

24 22 24. 24 24.1 63. 57. 56. 56. 59. 60.1±3 53. 52. 50. 54. 54. 52.5 46. 46.0 46.9 48.4 48.4 50.7 0.5 1. 0.1 0. 1. 0.0 0.3

95

0 .9 1 4 9 7 8 8 .4 5 5 5 2 5 ±2.0 0 ±0.9 ±2.4 03 54 6 16 85 3 2

25

0

22

.9

24.

1

23.

9 24.0

63.

8

58.

2

57.

1

57.

1

60.

2

60.5±3

.4

53.

9

52.

9

50.

9

54.

6

54.

9

52.9

±2.0

46.

4

46.4

±0.9 47.3 48.9

48.9

±2.4 51.3

0.5

03

1.

56

0.1

6

0.

17

1.

89

0.0

3

0.3

3

26

0 23

24.

1

23.

9 24.0

63.

9

58.

4

57.

3

57.

3

60.

4

60.6±3

.3

54.

1

53.

1

51.

1

54.

8

55.

1

53.1

±2.0

46.

5

46.5

±1.0 47.5 49.1

49.1

±2.4 51.5

0.5

00

1.

57

0.1

6

0.

17

1.

90

0.0

3

0.3

3

27

0

22

.8

24.

1

23.

9 24.0

64.

1

58.

5

57.

4

57.

4

60.

5

60.8±3

.4

54.

2

53.

3

51.

2 55

55.

2

53.2

±2.0

46.

6

46.6

±1.1 47.6 49.2

49.2

±2.4 51.6

0.5

03

1.

58

0.1

6

0.

18

1.

92

0.0

3

0.3

4

28

0

22

.8

24.

1

23.

9 24.0

64.

3

58.

7

57.

6

57.

6

60.

7

61.0±3

.4

54.

4

53.

4

51.

4

55.

2

55.

4

53.4

±2.0

46.

8

46.8

±1.0 47.8 49.4

49.4

±2.4 51.8

0.5

03

1.

60

0.1

6

0.

17

1.

93

0.0

3

0.3

3

29

0 23

24.

1 24 24.1

64.

6 59

57.

9

57.

9 61

61.3±3

.4

54.

6

53.

7

51.

6

55.

4

55.

7

53.7

±2.1

47.

0

47.0

±1.0 48.0 49.7

49.7

±2.4 52.0

0.5

07

1.

60

0.1

6

0.

18

1.

93

0.0

3

0.3

3

30

0

22

.6

24.

1

23.

9 24.0

64.

5 59

57.

8

57.

9

60.

9

61.2±3

.4

54.

7

53.

7

51.

7

55.

4

55.

7

53.7

±2.0

47.

0

47.0

±1.0 48.0 49.8

49.8

±2.4 52.1

0.4

97

1.

63

0.1

6

0.

18

1.

97

0.0

3

0.3

4

31

0

23

.1

24.

2 24 24.1

64.

5

58.

9

57.

8

57.

9

60.

9

61.2±3

.4

54.

6

53.

7

51.

6

55.

4

55.

7

53.7

±2.1

47.

0

47.0

±1.0 48.0 49.8

49.8

±2.4 52.1

0.5

00

1.

59

0.1

6

0.

18

1.

93

0.0

3

0.3

4

32

0 23

24.

3

24.

1 24.2

65.

1

59.

3

58.

2

58.

2

61.

4

61.7±3

.5

54.

9

53.

9

51.

8

55.

7

55.

9

53.9

±2.1

47.

1

47.1

±1.0 48.1 49.9

49.9

±2.4 52.3

0.5

20

1.

61

0.1

6

0.

19

1.

95

0.0

4

0.3

5

33

0

23

.1

24.

5

24.

2 24.4

65.

7

59.

8

58.

7

58.

7 62

62.2±3

.5

55.

4

54.

4

52.

3

56.

2

56.

4

54.4

±2.1

47.

4

47.4

±1.0 48.4 50.2

50.2

±2.5 52.7

0.5

23

1.

62

0.1

7

0.

19

1.

97

0.0

4

0.3

5

34

0

22

.7

24.

3

24.

1 24.2

65.

8 60

58.

8

58.

8 62

62.3±3

.5

55.

5

54.

5

52.

4

56.

3

56.

5

54.5

±2.1

47.

5

47.5

±1.0 48.5 50.4

50.4

±2.5 52.8

0.5

23

1.

65

0.1

6

0.

19

2.

01

0.0

4

0.3

5

35

0

22

.5

24.

2

23.

9 24.1

65.

7

59.

9

58.

7

58.

7

61.

9

62.2±3

.5

55.

5

54.

4

52.

3

56.

2

56.

5

54.4

±2.1

47.

5

47.5

±1.0 48.5 50.4

50.4

±2.5 52.9

0.5

20

1.

67

0.1

7

0.

19

2.

03

0.0

4

0.3

6

36

0

22

.5

24.

2

23.

8 24.0

65.

9 60

58.

9

58.

9

62.

1

62.4±3

.5

55.

5

54.

5

52.

4

56.

3

56.

6

54.5

±2.1

47.

6

47.6

±1.1 48.6 50.5

50.5

±2.5 52.9

0.5

27

1.

67

0.1

6

0.

19

2.

03

0.0

4

0.3

6

2

0

37

0

23

.1

24.

1

23.

3 23.7

67.

1

60.

2

59.

2

59.

1

62.

3

63.1±4

.0

56.

4

55.

1

52.

5

57.

3

57.

7

55.1

±2.6

47.

7

47.7

±1.0 48.7 50.7

50.7

±2.4 53.1

0.4

00

1.

23

0.1

2

0.

15

1.

50

0.0

4

0.2

7

38

0

24

.4

24.

7

23.

9 24.3 68

60.

5

59.

9 60

63.

2

64.0±4

.1

56.

5

55.

3

52.

7

57.

5

57.

9

55.3

±2.6

47.

9

47.9

±1.1 48.9 50.9

50.9

±2.4 53.3

0.4

33

1.

17

0.1

2

0.

15

1.

45

0.0

4

0.2

7

39

0

23

.4

24.

6

23.

7 24.2 70

62.

5

60.

9

60.

9

65.

2

65.5±4

.6

57.

9

56.

6

54.

1

58.

9

59.

3

56.7

±2.6

48.

1

48.1

±1.1 49.1 51.3

51.3

±2.6 53.8

0.4

38

1.

23

0.1

3

0.

16

1.

52

0.0

4

0.2

9

40

0

22

.9

24.

3

23.

3 23.8

71.

5

63.

9

62.

4

62.

4

66.

7

67.0±4

.6 58

56.

8

54.

2 59

59.

4

56.8

±2.6

48.

2

48.2

±1.1 49.3 51.6

51.6

±2.8 54.4

0.5

08

1.

27

0.1

4

0.

17

1.

58

0.0

4

0.3

1

41

0

22

.9

24.

4

23.

3 23.9

72.

9

65.

2

63.

7

63.

7 68

68.3±4

.6

59.

3 58

55.

5

60.

3

60.

6

58.1

±2.6

49.

5

49.5

±1.2 50.6 52.7

52.7

±3.2 55.8

0.5

13

1.

33

0.1

6

0.

16

1.

65

0.0

4

0.3

2

42

0

22

.8

24.

6

23.

6 24.1

74.

2

66.

4

64.

8

64.

9

69.

3

69.5±4

.7

60.

4

59.

1

56.

5

61.

5

61.

8

59.2

±2.7

50.

6

50.6

±1.2 51.7 53.8

53.8

±3.2 56.9

0.5

18

1.

39

0.1

6

0.

16

1.

71

0.0

4

0.3

2

43

0

23

.8 25 24 24.5

75.

1

67.

3

65.

8

65.

8

70.

2

70.5±4

.7

61.

3

60.

1

57.

5

62.

4

62.

7

60.1

±2.6

51.

5

51.5

±1.2 52.6 54.8

54.8

±3.2 57.9

0.5

17

1.

38

0.1

6

0.

17

1.

71

0.0

4

0.3

2

44

0

23

.4

24.

8

23.

6 24.2

75.

6

67.

9

66.

3

66.

3

70.

7

71.0±4

.7

61.

9

60.

6 58

62.

9

63.

3

60.7

±2.7

52.

0

52.0

±1.2 53.1 55.4

55.4

±3.1 58.5

0.5

15

1.

43

0.1

6

0.

17

1.

76

0.0

4

0.3

3

45

0

22

.8

24.

8

23.

6 24.2

76.

3

68.

4

66.

9

66.

9

71.

3

71.6±4

.7

62.

4

61.

1

58.

4

63.

4

63.

8

61.1

±2.7

52.

4

52.4

±1.2 53.6 55.9

55.9

±3.1 59.0

0.5

25

1.

48

0.1

6

0.

18

1.

81

0.0

4

0.3

3

46

0

24

.6

24.

8

23.

6 24.2

76.

5

68.

7

67.

1

67.

1

71.

5

71.8±4

.7

62.

6

61.

4

58.

7

63.

7

64.

1

61.4

±2.7

52.

7

52.7

±1.2 53.8 56.2

56.2

±3.1 59.3

0.5

20

1.

40

0.1

6

0.

18

1.

74

0.0

4

0.3

3

47

0

25

.9

25.

1

23.

9 24.5 77

69.

1

67.

5

67.

6 72

72.3±4

.8

63.

1

61.

8

59.

1

64.

1

64.

5

61.8

±2.7

53.

1

53.1

±1.2 54.2 56.7

56.7

±3.1 59.7

0.5

23

1.

36

0.1

5

0.

18

1.

69

0.0

4

0.3

3

48

0

23

.5

25.

4

24.

2 24.8

77.

3

69.

5

67.

9

67.

9

72.

4

72.6±4

.7

63.

4

62.

1

59.

5

64.

5

64.

8

62.2

±2.7

53.

4

53.4

±1.2 54.6 57.0

57.0

±3.1 60.1

0.5

23

1.

50

0.1

6

0.

18

1.

83

0.0

4

0.3

4

49

0

23

.1

25.

2

23.

8 24.5

77.

6

69.

7

68.

1

68.

1

72.

5

72.9±4

.8

63.

6

62.

3

59.

6

64.

7 65

62.3

±2.7

53.

5

53.5

±1.3 54.7 57.2

57.2

±3.1 60.3

0.5

28

1.

52

0.1

6

0.

19

1.

86

0.0

5

0.3

4

50

0

22

.9 25

23.

6 24.3

77.

9

69.

9

68.

3

68.

3

72.

8

73.1±4

.8

63.

8

62.

4

59.

8

64.

8

65.

2

62.5

±2.7

53.

6

53.6

±1.3 54.8 57.3

57.3

±3.1 60.4

0.5

30

1.

53

0.1

6

0.

19

1.

88

0.0

5

0.3

4

51 24 25. 23. 24.6 78 70 68. 68. 72. 73.2±4 63. 62. 59. 65 65. 62.6 53. 53.7 54.9 57.5 57.5 60.6 0.5 1. 0.1 0. 1. 0.0 0.3

96

0 3 9 4 4 9 .8 8 6 9 3 ±2.7 7 ±1.2 ±3.1 30 49 6 19 83 5 5

52

0

23

.3

25.

7

24.

4 25.1

77.

3

69.

7

68.

1

68.

1

72.

5

72.7±4

.6

63.

7

62.

5

59.

9

64.

8

65.

1

62.5

±2.6

53.

9

53.9

±1.2 55.1 57.6

57.6

±3.1 60.6

0.5

10

1.

53

0.1

5

0.

18

1.

87

0.0

4

0.3

4

53

0

23

.6

25.

5 24 24.8

77.

7

69.

9

68.

3

68.

3

72.

8

73.0±4

.7

63.

8

62.

5

59.

9

64.

9

65.

2

62.6

±2.7

53.

8

53.8

±1.2 55.0 57.6

57.6

±3.1 60.6

0.5

23

1.

51

0.1

5

0.

19

1.

85

0.0

5

0.3

4

54

0

23

.4

25.

3

23.

7 24.5

77.

9 70

68.

4

68.

4

72.

9

73.2±4

.8

63.

9

62.

6 60 65

65.

4

62.7

±2.7

53.

8

53.8

±1.2 55.0 57.6

57.6

±3.1 60.7

0.5

23

1.

52

0.1

6

0.

19

1.

87

0.0

5

0.3

5

4

0

55

0

23

.7

25.

4

24.

1 24.8

10

1.6

87.

3

84.

4

84.

4

92.

7

93.0±8

.6

75.

3

72.

8

68.

1

77.

3 78

73.1

±5.0

57.

4

57.4

±1.6 59.0 63.0

63.0

±4.8 67.8

0.4

99

0.

84

0.1

2

0.

14

1.

10

0.0

6

0.2

6

56

0 24

25.

1

23.

8 24.5

10

7.4

92.

5

89.

8

89.

7

98.

3

98.6±8

.9

80.

6

78.

1

73.

1

82.

7

83.

4

78.3

±5.2

62.

0

62.0

±1.7 63.7 68.0

68.0

±5.6 73.5

0.5

08

0.

95

0.1

4

0.

15

1.

24

0.0

7

0.2

9

57

0

24

.6

25.

1

23.

7 24.4

11

1.2 96

93.

1

93.

2

10

2

102.2±

9.1

84.

1

81.

5

76.

5

86.

1

86.

9

81.7

±5.2

65.

2

65.2

±1.8 66.9 71.4

71.4

±5.9 77.2

0.5

11

1.

01

0.1

5

0.

16

1.

32

0.0

7

0.3

0

58

0

25

.8

25.

6

24.

3 25.0

11

3.9

98.

7

95.

8

95.

8

10

4.7

104.9±

9.1

86.

6

83.

7

79.

2

88.

7

89.

4

84.3

±5.1

67.

6

67.6

±1.8 69.3 74.1

74.1

±6.0 80.0

0.5

14

1.

04

0.1

5

0.

16

1.

36

0.0

7

0.3

1

59

0

24

.2

25.

8

24.

2 25.0

11

6.1

10

0.7

97.

8

97.

7

10

6.8

106.9±

9.2

88.

4

85.

4 81

90.

5

91.

3

86.2

±5.2

69.

1

69.1

±1.9 71.0 76.0

76.0

±6.1 82.0

0.5

19

1.

12

0.1

5

0.

17

1.

45

0.0

8

0.3

2

60

0

23

.9

25.

5

23.

9 24.7

11

7.5

10

2 99

98.

8

10

8.1

108.2±

9.4

89.

5

86.

5

82.

2

91.

7

92.

5

87.4

±5.2

70.

2

70.2

±1.9 72.0 77.4

77.4

±6.1 83.4

0.5

20

1.

16

0.1

5

0.

18

1.

49

0.0

8

0.3

3

61

0

23

.8

25.

6

23.

8 24.7

11

8.7

10

3

99.

9

99.

7

10

9.2

109.2±

9.5

90.

4

87.

3 83

92.

6

93.

4

88.2

±5.2

70.

9

70.9

±1.9 72.8 78.3

78.3

±6.1 84.3

0.5

25

1.

18

0.1

5

0.

18

1.

51

0.0

8

0.3

4

62

0

24

.7

26.

1

24.

4 25.3

11

9.9

10

4.1

10

1.1

10

0.8

11

0.4

110.4±

9.6

91.

4

88.

3

84.

1

93.

6

94.

4

89.3

±5.2

72.

0

72.0

±1.9 73.8 79.3

79.3

±6.1 85.4

0.5

28

1.

18

0.1

5

0.

18

1.

52

0.0

8

0.3

4

63

0

23

.5

26.

3

24.

5 25.4

12

1.1

10

5.1

10

2.1

10

1.8

11

1.5

111.5±

9.7

92.

2 89

84.

8

94.

5

95.

3

90.1

±5.3

72.

6

72.6

±1.9 74.4 80.1

80.1

±6.1 86.2

0.5

35

1.

23

0.1

5

0.

19

1.

57

0.0

8

0.3

4

64

0 24

26.

2

24.

2 25.2

12

1.6

10

5.5

10

2.5

10

2.2

11

2

111.9±

9.7

92.

6

89.

4

85.

2

94.

9

95.

7

90.5

±5.3

72.

9

72.9

±1.9 74.7 80.7

80.7

±6.2 86.8

0.5

36

1.

22

0.1

5

0.

20

1.

57

0.0

8

0.3

5

65

0

24

.2

26.

2

24.

1 25.2

12

2.2

10

6

10

2.9

10

2.7

11

2.5

112.5±

9.8 93

89.

7

85.

5

95.

2

96.

1

90.8

±5.3

73.

0

73.0

±1.9 74.9 81.0

81.0

±6.2 87.1

0.5

41

1.

22

0.1

5

0.

20

1.

57

0.0

8

0.3

5

66

0

26

.5

26.

5

24.

5 25.5

12

3

10

6.7

10

3.6

10

3.3

11

3.3

113.2±

9.9

93.

5

90.

2 86

95.

8

96.

7

91.4

±5.4

73.

6

73.6

±1.9 75.4 81.5

81.5

±6.2 87.7

0.5

45

1.

18

0.1

6

0.

20

1.

53

0.0

8

0.3

5

67

0

24

.5

26.

9

24.

8 25.9

12

3.9

10

7.4

10

4.4

10

4

11

4.1

114.0±

10.0

94.

2

90.

8

86.

6

96.

5

97.

4

92.0

±5.4

74.

1

74.1

±1.9 76.0 82.1

82.1

±6.3 88.3

0.5

49

1.

24

0.1

6

0.

20

1.

60

0.0

8

0.3

6

68

0

23

.7

26.

6

24.

4 25.5

12

4.2

10

7.6

10

4.6

10

4.1

11

4.4

114.2±

10.1

94.

4

90.

8

86.

7

96.

6

97.

5

92.1

±5.4

74.

1

74.1

±1.9 76.0 82.3

82.3

±6.2 88.5

0.5

51

1.

26

0.1

6

0.

21

1.

62

0.0

8

0.3

6

69

0

24

.4

26.

6

24.

3 25.5

12

4.3

10

7.7

10

4.7

10

4.1

11

4.4

114.2±

10.1

94.

4

90.

9

86.

8

96.

7

97.

6

92.2

±5.4

74.

2

74.2

±2.0 76.1 82.5

82.5

±6.3 88.7

0.5

50

1.

24

0.1

6

0.

21

1.

61

0.0

8

0.3

6

70

0

25

.9

26.

7

24.

4 25.6

12

4.7

10

8

10

5

10

4.3

11

4.8

114.5±

10.2

94.

6

91.

1 87

96.

9

97.

9

92.5

±5.5

74.

3

74.3

±1.9 76.2 82.6

82.6

±6.3 88.9

0.5

51

1.

21

0.1

6

0.

21

1.

58

0.0

8

0.3

7

71

0

24

.3

27.

3

25.

1 26.2

12

5

10

8.3

10

5.3

10

4.6

11

5.1

114.8±

10.2 95

91.

4

87.

4

97.

3

98.

2

92.8

±5.4

74.

8

74.8

±1.9 76.7 83.0

83.0

±6.3 89.3

0.5

50

1.

26

0.1

6

0.

21

1.

63

0.0

8

0.3

6

72

0

24

.3

27.

1

24.

8 26.0

12

5.6

10

8.8

10

5.7

10

4.9

11

5.6

115.3±

10.4

95.

2

91.

6

87.

6

97.

6

98.

5

93.1

±5.5

74.

9

74.9

±2.0 76.8 83.2

83.2

±6.3 89.5

0.5

55

1.

26

0.1

6

0.

21

1.

63

0.0

8

0.3

7

Tf

1

Tf

2

Tf

3

Tf

4

Tf

5

Tf

6

Tf

7

Tf

8

Tf

9

Tf

10

Tf

11

Tf

12

Tf

13

Tf

14

Tf

15

Tf

16

Tf

17 Tf

Tv

c1

Tv

c2

Tv

c3

Tv

c4

Tv

c5

Tv

c6

Tv

c7

Tv

c8

Tv

c9

Tvc

10

Tvc

11

Tvc

12

Tvc

13

Tvc

14 Tvc

24

.3

24

.2

24

.2

24

.3

24

.3

24

.4

24

.3

24

.4

24

.4

24

.4

23

.4

23

.5

23

.4

23

.5

23

.4

23

.4

23

.4

23.9

±0.5

23.

6

23.

7

23.

7

23.

7

23.

7 24

24.

1

24.

1

24.

1

24.

1

24.

2

24.

2

24.

2

24.

2

23.9

±0.3

27

.3

27

.3

27

.1

27

.4

27

.4

27

.6

27

.3

27

.3

27

.6

27

.6

26

.6

26

.8

26

.5

26

.8

26

.7

26

.1

26

.2

26.9

±0.8

26.

8

27.

1

26.

7

27.

2

27.

7

27.

6

27.

4

27.

6

27.

3

27.

4

29.

1

28.

9

28.

3

28.

9

27.9

±1.2

30

.2

30

.2 30

30

.4

30

.4

30

.5

30

.1

30

.2

30

.5

30

.5

29

.5

29

.7

29

.4

29

.7

29

.6 29

29

.1

29.8

±0.8

29.

5

29.

9

29.

3 30

30.

5

30.

3

30.

2

30.

3

29.

9 30

32.

1

31.

9

31.

2

31.

7

30.7

±1.4

32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 31 32 31 32 32 31 31 32.1

31. 32. 31. 32. 32. 32. 32. 32. 32. 32. 34. 34. 33. 34. 33.0

97

.5 .5 .4 .7 .7 .8 .4 .6 .8 .8 .8 .7 .1 .4 .4 ±0.7 8 2 4 3 8 6 5 6 2 2 6 3 6 1 ±1.6

34

.3

34

.3

34

.1

34

.4

34

.5

34

.6

34

.2

34

.3

34

.6

34

.6

33

.6

33

.8

33

.6

33

.9

33

.7

33

.2

33

.2

33.9

±0.7

33.

6 34

33.

3

34.

2

34.

6

34.

5

34.

4

34.

6

34.

1 34

36.

5

36.

2

35.

6

35.

9

34.9

±1.6

35

.6

35

.6

35

.5

35

.8

35

.8 36

35

.5

35

.6

35

.9 36

34

.9

35

.2

34

.8

35

.2

35

.1

34

.5

34

.5

35.3

±0.8 35

35.

3

34.

7

35.

6 36

35.

9

35.

9 36

35.

6

35.

5

37.

9

37.

7

37.

1

37.

4

36.3

±1.6

36

.7

36

.6

36

.5

36

.9

36

.9 37

36

.6

36

.7 37 37 36

36

.2

35

.9

36

.3

36

.1

35

.6

35

.6

36.3

±0.7

36.

2

36.

4

35.

9

36.

8

37.

1

37.

1

37.

1

37.

1

36.

9

36.

7

39.

1

38.

9

38.

4

38.

5

37.5

±1.6

37

.7

37

.7

37

.5

37

.9

37

.9 38

37

.6

37

.7 38 38 37

37

.3

36

.9

37

.3

37

.2

36

.6

36

.6

37.3

±0.7

37.

2

37.

5

36.

9

37.

8

38.

1

38.

1

38.

2

38.

2

37.

9

37.

8

40.

2

39.

9

39.

5

39.

5

38.6

±1.7

38

.5

38

.4

38

.3

38

.7

38

.7

38

.8

38

.3

38

.5

38

.8

38

.8

37

.8 38

37

.7

38

.1

37

.9

37

.4

37

.4

38.1

±0.7 38

38.

3

37.

7

38.

7

38.

9 39 39

39.

1

38.

8

38.

6 41

40.

8

40.

4

40.

4

39.4

±1.7

39 38

.9

38

.8

39

.2

39

.2

39

.3

38

.9 39

39

.3

39

.3

38

.3

38

.5

38

.2

38

.6

38

.4

37

.9

37

.8

38.6

±0.8

38.

6

38.

8

38.

3

39.

2

39.

5

39.

6

39.

7

39.

7

39.

5

39.

3

41.

7

41.

4 41

40.

9

40.0

±1.7

39

.4

39

.3

39

.2

39

.5

39

.5

39

.7

39

.2

39

.4

39

.7

39

.7

38

.6

38

.9

38

.6 39

38

.8

38

.3

38

.2

39.0

±0.8 39

39.

2

38.

8

39.

7

39.

9 40

40.

1

40.

1 40

39.

7

42.

1

41.

8

41.

5

41.

4

40.5

±1.7

39

.8

39

.8

39

.6 40 40

40

.2

39

.7

39

.8

40

.1

40

.1

39

.1

39

.4 39

39

.4

39

.3

38

.8

38

.6

39.4

±0.8

39.

4

39.

6

39.

2

40.

1

40.

3

40.

4

40.

5

40.

6

40.

4

40.

2

42.

5

42.

3 42

41.

8

40.9

±1.7

40

.2

40

.1

39

.9

40

.3

40

.3

40

.5 40

40

.2

40

.4

40

.5

39

.4

39

.7

39

.4

39

.7

39

.6

39

.1

38

.9

39.7

±0.8

39.

8 40

39.

6

40.

5

40.

7

40.

8

40.

9 41

40.

9

40.

6

42.

9

42.

7

42.

4

42.

2

41.3

±1.7

40

.3

40

.2

40

.1

40

.5

40

.5

40

.7

40

.2

40

.3

40

.6

40

.7

39

.6

39

.9

39

.5

39

.9

39

.8

39

.3

39

.1

39.9

±0.8 40

40.

2

39.

8

40.

7

40.

9

41.

1

41.

2

41.

3

41.

2

40.

9

43.

2 43

42.

7

42.

5

41.5

±1.7

40

.4

40

.4

40

.2

40

.6

40

.6

40

.8

40

.3

40

.5

40

.7

40

.8

39

.7 40

39

.6 40

39

.8

39

.4

39

.2

40.0

±0.8

40.

2

40.

3 40

40.

9 41

41.

2

41.

4

41.

4

41.

3

41.

1

43.

3

43.

1

42.

9

42.

7

41.7

±1.7

40

.7

40

.6

40

.5

40

.9

40

.9 41

40

.5

40

.7 41 41

39

.9

40

.2

39

.9

40

.3

40

.1

39

.7

39

.4

40.2

±0.8

40.

4

40.

5

40.

2

41.

1

41.

3

41.

4

41.

6

41.

6

41.

6

41.

3

43.

5

43.

3

43.

1

42.

8

41.9

±1.7

40

.9

40

.9

40

.7

41

.1

41

.1

41

.3

40

.8

40

.9

41

.2

41

.3

40

.2

40

.5

40

.1

40

.5

40

.4

39

.9

39

.7

40.5

±0.8

40.

7

40.

8

40.

4

41.

3

41.

5

41.

7

41.

8

41.

9

41.

8

41.

6

43.

8

43.

6

43.

4

43.

1

42.1

±1.7

40

.9

40

.9

40

.8

41

.2

41

.2

41

.3

40

.8 41

41

.3

41

.3

40

.3

40

.5

40

.2

40

.6

40

.4 40

39

.8

40.6

±0.8

40.

8

40.

9

40.

5

41.

4

41.

6

41.

8 42 42 42

41.

7

43.

9

43.

7

43.

5

43.

2

42.2

±1.7

40

.9

40

.9

40

.8

41

.2

41

.2

41

.3

40

.8 41

41

.3

41

.3

40

.3

40

.6

40

.2

40

.6

40

.4 40

39

.7

40.5

±0.8

40.

8

40.

9

40.

6

41.

5

41.

6

41.

8 42

42.

1 42

41.

8 44

43.

8

43.

6

43.

3

42.3

±1.7

42

.2

42

.2

41

.9

42

.5

42

.5

42

.7 42

42

.2

42

.6

42

.7

41

.5

41

.9

41

.3

41

.9

41

.7 41

40

.8

41.8

±1.0

42.

2

42.

4

41.

9 43

43.

3

43.

3

43.

4

43.

6

43.

4

43.

2

46.

1

45.

8

45.

3

45.

3

44.0

±2.1

43

.7

43

.6

43

.4

43

.9

43

.9

44

.1

43

.4

43

.7 44

44

.1 43

43

.4

42

.9

43

.4

43

.2

42

.5

42

.3

43.2

±0.9

43.

5

43.

8

43.

2

44.

4

44.

7

44.

7

44.

9 45

44.

7

44.

5

47.

7

47.

3

46.

8

46.

8

45.5

±2.3

44

.7

44

.6

44

.5 45 45

45

.2

44

.5

44

.7

45

.1

45

.1 44

44

.4

43

.9

44

.5

44

.2

43

.6

43

.3

44.3

±1.0

44.

6

44.

9

44.

2

45.

5

45.

8

45.

8 46

46.

1

45.

9

45.

6

48.

9

48.

5 48

47.

9

46.6

±2.4

45

.4

45

.3

45

.1

45

.7

45

.7

45

.9

45

.1

45

.4

45

.8

45

.9

44

.7

45

.1

44

.6

45

.1

44

.9

44

.2

43

.9

44.9

±1.0

45.

4

45.

6

44.

9

46.

2

46.

5

46.

6

46.

8

46.

8

46.

7

46.

3

49.

7

49.

3

48.

8

48.

7

47.3

±2.4

45

.8

45

.8

45

.6

46

.1

46

.1

46

.3

45

.5

45

.8

46

.2

46

.3

45

.1

45

.5 45

45

.6

45

.3

44

.7

44

.4

45.4

±0.9

45.

8

46.

1

45.

4

46.

7 47

47.

1

47.

3

47.

3

47.

2

46.

9

50.

2

49.

8

49.

4

49.

2

47.8

±2.4

46

.4

46

.4

46

.1

46

.7

46

.7

46

.9

46

.2

46

.4

46

.8

46

.8

45

.7

46

.1

45

.5

46

.2

45

.9

45

.3 45

46.0

±0.9

46.

4

46.

6 46

47.

3

47.

6

47.

6

47.

9

47.

9

47.

8

47.

4

50.

7

50.

4 50

49.

8

48.4

±2.4

46

.8

46

.8

46

.5

47

.1

47

.1

47

.3

46

.6

46

.8

47

.2

47

.3

46

.1

46

.5 46

46

.6

46

.3

45

.7

45

.4

46.4

±0.9

46.

8 47

46.

5

47.

8 48

48.

1

48.

4

48.

4

48.

3

47.

9

51.

3

50.

9

50.

6

50.

3

48.9

±2.4

47 47 46

.7

47

.3

47

.3

47

.5

46

.7 47

47

.4

47

.5

46

.3

46

.7

46

.2

46

.8

46

.5

45

.9

45

.5

46.5

±1.0

47.

1

47.

3

46.

7 48

48.

3

48.

4

48.

6

48.

7

48.

6

48.

3

51.

5

51.

2

50.

8

50.

5

49.1

±2.4

47

.1 47

46

.8

47

.4

47

.4

47

.6

46

.8

47

.1

47

.5

47

.6

46

.3

46

.8

46

.2

46

.8

46

.5 46

45

.5

46.6

±1.1

47.

2

47.

4

46.

8

48.

1

48.

4

48.

5

48.

8

48.

8

48.

8

48.

4

51.

6

51.

3 51

50.

6

49.2

±2.4

47

.2

47

.2

46

.9

47

.5

47

.5

47

.8 47

47

.2

47

.7

47

.7

46

.5

46

.9

46

.4

46

.9

46

.7

46

.1

45

.8

46.8

±1.0

47.

3

47.

5 47

48.

3

48.

5

48.

6

48.

9

48.

9

48.

9

48.

6

51.

8

51.

5

51.

2

50.

7

49.4

±2.4

47

.5

47

.4

47

.3

47

.8

47

.8 48

47

.2

47

.5

47

.9

47

.9

46

.8

47

.2

46

.6

47

.3 47

46

.4 46

47.0

±1.0

47.

6

47.

8

47.

3

48.

5

48.

8

48.

9

49.

2

49.

2

49.

2

48.

8 52

51.

7

51.

4 51

49.7

±2.4

47 47 47 47 47 48 47 47 48 48 46 47 46 47 47 46 46 47.0

47. 47. 47. 48. 48. 49 49. 49. 49. 48. 52. 51. 51. 51. 49.8

98

.5 .5 .2 .8 .9 .2 .5 .8 .2 .7 .3 .5 ±1.0 7 8 4 6 8 3 3 3 9 1 8 5 1 ±2.4

47

.5

47

.4

47

.2

47

.8

47

.8 48

47

.2

47

.4

47

.9

47

.9

46

.8

47

.2

46

.6

47

.2

46

.9

46

.4 46

47.0

±1.0

47.

6

47.

8

47.

4

48.

6

48.

8 49

49.

3

49.

3

49.

3

48.

9

52.

1

51.

8

51.

5

51.

1

49.8

±2.4

47

.6

47

.6

47

.3

47

.9

47

.9

48

.1

47

.3

47

.6 48 48

46

.9

47

.3

46

.7

47

.3 47

46

.5

46

.1

47.1

±1.0

47.

8

47.

9

47.

5

48.

7

48.

9

49.

1

49.

4

49.

4

49.

5

49.

1

52.

3 52

51.

7

51.

2

49.9

±2.4

47

.9

47

.9

47

.6

48

.2

48

.2

48

.4

47

.6

47

.9

48

.3

48

.3

47

.1

47

.6 47

47

.7

47

.3

46

.8

46

.4

47.4

±1.0 48

48.

3

47.

7 49

49.

3

49.

4

49.

7

49.

7

49.

7

49.

3

52.

7

52.

3 52

51.

6

50.2

±2.5

48 47

.9

47

.7

48

.3

48

.3

48

.5

47

.6 48

48

.4

48

.5

47

.3

47

.7

47

.1

47

.7

47

.4

46

.9

46

.5

47.5

±1.0

48.

2

48.

4

47.

9

49.

1

49.

4

49.

5

49.

8

49.

8

49.

9

49.

5

52.

8

52.

4

52.

2

51.

7

50.4

±2.5

48 47

.9

47

.7

48

.3

48

.3

48

.5

47

.6

47

.9

48

.4

48

.5

47

.3

47

.7

47

.1

47

.7

47

.4

46

.9

46

.5

47.5

±1.0

48.

2

48.

4

47.

9

49.

2

49.

4

49.

6

49.

9

49.

9

49.

9

49.

6

52.

9

52.

5

52.

2

51.

8

50.4

±2.5

48 48 47

.8

48

.3

48

.4

48

.6

47

.7 48

48

.4

48

.5

47

.3

47

.7

47

.2

47

.8

47

.5 47

46

.5

47.6

±1.1

48.

3

48.

4 48

49.

2

49.

5

49.

6

49.

9

49.

9 50

49.

6

52.

9

52.

5

52.

2

51.

8

50.5

±2.5

48

.2

48

.1

47

.9

48

.5

48

.5

48

.7

47

.8

48

.1

48

.5

48

.6

47

.4

47

.9

47

.3

47

.9

47

.7

47

.1

46

.7

47.7

±1.0

48.

4

48.

8

48.

3

49.

4

49.

7

49.

8 50

50.

1

50.

1

49.

8

53.

1

52.

8

52.

5 52

50.7

±2.4

48

.4

48

.4

48

.1

48

.7

48

.7

48

.9 48

48

.3

48

.7

48

.8

47

.6

48

.2

47

.5

48

.2

47

.9

47

.2

46

.8

47.9

±1.1

48.

5

48.

9

48.

5

49.

6

49.

9 50

50.

1

50.

3

50.

3 50

53.

3 53

52.

7

52.

3

50.9

±2.4

48

.6

48

.6

48

.2

48

.9 49

49

.1

48

.2

48

.5 49

49

.1

47

.9

48

.5

47

.7

48

.5

48

.1

47

.3 47

48.1

±1.1

48.

7

49.

1

48.

7

49.

8

50.

2

50.

2

50.

3

50.

4

50.

4

50.

3

53.

8

53.

3

52.

9

52.

8

51.3

±2.6

48

.8

48

.8

48

.4

49

.1

49

.2

49

.3

48

.4

48

.7

49

.3

49

.3

48

.1

48

.6

47

.9

48

.7

48

.3

47

.4

47

.1

48.2

±1.1

48.

8

49.

3

48.

9

49.

9

50.

5

50.

3

50.

4

50.

5

50.

6

50.

8

54.

4

53.

8

53.

1

53.

1

51.6

±2.8

50 49

.9

49

.6

50

.3

50

.3

50

.6

49

.5

49

.9

50

.4

50

.5

49

.3

49

.8

49

.1

49

.9

49

.5

48

.6

48

.3

49.5

±1.2

50.

1

50.

5

49.

5

51.

2

51.

8

51.

6

51.

8

51.

8

51.

6

51.

2

55.

8

55.

2

54.

5

54.

5

52.7

±3.2

51

.1 51

50

.7

51

.4

51

.5

51

.7

50

.7 51

51

.6

51

.6

50

.4

50

.9

50

.2 51

50

.6

49

.7

49

.4

50.6

±1.2

51.

2

51.

6

50.

6

52.

4

52.

9

52.

7 53 53

52.

8

52.

3

56.

9

56.

4

55.

7

55.

6

53.8

±3.2

52 52 51

.6

52

.3

52

.4

52

.6

51

.6

51

.9

52

.4

52

.5

51

.3

51

.8

51

.1

51

.9

51

.5

50

.7

50

.3

51.5

±1.2

52.

2

52.

5

51.

6

53.

4

53.

8

53.

7 54 54

53.

8

53.

3

57.

9

57.

3

56.

7

56.

6

54.8

±3.2

52

.6

52

.5

52

.2

52

.9

52

.9

53

.1

52

.1

52

.5 53

53

.1

51

.8

52

.4

51

.6

52

.4 52

51

.2

50

.8

52.0

±1.2

52.

8

53.

1

52.

3 54

54.

5

54.

3

54.

7

54.

6

54.

5

54.

1

58.

5

57.

9

57.

4

57.

2

55.4

±3.1

52

.9

52

.8

52

.5

53

.3

53

.3

53

.6

52

.5

52

.9

53

.4

53

.5

52

.2

52

.7 52

52

.9

52

.3

51

.7

51

.2

52.4

±1.2

53.

3

53.

6

52.

8

54.

5

54.

9

54.

8

55.

2

55.

2

55.

1

54.

6 59

58.

5 58

57.

7

55.9

±3.1

53

.2

53

.2

52

.8

53

.6

53

.6

53

.8

52

.7

53

.1

53

.7

53

.8

52

.5

53

.1

52

.3

53

.1

52

.7 52

51

.5

52.7

±1.2

53.

6

53.

9

53.

1

54.

8

55.

2

55.

2

55.

6

55.

5

55.

5 55

59.

3

58.

8

58.

3 58

56.2

±3.1

53

.6

53

.6

53

.2 54

54

.1

54

.2

53

.3

53

.6

54

.1

54

.2

52

.9

53

.5

52

.7

53

.5

53

.1

52

.5

51

.9

53.1

±1.2 54

54.

3

53.

6

55.

2

55.

6

55.

6 56

55.

9

55.

9

55.

4

59.

7

59.

2

58.

8

58.

4

56.7

±3.1

54 53

.9

53

.6

54

.3

54

.4

54

.6

53

.5

53

.9

54

.5

54

.5

53

.2

53

.8

53

.1

53

.9

53

.5

52

.8

52

.2

53.4

±1.2

54.

4

54.

7

53.

9

55.

6 56

55.

9

56.

3

56.

3

56.

3

55.

8

60.

1

59.

6

59.

2

58.

7

57.0

±3.1

54 54 53

.6

54

.4

54

.4

54

.7

53

.6 54

54

.5

54

.6

53

.3

53

.9

53

.1 54

53

.5

52

.8

52

.2

53.5

±1.3

54.

5

54.

8

54.

1

55.

7

56.

1

56.

1

56.

5

56.

4

56.

5 56

60.

3

59.

7

59.

4

58.

9

57.2

±3.1

54

.1 54

53

.7

54

.5

54

.5

54

.8

53

.6

54

.1

54

.6

54

.7

53

.4 54

53

.2

54

.1

53

.6

52

.9

52

.3

53.6

±1.3

54.

7

54.

9

54.

2

55.

9

56.

2

56.

2

56.

6

56.

6

56.

7

56.

1

60.

4

59.

9

59.

5 59

57.3

±3.1

54

.2

54

.2

53

.8

54

.6

54

.7

54

.9

53

.9

54

.2

54

.7

54

.8

53

.5

54

.1

53

.4

54

.2

53

.8

53

.1

52

.5

53.7

±1.2

54.

8 55

54.

4 56

56.

4

56.

4

56.

8

56.

7

56.

8

56.

3

60.

6 60

59.

7

59.

2

57.5

±3.1

54

.5

54

.4

54

.1

54

.8

54

.9

55

.1 54

54

.4

54

.9 55

53

.7

54

.3

53

.6

54

.4

53

.9

53

.3

52

.7

53.9

±1.2 55

55.

2

54.

5

56.

1

56.

5

56.

5

56.

9

56.

8 57

56.

4

60.

6

60.

1

59.

8

59.

2

57.6

±3.1

54

.4

54

.3

53

.9

54

.7

54

.8 55

53

.9

54

.3

54

.8

54

.9

53

.6

54

.2

53

.5

54

.3

53

.8

53

.2

52

.6

53.8

±1.2

54.

9

55.

1

54.

5

56.

1

56.

4

56.

5

56.

9

56.

8 57

56.

5

60.

6 60

59.

8

59.

2

57.6

±3.1

54

.3

54

.3

53

.9

54

.7

54

.7 55

53

.9

54

.3

54

.8

54

.9

53

.6

54

.2

53

.5

54

.3

53

.8

53

.2

52

.6

53.8

±1.2 55

55.

2

54.

5

56.

1

56.

5

56.

5 57

56.

9 57

56.

5

60.

7

60.

2

59.

9

59.

3

57.6

±3.1

58

.1 58

57

.4

58

.6

58

.7 59

57

.3

57

.9

58

.8

58

.9

57

.5

58

.3

57

.2

58

.6

57

.8

56

.4

55

.8

57.4

±1.6

59.

2 60

58.

2

60.

8

61.

8

61.

2

61.

4

61.

5

61.

1

60.

8

67.

8 67

65.

4

66.

2

63.0

±4.8

62

.8

62

.7

61

.9

63

.3

63

.4

63

.7

61

.9

62

.6

63

.4

63

.6

62

.1 63

61

.8

63

.2

62

.5

60

.9

60

.3

62.0

±1.7

63.

7

64.

6

62.

4

65.

5

66.

7

65.

8

66.

1

66.

1

65.

6

65.

1

73.

5

72.

5

70.

7

71.

5

68.0

±5.6

66 65 65 66 66 66 65 65 66 66 65 66 65 66 65 64 63 65.2

66. 67. 65. 68. 70 69. 69. 69. 69 68. 77. 76. 74. 75 71.4

99

.9 .5 .6 .9 .7 .6 .7 .3 .2 .4 .7 .1 .4 ±1.8 9 8 5 9 1 7 4 3 2 1 5 ±5.9

68

.4

68

.4

67

.4 69

69

.1

69

.3

67

.7

68

.3 69

69

.2

67

.7

68

.8

67

.5

68

.9

68

.2

66

.7

65

.8

67.6

±1.8

69.

5

70.

3

68.

1

71.

5

72.

7

71.

7

72.

4 72

71.

8 71 80

78.

9

77.

4

77.

7

74.1

±6.0

70 69

.9

69

.1

70

.6

70

.7 71 69

69

.7

70

.5

70

.7

69

.3

70

.3 69

70

.4

69

.7

68

.3

67

.2

69.1

±1.9

71.

3 72

69.

9

73.

4

74.

5

73.

6

74.

3

73.

9

73.

8

72.

9 82

80.

9

79.

5

79.

6

76.0

±6.1

71

.1 71

70

.1

71

.7

71

.8 72

70

.1

70

.9

71

.5

71

.9

70

.3

71

.4 70

71

.5

70

.8

69

.5

68

.3

70.2

±1.9

72.

6

73.

3

71.

3

74.

6

75.

7

74.

9

75.

7

75.

3

75.

3

74.

4

83.

4

82.

3

81.

1 81

77.4

±6.1

71

.8

71

.8

70

.9

72

.4

72

.5

72

.8

70

.8

71

.6

72

.2

72

.6

71

.1

72

.2

70

.8

72

.3

71

.5

70

.2 69

70.9

±1.9

73.

5

74.

1

72.

2

75.

5

76.

5

75.

8

76.

7

76.

3

76.

3

75.

4

84.

3

83.

3

82.

2 82

78.3

±6.1

72

.9

72

.7

71

.9

73

.4

73

.6

73

.8

71

.8

72

.6

73

.3

73

.6

72

.1

73

.2

71

.8

73

.3

72

.5

71

.3

70

.1

72.0

±1.9

74.

5

75.

1

73.

2

76.

5

77.

6

76.

8

77.

7

77.

3

77.

5

76.

5

85.

4

84.

4

83.

3 83

79.3

±6.1

73

.4

73

.4

72

.4 74

74

.2

74

.4

72

.4

73

.2

73

.9

74

.3

72

.7

73

.8

72

.4 74

73

.2

71

.9

70

.7

72.6

±1.9

75.

2

75.

8 74

77.

3

78.

3

77.

6

78.

6

78.

2

78.

4

77.

4

86.

2

85.

2

84.

2

83.

9

80.1

±6.1

73

.8

73

.7

72

.8

74

.4

74

.5

74

.7

72

.7

73

.6

74

.3

74

.7

73

.1

74

.2

72

.8

74

.3

73

.5

72

.3 71

72.9

±1.9

75.

7

76.

3

74.

5

77.

8

78.

8

78.

1

79.

1

78.

7 79 78

86.

8

85.

8

84.

8

84.

4

80.7

±6.2

74 73

.9

72

.9

74

.6

74

.7

74

.9

72

.9

73

.7

74

.4

74

.8

73

.1

74

.3

72

.9

74

.5

73

.7

72

.5

71

.1

73.0

±1.9 76

76.

5

74.

8

78.

1

79.

1

78.

4

79.

5

79.

1

79.

4

78.

4

87.

1

86.

1

85.

2

84.

8

81.0

±6.2

74

.5

74

.5

73

.4

75

.1

75

.2

75

.4

73

.5

74

.3

74

.9

75

.3

73

.7

74

.9

73

.4 75

74

.3

73

.1

71

.7

73.6

±1.9

76.

5 77

75.

3

78.

6

79.

6

78.

9

79.

9

79.

6

79.

9

78.

9

87.

7

86.

7

85.

8

85.

4

81.5

±6.2

75

.1

74

.9

74

.1

75

.6

75

.8 76

73

.9

74

.8

75

.5

75

.8

74

.3

75

.4 74

75

.6

74

.7

73

.6

72

.2

74.1

±1.9 77

77.

6

75.

8

79.

2

80.

2

79.

5

80.

6

80.

2

80.

6

79.

5

88.

3

87.

3

86.

4 86

82.1

±6.3

75

.1 75

74

.1

75

.6

75

.8 76

73

.9

74

.8

75

.5

75

.9

74

.3

75

.4 74

75

.6

74

.7

73

.6

72

.2

74.1

±1.9

77.

2

77.

7

76.

1

79.

4

80.

4

79.

7

80.

8

80.

4

80.

8

79.

7

88.

5

87.

5

86.

6

86.

2

82.3

±6.2

75

.2

75

.1

74

.1

75

.7

75

.9

76

.1 74

74

.9

75

.6 76

74

.3

75

.5 74

75

.6

74

.8

73

.7

72

.2

74.2

±2.0

77.

3

77.

8

76.

2

79.

5

80.

5

79.

8

80.

9

80.

5 81

79.

9

88.

7

87.

6

86.

8

86.

3

82.5

±6.3

75

.3

75

.2

74

.2

75

.9

76

.1

76

.2

74

.2

75

.1

75

.8

76

.1

74

.5

75

.7

74

.2

75

.8

75

.1

73

.9

72

.4

74.3

±1.9

77.

4 78

76.

3

79.

6

80.

6 80

81.

1

80.

7

81.

2

80.

1

88.

9

87.

8 87

86.

5

82.6

±6.3

75

.7

75

.7

74

.7

76

.3

76

.5

76

.7

74

.6

75

.5

76

.2

76

.5 75

76

.1

74

.7

76

.3

75

.4

74

.3

72

.9

74.8

±1.9

77.

8

78.

3

76.

7 80 81

80.

3

81.

4

81.

1

81.

5

80.

5

89.

3

88.

2

87.

3

86.

9

83.0

±6.3

75

.8

75

.7

74

.8

76

.4

76

.5

76

.8

74

.6

75

.5

76

.3

76

.6 75

76

.2

74

.7

76

.3

75

.5

74

.4

72

.9

74.9

±2.0 78

78.

5

76.

9

80.

2

81.

2

80.

5

81.

7

81.

3

81.

8

80.

7

89.

5

88.

4

87.

6

87.

1

83.2

±6.3

100


P Ti

me Ta

Tin

s1

Tin

s2

Tins

,m

Ts

1

Ts

2

Ts

3

Ts

4

Ts

5 Ts

Th

s1

Th

s2

Th

s3

Th

s4

Th

s5 Ths

Tf(

m) Tf

Tf,

max

Tvc(

m) Tvc

Tvc,

max Ral Rf

Rsr

vc

R

vc

Rf

vc

Plo

ss

Rv

co

1

0 1

21

.8

22.

4

22.

2 22.3

30

.2

27

.2

26

.9

26

.3

28

.2

28.3±

2.0

24.

9

24.

6

24.

3

25.

1

25.

2

24.8

±0.4

23.

3

23.3

±0.6 23.8 23.5

23.5

±0.4 23.8

0.3

50

0.

15

0.0

3

0.

03

0.2

0

0.0

0

0.0

6

10

22

.7

22.

8

22.

8 22.8

38

.9

33

.5

32

.9

32

.3 35

35.6±

3.3

30.

2

29.

5

28.

4

30.

8

30.

9

29.7

±1.3

25.

0

25.0

±0.7 25.7 26.7

26.7

±1.3 27.9

0.5

95

0.

23

0.1

3

0.

17

0.5

2

0.0

1

0.2

9

20

22

.5

23.

1

22.

9 23.0

40

.3

34

.8

34

.2

33

.5

36

.3

36.9±

3.4

31.

4

30.

7

29.

5 32

32.

2

30.9

±1.4

25.

9

25.9

±0.8 26.6 27.9

27.9

±1.4 29.3

0.6

05

0.

34

0.1

4

0.

21

0.6

8

0.0

1

0.3

5

30

21

.8

22.

6

22.

3 22.5

40

.5

34

.8

34

.2

33

.6

36

.4

37.1±

3.5

31.

4

30.

7

29.

4 32

32.

2

30.8

±1.4

25.

6

25.6

±0.8 26.4 28.0

28.0

±1.4 29.4

0.6

25

0.

38

0.1

4

0.

24

0.7

6

0.0

1

0.3

8

40

22

.1

22.

5

22.

2 22.4

40

.5

34

.8

34

.1

33

.5

36

.4

37.0±

3.5

31.

4

30.

6

29.

3 32

32.

2

30.8

±1.5

25.

4

25.4

±0.8 26.2 28.0

28.0

±1.4 29.4

0.6

25

0.

33

0.1

4

0.

26

0.7

3

0.0

1

0.4

0

50

22

.8 23

22.

8 22.9

40

.9

35

.2

34

.5

33

.9

36

.8

37.4±

3.5

31.

8 31

29.

8

32.

4

32.

6

31.2

±1.4

25.

9

25.9

±0.8 26.7 28.5

28.5

±1.6 30.0

0.6

20

0.

31

0.1

6

0.

26

0.7

2

0.0

1

0.4

1

60

22

.5

23.

2

22.

8 23.0

41

.2

35

.5

34

.8

34

.2

37

.1

37.7±

3.5

32.

1

31.

3 30

32.

7

32.

9

31.5

±1.5

26.

1

26.1

±0.8 26.9 28.8

28.8

±1.6 30.3

0.6

25

0.

36

0.1

6

0.

27

0.7

8

0.0

1

0.4

2

70

21

.6

22.

6

22.

2 22.4

40

.8 35

34

.3

33

.8

36

.6

37.3±

3.5

31.

7

30.

9

29.

5

32.

3

32.

5

31.0

±1.5

25.

5

25.5

±0.8 26.3 28.4

28.4

±1.5 29.8

0.6

30

0.

39

0.1

5

0.

29

0.8

2

0.0

1

0.4

3

80

22

.4

22.

9

22.

5 22.7

40

.8

35

.1

34

.4

33

.8

36

.7

37.3±

3.5

31.

7

30.

9

29.

6

32.

3

32.

5

31.1

±1.5

25.

7

25.7

±0.8 26.4 28.4

28.4

±1.6 29.9

0.6

25

0.

33

0.1

6

0.

27

0.7

5

0.0

1

0.4

3

90

22

.9

23.

5

23.

1 23.3

41

.1

35

.5

34

.8

34

.2 37

37.7±

3.5

32.

1

31.

3 30

32.

7

32.

9

31.5

±1.5

26.

2

26.2

±0.8 27.0 28.8

28.8

±1.6 30.4

0.6

20

0.

33

0.1

6

0.

26

0.7

5

0.0

1

0.4

2

10

0

22

.4

23.

5

22.

8 23.2

41

.3

35

.6

34

.9

34

.3

37

.2

37.8±

3.5

32.

3

31.

5

30.

2

32.

9

33.

1

31.7

±1.5

26.

2

26.2

±0.8 27.0 29.0

29.0

±1.6 30.5

0.6

15

0.

38

0.1

6

0.

28

0.8

1

0.0

1

0.4

3

11

0

21

.7

22.

9

22.

2 22.6

40

.9

35

.1

34

.5

33

.9

36

.7

37.4±

3.5

31.

8 31

29.

7

32.

4

32.

6

31.2

±1.5

25.

7

25.7

±0.8 26.5 28.6

28.6

±1.5 30.1

0.6

25

0.

40

0.1

5

0.

29

0.8

4

0.0

1

0.4

4

12

0

22

.6

23.

1

22.

6 22.9

40

.8

35

.1

34

.4

33

.9

36

.7

37.4±

3.5

31.

8 31

29.

7

32.

4

32.

6

31.2

±1.5

25.

8

25.8

±0.8 26.6 28.6

28.6

±1.6 30.1

0.6

20

0.

32

0.1

6

0.

28

0.7

5

0.0

1

0.4

3

13

0

23

.2

23.

8

23.

2 23.5

41

.3

35

.6

34

.9

34

.4

37

.2

37.9±

3.5

32.

3

31.

5

30.

3

32.

9

33.

1

31.7

±1.4

26.

4

26.4

±0.8 27.2 29.0

29.0

±1.6 30.6

0.6

15

0.

32

0.1

6

0.

26

0.7

4

0.0

1

0.4

2

14

0

22

.5

23.

8 23 23.4

41

.5

35

.8

35

.1

34

.6

37

.4

38.1±

3.5

32.

5

31.

7

30.

4

33.

1

33.

3

31.9

±1.5

26.

5

26.5

±0.9 27.3 29.2

29.2

±1.6 30.7

0.6

20

0.

40

0.1

6

0.

27

0.8

2

0.0

1

0.4

3

15

0 22

23.

2

22.

4 22.8 41

35

.3

34

.6

34

.1

36

.9

37.6±

3.5 32

31.

2

29.

9

32.

6

32.

8

31.4

±1.5

25.

9

25.9

±0.8 26.7 28.8

28.8

±1.5 30.3

0.6

20

0.

39

0.1

5

0.

29

0.8

3

0.0

1

0.4

4

101

16

0

22

.6

23.

4

22.

8 23.1

41

.3

35

.5

34

.8

34

.2

37

.1

37.8±

3.6

32.

1

31.

3 30

32.

7

32.

9

31.5

±1.5

26.

1

26.1

±0.8 26.9 28.9

28.9

±1.6 30.4

0.6

30

0.

35

0.1

6

0.

28

0.7

8

0.0

1

0.4

3

17

0

23

.1

23.

9

23.

3 23.6

41

.6

35

.9

35

.2

34

.6

37

.5

38.1±

3.5

32.

5

31.

7

30.

4

33.

1

33.

3

31.9

±1.5

26.

5

26.5

±0.8 27.3 29.2

29.2

±1.6 30.8

0.6

25

0.

34

0.1

6

0.

27

0.7

7

0.0

1

0.4

3

18

0

22

.7

23.

9

23.

1 23.5

41

.8

36

.1

35

.4

34

.8

37

.7

38.3±

3.5

32.

7

31.

9

30.

6

33.

3

33.

5

32.1

±1.5

26.

6

26.6

±0.8 27.4 29.4

29.4

±1.6 30.9

0.6

25

0.

39

0.1

6

0.

28

0.8

2

0.0

1

0.4

3

1

5

19

0

22

.2

23.

5

22.

6 23.1

48

.6

40

.3

39

.4

38

.5

42

.8

43.6±

5.1

35.

5

34.

3

32.

4

36.

4

36.

6

34.5

±2.1

27.

0

27.0

±0.9 27.9 30.6

30.6

±1.9 32.5

0.6

03

0.

32

0.1

3

0.

24

0.6

9

0.0

1

0.3

7

20

0 23

23.

8

23.

2 23.5

49

.4

41

.1

40

.1

39

.3

43

.6

44.4±

5.1

36.

2

35.

1

33.

1

37.

1

37.

4

35.3

±2.2

27.

8

27.8

±0.9 28.7 31.4

31.4

±2.1 33.5

0.6

07

0.

32

0.1

4

0.

24

0.7

0

0.0

1

0.3

8

21

0

23

.3

24.

2

23.

6 23.9 50

41

.7

40

.7

39

.9

44

.2

45.0±

5.1

36.

8

35.

6

33.

7

37.

7 38

35.9

±2.2

28.

3

28.3

±0.9 29.2 32.0

32.0

±2.1 34.1

0.6

07

0.

33

0.1

4

0.

25

0.7

2

0.0

1

0.3

9

22

0

22

.4

23.

9 23 23.5

50

.1

41

.7

40

.7

39

.9

44

.2

45.0±

5.1

36.

9

35.

7

33.

7

37.

8

38.

1

35.9

±2.2

28.

1

28.1

±0.9 29.0 32.1

32.1

±2.1 34.2

0.6

07

0.

38

0.1

4

0.

27

0.7

9

0.0

1

0.4

1

23

0

22

.2

23.

4

22.

6 23.0

49

.7

41

.3

40

.2

39

.4

43

.7

44.6±

5.2

36.

4

35.

2

33.

2

37.

3

37.

6

35.4

±2.2

27.

5

27.5

±1.0 28.5 31.7

31.7

±2.1 33.8

0.6

10

0.

35

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

7

0.0

1

0.4

2

24

0

22

.9

23.

9

23.

2 23.6

50

.1

41

.6

40

.6

39

.8

44

.1

45.0±

5.2

36.

7

35.

5

33.

6

37.

6

37.

9

35.8

±2.2

27.

9

27.9

±1.0 28.9 32.1

32.1

±2.2 34.2

0.6

13

0.

33

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

5

0.0

1

0.4

2

25

0

22

.9

24.

3

23.

5 23.9

50

.2

41

.8

40

.8 40

44

.3

45.1±

5.1

36.

9

35.

7

33.

8

37.

9

38.

1

36.0

±2.2

28.

3

28.3

±0.9 29.2 32.3

32.3

±2.2 34.5

0.6

10

0.

36

0.1

5

0.

27

0.7

7

0.0

1

0.4

2

26

0

22

.1

23.

6

22.

8 23.2

50

.1

41

.6

40

.5

39

.7

44

.1

44.9±

5.2

36.

6

35.

4

33.

4

37.

5

37.

8

35.6

±2.2

27.

6

27.6

±1.0 28.6 32.0

32.0

±2.2 34.1

0.6

20

0.

37

0.1

4

0.

29

0.8

0

0.0

1

0.4

3

27

0

22

.5

23.

6

22.

9 23.3

49

.7

41

.2

40

.2

39

.4

43

.7

44.6±

5.2

36.

4

35.

1

33.

2

37.

2

37.

5

35.4

±2.2

27.

5

27.5

±1.0 28.5 31.7

31.7

±2.2 33.8

0.6

13

0.

33

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

5

0.0

1

0.4

2

28

0

23

.1

24.

1

23.

4 23.8

50

.1

41

.7

40

.6

39

.8

44

.2

45.0±

5.2

36.

8

35.

6

33.

6

37.

7 38

35.8

±2.2

28.

0

28.0

±1.0 29.0 32.1

32.1

±2.2 34.3

0.6

10

0.

33

0.1

5

0.

27

0.7

5

0.0

1

0.4

2

29

0

22

.9

24.

3

23.

4 23.9

50

.4 42

40

.9

40

.1

44

.5

45.3±

5.2 37

35.

8

33.

9 38

38.

2

36.1

±2.2

28.

2

28.2

±1.0 29.2 32.3

32.3

±2.2 34.5

0.6

13

0.

35

0.1

5

0.

27

0.7

7

0.0

1

0.4

2

30

0

22

.3

23.

7

22.

8 23.3 50

41

.5

40

.5

39

.7 44

44.9±

5.2

36.

6

35.

4

33.

4

37.

5

37.

9

35.7

±2.3

27.

7

27.7

±1.0 28.7 32.0

32.0

±2.2 34.1

0.6

13

0.

36

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

9

0.0

1

0.4

3

31

0 23

23.

9

23.

2 23.6 50

41

.5

40

.4

39

.6 44

44.8±

5.2

36.

6

35.

4

33.

4

37.

5

37.

8

35.6

±2.2

27.

8

27.8

±1.0 28.8 32.0

32.0

±2.2 34.1

0.6

13

0.

32

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

4

0.0

1

0.4

2

32

0

23

.4

24.

4

23.

7 24.1

50

.3

41

.8

40

.8 40

44

.3

45.2±

5.2 37

35.

8

33.

8

37.

9

38.

2

36.0

±2.2

28.

3

28.3

±0.9 29.2 32.3

32.3

±2.2 34.5

0.6

10

0.

32

0.1

5

0.

27

0.7

4

0.0

1

0.4

2

33

0

22

.6

24.

3

23.

4 23.9

50

.3

41

.9

40

.8 40

44

.4

45.2±

5.2 37

35.

8

33.

8

37.

9

38.

2

36.0

±2.2

28.

2

28.2

±1.0 29.2 32.4

32.4

±2.2 34.6

0.6

10

0.

37

0.1

5

0.

28

0.8

0

0.0

1

0.4

3

102

34

0

22

.1

23.

5

22.

7 23.1

49

.9

41

.4

40

.3

39

.5

43

.9

44.7±

5.2

36.

5

35.

3

33.

3

37.

4

37.

7

35.5

±2.2

27.

5

27.5

±1.0 28.5 31.9

31.9

±2.1 34.0

0.6

13

0.

36

0.1

4

0.

29

0.7

9

0.0

1

0.4

3

35

0

22

.9 24

23.

2 23.6 50

41

.5

40

.5

39

.7 44

44.9±

5.2

36.

7

35.

4

33.

5

37.

6

37.

9

35.7

±2.2

27.

9

27.9

±1.0 28.8 32.0

32.0

±2.2 34.2

0.6

10

0.

33

0.1

5

0.

28

0.7

5

0.0

1

0.4

2

36

0

21

.6

22.

8

22.

3 22.6

49

.5 41

39

.9

39

.1

43

.5

44.3±

5.2

36.

1

34.

9

32.

9 37

37.

3

35.1

±2.2

27.

2

27.2

±1.0 28.2 31.5

31.5

±2.2 33.6

0.6

13

0.

37

0.1

4

0.

28

0.8

0

0.0

1

0.4

3

2

0

37

0

22

.3

23.

2

22.

9 23.1

55

.7 45

43

.6

42

.6

48

.2

49.2±

6.6

38.

7

37.

2

34.

7

39.

8

40.

2

37.5

±2.8

28.

0

28.0

±1.1 29.0 32.5

32.5

±2.4 34.9

0.5

85

0.

28

0.1

2

0.

23

0.6

3

0.0

1

0.3

5

38

0

22

.8

23.

8

23.

4 23.6

57

.3

46

.5

45

.2

44

.2

49

.8

50.8±

6.6

40.

2

38.

7

36.

1

41.

4

41.

8

39.0

±2.9

29.

2

29.2

±1.1 30.2 34.0

34.0

±2.7 36.6

0.5

90

0.

32

0.1

3

0.

24

0.6

9

0.0

1

0.3

7

39

0

21

.7

23.

2

22.

6 22.9

57

.5

46

.7

45

.3

44

.3 50

50.9±

6.6

40.

3

38.

8

36.

1

41.

5

41.

9

39.0

±2.9

28.

9

28.9

±1.1 30.0 34.2

34.2

±2.7 36.8

0.5

95

0.

36

0.1

3

0.

26

0.7

6

0.0

1

0.4

0

40

0

21

.5

22.

7

22.

2 22.5

57

.2

46

.3 45

43

.9

49

.6

50.6±

6.7

39.

9

38.

4

35.

7

41.

1

41.

5

38.6

±2.9

28.

4

28.4

±1.1 29.5 33.9

33.9

±2.7 36.5

0.5

98

0.

35

0.1

3

0.

27

0.7

5

0.0

1

0.4

1

41

0

22

.4

23.

3 23 23.2

57

.4

46

.6

45

.2

44

.2

49

.9

50.8±

6.6

40.

3

38.

7

36.

1

41.

4

41.

8

39.0

±2.9

29.

0

29.0

±1.1 30.0 34.2

34.2

±2.8 36.9

0.5

93

0.

33

0.1

4

0.

26

0.7

3

0.0

1

0.4

0

42

0

22

.3

23.

6

23.

2 23.4 58

47

.1

45

.7

44

.7

50

.5

51.4±

6.7

40.

7

39.

1

36.

5

41.

9

42.

3

39.4

±2.9

29.

3

29.3

±1.1 30.4 34.6

34.6

±2.8 37.4

0.5

98

0.

35

0.1

4

0.

27

0.7

6

0.0

1

0.4

1

43

0

21

.5 23

22.

5 22.8

57

.6

46

.7

45

.3

44

.3 50

51.0±

6.7

40.

4

38.

8

36.

1

41.

6 42

39.1

±3.0

28.

8

28.8

±1.1 29.9 34.3

34.3

±2.7 37.0

0.5

95

0.

37

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

8

0.0

1

0.4

1

44

0

21

.5

22.

8

22.

3 22.6

57

.6

46

.5

45

.1

44

.1

49

.9

50.9±

6.8

40.

1

38.

5

35.

8

41.

3

41.

7

38.8

±3.0

28.

5

28.5

±1.1 29.6 34.0

34.0

±2.7 36.7

0.6

05

0.

35

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

6

0.0

1

0.4

1

45

0

22

.3

23.

4

22.

9 23.2

57

.9

46

.9

45

.5

44

.5

50

.3

51.2±

6.7

40.

5

38.

9

36.

2

41.

7

42.

1

39.2

±3.0

29.

0

29.0

±1.1 30.1 34.4

34.4

±2.9 37.2

0.6

03

0.

34

0.1

4

0.

27

0.7

5

0.0

1

0.4

1

46

0

22

.1

23.

5

23.

1 23.3

58

.1

47

.1

45

.7

44

.7

50

.5

51.4±

6.7

40.

8

39.

1

36.

5 42

42.

4

39.5

±3.0

29.

3

29.3

±1.1 30.3 34.6

34.6

±2.8 37.4

0.5

98

0.

36

0.1

4

0.

27

0.7

7

0.0

1

0.4

1

47

0

21

.1 23

22.

4 22.7

57

.7

46

.7

45

.3

44

.3

50

.1

51.0±

6.7

40.

3

38.

7

36.

1

41.

5

41.

9

39.0

±2.9

28.

6

28.6

±1.1 29.7 34.3

34.3

±2.7 37.0

0.6

00

0.

38

0.1

4

0.

29

0.8

0

0.0

1

0.4

2

48

0

21

.7

22.

9

22.

4 22.7

57

.7

46

.6

45

.2

44

.2 50

51.0±

6.8

40.

2

38.

5

35.

9

41.

4

41.

8

38.9

±3.0

28.

5

28.5

±1.1 29.6 34.1

34.1

±2.8 36.9

0.6

05

0.

34

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

6

0.0

1

0.4

2

49

0

22

.5

23.

5

23.

1 23.3

58

.1 47

45

.6

44

.6

50

.5

51.4±

6.8

40.

6 39

36.

4

41.

8

42.

2

39.3

±2.9

29.

1

29.1

±1.1 30.2 34.5

34.5

±2.9 37.4

0.6

03

0.

33

0.1

5

0.

27

0.7

5

0.0

1

0.4

2

50

0 22

23.

5 23 23.3

58

.2

47

.1

45

.7

44

.8

50

.6

51.5±

6.7

40.

8

39.

1

36.

5 42

42.

4

39.5

±3.0

29.

2

29.2

±1.1 30.3 34.7

34.7

±2.9 37.5

0.6

03

0.

36

0.1

4

0.

27

0.7

8

0.0

1

0.4

2

51

0

21

.1

22.

8

22.

3 22.6

57

.7

46

.6

45

.2

44

.2 50

51.0±

6.8

40.

3

38.

6 36

41.

5

41.

9

39.0

±3.0

28.

5

28.5

±1.1 29.6 34.2

34.2

±2.8 37.0

0.6

00

0.

37

0.1

4

0.

29

0.8

0

0.0

1

0.4

3

103

52

0

22

.1

23.

1

22.

7 22.9 58

46

.8

45

.4

44

.4

50

.3

51.2±

6.8

40.

4

38.

7

36.

1

41.

6 42

39.1

±3.0

28.

7

28.7

±1.1 29.8 34.2

34.2

±2.8 37.0

0.6

08

0.

33

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

5

0.0

1

0.4

2

53

0

22

.9

23.

8

23.

4 23.6

58

.3

47

.3

45

.9

44

.9

50

.7

51.6±

6.7

40.

9

39.

3

36.

7

42.

1

42.

5

39.6

±2.9

29.

5

29.5

±1.1 30.5 34.8

34.8

±2.9 37.6

0.6

00

0.

33

0.1

4

0.

27

0.7

4

0.0

1

0.4

1

54

0

22

.2

23.

2

22.

7 23.0

57

.9

46

.9

45

.5

44

.6

50

.3

51.3±

6.7

40.

6 39

36.

4

41.

8

42.

2

39.3

±2.9

29.

1

29.1

±1.1 30.2 34.7

34.7

±2.8 37.4

0.5

98

0.

35

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

6

0.0

1

0.4

2

4

0

55

0

23

.1

23.

9

23.

4 23.7

83

.1

63

.8

61

.4

59

.9

70

.1

71.5±

11.6

52.

1

49.

2

44.

3

54.

3 55

49.7

±5.4

32.

0

32.0

±1.6 33.6 40.1

40.1

±4.2 44.3

0.5

46

0.

22

0.1

1

0.

20

0.5

3

0.0

2

0.3

1

56

0

22

.7

24.

4

23.

5 24.0

87

.3

67

.7

65

.3

63

.7

74

.3

75.5±

11.8

55.

9

52.

9

47.

9

58.

1

58.

8

53.4

±5.5

34.

7

34.7

±1.8 36.5 44.0

44.0

±4.9 48.8

0.5

54

0.

30

0.1

2

0.

23

0.6

5

0.0

2

0.3

5

57

0

22

.3 24 23 23.5

88

.7

68

.8

66

.3

64

.7

75

.5

76.7±

12.0

56.

8

53.

8

48.

6 59

59.

8

54.2

±5.6

35.

2

35.2

±1.9 37.0 45.2

45.2

±5.0 50.2

0.5

63

0.

32

0.1

3

0.

25

0.7

0

0.0

2

0.3

8

58

0 22

23.

7 23 23.4

89

.3

69

.1

66

.5

64

.8

75

.9

77.1±

12.3 57 54

48.

7

59.

2 60

54.4

±5.7

35.

0

35.0

±1.9 36.8 45.6

45.6

±5.2 50.7

0.5

68

0.

32

0.1

3

0.

27

0.7

2

0.0

2

0.3

9

59

0

22

.6

24.

1

23.

5 23.8

89

.4

69

.3

66

.7

65

.1

76

.1

77.3±

12.2

57.

3

54.

2

48.

9

59.

4

60.

2

54.6

±5.7

35.

1

35.1

±1.9 36.9 45.9

45.9

±5.3 51.1

0.5

68

0.

31

0.1

3

0.

27

0.7

1

0.0

2

0.4

0

60

0

22

.5

24.

4

23.

6 24.0

89

.5

69

.4

66

.8

65

.2

76

.3

77.4±

12.2

57.

5

54.

4

49.

2

59.

7

60.

4

54.8

±5.6

35.

5

35.5

±1.9 37.3 46.2

46.2

±5.3 51.5

0.5

64

0.

32

0.1

3

0.

27

0.7

3

0.0

2

0.4

0

61

0 22 24

23.

1 23.6

89

.6

69

.4

66

.8

65

.1

76

.3

77.4±

12.3

57.

5

54.

4

49.

1

59.

6

60.

3

54.7

±5.6

35.

2

35.2

±1.9 37.1 46.2

46.2

±5.3 51.5

0.5

66

0.

33

0.1

3

0.

28

0.7

4

0.0

2

0.4

1

62

0

21

.7

23.

8 23 23.4

90

.2

69

.7

67

.1

65

.3

76

.7

77.8±

12.5

57.

5

54.

4

49.

1

59.

8

60.

5

54.8

±5.7

35.

0

35.0

±1.9 36.9 46.3

46.3

±5.4 51.6

0.5

74

0.

33

0.1

3

0.

28

0.7

5

0.0

2

0.4

2

63

0

22

.5

24.

2

23.

5 23.9

90

.3

69

.8

67

.2

65

.4

76

.8

77.9±

12.5

57.

7

54.

5

49.

2

59.

9

60.

6

54.9

±5.7

35.

3

35.3

±1.9 37.1 46.4

46.4

±5.4 51.7

0.5

74

0.

32

0.1

3

0.

28

0.7

3

0.0

2

0.4

1

64

0

22

.7

24.

7

23.

9 24.3

90

.7

70

.2

67

.6

65

.9

77

.2

78.3±

12.4

58.

1 55

49.

7

60.

3

61.

1

55.4

±5.7

35.

7

35.7

±1.9 37.5 46.8

46.8

±5.4 52.2

0.5

73

0.

32

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

4

0.0

2

0.4

1

65

0

22

.1

24.

3

23.

5 23.9

90

.5

70

.1

67

.4

65

.7 77

78.1±

12.4 58

54.

9

49.

6

60.

2 61

55.3

±5.7

35.

6

35.6

±1.9 37.4 46.8

46.8

±5.4 52.2

0.5

70

0.

34

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

5

0.0

2

0.4

2

66

0

21

.8 24

23.

1 23.6

90

.7 70

67

.4

65

.6 77

78.2±

12.6

57.

9

54.

7

49.

4

60.

1

60.

8

55.1

±5.7

35.

3

35.3

±1.9 37.1 46.6

46.6

±5.4 52.0

0.5

76

0.

34

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

6

0.0

2

0.4

2

67

0

22

.5

24.

3

23.

6 24.0

90

.7 70

67

.3

65

.6

77

.1

78.2±

12.6

57.

9

54.

8

49.

4

60.

1

60.

9

55.2

±5.8

35.

4

35.4

±1.9 37.2 46.7

46.7

±5.5 52.1

0.5

75

0.

32

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

4

0.0

2

0.4

2

68

0

22

.9

24.

9 24 24.5

91

.4

70

.7 68

66

.2

77

.8

78.8±

12.6

58.

5

55.

3 50

60.

7

61.

5

55.8

±5.8

36.

0

36.0

±1.9 37.8 47.2

47.2

±5.5 52.6

0.5

76

0.

33

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

4

0.0

2

0.4

2

69

0

22

.4

24.

6

23.

7 24.2

91

.1

70

.4

67

.7 66

77

.5

78.6±

12.6

58.

3

55.

2

49.

9

60.

5

61.

3

55.6

±5.7

35.

8

35.8

±1.9 37.7 47.2

47.2

±5.5 52.6

0.5

74

0.

34

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

6

0.0

2

0.4

2

104

70

0

21

.9

24.

3

23.

2 23.8

91

.1

70

.3

67

.6

65

.9

77

.4

78.5±

12.6

58.

1 55

49.

6

60.

4

61.

1

55.4

±5.8

35.

4

35.4

±1.8 37.2 46.9

46.9

±5.4 52.3

0.5

79

0.

34

0.1

4

0.

29

0.7

6

0.0

2

0.4

2

71

0

22

.3

24.

3

23.

5 23.9

90

.1

69

.6

66

.9

65

.2

76

.6

77.7±

12.5

57.

6

54.

5

49.

2

59.

8

60.

6

54.9

±5.7

35.

3

35.3

±1.9 37.1 46.6

46.6

±5.4 52.0

0.5

69

0.

32

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

4

0.0

2

0.4

2

72

0

23

.2 25

24.

2 24.6

91

.2

70

.4

67

.8

66

.1

77

.6

78.7±

12.6

58.

4

55.

2

49.

9

60.

6

61.

3

55.6

±5.7

35.

9

35.9

±1.9 37.8 47.2

47.2

±5.5 52.6

0.5

76

0.

32

0.1

4

0.

28

0.7

4

0.0

2

0.4

2

105

Tf

1

Tf

2

Tf

3

Tf

4

Tf

5

Tf

6

Tf

7

Tf

8

Tf

9

Tf

10

Tf

11

Tf

12

Tf

13

Tf

14

Tf

15

Tf

16

Tf

17 Tf

Tv

c1

Tv

c2

Tv

c3

Tv

c4

Tv

c5

Tv

c6

Tv

c7

Tv

c8

Tv

c9

Tvc

10

Tvc

11

Tvc

12

Tvc

13

Tvc

14 Tvc

23

.6

23

.6

23

.5

23

.7

23

.6

23

.8

23

.7

23

.8

23

.8

23

.8

22

.8

22

.9

22

.8

22

.8

22

.8

22

.7

22

.7

23.3

±0.6

23.

1

23.

1

23.

2

23.

2

23.

3

23.

6

23.

6

23.

7

23.

6

23.

7

23.

8

23.

9

23.

8

23.

9

23.5

±0.4

25

.4

25

.4

25

.2

25

.5

25

.6

25

.7

25

.3

25

.4

25

.5

25

.7

24

.7

24

.8

24

.6 25

24

.7

24

.4

24

.3

25.0

±0.7

25.

4

25.

6

25.

4

25.

8

26.

3

26.

1

26.

1

26.

2

25.

9

25.

9

27.

9

27.

7

27.

1

27.

8

26.7

±1.3

26

.2

26

.2 26

26

.3

26

.4

26

.6

26

.1

26

.3

26

.4

26

.5

25

.6

25

.7

25

.4

25

.8

25

.7

25

.3

25

.1

25.9

±0.8

26.

5

26.

8

26.

6 27

27.

5

27.

3

27.

3

27.

3

27.

1 27

29.

3 29

28.

6 29

27.9

±1.4

26 25

.9

25

.7

26

.1

26

.1

26

.4

25

.8 26

26

.1

26

.3

25

.4

25

.5

25

.1

25

.6

25

.4

25

.1

24

.8

25.6

±0.8

26.

6

26.

8

26.

8 27

27.

5

27.

5

27.

4

27.

5

27.

4

27.

2

29.

4

29.

1

28.

8 29

28.0

±1.4

25

.8

25

.8

25

.6

25

.9 26

26

.2

25

.7

25

.8

25

.9

26

.1

25

.2

25

.4 25

25

.5

25

.3 25

24

.6

25.4

±0.8

26.

6

26.

7

26.

8 27

27.

4

27.

5

27.

5

27.

5

27.

5

27.

3

29.

4

29.

2 29 29

28.0

±1.4

26

.3

26

.3

26

.1

26

.4

26

.5

26

.7

26

.2

26

.3

26

.4

26

.6

25

.7

25

.8

25

.5 26

25

.8

25

.5

25

.1

25.9

±0.8

26.

9 27

27.

2

27.

4

27.

8

27.

9

27.

9 28

28.

1

27.

9 30

29.

7

29.

6

29.

5

28.5

±1.6

26

.5

26

.5

26

.3

26

.6

26

.7

26

.9

26

.4

26

.5

26

.6

26

.8

25

.9

26

.1

25

.7

26

.2 26

25

.7

25

.3

26.1

±0.8

27.

2

27.

4

27.

5

27.

7

28.

2

28.

3

28.

2

28.

4

28.

4

28.

2

30.

3 30

29.

9

29.

8

28.8

±1.6

25

.9

25

.9

25

.7 26

26

.1

26

.3

25

.8

25

.9 26

26

.2

25

.3

25

.5

25

.1

25

.6

25

.4

25

.2

24

.7

25.5

±0.8

26.

9 27

27.

2

27.

3

27.

7

27.

9

27.

9 28

28.

1

27.

9

29.

8

29.

5

29.

5

29.

3

28.4

±1.5

26

.1 26

25

.8

26

.2

26

.2

26

.4

25

.9 26

26

.2

26

.4

25

.5

25

.6

25

.3

25

.8

25

.6

25

.3

24

.9

25.7

±0.8

26.

8

26.

9

27.

2

27.

3

27.

7

27.

9

27.

9 28

28.

2 28

29.

9

29.

7

29.

7

29.

4

28.4

±1.6

26

.6

26

.6

26

.4

26

.7

26

.8 27

26

.4

26

.5

26

.7

26

.9 26

26

.1

25

.8

26

.2

26

.1

25

.8

25

.4

26.2

±0.8

27.

2

27.

4

27.

5

27.

7

28.

1

28.

3

28.

4

28.

4

28.

6

28.

4

30.

4

30.

1

30.

1

29.

9

28.8

±1.6

26

.6

26

.6

26

.4

26

.7

26

.8 27

26

.5

26

.6

26

.7

26

.9 26

26

.2

25

.8

26

.3

26

.2

25

.8

25

.4

26.2

±0.8

27.

4

27.

6

27.

8

27.

9

28.

3

28.

5

28.

5

28.

6

28.

8

28.

5

30.

5

30.

2

30.

3 30

29.0

±1.6

26

.1 26

25

.9

26

.2

26

.3

26

.5

25

.9 26

26

.2

26

.4

25

.5

25

.7

25

.3

25

.8

25

.6

25

.3

24

.9

25.7

±0.8

27.

1

27.

2

27.

5

27.

6

27.

9

28.

2

28.

2

28.

2

28.

5

28.

2

30.

1

29.

8

29.

9

29.

5

28.6

±1.5

26

.2

26

.2 26

26

.3

26

.4

26

.6

26

.1

26

.2

26

.3

26

.5

25

.6

25

.8

25

.4

25

.9

25

.7

25

.4 25

25.8

±0.8 27

27.

1

27.

4

27.

5

27.

9

28.

1

28.

2

28.

2

28.

5

28.

2

30.

1

29.

8

29.

9

29.

6

28.6

±1.6

26

.8

26

.8

26

.6

26

.9 27

27

.2

26

.7

26

.8 27

27

.1

26

.2

26

.4 26

26

.5

26

.3 26

25

.6

26.4

±0.8

27.

4

27.

6

27.

8

27.

9

28.

3

28.

5

28.

6

28.

7

28.

9

28.

7

30.

6

30.

4

30.

4

30.

1

29.0

±1.6

26

.9

26

.8

26

.7 27

27

.1

27

.3

26

.7

26

.8 27

27

.2

26

.3

26

.5

26

.1

26

.6

26

.4

26

.1

25

.6

26.5

±0.9

27.

6

27.

7 28

28.

1

28.

5

28.

7

28.

8

28.

8 29

28.

8

30.

7

30.

5

30.

5

30.

2

29.2

±1.6

26

.4

26

.3

26

.1

26

.5

26

.5

26

.7

26

.2

26

.3

26

.5

26

.6

25

.7

25

.9

25

.5

26

.1

25

.9

25

.6

25

.1

25.9

±0.8

27.

3

27.

4

27.

7

27.

8

28.

2

28.

4

28.

4

28.

5

28.

7

28.

5

30.

3 30

30.

1

29.

8

28.8

±1.5

26

.5

26

.5

26

.3

26

.6

26

.7

26

.9

26

.4

26

.5

26

.6

26

.8

25

.9

26

.1

25

.7

26

.2 26

25

.7

25

.3

26.1

±0.8

27.

3

27.

4

27.

7

27.

8

28.

2

28.

4

28.

5

28.

5

28.

8

28.

5

30.

4

30.

1

30.

2

29.

9

28.9

±1.6

27 26

.9

26

.7

27

.1

27

.2

27

.3

26

.8

26

.9

27

.1

27

.2

26

.3

26

.5

26

.1

26

.6

26

.5

26

.1

25

.7

26.5

±0.8

27.

6

27.

7 28

28.

1

28.

5

28.

7

28.

8

28.

9

29.

1

28.

9

30.

8

30.

5

30.

5

30.

3

29.2

±1.6

27 27 26 27 27 27 26 27 27 27 26 26 26 26 26 26 25 26.6

27. 28 28. 28. 28. 28. 28. 29 29. 29 30. 30. 30. 30. 29.4

106

.8 .1 .2 .4 .9 .1 .4 .4 .6 .2 .7 .6 .3 .8 ±0.8 8 2 3 7 9 9 2 9 7 7 5 ±1.6

27

.5

27

.4

27

.1

27

.6

27

.7

27

.9

27

.2

27

.3

27

.6

27

.8

26

.9

27

.1

26

.6

27

.3

27

.1

26

.6 26

27.0

±0.9

28.

7

28.

9 29

29.

4

29.

9

29.

9

29.

9

29.

9

30.

1

29.

9

32.

5

32.

2

31.

9

31.

9

30.6

±1.9

28

.2

28

.1

27

.8

28

.3

28

.4

28

.7 28

28

.1

28

.3

28

.5

27

.6

27

.8

27

.3 28

27

.8

27

.3

26

.8

27.8

±0.9

29.

3

29.

5

29.

7 30

30.

5

30.

5

30.

6

30.

7

30.

8

30.

5

33.

5

33.

1

32.

9

32.

8

31.4

±2.1

28

.7

28

.6

28

.4

28

.9

28

.9

29

.2

28

.4

28

.6

28

.8 29

28

.1

28

.4

27

.9

28

.6

28

.4

27

.8

27

.3

28.3

±0.9

29.

9

30.

1

30.

2

30.

5

31.

1

31.

1

31.

2

31.

3

31.

4

31.

2

34.

1

33.

7

33.

6

33.

4

32.0

±2.1

28

.5

28

.5

28

.2

28

.7

28

.8 29

28

.3

28

.4

28

.6

28

.9 28

28

.3

27

.7

28

.4

28

.3

27

.7

27

.1

28.1

±0.9 30

30.

2

30.

4

30.

6

31.

2

31.

3

31.

3

31.

3

31.

6

31.

3

34.

2

33.

8

33.

7

33.

5

32.1

±2.1

28 28 27

.7

28

.2

28

.3

28

.5

27

.7

27

.9

28

.1

28

.4

27

.5

27

.7

27

.1

27

.9

27

.7

27

.2

26

.5

27.5

±1.0

29.

6

29.

8

30.

1

30.

3

30.

7

30.

9 31 31

31.

3 31

33.

8

33.

4

33.

4 33

31.7

±2.1

28

.5

28

.4

28

.1

28

.6

28

.7

28

.9

28

.1

28

.3

28

.6

28

.8

27

.9

28

.1

27

.5

28

.3

28

.1

27

.5

26

.9

27.9

±1.0

29.

9 30

30.

3

30.

5 31

31.

1

31.

3

31.

3

31.

6

31.

3

34.

2

33.

8

33.

8

33.

4

32.1

±2.2

28

.8

28

.7

28

.4

28

.9 29

29

.2

28

.5

28

.6

28

.9

29

.1

28

.1

28

.4

27

.8

28

.6

28

.4

27

.9

27

.3

28.3

±0.9

30.

1

30.

3

30.

5

30.

8

31.

3

31.

4

31.

5

31.

6

31.

9

31.

6

34.

5

34.

1

34.

1

33.

7

32.3

±2.2

28

.2 28

27

.8

28

.3

28

.4

28

.6

27

.8 28

28

.1

28

.5

27

.5

27

.8

27

.2 28

27

.8

27

.3

26

.6

27.6

±1.0

29.

8

29.

9

30.

3

30.

4

30.

9

31.

1

31.

2

31.

2

31.

6

31.

3

34.

1

33.

7

33.

7

33.

3

32.0

±2.2

28

.1 28

27

.7

28

.2

28

.3

28

.5

27

.7

27

.9

28

.1

28

.4

27

.4

27

.7

27

.1

27

.9

27

.7

27

.2

26

.5

27.5

±1.0

29.

5

29.

7 30

30.

2

30.

6

30.

9 31 31

31.

4

31.

1

33.

8

33.

4

33.

5 33

31.7

±2.2

28

.6

28

.5

28

.2

28

.7

28

.8 29

28

.3

28

.5

28

.7

28

.9 28

28

.2

27

.7

28

.4

28

.2

27

.7 27

28.0

±1.0

29.

9 30

30.

3

30.

5 31

31.

2

31.

3

31.

4

31.

8

31.

5

34.

3

33.

9 34

33.

5

32.1

±2.2

28

.8

28

.7

28

.4

28

.9 29

29

.2

28

.5

28

.6

28

.8

29

.1

28

.2

28

.5

27

.9

28

.6

28

.5

27

.9

27

.2

28.2

±1.0

30.

1

30.

4

30.

6

30.

8

31.

3

31.

5

31.

6

31.

7 32

31.

8

34.

5

34.

2

34.

2

33.

8

32.3

±2.2

28

.2

28

.2

27

.9

28

.4

28

.5

28

.7

27

.9

28

.1

28

.3

28

.6

27

.6

27

.9

27

.3

28

.1

27

.9

27

.4

26

.7

27.7

±1.0

29.

8

29.

9

30.

3

30.

5

30.

9

31.

2

31.

2

31.

3

31.

7

31.

4

34.

1

33.

7

33.

8

33.

3

32.0

±2.2

28

.3

28

.2 28

28

.4

28

.6

28

.8 28

28

.2

28

.4

28

.7

27

.7 28

27

.4

28

.2 28

27

.4

26

.8

27.8

±1.0

29.

8

29.

9

30.

2

30.

4

30.

8

31.

1

31.

2

31.

3

31.

7

31.

4

34.

1

33.

7

33.

8

33.

3

32.0

±2.2

28

.8

28

.7

28

.4

28

.9 29

29

.2

28

.5

28

.7

28

.9

29

.1

28

.2

28

.5

27

.9

28

.6

28

.5

27

.9

27

.3

28.3

±0.9

30.

1

30.

2

30.

5

30.

7

31.

2

31.

4

31.

5

31.

6 32

31.

8

34.

5

34.

1

34.

2

33.

7

32.3

±2.2

28

.7

28

.6

28

.4

28

.9

28

.9

29

.2

28

.4

28

.6

28

.8

29

.1

28

.1

28

.4

27

.8

28

.6

28

.4

27

.9

27

.2

28.2

±1.0

30.

2

30.

4

30.

7

30.

8

31.

4

31.

5

31.

6

31.

7

32.

1

31.

8

34.

6

34.

2

34.

2

33.

8

32.4

±2.2

28 28 27

.7

28

.2

28

.3

28

.5

27

.7

27

.9

28

.1

28

.4

27

.5

27

.7

27

.1

27

.9

27

.7

27

.2

26

.5

27.5

±1.0

29.

8

29.

9

30.

2

30.

4

30.

8 31

31.

1

31.

2

31.

6

31.

3 34

33.

6

33.

7

33.

2

31.9

±2.1

28

.4

28

.3 28

28

.5

28

.6

28

.8

28

.1

28

.3

28

.5

28

.7

27

.8

28

.1

27

.5

28

.2

28

.1

27

.5

26

.9

27.9

±1.0

29.

8

29.

9

30.

3

30.

4

30.

9

31.

1

31.

2

31.

3

31.

8

31.

5

34.

2

33.

8

33.

9

33.

4

32.0

±2.2

27 27 27 27 27 28 27 27 27 28 27 27 26 27 27 26 26 27.2

29. 29. 29. 29. 30. 30. 30. 30. 31. 30. 33. 33. 33. 32. 31.5

107

.6 .6 .3 .8 .9 .2 .4 .5 .7 .1 .4 .8 .6 .3 .9 .2 ±1.0 3 4 7 9 4 6 6 8 1 8 6 1 2 7 ±2.2

28

.5

28

.3 28

28

.6

28

.7 29

28

.1

28

.3

28

.6

28

.8

27

.9

28

.2

27

.6

28

.4

28

.1

27

.5

26

.9

28.0

±1.1

30.

1

30.

3

30.

4

30.

8

31.

4

31.

4

31.

5

31.

7

31.

9

31.

7

34.

9

34.

5

34.

4

34.

2

32.5

±2.4

29

.6

29

.5

29

.2

29

.8

29

.9

30

.2

29

.3

29

.4

29

.7 30

29

.1

29

.4

28

.8

29

.6

29

.4

28

.7

28

.1

29.2

±1.1

31.

3

31.

5

31.

6

32.

1

32.

8

32.

7

32.

7

32.

9

33.

2

32.

9

36.

6

36.

2 36

35.

8

34.0

±2.7

29

.4

29

.3

28

.9

29

.5

29

.7 30 29

29

.2

29

.5

29

.8

28

.9

29

.2

28

.5

29

.4

29

.2

28

.5

27

.8

28.9

±1.1

31.

5

31.

6

31.

8

32.

2

32.

9

32.

8

32.

9

33.

1

33.

3 33

36.

8

36.

2

36.

1

35.

8

34.2

±2.7

28

.9

28

.8

28

.5

29

.1

29

.2

29

.5

28

.5

28

.7 29

29

.4

28

.5

28

.8

28

.1 29

28

.8

28

.1

27

.3

28.4

±1.1

31.

2

31.

4

31.

6

31.

9

32.

6

32.

7

32.

7

32.

8

33.

2

32.

8

36.

5 36 36

35.

5

33.9

±2.7

29

.4

29

.4 29

29

.6

29

.8 30

29

.1

29

.3

29

.6

29

.9

28

.9

29

.3

28

.6

29

.5

29

.3

28

.6

27

.9

29.0

±1.1

31.

4

31.

6

31.

8

32.

1

32.

8

32.

9 33

33.

2

33.

5

33.

2

36.

9

36.

4

36.

4

35.

9

34.2

±2.8

29

.8

29

.7

29

.3 30

30

.1

30

.4

29

.4

29

.6

29

.9

30

.2

29

.3

29

.6

28

.9

29

.8

29

.6 29

28

.2

29.3

±1.1

31.

8 32

32.

2

32.

5

33.

3

33.

3

33.

4

33.

6 34

33.

7

37.

4

36.

8

36.

9

36.

4

34.6

±2.8

29

.3

29

.2

28

.8

29

.5

29

.6

29

.9

28

.9

29

.1

29

.4

29

.8

28

.9

29

.2

28

.5

29

.4

29

.2

28

.5

27

.7

28.8

±1.1

31.

6

31.

7 32

32.

3 33

33.

1

33.

1

33.

3

33.

7

33.

4 37

36.

5

36.

6 36

34.3

±2.7

29 28

.9

28

.5

29

.2

29

.3

29

.6

28

.6

28

.8

29

.1

29

.4

28

.5

28

.9

28

.2

29

.1

28

.8

28

.2

27

.4

28.5

±1.1

31.

3

31.

4

31.

7 32

32.

7

32.

8

32.

8

33.

1

33.

5

33.

2

36.

7

36.

2

36.

3

35.

7

34.0

±2.7

29

.5

29

.4 29

29

.7

29

.8

30

.1

29

.1

29

.3

29

.6

29

.9

28

.9

29

.3

28

.6

29

.5

29

.3

28

.7

27

.9

29.0

±1.1

31.

5

31.

7

31.

9

32.

3 33

33.

1

33.

2

33.

4

33.

8

33.

5

37.

2

36.

6

36.

8

36.

1

34.4

±2.9

29

.7

29

.6

29

.2

29

.9 30

30

.3

29

.4

29

.5

29

.8

30

.1

29

.2

29

.6

28

.9

29

.8

29

.6 29

28

.2

29.3

±1.1

31.

8 32

32.

2

32.

5

33.

2

33.

3

33.

4

33.

7

34.

1

33.

8

37.

4

36.

9 37

36.

4

34.6

±2.8

29

.2 29

28

.6

29

.3

29

.4

29

.7

28

.8 29

29

.3

29

.6

28

.7

29

.1

28

.4

29

.3 29

28

.4

27

.5

28.6

±1.1

31.

6

31.

7 32

32.

2

32.

9 33

33.

1

33.

3

33.

8

33.

4 37

36.

5

36.

6 36

34.3

±2.7

29 28

.9

28

.5

29

.2

29

.3

29

.6

28

.6

28

.9

29

.1

29

.5

28

.5

28

.9

28

.2

29

.1

28

.9

28

.3

27

.4

28.5

±1.1

31.

3

31.

4

31.

8 32

32.

7

32.

8

32.

9

33.

1

33.

6

33.

3

36.

9

36.

3

36.

5

35.

8

34.1

±2.8

29

.6

29

.5

29

.1

29

.8

29

.9

30

.2

29

.2

29

.4

29

.7 30 29

29

.4

28

.7

29

.6

29

.4

28

.8 28

29.1

±1.1

31.

6

31.

8

32.

1

32.

3

33.

1

33.

2

33.

3

33.

5 34

33.

7

37.

4

36.

8

36.

9

36.

3

34.5

±2.9

29

.7

29

.6

29

.2

29

.9 30

30

.3

29

.3

29

.5

29

.8

30

.1

29

.2

29

.6

28

.8

29

.8

29

.5

28

.9

28

.1

29.2

±1.1

31.

8 32

32.

2

32.

6

33.

3

33.

4

33.

4

33.

7

34.

2

33.

8

37.

5

36.

9

37.

1

36.

4

34.7

±2.9

29

.1

28

.9

28

.5

29

.2

29

.3

29

.6

28

.6

28

.8

29

.1

29

.5

28

.5

28

.9

28

.2

29

.1

28

.9

28

.3

27

.4

28.5

±1.1

31.

4

31.

6

31.

9

32.

2

32.

8

32.

9 33

33.

2

33.

7

33.

4 37

36.

4

36.

6

35.

9

34.2

±2.8

29

.3

29

.1

28

.8

29

.4

29

.6

29

.8

28

.9

29

.1

29

.4

29

.7

28

.8

29

.1

28

.4

29

.3

29

.1

28

.5

27

.6

28.7

±1.1

31.

4

31.

6

31.

8

32.

1

32.

8 33 33

33.

3

33.

8

33.

5 37

36.

5

36.

7 36

34.2

±2.8

29

.9

29

.8

29

.5

30

.1

30

.3

30

.5

29

.6

29

.8

30

.1

30

.4

29

.4

29

.8

29

.1 30

29

.8

29

.2

28

.4

29.5

±1.1

31.

9

32.

1

32.

3

32.

7

33.

4

33.

5

33.

6

33.

8

34.

3 34

37.

6

37.

1

37.

2

36.

6

34.8

±2.9

29 29 29 29 29 30 29 29 29 30 29 29 28 29 29 28 28 29.1

31. 32 32. 32. 33. 33. 33. 33. 34. 33. 37. 36. 37 36. 34.7

108

.6 .5 .1 .8 .9 .2 .2 .4 .7 .1 .5 .8 .7 .5 .9 ±1.1 9 3 5 2 4 4 7 1 8 4 8 3 ±2.8

32

.7

32

.6 32 33

33

.3

33

.6 32

32

.3

32

.9

33

.4

32

.2

32

.8

31

.6

33

.2

32

.8

31

.2

30

.4

32.0

±1.6

35.

9

36.

5

36.

2

37.

1

38.

2

37.

7

37.

8

38.

1 38

37.

8

44.

3

43.

5

42.

4

43.

1

40.1

±4.2

35

.5

35

.4

34

.7

35

.9

36

.1

36

.5

34

.6 35

35

.6

36

.1 35

35

.6

34

.3 36

35

.6

33

.9

32

.9

34.7

±1.8

39.

1

39.

9

39.

4

40.

4

41.

7

41.

1

41.

2

41.

3

41.

3

40.

8

48.

8

47.

7

46.

5

47.

1

44.0

±4.9

36

.1

35

.9

35

.1

36

.4

36

.6 37

35

.1

35

.5 36

36

.6

35

.5

36

.2

34

.8

36

.5

36

.1

34

.4

33

.3

35.2

±1.9

40.

2

40.

9

40.

7

41.

5

42.

8

42.

3

42.

6

42.

5

42.

7 42

50.

2

49.

1

48.

1

48.

3

45.2

±5.0

35

.8

35

.6

34

.9

36

.1

36

.4

36

.8

34

.8

35

.2

35

.8

36

.5

35

.2

35

.9

34

.5

36

.3

35

.9

34

.3

33

.1

35.0

±1.9

40.

4 41 41

41.

7

42.

8

42.

6 43

42.

9

43.

3

42.

6

50.

7

49.

5

48.

8

48.

6

45.6

±5.2

36 35

.8 35

36

.3

36

.5

36

.9 35

35

.4 36

36

.6

35

.4

36

.1

34

.7

36

.5

36

.1

34

.6

33

.2

35.1

±1.9

40.

6

41.

2

41.

4

41.

9

43.

1 43

43.

3

43.

3

43.

9

43.

2

51.

1

49.

9

49.

4 49

45.9

±5.3

36

.3

36

.1

35

.4

36

.6

36

.8

37

.3

35

.3

35

.7

36

.3

36

.9

35

.7

36

.4 35

36

.8

36

.4

34

.9

33

.6

35.5

±1.9

40.

9

41.

5

41.

7

42.

3

43.

4

43.

4

43.

8

43.

8

44.

4

43.

7

51.

5

50.

3 50

49.

4

46.2

±5.3

36

.1 36

35

.2

36

.5

36

.6

37

.1

35

.1

35

.5

36

.1

36

.8

35

.6

36

.3

34

.8

36

.6

36

.2

34

.8

33

.3

35.2

±1.9

40.

9

41.

5

41.

8

42.

2

43.

4

43.

4

43.

9

43.

9

44.

6

43.

8

51.

5

50.

3

50.

1

49.

3

46.2

±5.3

35

.9

35

.7 35

36

.3

36

.5

36

.9

34

.9

35

.3

35

.9

36

.6

35

.4

36

.1

34

.6

36

.4 36

34

.6

33

.1

35.0

±1.9

40.

9

41.

4

41.

7

42.

2

43.

3

43.

4

43.

8

43.

9

44.

6

43.

9

51.

6

50.

4

50.

2

49.

4

46.3

±5.4

36

.1 36

35

.2

36

.5

36

.7

37

.1

35

.1

35

.6

36

.1

36

.8

35

.6

36

.3

34

.9

36

.7

36

.3

34

.9

33

.4

35.3

±1.9 41

41.

5

41.

8

42.

3

43.

4

43.

5 44 44

44.

8

44.

1

51.

7

50.

6

50.

4

49.

5

46.4

±5.4

36

.6

36

.4

35

.6

36

.9

37

.1

37

.5

35

.6 36

36

.6

37

.2 36

36

.7

35

.3

37

.1

36

.7

35

.3

33

.8

35.7

±1.9

41.

4

41.

9

42.

2

42.

8

43.

9

43.

9

44.

4

44.

5

45.

3

44.

6

52.

2

51.

1

50.

9 50

46.8

±5.4

36

.5

36

.3

35

.5

36

.8 37

37

.4

35

.5

35

.8

36

.4

37

.1

35

.9

36

.6

35

.2 37

36

.6

35

.2

33

.7

35.6

±1.9

41.

4

41.

9

42.

3

42.

7

43.

9

43.

9

44.

4

44.

5

45.

3

44.

6

52.

2 51

50.

9 50

46.8

±5.4

36

.2 36

35

.2

36

.5

36

.7

37

.1

35

.1

35

.6

36

.1

36

.8

35

.6

36

.3

34

.9

36

.7

36

.3

34

.9

33

.4

35.3

±1.9

41.

2

41.

7

42.

1

42.

6

43.

7

43.

7

44.

3

44.

3

45.

2

44.

5 52

50.

8

50.

7

49.

8

46.6

±5.4

36

.2

36

.1

35

.3

36

.5

36

.8

37

.2

35

.3

35

.6

36

.2

36

.9

35

.7

36

.4 35

36

.8

36

.4 35

33

.5

35.4

±1.9

41.

2

41.

7

42.

1

42.

5

43.

6

43.

7

44.

2

44.

4

45.

2

44.

6

52.

1

50.

9

50.

8

49.

8

46.7

±5.5

36

.9

36

.7

35

.9

37

.2

37

.4

37

.8

35

.9

36

.3

36

.9

37

.5

36

.3 37

35

.6

37

.4 37

35

.6

34

.1

36.0

±1.9

41.

7

42.

2

42.

5

43.

1

44.

2

44.

2

44.

8

44.

9

45.

7

45.

1

52.

6

51.

5

51.

3

50.

4

47.2

±5.5

36

.7

36

.5

35

.8 37

37

.3

37

.7

35

.7

36

.1

36

.7

37

.3

36

.1

36

.9

35

.4

37

.2

36

.8

35

.5

33

.9

35.8

±1.9

41.

7

42.

2

42.

5 43

44.

2

44.

2

44.

7

44.

8

45.

7 45

52.

6

51.

4

51.

3

50.

3

47.2

±5.5

36

.3

36

.1

35

.3

36

.6

36

.8

37

.2

35

.3

35

.7

36

.3 37

35

.7

36

.5

35

.1

36

.9

36

.5

35

.1

33

.6

35.4

±1.8

41.

5 42

42.

4

42.

8

43.

9 44

44.

5

44.

6

45.

5

44.

8

52.

3

51.

1 51

50.

1

46.9

±5.4

36

.2 36

35

.2

36

.5

36

.7

37

.1

35

.1

35

.6

36

.1

36

.8

35

.6

36

.3

34

.9

36

.7

36

.3 35

33

.4

35.3

±1.9

41.

2

41.

7

42.

1

42.

5

43.

6

43.

7

44.

2

44.

3

45.

3

44.

6 52

50.

8

50.

8

49.

8

46.6

±5.4

36 36 35 37 37 37 35 36 36 37 36 37 35 37 36 35 34 35.9

41. 42. 42. 43 44. 44. 44. 44. 45. 45. 52. 51. 51. 50. 47.2

109


P Ti

me Ta

Tin

s1

Tin

s2

Tins,

m

Ts

2

Ts

3

Ts

4 Ts

Th

s1

Th

s2

Th

s3

Th

s4

Th

s5 Ths

Tf(

m) Tf

Tf,m

ax

Tvc(

m) Tvc

Tvc,

max Ral Rf

Rsr

vc

Rv

c

Rf

vc

Plo

ss

Rv

co

1

0 1

20.

7

22.

5

21.

9 22.2

28.

2

29.

7

29.

4

29.0±

0.8

25.

2

25.

7

25.

9 25

26.

5

25.8±

0.8

23.

8

23.8±

0.6 24.4 24.5

24.5±

0.4 24.7

0.3

20

0.3

1

0.0

2

0.0

7

0.4

0

0.0

1

0.0

9

10

20.

3

21.

8

20.

8 21.3

34.

4

35.

9

35.

4

35.2±

0.8

29.

2

31.

2

31.

5

28.

3

32.

5

30.4±

2.1

23.

9

23.9±

0.9 24.8 26.5

26.5±

0.8 27.2

0.4

75

0.3

6

0.0

8

0.2

6

0.6

9

0.0

1

0.3

3

20

20.

3

21.

6

20.

6 21.1

34.

9

36.

4 36

35.7±

0.8

29.

7

31.

7 32

28.

8 33

30.9±

2.1

24.

3

24.3±

0.9 25.2 27.1

27.1±

1.0 28.0

0.4

75

0.4

0

0.0

9

0.2

8

0.7

7

0.0

1

0.3

8

30

20.

3

21.

5

20.

6 21.1

35.

1

36.

6

36.

2

35.9±

0.8

29.

9

31.

9

32.

2

28.

9

33.

2

31.1±

2.2

24.

4

24.4±

1.0 25.3 27.3

27.3±

1.0 28.3

0.4

80

0.4

1

0.1

0

0.3

0

0.8

0

0.0

1

0.4

0

40

20.

2

21.

6

20.

6 21.1

35.

3

36.

7

36.

3

36.0±

0.8 30 32

32.

4

29.

1

33.

4

31.3±

2.2

24.

6

24.6±

0.9 25.5 27.5

27.5±

1.1 28.6

0.4

75

0.4

4

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.8

4

0.0

1

0.4

1

50

20.

1

21.

5

20.

4 21.0

35.

4

36.

8

36.

4

36.1±

0.7

30.

1

32.

1

32.

4

29.

1

33.

4

31.3±

2.2

24.

5

24.5±

0.9 25.4 27.6

27.6±

1.1 28.7

0.4

85

0.4

4

0.1

1

0.3

1

0.8

6

0.0

1

0.4

2

60

20.

2

21.

5

20.

4 21.0

35.

3

36.

7

36.

3

36.0±

0.8 30

32.

1

32.

4

29.

1

33.

3

31.2±

2.1

24.

5

24.5±

0.9 25.4 27.6

27.6±

1.2 28.7

0.4

80

0.4

3

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.8

5

0.0

1

0.4

3

70

20.

2

21.

4

20.

3 20.9

35.

3

36.

7

36.

3

36.0±

0.8

29.

9 32

32.

3 29

33.

3

31.2±

2.2

24.

4

24.4±

1.0 25.3 27.5

27.5±

1.2 28.6

0.4

85

0.4

2

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.8

4

0.0

1

0.4

3

80

20.

1

21.

3

20.

2 20.8

35.

2

36.

6

36.

2

35.9±

0.7

29.

9 32

32.

3

28.

9

33.

3

31.1±

2.2

24.

4

24.4±

1.0 25.3 27.4

27.4±

1.2 28.6

0.4

80

0.4

3

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.8

5

0.0

1

0.4

3

90

20.

1

21.

3

20.

2 20.8

35.

2

36.

6

36.

2

35.9±

0.7

29.

9 32

32.

3

28.

9

33.

3

31.1±

2.2

24.

3

24.3±

0.9 25.2 27.4

27.4±

1.2 28.6

0.4

80

0.4

2

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.8

5

0.0

1

0.4

3

100

19.

9

21.

3

20.

1 20.7

35.

2

36.

6

36.

2

35.9±

0.7

29.

9 32

32.

3

28.

9

33.

3

31.1±

2.2

24.

3

24.3±

1.0 25.3 27.4

27.4±

1.2 28.6

0.4

80

0.4

4

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.8

7

0.0

1

0.4

3

110

20.

1

21.

2

20.

1 20.7

35.

1

36.

5

36.

1

35.8±

0.7

29.

8

31.

9

32.

2

28.

9

33.

2

31.1±

2.2

24.

3

24.3±

0.9 25.2 27.4

27.4±

1.2 28.6

0.4

75

0.4

2

0.1

2

0.3

2

0.8

5

0.0

1

0.4

4

120 20

21.

2 20 20.6

35.

1

36.

5

36.

1

35.8±

0.7

29.

8

31.

8

32.

1

28.

8

33.

2

31.0±

2.2

24.

2

24.2±

1.0 25.2 27.4

27.4±

1.2 28.5

0.4

80

0.4

2

0.1

2

0.3

2

0.8

5

0.0

1

0.4

3

130

20.

1

21.

2 20 20.6

35.

2

36.

6

36.

2

35.9±

0.7

29.

8

31.

9

32.

2

28.

9

33.

2

31.1±

2.2

24.

2

24.2±

1.0 25.2 27.3

27.3±

1.2 28.5

0.4

85

0.4

1

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.8

4

0.0

1

0.4

3

140

20.

2

21.

2

20.

1 20.7

35.

1

36.

5

36.

2

35.8±

0.7

29.

8

31.

9

32.

2

28.

9

33.

2

31.1±

2.2

24.

3

24.3±

0.9 25.2 27.4

27.4±

1.3 28.6

0.4

75

0.4

1

0.1

3

0.3

1

0.8

4

0.0

1

0.4

4

150 20

21.

2 20 20.6

35.

3

36.

7

36.

3

36.0±

0.8

29.

9 32

32.

3

28.

9

33.

3

31.1±

2.2

24.

3

24.3±

0.9 25.2 27.4

27.4±

1.2 28.6

0.4

90

0.4

3

0.1

2

0.3

2

0.8

6

0.0

1

0.4

4

160

19.

9

21.

2 20 20.6

35.

3

36.

8

36.

4

36.1±

0.8

29.

9 32

32.

3

28.

9

33.

4

31.2±

2.3

24.

2

24.2±

1.0 25.2 27.4

27.4±

1.2 28.6

0.4

90

0.4

3

0.1

2

0.3

2

0.8

7

0.0

1

0.4

4

170 20

21.

2

19.

9 20.6

35.

3

36.

7

36.

3

36.0±

0.8

29.

9 32

32.

2

28.

9

33.

3

31.1±

2.2

24.

2

24.2±

1.0 25.1 27.4

27.4±

1.3 28.6

0.4

90

0.4

2

0.1

3

0.3

2

0.8

6

0.0

1

0.4

5

180

20.

1

21.

1

19.

9 20.5

35.

2

36.

7

36.

3

36.0±

0.8

29.

8 32

32.

2

28.

9

33.

3

31.1±

2.2

24.

2

24.2±

1.0 25.1 27.3

27.3±

1.2 28.5

0.4

85

0.4

1

0.1

2

0.3

2

0.8

4

0.0

1

0.4

4

1

5 190

20.

8

22.

4 21 21.7 41

43.

1

42.

5

42.1±

1.1

33.

1

36.

1

36.

5

31.

8

38.

1

35.0±

3.2

25.

5

25.5±

1.3 26.7 29.3

29.3±

1.6 30.8

0.4

73

0.3

1

0.1

0

0.2

5

0.6

7

0.0

2

0.3

6

.8 .7 .9 .2 .4 .8 .8 .2 .8 .5 .3 .6 .4 .9 .6 ±1.9 7 2 5 1 2 8 8 7 1 6 4 3 4 ±5.5

110

200

21.

4 23

21.

7 22.4 42 44

43.

5

43.0±

1.0

33.

8

36.

9

37.

3

32.

5 39

35.8±

3.3

26.

0

26.0±

1.3 27.3 30.1

30.1±

1.6 31.7

0.4

83

0.3

1

0.1

1

0.2

7

0.6

9

0.0

2

0.3

8

210

20.

6

22.

6 21 21.8

42.

2

44.

3

43.

7

43.3±

1.1

34.

1

37.

2

37.

5

32.

7

39.

3

36.0±

3.3

26.

2

26.2±

1.3 27.5 30.5

30.5±

1.7 32.1

0.4

83

0.3

7

0.1

1

0.2

8

0.7

7

0.0

2

0.3

9

220 20 22

20.

3 21.2

42.

4

44.

4

43.

9

43.4±

1.0

34.

2

37.

3

37.

6

32.

8

39.

4

36.1±

3.3

26.

2

26.2±

1.3 27.5 30.6

30.6±

1.7 32.2

0.4

87

0.4

1

0.1

1

0.2

9

0.8

1

0.0

2

0.4

0

230

20.

3

22.

1

20.

4 21.3

42.

3

44.

4

43.

9

43.4±

1.1

34.

2

37.

3

37.

7

32.

8

39.

4

36.1±

3.3

26.

1

26.1±

1.3 27.4 30.7

30.7±

1.7 32.3

0.4

83

0.3

9

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.8

0

0.0

2

0.4

1

240

21.

5

23.

4

21.

8 22.6

42.

3

44.

4

43.

8

43.4±

1.1

34.

2

37.

3

37.

6

32.

7

39.

4

36.1±

3.4

26.

1

26.1±

1.3 27.4 30.6

30.6±

1.7 32.3

0.4

87

0.3

1

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.7

2

0.0

2

0.4

1

250

20.

5

22.

6

20.

8 21.7

42.

2

44.

4

43.

8

43.3±

1.1

34.

1

37.

3

37.

5

32.

7

39.

3

36.0±

3.3

26.

0

26.0±

1.3 27.3 30.6

30.6±

1.7 32.3

0.4

87

0.3

7

0.1

1

0.3

1

0.7

9

0.0

2

0.4

2

260

19.

9

22.

1

20.

2 21.2

42.

4

44.

5

43.

9

43.5±

1.1

34.

2

37.

4

37.

7

32.

9

39.

4

36.2±

3.3

26.

3

26.3±

1.3 27.6 30.7

30.7±

1.8 32.4

0.4

87

0.4

3

0.1

2

0.2

9

0.8

3

0.0

2

0.4

1

270

20.

4

22.

1

20.

3 21.2 43

45.

1

44.

6

44.1±

1.1

34.

8 38

38.

3

33.

5

40.

1

36.8±

3.3

27.

2

27.2±

1.4 28.5 31.3

31.3±

1.8 33.1

0.4

83

0.4

5

0.1

2

0.2

8

0.8

5

0.0

2

0.4

0

280

21.

8

23.

5 22 22.8

42.

8

44.

9

44.

3

43.9±

1.1

34.

6

37.

8

38.

1

33.

3

39.

9

36.6±

3.3

26.

6

26.6±

1.3 27.9 31.2

31.2±

1.6 32.8

0.4

83

0.3

2

0.1

1

0.3

1

0.7

3

0.0

2

0.4

1

290

20.

2

22.

6

20.

7 21.7

42.

5

44.

6 44

43.6±

1.1

34.

3

37.

5

37.

8

32.

9

39.

6

36.3±

3.4

26.

1

26.1±

1.4 27.4 30.8

30.8±

1.6 32.4

0.4

87

0.3

9

0.1

1

0.3

2

0.8

1

0.0

2

0.4

2

300

19.

5 22

20.

1 21.1

42.

3

44.

4

43.

9

43.4±

1.1

34.

2

37.

4

37.

6

32.

8

39.

4

36.1±

3.3

26.

2

26.2±

1.3 27.5 30.8

30.8±

1.8 32.5

0.4

83

0.4

5

0.1

2

0.3

0

0.8

7

0.0

2

0.4

2

310

21.

4

23.

2

21.

4 22.3

43.

1

45.

2

44.

6

44.2±

1.1

34.

9 38

38.

3

33.

5

40.

1

36.8±

3.3

27.

0

27.0±

1.4 28.3 31.4

31.4±

1.8 33.1

0.4

90

0.3

7

0.1

2

0.2

9

0.7

8

0.0

2

0.4

1

320

21.

3

23.

3

21.

5 22.4

42.

7

44.

8

44.

3

43.8±

1.1

34.

5

37.

7 38

33.

2

39.

8

36.5±

3.3

26.

3

26.3±

1.3 27.6 31.1

31.1±

1.7 32.7

0.4

83

0.3

3

0.1

1

0.3

2

0.7

6

0.0

2

0.4

3

330

19.

9

22.

2

20.

2 21.2

42.

3

44.

4

43.

8

43.4±

1.1

34.

1

37.

3

37.

5

32.

7

39.

4

36.1±

3.4

25.

8

25.8±

1.3 27.1 30.7

30.7±

1.6 32.3

0.4

87

0.3

9

0.1

1

0.3

3

0.8

3

0.0

2

0.4

3

340

21.

5 23

21.

4 22.2

42.

6

44.

7

44.

1

43.7±

1.1

34.

3

37.

5

37.

8

32.

9

39.

6

36.3±

3.4

26.

5

26.5±

1.4 27.8 30.9

30.9±

1.9 32.7

0.4

93

0.3

3

0.1

2

0.2

9

0.7

5

0.0

2

0.4

2

350

21.

1

23.

8

22.

1 23.0

43.

2

45.

3

44.

7

44.3±

1.1

34.

9

38.

1

38.

4

33.

6

40.

2

36.9±

3.3

27.

0

27.0±

1.4 28.3 31.4

31.4±

1.7 33.1

0.4

90

0.3

9

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.8

0

0.0

2

0.4

1

360

20.

6

22.

8

20.

9 21.9

42.

6

44.

7

44.

1

43.7±

1.1

34.

4

37.

6

37.

9 33

39.

7

36.4±

3.4

26.

1

26.1±

1.3 27.4 31.0

31.0±

1.6 32.5

0.4

87

0.3

7

0.1

0

0.3

2

0.7

9

0.0

2

0.4

3

2

0 370

20.

7

21.

4

20.

9 21.2

46.

1

48.

5

47.

9

47.3±

1.2

35.

5

39.

2

39.

7

33.

8 42

37.9±

4.1

26.

0

26.0±

1.4 27.4 29.7

29.7±

2.1 31.6

0.4

70

0.2

7

0.1

0

0.1

8

0.5

5

0.0

2

0.2

8

380

20.

7

21.

3

20.

9 21.1

48.

2

50.

6

50.

1

49.4±

1.2

37.

2

41.

1

41.

5

35.

4 44

39.7±

4.3

27.

0

27.0±

1.5 28.5 31.6

31.6±

2.2 33.7

0.4

85

0.3

2

0.1

1

0.2

3

0.6

5

0.0

3

0.3

4

390

20.

9

21.

3

20.

9 21.1

49.

1

51.

7

51.

1

50.4±

1.3

38.

1

42.

1

42.

4

36.

2 45

40.6±

4.4

27.

7

27.7±

1.5 29.2 32.7

32.7±

2.2 34.9

0.4

90

0.3

4

0.1

1

0.2

5

0.7

0

0.0

3

0.3

6

400

20.

8

21.

3

20.

9 21.1

49.

7

52.

2

51.

7

51.0±

1.3

38.

5

42.

6

42.

9

36.

6

45.

5

41.1±

4.5

28.

0

28.0±

1.5 29.5 33.5

33.5±

2.2 35.6

0.4

95

0.3

6

0.1

1

0.2

7

0.7

4

0.0

3

0.3

8

410 21

21.

4 21 21.2 50

52.

6

52.

1

51.3±

1.3

38.

9 43

43.

2

36.

9

45.

9

41.4±

4.5

28.

2

28.2±

1.5 29.7 34.0

34.0±

2.1 36.0

0.4

95

0.3

6

0.1

0

0.2

9

0.7

5

0.0

3

0.3

9

420

21.

1

21.

6

21.

1 21.4

50.

5

53.

1

52.

5

51.8±

1.3

39.

3

43.

4

43.

6

37.

3

46.

3

41.8±

4.5

28.

5

28.5±

1.6 30.0 34.4

34.4±

2.2 36.5

0.5

00

0.3

7

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.7

7

0.0

3

0.4

0

430

21.

3

21.

8

21.

2 21.5

50.

7

53.

2

52.

7

52.0±

1.3

39.

5

43.

6

43.

9

37.

5

46.

5

42.0±

4.5

28.

7

28.7±

1.6 30.2 34.6

34.6±

2.2 36.8

0.4

98

0.3

7

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.7

8

0.0

3

0.4

1

440

21.

3

21.

8

21.

2 21.5

50.

7

53.

4

52.

8

52.1±

1.4

39.

6

43.

7 44

37.

6

46.

6

42.1±

4.5

28.

8

28.8±

1.6 30.3 34.8

34.8±

2.2 37.0

0.4

98

0.3

7

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.7

9

0.0

3

0.4

1

450

21.

3

21.

8

21.

2 21.5

50.

7

53.

3

52.

8

52.0±

1.3

39.

6

43.

7

43.

9

37.

6

46.

6

42.1±

4.5

28.

8

28.8±

1.6 30.3 34.9

34.9±

2.2 37.0

0.4

95

0.3

7

0.1

1

0.3

1

0.7

9

0.0

3

0.4

1

460

21.

3

21.

9

21.

3 21.6

50.

7

53.

3

52.

7

52.0±

1.3

39.

6

43.

8

43.

9

37.

6

46.

6

42.1±

4.5

28.

8

28.8±

1.6 30.3 34.9

34.9±

2.2 37.1

0.4

95

0.3

7

0.1

1

0.3

1

0.7

9

0.0

3

0.4

2

111

470

21.

8

22.

2

21.

5 21.9

50.

9

53.

5

52.

9

52.2±

1.3

39.

8

43.

9

44.

1

37.

8

46.

8

42.3±

4.5

29.

0

29.0±

1.5 30.5 35.1

35.1±

2.3 37.3

0.4

95

0.3

6

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.7

8

0.0

3

0.4

2

480

21.

4 22

21.

4 21.7

50.

9

53.

5

52.

9

52.2±

1.3

39.

9 44

44.

2

37.

9

46.

9

42.4±

4.5

29.

1

29.1±

1.6 30.6 35.2

35.2±

2.3 37.4

0.4

90

0.3

8

0.1

1

0.3

1

0.8

0

0.0

3

0.4

2

490

21.

8

22.

1

21.

3 21.7

50.

9

53.

5

52.

9

52.2±

1.3

39.

9 44

44.

2

37.

9

46.

9

42.4±

4.5

29.

1

29.1±

1.6 30.6 35.2

35.2±

2.2 37.4

0.4

90

0.3

6

0.1

1

0.3

1

0.7

8

0.0

3

0.4

2

500

21.

4

22.

1

21.

4 21.8 51

53.

6

52.

9

52.3±

1.3

40.

1

44.

1

44.

3 38

46.

9

42.5±

4.5

29.

3

29.3±

1.5 30.8 35.3

35.3±

2.2 37.5

0.4

93

0.4

0

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.8

1

0.0

3

0.4

1

510

21.

4 22

21.

3 21.7 51

53.

5

52.

9

52.3±

1.3

40.

1

44.

1

44.

3 38

46.

9

42.5±

4.5

29.

3

29.3±

1.5 30.8 35.3

35.3±

2.3 37.5

0.4

90

0.4

0

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.8

1

0.0

3

0.4

1

520

21.

5 22

21.

3 21.7

50.

9

53.

6

52.

9

52.3±

1.4

40.

1

44.

1

44.

3 38

46.

9

42.5±

4.5

29.

3

29.3±

1.5 30.8 35.3

35.3±

2.3 37.5

0.4

90

0.3

9

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.8

0

0.0

3

0.4

1

530

21.

4 22

21.

3 21.7 51

53.

6 53

52.3±

1.3

40.

1

44.

1

44.

4 38

46.

9

42.5±

4.5

29.

3

29.3±

1.6 30.8 35.6

35.6±

2.4 38.0

0.4

93

0.3

9

0.1

2

0.3

2

0.8

3

0.0

3

0.4

4

540

21.

4 22

21.

3 21.7

51.

1

53.

7

53.

1

52.4±

1.3

40.

1

44.

2

44.

4

38.

1

47.

1

42.6±

4.5

29.

4

29.4±

1.6 30.9 35.6

35.6±

2.4 38.0

0.4

90

0.4

0

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.8

3

0.0

3

0.4

3

4

0 550

20.

4

22.

6 21 21.8

56.

2

60.

7

59.

7

58.5±

2.3

41.

3

45.

8

46.

2

39.

1

49.

7

44.4±

5.3

29.

5

29.5±

1.6 31.1 38.5

38.5±

3.5 41.9

0.3

51

0.2

3

0.0

9

0.2

2

0.5

4

0.0

3

0.3

1

560 20

22.

5

20.

8 21.7

68.

9

72.

7 72

70.8±

1.9

53.

7

60.

7

60.

7

49.

6

66.

2

57.9±

8.3

33.

9

33.9±

2.4 36.3 43.6

43.6±

4.2 47.8

0.3

23

0.3

5

0.1

1

0.2

4

0.7

0

0.0

5

0.3

5

570

20.

4

22.

6

20.

8 21.7

73.

6

77.

5

76.

8

75.6±

2.0

55.

7

62.

7

62.

7

51.

4

68.

4

59.9±

8.5

35.

3

35.3±

2.5 37.8 45.9

45.9±

4.6 50.4

0.3

91

0.3

7

0.1

1

0.2

6

0.7

5

0.0

5

0.3

8

580

20.

7

22.

7

20.

7 21.7

75.

4

79.

4

78.

7

77.4±

2.0

56.

3

63.

3

63.

2 52

68.

8

60.4±

8.4

35.

9

35.9±

2.6 38.4 46.9

46.9±

4.6 51.5

0.4

25

0.3

8

0.1

2

0.2

8

0.7

7

0.0

5

0.3

9

590

20.

6

22.

9

20.

8 21.9

75.

5

79.

6

78.

8

77.6±

2.1

56.

6

63.

7

63.

6

52.

3

69.

2

60.8±

8.5

36.

0

36.0±

2.6 38.5 47.4

47.4±

4.7 52.0

0.4

20

0.3

8

0.1

2

0.2

9

0.7

9

0.0

5

0.4

0

600

20.

2

23.

1

20.

7 21.9

76.

2

80.

4

79.

6

78.3±

2.1

57.

1

64.

3

64.

1

52.

8

69.

8

61.3±

8.5

36.

2

36.2±

2.6 38.8 48.0

48.0±

4.8 52.7

0.4

25

0.4

0

0.1

2

0.2

9

0.8

1

0.0

5

0.4

1

610

20.

2

23.

2

20.

6 21.9

77.

1

81.

4

80.

6

79.3±

2.2

57.

4

64.

8 64

53.

2

70.

3

61.8±

8.6

36.

5

36.5±

2.7 39.1 48.3

48.3±

4.8 53.0

0.4

38

0.4

1

0.1

2

0.3

0

0.8

2

0.0

5

0.4

1

620

20.

2

23.

3

20.

6 22.0

77.

2

81.

5

80.

7

79.4±

2.2

57.

4

64.

8 64

53.

1

70.

4

61.8±

8.7

36.

3

36.3±

2.7 38.9 48.4

48.4±

4.7 53.1

0.4

40

0.4

0

0.1

2

0.3

0

0.8

2

0.0

5

0.4

2

630

20.

2

23.

4

20.

6 22.0

76.

7

81.

1

80.

2

78.9±

2.2

57.

4

64.

8

63.

9

53.

1

70.

3

61.7±

8.6

36.

2

36.2±

2.7 38.8 48.4

48.4±

4.8 53.1

0.4

30

0.4

0

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.8

2

0.0

5

0.4

2

640

20.

7

23.

6

20.

7 22.2

77.

7

82.

1

81.

3

79.9±

2.2

58.

2

65.

9 65

53.

8

71.

7

62.8±

9.0

36.

3

36.3±

2.7 39.0 48.9

48.9±

4.9 53.8

0.4

29

0.3

9

0.1

2

0.3

2

0.8

3

0.0

5

0.4

4

650

20.

5 24

21.

1 22.6

78.

5 83

82.

1

80.8±

2.3

58.

5

66.

3

65.

2 54

72.

1

63.1±

9.1

36.

5

36.5±

2.8 39.2 49.1

49.1±

5.0 54.1

0.4

43

0.4

0

0.1

3

0.3

2

0.8

4

0.0

5

0.4

4

660

20.

7

24.

2

21.

2 22.7

80.

5

85.

1

84.

1

82.8±

2.3

58.

6

66.

4

65.

3

54.

1

72.

2

63.2±

9.1

36.

5

36.5±

2.8 39.2 49.3

49.3±

5.1 54.3

0.4

91

0.3

9

0.1

3

0.3

2

0.8

4

0.0

6

0.4

5

670

20.

3 24

20.

9 22.5

80.

8

85.

4

84.

4

83.1±

2.3

58.

7

66.

6

65.

5

54.

3

72.

4

63.4±

9.1

36.

5

36.5±

2.8 39.3 49.4

49.4±

5.1 54.4

0.4

94

0.4

1

0.1

3

0.3

2

0.8

5

0.0

6

0.4

5

680

20.

4 24

20.

8 22.4

81.

2

85.

9

84.

9

83.6±

2.4 59

66.

9

65.

8

54.

5

72.

8

63.7±

9.2

36.

5

36.5±

2.8 39.3 49.5

49.5±

5.1 54.6

0.4

98

0.4

0

0.1

3

0.3

3

0.8

6

0.0

6

0.4

5

690

20.

8

24.

2

20.

9 22.6 79

83.

5

82.

6

81.3±

2.3

57.

9

65.

5

64.

4

53.

5

71.

1

62.3±

8.8

36.

3

36.3±

2.7 39.0 49.0

49.0±

5.0 53.9

0.4

74

0.3

9

0.1

2

0.3

2

0.8

3

0.0

5

0.4

4

700

20.

8

24.

5

21.

2 22.9

78.

8

83.

3

82.

2

81.1±

2.3

57.

6

65.

2

64.

1

53.

2

70.

8

62.0±

8.8

36.

0

36.0±

2.7 38.7 48.7

48.7±

4.9 53.5

0.4

76

0.3

8

0.1

2

0.3

2

0.8

2

0.0

5

0.4

4

710

21.

7

24.

6

21.

4 23.0 79

83.

6

82.

6

81.3±

2.3

57.

6

65.

4

64.

2

53.

3 71

62.2±

8.9

35.

9

35.9±

2.7 38.6 48.5

48.5±

4.9 53.4

0.4

79

0.3

6

0.1

2

0.3

2

0.7

9

0.0

5

0.4

4

720

20.

8

24.

4

21.

2 22.8

78.

8

83.

3

82.

2

81.1±

2.3

57.

5

65.

2 64

53.

2

70.

8

62.0±

8.8

35.

9

35.9±

2.7 38.6 48.5

48.5±

4.9 53.4

0.4

76

0.3

8

0.1

2

0.3

2

0.8

2

0.0

5

0.4

4

112

Tf

1

Tf

2

Tf

3

Tf

4

Tf

5

Tf

6

Tf

7

Tf

8

Tf

9

Tf

10

Tf

11

Tf

12

Tf

13

Tf

14

Tf

15

Tf

16

Tf

17

Tf Tv

c1

Tv

c2

Tv

c3

Tv

c4

Tv

c5

Tv

c6

Tv

c7

Tv

c8

Tv

c9

Tv

c10

Tv

c11

Tv

c12

Tv

c13

Tv

c14

Tvc

24

.2

24

.1

24

.1

24

.3

24

.2

24

.3

24

.4

24

.4

24

.4

24

.3

23

.3

23

.5

23

.4

23

.3

23

.5

23

.4

23

.2

23.8

±0.6

24

.1

24

.1

24

.1

24

.2

24

.1

24

.4

24

.5

24

.5

24

.6

24.

7

24.

7

24.

7

24.

8

24.

6

24.5±0.4

24

.6

24

.1

24 24

.7

24

.5

24

.3

24

.7

24

.6

24

.8

24

.1

23

.6

24

.3

23

.9

23

.5

23

.9

23

.6

23 23.9

±0.9

25

.8

25

.8

25

.7

26

.1

26

.6

26

.1

26

.3

26

.1

25

.7

25.

7

27.

2

26.

8

26.

8

27.

1

26.5±0.8

24

.9

24

.4

24

.4

25 24

.8

24

.6

25 24

.9

25

.2

24

.4

23

.9

24

.5

24

.1

23

.8

24

.2

23

.9

23

.3

24.3

±0.9

26

.2

26

.3

26

.1

26

.6

27

.1

26

.6

26

.8

26

.6

26

.4

26.

1

28 27.

7

27.

5

27.

8

27.1±1.0

25

.1

24

.6

24

.4

25

.2

24

.9

24

.7

25

.1

25 25

.3

24

.5

23

.9

24

.6

24

.3

23

.9

24

.3

24 23

.4

24.4

±1.0

26

.4

26

.5

26

.3

26

.8

27

.4

26

.8

27

.1

26

.8

26

.9

26.

4

28.

3

28.

1

27.

9

28.

1

27.3±1.0

25

.3

24

.8

24

.6

25

.4

25

.1

24

.9

25

.4

25

.2

25

.5

24

.7

24

.1

24

.8

24

.4

24

.2

24

.5

24

.2

23

.6

24.6

±0.9

26

.6

26

.7

26

.4

27 27

.5

27 27

.4

27

.1

27

.2

26.

6

28.

6

28.

4

28.

3

28.

4

27.5±1.1

25

.3

24

.7

24

.6

25

.3

25

.1

24

.8

25

.3

25

.2

25

.4

24

.6

24 24

.7

24

.4

24

.1

24

.5

24

.2

23

.6

24.5

±0.9

26

.6

26

.7

26

.5

27 27

.6

27 27

.5

27

.1

27

.4

26.

8

28.

7

28.

5

28.

5

28.

5

27.6±1.1

25

.2

24

.6

24

.5

25

.3

25 24

.7

25

.3

25

.1

25

.4

24

.5

23

.9

24

.7

24

.3

24 24

.4

24

.1

23

.5

24.5

±0.9

26

.6

26

.7

26

.4

27 27

.6

27 27

.4

27

.1

27

.5

26.

8

28.

7

28.

5

28.

5

28.

5

27.6±1.2

25

.1

24

.6

24

.5

25

.2

24

.9

24

.7

25

.2

25 25

.3

24

.5

23

.9

24

.6

24

.2

23

.9

24

.4

24

.1

23

.4

24.4

±1.0

26

.6

26

.6

26

.3

26

.9

27

.5

26

.9

27

.4

27

.1

27

.5

26.

7

28.

6

28.

5

28.

5

28.

4

27.5±1.2

25 24

.5

24

.4

25

.2

24

.9

24

.7

25

.2

25 25

.3

24

.4

23

.8

24

.5

24

.2

23

.9

24

.3

24 23

.4

24.4

±1.0

26

.5

26

.5

26

.2

26

.8

27

.4

26

.9

27

.4

27

.1

27

.5

26.

8

28.

6

28.

5

28.

4

28.

4

27.4±1.2

25

.1

24

.5

24

.4

25

.2

24

.9

24

.6

25

.1

25 25

.2

24

.4

23

.8

24

.5

24

.2

23

.9

24

.3

24 23

.4

24.3

±0.9

26

.5

26

.5

26

.2

26

.8

27

.4

26

.8

27

.4

27 27

.5

26.

8

28.

6

28.

5

28.

5

28.

4

27.4±1.2

25 24

.5

24

.4

25

.1

24

.9

24

.6

25

.2

25 25

.3

24

.4

23

.8

24

.5

24

.2

23

.9

24

.3

24 23

.3

24.3

±1.0

26

.5

26

.5

26

.2

26

.9

27

.4

26

.9

27

.4

27 27

.5

26.

8

28.

6

28.

5

28.

5

28.

4

27.4±1.2

25 24

.4

24

.3

25

.1

24

.8

24

.5

25

.1

24

.9

25

.2

24

.4

23

.7

24

.4

24

.1

23

.8

24

.2

23

.9

23

.3

24.3

±0.9

26

.4

26

.5

26

.2

26

.8

27

.4

26

.8

27

.3

27 27

.5

26.

7

28.

6

28.

5

28.

5

28.

3

27.4±1.2

25 24

.4

24

.3

25

.1

24

.8

24

.5

25

.1

24

.9

25

.2

24

.3

23

.7

24

.5

24

.1

23

.8

24

.2

23

.9

23

.2

24.2

±1.0

26

.4

26

.4

26

.2

26

.7

27

.3

26

.8

27

.3

27 27

.5

26.

7

28.

5

28.

5

28.

4

28.

3

27.4±1.2

113

25 24

.4

24

.3

25

.1

24

.8

24

.6

25

.1

24

.9

25

.2

24

.3

23

.7

24

.4

24

.1

23

.8

24

.2

23

.9

23

.2

24.2

±1.0

26

.4

26

.4

26

.1

26

.7

27

.3

26

.7

27

.3

27 27

.5

26.

7

28.

5

28.

4

28.

4

28.

3

27.3±1.2

25 24

.5

24

.4

25

.1

24

.8

24

.6

25

.1

24

.9

25

.2

24

.4

23

.7

24

.4

24

.1

23

.8

24

.2

23

.9

23

.3

24.3

±0.9

26

.4

26

.4

26

.1

26

.7

27

.3

26

.7

27

.3

27 27

.5

26.

7

28.

6

28.

5

28.

5

28.

3

27.4±1.3

25 24

.5

24

.4

25

.1

24

.8

24

.6

25

.1

24

.9

25

.2

24

.4

23

.7

24

.5

24

.1

23

.8

24

.3

23

.9

23

.3

24.3

±0.9

26

.4

26

.5

26

.2

26

.8

27

.4

26

.8

27

.3

27 27

.5

26.

7

28.

6

28.

5

28.

5

28.

4

27.4±1.2

24

.9

24

.4

24

.3

25

.1

24

.8

24

.5

25

.1

24

.9

25

.2

24

.3

23

.7

24

.4

24

.1

23

.8

24

.2

23

.9

23

.2

24.2

±1.0

26

.4

26

.4

26

.2

26

.8

27

.4

26

.8

27

.3

27 27

.5

26.

7

28.

6

28.

5

28.

5

28.

4

27.4±1.2

24

.9

24

.4

24

.3

25

.1

24

.8

24

.5

25

.1

24

.9

25

.1

24

.3

23

.6

24

.4

24 23

.8

24

.1

23

.9

23

.2

24.2

±1.0

26

.4

26

.4

26

.1

26

.7

27

.4

26

.8

27

.3

27 27

.5

26.

7

28.

6

28.

5

28.

5

28.

3

27.4±1.3

24

.9

24

.3

24

.3

25 24

.7

24

.5

25 24

.8

25

.1

24

.3

23

.6

24

.4

24 23

.7

24

.1

23

.8

23

.2

24.2

±1.0

26

.3

26

.4

26

.1

26

.7

27

.3

26

.7

27

.3

27 27

.5

26.

7

28.

5

28.

5

28.

4

28.

3

27.3±1.2

26

.4

25

.6

25

.5

26

.5

26

.2

25

.8

26

.5

26

.3

26

.7

25

.5

24

.7

25

.8

25

.3

24

.9

25

.5

25

.1

24

.2

25.5

±1.3

27

.9

28 27

.7

28

.5

29

.3

28

.5

29 28

.7

28

.7

28.

1

30.

8

30.

5

30.

4

30.

7

29.3±1.6

27 26

.2

26

.1

27

.2

26

.8

26

.4

27

.1

26

.9

27

.3

26

.1

25

.2

26

.3

25

.9

25

.4

26 25

.6

24

.7

26.0

±1.3

28

.7

28

.8

28

.5

29

.4

30

.2

29

.3

29

.9

29

.4

29

.5

28.

8

31.

7

31.

4

31.

3

31.

5

30.1±1.6

27

.2

26

.4

26

.3

27

.3

27 26

.5

27

.3

27 27

.5

26

.2

25

.4

26

.6

26 25

.6

26

.3

25

.8

24

.9

26.2

±1.3

29

.1

29

.2

28

.8

29

.7

30

.5

29

.5

30

.2

29

.8

29

.9

29.

1

32.

1

31.

8

31.

7

31.

9

30.5±1.7

27

.2

26

.4

26

.3

27

.4

26

.9

26

.5

27

.3

27

.1

27

.5

26

.2

25

.4

26

.5

26 25

.6

26

.2

25

.8

24

.9

26.2

±1.3

29

.2

29

.3

28

.9

29

.8

30

.6

29

.6

30

.3

29

.9

30

.2

29.

3

32.

2

32 31.

8

32 30.6±1.7

27

.2

26

.4

26

.2

27

.4

26

.9

26

.5

27

.3

27 27

.4

26

.2

25

.4

26

.5

26 25

.6

26

.2

25

.8

24

.8

26.1

±1.3

29

.4

29

.4

29 29

.9

30

.7

29

.7

30

.4

30 30

.4

29.

4

32.

3

32.

1

31.

9

32 30.7±1.7

27

.2

26

.3

26

.2

27

.3

26

.9

26

.4

27

.3

27 27

.4

26

.1

25

.3

26

.5

26 25

.5

26

.2

25

.7

24

.8

26.1

±1.3

29

.3

29

.4

28

.9

29

.8

30

.7

29

.7

30

.4

30 30

.5

29.

4

32.

3

32.

1

32 32 30.6±1.7

27

.1

26

.2

26

.1

27

.2

26

.8

26

.4

27

.2

26

.9

27

.3

26

.1

25

.2

26

.4

25

.9

25

.5

26

.1

25

.6

24

.7

26.0

±1.3

29

.3

29

.3

28

.9

29

.8

30

.6

29

.7

30

.4

30 30

.5

29.

5

32.

3

32.

1

32 32 30.6±1.7

27

.3

26

.5

26

.4

27

.5

27

.1

26

.7

27

.5

27

.2

27

.6

26

.4

25

.4

26

.6

26

.1

25

.7

26

.3

25

.9

25 26.3

±1.3

29

.3

29

.4

28

.9

29

.8

30

.7

29

.7

30

.5

30

.1

30

.6

29.

6

32.

4

32.

3

32.

2

32.

2

30.7±1.8

28

.2

27

.4

27

.2

28

.3

27

.9

27

.5

28

.3

28

.1

28

.5

27

.3

26

.2

27

.3

26

.9

26

.5

27

.1

26

.7

25

.8

27.2

±1.4

29

.8

29

.9

29

.5

30

.4

31

.3

30

.3

31 30

.7

31 30.

1

33.

1

32.

9

32.

8

32.

9

31.3±1.8

114

27

.7

26

.8

26

.7

27

.8

27

.4

26

.9

27

.8

27

.5

27

.9

26

.6

25

.8

27 26

.5

26

.1

26

.7

26

.2

25

.3

26.6

±1.3

29

.9

30 29

.6

30

.4

31

.3

30

.3

31 30

.6

31 30 32.

8

32.

6

32.

5

32.

5

31.2±1.6

27

.2

26

.3

26

.1

27

.3

26

.9

26

.4

27

.2

27 27

.4

26

.1

25

.4

26

.6

26 25

.5

26

.2

25

.7

24

.7

26.1

±1.4

29

.6

29

.7

29

.2

30

.1

31 29

.9

30

.7

30

.3

30

.8

29.

8

32.

4

32.

3

32.

2

32.

1

30.8±1.6

27

.3

26

.5

26

.3

27

.4

27 26

.6

27

.4

27

.1

27

.5

26

.3

25

.4

26

.5

26 25

.6

26

.3

25

.8

24

.9

26.2

±1.3

29

.4

29

.4

29 29

.8

30

.7

29

.7

30

.5

30

.1

30

.8

29.

7

32.

5

32.

4

32.

3

32.

2

30.8±1.8

28 27

.2

27 28

.2

27

.8

27

.4

28

.1

27

.9

28

.3

27

.1

26

.1

27

.3

26

.8

26

.3

27 26

.5

25

.6

27.0

±1.4

29

.9

30 29

.6

30

.5

31

.4

30

.4

31

.1

30

.8

31

.2

30.

3

33.

1

33 32.

9

32.

9

31.4±1.8

27

.4

26

.5

26

.3

27

.5

27 26

.6

27

.5

27

.2

27

.6

26

.3

25

.5

26

.7

26

.2

25

.7

26

.4

25

.9

25 26.3

±1.3

29

.8

29

.9

29

.4

30

.3

31

.2

30

.2

30

.9

30

.5

31 30 32.

7

32.

5

32.

4

32.

3

31.1±1.7

26

.9

26 25

.9

27 26

.6

26

.1

27 26

.7

27

.1

25

.8

25

.1

26

.4

25

.8

25

.3

26 25

.5

24

.5

25.8

±1.3

29

.5

29

.5

29

.1

29

.9

30

.8

29

.8

30

.5

30

.1

30

.8

29.

7

32.

3

32.

2

32.

1

31.

9

30.7±1.6

27

.5

26

.7

26

.6

27

.7

27

.2

26

.9

27

.6

27

.4

27

.8

26

.6

25

.5

26

.7

26

.2

25

.8

26

.5

26 25

.1

26.5

±1.4

29

.4

29

.4

29 29

.9

30

.8

29

.9

30

.6

30

.3

30

.9

29.

9

32.

7

32.

6

32.

5

32.

5

30.9±1.9

28 27

.1

27 28

.2

27

.7

27

.3

28

.1

27

.8

28

.3

27 26 27

.3

26

.8

26

.3

27 26

.5

25

.6

27.0

±1.4

30 30 29

.7

30

.6

31

.4

30

.5

31

.2

30

.8

31

.3

30.

3

33.

1

33 32.

9

32.

9

31.4±1.7

27

.2

26

.4

26

.2

27

.4

26

.9

26

.5

27

.3

27 27

.4

26

.1

25

.4

26

.6

26 25

.6

26

.3

25

.8

24

.8

26.1

±1.3

29

.7

29

.8

29

.4

30

.2

31

.1

30

.1

30

.8

30

.4

31 29.

9

32.

5

32.

5

32.

3

32.

2

31.0±1.6

27 25

.5

26

.1

27

.2

26

.7

26

.3

27 26

.8

27

.4

26 25

.3

25

.9

25

.8

25

.4

26 25

.6

24

.6

26.0

±1.4

28

.4

28

.7

28

.4

29

.2

30

.1

29 29

.3

28

.9

27

.6

27.

9

31.

6

30.

7

30.

5

31.

7

29.7±2.1

28

.2

26

.5

27

.2

28

.4

27

.9

27

.3

28

.2

27

.9

28

.5

27 26

.3

27 26

.9

26

.4

27

.2

26

.7

25

.5

27.0

±1.5

30 30

.5

30

.1

31 32

.1

30

.8

31

.2

30

.6

29

.7

29.

4

33.

7

32.

9

32.

7

33.

7

31.6±2.2

29 27

.8

27

.7

29

.1

28

.5

28 28

.9

28

.6

29

.2

27

.6

26

.8

27

.7

27

.5

27

.1

27

.8

27

.4

26

.2

27.7

±1.5

31 31

.5

31 31

.9

33

.1

31

.8

32

.3

31

.7

31

.2

30.

5

34.

9

34.

3

34 34.

8

32.7±2.2

29

.4

28

.1

28

.1

29

.4

28

.9

28

.3

29

.2

28

.9

29

.5

28 27

.1

28

.1

27

.9

27

.4

28

.2

27

.7

26

.5

28.0

±1.5

31

.6

32 31

.5

32

.5

33

.7

32

.3

33 32

.4

32

.2

31.

3

35.

6

35.

1

34.

8

35.

4

33.5±2.2

29

.6

28

.3

28

.3

29

.6

29

.1

28

.5

29

.4

29

.2

29

.7

28

.2

27

.3

28

.2

28

.1

27

.6

28

.4

27

.9

26

.7

28.2

±1.5

32 32

.3

31

.9

32

.9

34

.1

32

.7

33

.4

32

.9

33 31.

9

36 35.

6

35.

4

35.

8

34.0±2.1

29

.9

28

.6

28

.5

29

.9

29

.3

28

.8

29

.7

29

.4

30 28

.5

27

.6

28

.5

28

.3

27

.9

28

.6

28

.2

26

.9

28.5

±1.6

32

.4

32

.6

32

.2

33

.2

34

.4

33

.1

33

.8

33

.3

33

.5

32.

4

36.

5

36.

1

35.

9

36.

2

34.4±2.2

115

30

.1

28

.8

28

.8

30

.1

29

.6

29 29

.9

29

.7

30

.2

28

.7

27

.8

28

.7

28

.5

28

.1

28

.9

28

.4

27

.1

28.7

±1.6

32

.7

32

.9

32

.4

33

.5

34

.6

33

.3

34

.1

33

.6

34 32.

8

36.

8

36.

4

36.

3

36.

5

34.6±2.2

30

.1

28

.8

28

.8

30

.2

29

.6

29 29

.9

29

.7

30

.3

28

.7

27

.8

28

.7

28

.6

28

.1

28

.9

28

.5

27

.2

28.8

±1.6

32

.8

33 32

.6

33

.6

34

.8

33

.5

34

.3

33

.8

34

.2

33 37 36.

6

36.

5

36.

6

34.8±2.2

30

.2

28

.8

28

.8

30

.2

29

.6

29 30 29

.7

30

.3

28

.7

27

.8

28

.7

28

.6

28

.1

28

.9

28

.5

27

.2

28.8

±1.6

32

.9

33

.1

32

.7

33

.7

34

.9

33

.5

34

.4

33

.9

34

.4

33.

2

37 36.

8

36.

6

36.

7

34.9±2.2

30

.2

28

.9

28

.8

30

.2

29

.6

29

.1

30 29

.8

30

.3

28

.8

27

.9

28

.8

28

.7

28

.2

29 28

.5

27

.2

28.8

±1.6

32

.9

33

.1

32

.7

33

.7

34

.9

33

.6

34

.5

34 34

.6

33.

3

37.

1

36.

8

36.

7

36.

7

34.9±2.2

30

.5

29

.2

29 30

.5

29

.9

29

.3

30

.3

30 30

.5

29 28

.1

29 28

.9

28

.4

29

.2

28

.8

27

.5

29.0

±1.5

33

.1

33

.2

32

.8

33

.9

35 33

.8

34

.6

34

.2

34

.8

33.

5

37.

3

37.

1

36.

9

36.

9

35.1±2.3

30

.5

29

.2

29

.1

30

.5

29

.9

29

.3

30

.3

30 30

.6

29 28

.2

29

.1

28

.9

28

.5

29

.2

28

.8

27

.5

29.1

±1.6

33

.3

33

.4

32

.9

34 35

.2

33

.9

34

.7

34

.2

34

.9

33.

6

37.

4

37.

1

37 37 35.2±2.3

30

.5

29

.2

29

.1

30

.5

30 29

.3

30

.3

30 30

.6

29 28

.2

29

.1

29 28

.5

29

.1

28

.8

27

.5

29.1

±1.6

33

.3

33

.4

33 34 35

.2

33

.9

34

.8

34

.3

35 33.

7

37.

4

37.

2

37 37 35.2±2.2

30

.7

29

.3

29

.3

30

.7

30

.2

29

.5

30

.5

30

.3

30

.8

29

.3

28

.5

29

.4

29

.3

28

.8

29

.3

29 27

.8

29.3

±1.5

33

.4

33

.5

33

.1

34

.2

35

.3

34 34

.9

34

.4

35

.1

33.

8

37.

5

37.

3

37.

2

37.

1

35.3±2.2

30

.7

29

.3

29

.3

30

.7

30

.1

29

.5

30

.5

30

.3

30

.8

29

.3

28

.5

29

.4

29

.3

28

.8

29

.4

29 27

.8

29.3

±1.5

33

.5

33

.5

33 34

.2

35

.4

34 35 34

.4

35

.2

33.

9

37.

5

37.

3

37.

2

37.

1

35.3±2.3

30

.7

29

.3

29

.2

30

.7

30

.1

29

.5

30

.5

30

.2

30

.8

29

.3

28

.5

29

.4

29

.2

28

.7

29

.3

29 27

.8

29.3

±1.5

33

.5

33

.5

33 34

.2

35

.3

34 35 34

.4

35

.2

33.

9

37.

5

37.

3

37.

2

37.

1

35.3±2.3

30

.7

29

.3

29

.2

30

.7

30

.1

29

.5

30

.5

30

.2

30

.8

29

.2

28

.4

29

.3

29

.2

28

.7

29

.3

29 27

.7

29.3

±1.6

33

.7

33

.8

33

.2

34

.6

35

.6

34

.3

35

.3

34

.8

35

.5

34.

2

38 37.

8

37.

8

37.

6

35.6±2.4

30

.7

29

.4

29

.3

30

.8

30

.2

29

.5

30

.6

30

.3

30

.9

29

.3

28

.4

29

.4

29

.2

28

.7

29

.3

29 27

.8

29.4

±1.6

33

.7

33

.8

33

.2

34

.6

35

.6

34

.3

35

.3

34

.8

35

.5

34.

2

38 37.

8

37.

8

37.

6

35.6±2.4

30

.8

29

.4

29

.3

30

.9

30

.3

29

.7

30

.7

30

.4

31

.1

29

.4

28

.5

29

.5

29

.4

28

.8

29

.5

29

.2

27

.9

29.5

±1.6

35

.2

35

.6

35

.1

36

.9

38

.3

36

.4

37

.2

36

.6

35

.3

35 41.

9

40.

3

40.

3

37.

6

38.5±3.5

36

.3

33

.7

33

.5

36

.2

35

.1

33

.9

35

.7

35

.2

36

.3

33

.5

32

.6

34

.1

33

.9

33

.1

34

.1

33

.6

31

.5

33.9

±2.4

39

.5

40 39

.4

41

.5

43

.3

40

.9

42 41 40

.5

39.

4

47.

8

45.

8

45.

7

46.

8

43.6±4.2

37

.7

35

.3

34

.7

37

.7

36

.6

35

.4

37

.2

36

.7

37

.8

34

.9

33

.7

36

.6

35

.2

34

.4

35

.6

35

.1

32

.8

35.3

±2.5

41

.5

42 41

.3

43

.5

45

.6

42

.8

44

.3

43

.1

43 41.

4

50.

4

48.

4

48.

2

49.

1

45.9±4.6

116

38

.3

35

.8

35

.2

38

.3

37

.1

35

.9

37

.8

37

.3

38

.4

35

.4

34

.2

37

.2

35

.8

34

.9

36

.2

35

.6

33

.3

35.9

±2.6

42

.5

43

.1

42

.3

44

.5

46

.6

43

.9

45

.4

44

.2

44

.6

42.

6

51.

5

49.

7

49.

3

50.

1

46.9±4.6

38

.5

36 35

.4

38

.5

37

.2

36 37

.9

37

.4

38

.5

35

.5

34

.4

37

.4

36 35

.1

36

.4

35

.8

33

.4

36.0

±2.6

43

.1

43

.6

42

.7

44

.9

47

.1

44

.3

45

.9

44

.8

45

.5

43.

3

52 50.

3

50 50.

4

47.4±4.7

38

.7

36

.2

35

.5

38

.8

37

.5

36

.2

38

.2

37

.7

38

.8

35

.7

34

.6

37

.7

36

.3

35

.3

36

.7

36 33

.6

36.2

±2.6

43

.6

44

.1

43

.2

45

.4

47

.7

44

.9

46

.5

45

.4

46

.4

44.

1

52.

7

51 50.

7

51 48.0±4.8

38

.7

36

.4

35

.9

39 37

.8

36

.6

38

.5

37

.9

39

.1

36 34

.9

38 36

.6

35

.6

37

.1

36

.2

33

.8

36.5

±2.7

44

.1

44

.4

43

.5

45

.7

48 45

.2

46

.9

45

.8

47 44.

6

53 51.

4

51.

2

51.

4

48.3±4.8

38

.6

36

.3

35

.8

38

.9

37

.6

36

.3

38

.3

37

.7

38

.9

35

.7

34

.7

37

.9

36

.5

35

.5

37 36

.1

33

.6

36.3

±2.7

44

.3

44

.6

43

.7

45

.9

48

.2

45

.3

47 46 47

.3

44.

8

53.

1

51.

6

51.

3

51.

4

48.4±4.7

38

.5

36

.1

35

.6

38

.8

37

.5

36

.3

38

.2

37

.6

38

.8

35

.6

34

.6

37

.8

36

.4

35

.3

36

.9

36 33

.5

36.2

±2.7

44

.3

44

.6

43

.6

45

.9

48

.2

45

.3

47 46 47

.5

45 53.

1

51.

6

51.

4

51.

3

48.4±4.8

38

.8

36

.3

35

.7

39 37

.7

36

.4

38

.4

37

.8

39 35

.8

34

.8

38 36

.6

35

.6

37

.1

36

.2

33

.6

36.3

±2.7

44

.6

44

.9

44 46

.3

48

.6

45

.7

47

.5

46

.5

47

.9

45.

4

53.

8

52.

2

52 52 48.9±4.9

38

.9

36

.5

35

.9

39

.2

37

.8

36

.5

38

.6

38 39

.2

35

.9

34

.9

38

.1

36

.7

35

.6

37

.2

36

.3

33

.7

36.5

±2.8

44

.9

45

.1

44

.1

46

.5

48

.8

45

.8

47

.7

46

.6

48

.2

45.

7

54.

1

52.

5

52.

4

52.

3

49.1±5.0

39 36

.5

35

.9

39

.2

37

.8

36

.5

38

.6

38 39

.2

35

.9

34

.8

38

.1

36

.7

35

.6

37

.2

36

.2

33

.7

36.5

±2.8

45 45

.2

44

.2

46

.5

48

.9

45

.9

47

.8

46

.8

48

.4

45.

8

54.

3

52.

7

52.

5

52.

4

49.3±5.1

39 36

.5

35

.9

39

.2

37

.9

36

.7

38

.7

38

.1

39

.3

36 35 38

.2

36

.8

35

.7

37

.3

36

.3

33

.7

36.5

±2.8

45

.1

45

.3

44

.3

46

.7

49

.1

46 47

.9

46

.9

48

.5

46 54.

4

52.

8

52.

7

52.

6

49.4±5.1

39 36

.5

35

.9

39

.3

37

.9

36

.6

38

.7

38

.1

39

.3

36 34

.9

38

.2

36

.7

35

.7

37

.2

36

.3

33

.7

36.5

±2.8

45

.2

45

.5

44

.4

46

.8

49

.2

46

.2

48

.1

47 48

.7

46.

2

54.

6

53.

1

52.

9

52.

7

49.5±5.1

38

.7

36

.3

35

.7

38

.9

37

.6

36

.4

38

.4

37

.8

39 35

.8

34

.8

37

.9

36

.5

35

.5

37 36

.1

33

.6

36.3

±2.7

44

.8

45 44 46

.3

48

.7

45

.7

47

.6

46

.6

48

.5

45.

9

53.

9

52.

6

52.

4

52.

1

49.0±5.0

38

.5

36 35

.5

38

.7

37

.4

36

.1

38

.1

37

.5

38

.7

35

.5

34

.5

37

.6

36

.2

35

.2

36

.7

35

.8

33

.3

36.0

±2.7

44

.6

44

.8

43

.8

46

.1

48

.4

45

.4

47

.4

46

.4

48

.3

45.

7

53.

5

52.

2

52.

1

51.

8

48.7±4.9

38

.4

35

.9

35

.4

38

.6

37

.3

36 38 37

.5

38

.6

35

.4

34

.3

37

.5

36

.1

35

.1

36

.6

35

.7

33

.2

35.9

±2.7

44

.5

44

.7

43

.6

46 48

.3

45

.3

47

.3

46

.3

48

.2

45.

6

53.

4

52.

1

52 51.

7

48.5±4.9

38

.4

36 35

.4

38

.6

37

.3

36 38 37

.5

38

.6

35

.4

34

.4

37

.6

36

.2

35

.1

36

.6

35

.8

33

.2

35.9

±2.7

44

.5

44

.6

43

.6

45

.9

48

.3

45

.3

47

.2

46

.3

48

.2

45.

6

53.

4

52.

1

52 51.

7

48.5±4.9

117

Table 8. Raw data of run #8

P Ti

me Ta

Tin

s1

Tin

s2

Tins

,m

Ts

2

Ts

3

Ts

4 Ts

Th

s1

Th

s2

Th

s3

Th

s4

Th

s5 Ths

Tf(

m) Tf

Tf,m

ax

Tvc(

m) Tvc

Tvc,

max Ral

Rf1

D

Rsr

vc

Rv

c

Rf

vc

Plo

ss

Rv

co

1

0 1

20.

7

22.

5

21.

9 22.2

28.

2

29.

7

29.

4

29.0±

0.8

25.

2

25.

7

25.

9 25

26.

5

25.8±

0.8

23.

8

23.8±

0.6 24.4 24.5

24.5±

0.4 24.7

0.3

20

0.3

1

0.0

2

0.0

7

0.4

0

0.0

1

0.0

9

10

20.

3

21.

8

20.

8 21.3

33.

9

35.

4

34.

9

34.7±

0.8

28.

7

30.

7 31

27.

8 32

29.9±

2.1

23.

4

23.4±

0.9 24.3 26.0

26.0±

0.8 26.7

0.4

75

0.3

1

0.0

8

0.2

6

0.6

4

0.0

1

0.3

3

20

20.

3

21.

6

20.

6 21.1

34.

4

35.

9

35.

5

35.2±

0.8

29.

2

31.

2

31.

5

28.

3

32.

5

30.4±

2.1

23.

8

23.8±

0.9 24.7 26.6

26.6±

1.0 27.5

0.4

75

0.3

5

0.0

9

0.2

8

0.7

2

0.0

1

0.3

8

30

20.

3

21.

5

20.

6 21.1

34.

6

36.

1

35.

7

35.4±

0.8

29.

4

31.

4

31.

7

28.

4

32.

7

30.6±

2.2

23.

9

23.9±

1.0 24.8 26.8

26.8±

1.0 27.8

0.4

80

0.3

6

0.1

0

0.3

0

0.7

5

0.0

1

0.4

0

40

20.

2

21.

6

20.

6 21.1

34.

8

36.

2

35.

8

35.5±

0.8

29.

5

31.

5

31.

9

28.

6

32.

9

30.8±

2.2

24.

1

24.1±

0.9 25.0 27.0

27.0±

1.1 28.1

0.4

75

0.3

9

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.7

9

0.0

1

0.4

1

50

20.

1

21.

5

20.

4 21.0

34.

9

36.

3

35.

9

35.6±

0.7

29.

6

31.

6

31.

9

28.

6

32.

9

30.8±

2.2

24.

0

24.0±

0.9 24.9 27.1

27.1±

1.1 28.2

0.4

85

0.3

9

0.1

1

0.3

1

0.8

1

0.0

1

0.4

2

60

20.

2

21.

5

20.

4 21.0

34.

8

36.

2

35.

8

35.5±

0.8

29.

5

31.

6

31.

9

28.

6

32.

8

30.7±

2.1

24.

0

24.0±

0.9 24.9 27.1

27.1±

1.2 28.2

0.4

80

0.3

8

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.8

0

0.0

1

0.4

3

70

20.

2

21.

4

20.

3 20.9

34.

8

36.

2

35.

8

35.5±

0.8

29.

4

31.

5

31.

8

28.

5

32.

8

30.7±

2.2

23.

9

23.9±

1.0 24.8 27.0

27.0±

1.2 28.1

0.4

85

0.3

7

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.7

9

0.0

1

0.4

3

80

20.

1

21.

3

20.

2 20.8

34.

7

36.

1

35.

7

35.4±

0.7

29.

4

31.

5

31.

8

28.

4

32.

8

30.6±

2.2

23.

9

23.9±

1.0 24.8 26.9

26.9±

1.2 28.1

0.4

80

0.3

8

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.8

0

0.0

1

0.4

3

90

20.

1

21.

3

20.

2 20.8

34.

7

36.

1

35.

7

35.4±

0.7

29.

4

31.

5

31.

8

28.

4

32.

8

30.6±

2.2

23.

8

23.8±

0.9 24.7 26.9

26.9±

1.2 28.1

0.4

80

0.3

7

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.8

0

0.0

1

0.4

3

100

19.

9

21.

3

20.

1 20.7

34.

7

36.

1

35.

7

35.4±

0.7

29.

4

31.

5

31.

8

28.

4

32.

8

30.6±

2.2

23.

8

23.8±

1.0 24.8 26.9

26.9±

1.2 28.1

0.4

80

0.3

9

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.8

2

0.0

1

0.4

3

110

20.

1

21.

2

20.

1 20.7

34.

6 36

35.

6

35.3±

0.7

29.

3

31.

4

31.

7

28.

4

32.

7

30.6±

2.2

23.

8

23.8±

0.9 24.7 26.9

26.9±

1.2 28.1

0.4

75

0.3

7

0.1

2

0.3

2

0.8

0

0.0

1

0.4

4

120 20

21.

2 20 20.6

34.

6 36

35.

6

35.3±

0.7

29.

3

31.

3

31.

6

28.

3

32.

7

30.5±

2.2

23.

7

23.7±

1.0 24.7 26.9

26.9±

1.2 28.0

0.4

80

0.3

7

0.1

2

0.3

2

0.8

0

0.0

1

0.4

3

130

20.

1

21.

2 20 20.6

34.

7

36.

1

35.

7

35.4±

0.7

29.

3

31.

4

31.

7

28.

4

32.

7

30.6±

2.2

23.

7

23.7±

1.0 24.7 26.8

26.8±

1.2 28.0

0.4

85

0.3

6

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.7

9

0.0

1

0.4

3

140

20.

2

21.

2

20.

1 20.7

34.

6 36

35.

7

35.3±

0.7

29.

3

31.

4

31.

7

28.

4

32.

7

30.6±

2.2

23.

8

23.8±

0.9 24.7 26.9

26.9±

1.3 28.1

0.4

75

0.3

6

0.1

3

0.3

1

0.7

9

0.0

1

0.4

4

150 20

21.

2 20 20.6

34.

8

36.

2

35.

8

35.5±

0.8

29.

4

31.

5

31.

8

28.

4

32.

8

30.6±

2.2

23.

8

23.8±

0.9 24.7 26.9

26.9±

1.2 28.1

0.4

90

0.3

8

0.1

2

0.3

2

0.8

1

0.0

1

0.4

4

160

19.

9

21.

2 20 20.6

34.

8

36.

3

35.

9

35.6±

0.8

29.

4

31.

5

31.

8

28.

4

32.

9

30.7±

2.3

23.

7

23.7±

1.0 24.7 26.9

26.9±

1.2 28.1

0.4

90

0.3

8

0.1

2

0.3

2

0.8

2

0.0

1

0.4

4

170 20

21.

2

19.

9 20.6

34.

8

36.

2

35.

8

35.5±

0.8

29.

4

31.

5

31.

7

28.

4

32.

8

30.6±

2.2

23.

7

23.7±

1.0 24.6 26.9

26.9±

1.3 28.1

0.4

90

0.3

7

0.1

3

0.3

2

0.8

1

0.0

1

0.4

5

180

20.

1

21.

1

19.

9 20.5

34.

7

36.

2

35.

8

35.5±

0.8

29.

3

31.

5

31.

7

28.

4

32.

8

30.6±

2.2

23.

7

23.7±

1.0 24.6 26.8

26.8±

1.2 28.0

0.4

85

0.3

6

0.1

2

0.3

2

0.7

9

0.0

1

0.4

4

1

5 190

20.

3

21.

8

20.

8 21.3

40.

5

42.

6 42

41.6±

1.1

32.

6

35.

6 36

31.

3

37.

6

34.5±

3.2

25.

0

25.0±

1.3 26.2 28.8

28.8±

1.6 30.3

0.4

73

0.3

1

0.1

0

0.2

5

0.6

7

0.0

2

0.3

6

200

20.

3

21.

6

20.

6 21.1

41.

5

43.

5 43

42.5±

1.0

33.

3

36.

4

36.

8 32

38.

5

35.3±

3.3

25.

5

25.5±

1.3 26.8 29.6

29.6±

1.6 31.2

0.4

83

0.3

5

0.1

1

0.2

7

0.7

3

0.0

2

0.3

8

210

20.

3

21.

5

20.

6 21.1

41.

7

43.

8

43.

2

42.8±

1.1

33.

6

36.

7 37

32.

2

38.

8

35.5±

3.3

25.

7

25.7±

1.3 27.0 30.0

30.0±

1.7 31.6

0.4

83

0.3

6

0.1

1

0.2

8

0.7

5

0.0

2

0.3

9

220

20.

2

21.

6

20.

6 21.1

41.

9

43.

9

43.

4

42.9±

1.0

33.

7

36.

8

37.

1

32.

3

38.

9

35.6±

3.3

25.

7

25.7±

1.3 27.0 30.1

30.1±

1.7 31.7

0.4

87

0.3

7

0.1

1

0.2

9

0.7

7

0.0

2

0.4

0

230

20.

1

21.

5

20.

4 21.0

41.

8

43.

9

43.

4

42.9±

1.1

33.

7

36.

8

37.

2

32.

3

38.

9

35.6±

3.3

25.

6

25.6±

1.3 26.9 30.2

30.2±

1.7 31.8

0.4

83

0.3

7

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.7

8

0.0

2

0.4

1

118

240

20.

2

21.

5

20.

4 21.0

41.

8

43.

9

43.

3

42.9±

1.1

33.

7

36.

8

37.

1

32.

2

38.

9

35.6±

3.4

25.

6

25.6±

1.3 26.9 30.1

30.1±

1.7 31.8

0.4

87

0.3

6

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.7

7

0.0

2

0.4

1

250

20.

2

21.

4

20.

3 20.9

41.

7

43.

9

43.

3

42.8±

1.1

33.

6

36.

8 37

32.

2

38.

8

35.5±

3.3

25.

5

25.5±

1.3 26.8 30.1

30.1±

1.7 31.8

0.4

87

0.3

5

0.1

1

0.3

1

0.7

7

0.0

2

0.4

2

260

20.

1

21.

3

20.

2 20.8

41.

9 44

43.

4

43.0±

1.1

33.

7

36.

9

37.

2

32.

4

38.

9

35.7±

3.3

25.

8

25.8±

1.3 27.1 30.2

30.2±

1.8 31.9

0.4

87

0.3

8

0.1

2

0.2

9

0.7

9

0.0

2

0.4

1

270

20.

1

21.

3

20.

2 20.8 42

44.

1

43.

5

43.1±

1.1

34.

3

37.

5

37.

8 33

39.

6

36.3±

3.3

25.

7

25.7±

1.3 27.0 30.8

30.8±

1.8 32.6

0.4

50

0.3

7

0.1

2

0.3

4

0.8

3

0.0

2

0.4

6

280

19.

9

21.

3

20.

1 20.7

42.

3

44.

4

43.

8

43.4±

1.1

34.

1

37.

3

37.

6

32.

8

39.

4

36.1±

3.3

26.

1

26.1±

1.3 27.4 30.7

30.7±

1.6 32.3

0.4

83

0.4

1

0.1

1

0.3

1

0.8

3

0.0

2

0.4

1

290

20.

1

21.

2

20.

1 20.7 42

44.

1

43.

5

43.1±

1.1

33.

8 37

37.

3

32.

4

39.

1

35.8±

3.4

25.

6

25.6±

1.4 26.9 30.3

30.3±

1.6 31.9

0.4

87

0.3

6

0.1

1

0.3

2

0.7

9

0.0

2

0.4

2

300 20

21.

2 20 20.6

41.

8

43.

9

43.

4

42.9±

1.1

33.

7

36.

9

37.

1

32.

3

38.

9

35.6±

3.3

25.

7

25.7±

1.3 27.0 30.3

30.3±

1.8 32.0

0.4

83

0.3

8

0.1

2

0.3

0

0.8

0

0.0

2

0.4

2

310

20.

1

21.

2 20 20.6

42.

3

44.

4

43.

8

43.4±

1.1

34.

4

37.

5

37.

8 33

39.

6

36.3±

3.3

25.

3

25.3±

1.3 26.6 30.9

30.9±

1.8 32.6

0.4

70

0.3

5

0.1

2

0.3

7

0.8

3

0.0

2

0.4

9

320

20.

2

21.

2

20.

1 20.7

42.

2

44.

3

43.

8

43.3±

1.1 34

37.

2

37.

5

32.

7

39.

3

36.0±

3.3

25.

8

25.8±

1.3 27.1 30.6

30.6±

1.7 32.2

0.4

83

0.3

7

0.1

1

0.3

2

0.8

0

0.0

2

0.4

3

330 20

21.

2 20 20.6

41.

8

43.

9

43.

3

42.9±

1.1

33.

6

36.

8 37

32.

2

38.

9

35.6±

3.4

25.

3

25.3±

1.3 26.6 30.2

30.2±

1.6 31.8

0.4

87

0.3

5

0.1

1

0.3

3

0.7

9

0.0

2

0.4

3

340

19.

9

21.

2 20 20.6

42.

1

44.

2

43.

6

43.2±

1.1

33.

8 37

37.

3

32.

4

39.

1

35.8±

3.4

26.

0

26.0±

1.4 27.3 30.4

30.4±

1.9 32.2

0.4

93

0.4

0

0.1

2

0.2

9

0.8

2

0.0

2

0.4

2

350 20

21.

2

19.

9 20.6

42.

3

44.

4

43.

8

43.4±

1.1

34.

4

37.

6

37.

9

33.

1

39.

7

36.4±

3.3

25.

7

25.7±

1.3 27.0 30.9

30.9±

1.7 32.6

0.4

63

0.3

8

0.1

1

0.3

5

0.8

4

0.0

2

0.4

6

360

20.

1

21.

1

19.

9 20.5

42.

1

44.

2

43.

6

43.2±

1.1

33.

9

37.

1

37.

4

32.

5

39.

2

35.9±

3.4

25.

6

25.6±

1.3 26.9 30.5

30.5±

1.6 32.0

0.4

87

0.3

7

0.1

0

0.3

2

0.7

9

0.0

2

0.4

3

2

0 370

20.

7

21.

4

20.

9 21.2

45.

6 48

47.

4

46.8±

1.2 35

38.

7

39.

2

33.

3

41.

5

37.4±

4.1

25.

5

25.5±

1.4 26.9 30.9

30.9±

1.7 32.6

0.4

70

0.2

4

0.0

9

0.2

7

0.6

0

0.0

2

0.3

6

380

20.

7

21.

3

20.

9 21.1

47.

7

50.

1

49.

6

48.9±

1.2

36.

7

40.

6 41

34.

9

43.

5

39.2±

4.3

26.

5

26.5±

1.5 28.0 31.1

31.1±

2.2 33.2

0.4

85

0.2

9

0.1

1

0.2

3

0.6

3

0.0

3

0.3

4

390

20.

9

21.

3

20.

9 21.1

48.

6

51.

2

50.

6

49.9±

1.3

37.

6

41.

6

41.

9

35.

7

44.

5

40.1±

4.4

27.

2

27.2±

1.5 28.7 32.2

32.2±

2.2 34.4

0.4

90

0.3

2

0.1

1

0.2

5

0.6

8

0.0

3

0.3

6

400

20.

8

21.

3

20.

9 21.1

49.

2

51.

7

51.

2

50.5±

1.3 38

42.

1

42.

4

36.

1 45

40.6±

4.5

27.

5

27.5±

1.5 29.0 33.0

33.0±

2.2 35.1

0.4

95

0.3

4

0.1

1

0.2

7

0.7

2

0.0

3

0.3

8

410 21

21.

4 21 21.2

49.

5

52.

1

51.

6

50.8±

1.3

38.

4

42.

5

42.

7

36.

4

45.

4

40.9±

4.5

27.

7

27.7±

1.5 29.2 33.5

33.5±

2.1 35.5

0.4

95

0.3

4

0.1

0

0.2

9

0.7

3

0.0

3

0.3

9

420

21.

1

21.

6

21.

1 21.4 50

52.

6 52

51.3±

1.3

38.

8

42.

9

43.

1

36.

8

45.

8

41.3±

4.5

28.

0

28.0±

1.6 29.5 33.9

33.9±

2.2 36.0

0.5

00

0.3

4

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.7

5

0.0

3

0.4

0

430

21.

3

21.

8

21.

2 21.5

50.

2

52.

7

52.

2

51.5±

1.3 39

43.

1

43.

4 37 46

41.5±

4.5

28.

2

28.2±

1.6 29.7 34.1

34.1±

2.2 36.3

0.4

98

0.3

4

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.7

5

0.0

3

0.4

1

440

21.

3

21.

8

21.

2 21.5

50.

2

52.

9

52.

3

51.6±

1.4

39.

1

43.

2

43.

5

37.

1

46.

1

41.6±

4.5

28.

3

28.3±

1.6 29.8 34.3

34.3±

2.2 36.5

0.4

98

0.3

5

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.7

6

0.0

3

0.4

1

450

21.

3

21.

8

21.

2 21.5

50.

2

52.

8

52.

3

51.5±

1.3

39.

1

43.

2

43.

4

37.

1

46.

1

41.6±

4.5

28.

3

28.3±

1.6 29.8 34.4

34.4±

2.2 36.5

0.4

95

0.3

5

0.1

1

0.3

1

0.7

6

0.0

3

0.4

1

460

21.

3

21.

9

21.

3 21.6

50.

2

52.

8

52.

2

51.5±

1.3

39.

1

43.

3

43.

4

37.

1

46.

1

41.6±

4.5

28.

3

28.3±

1.6 29.8 34.4

34.4±

2.2 36.6

0.4

95

0.3

5

0.1

1

0.3

1

0.7

7

0.0

3

0.4

2

470

21.

8

22.

2

21.

5 21.9

50.

4 53

52.

4

51.7±

1.3

39.

3

43.

4

43.

6

37.

3

46.

3

41.8±

4.5

28.

5

28.5±

1.5 30.0 34.6

34.6±

2.3 36.8

0.4

95

0.3

4

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.7

5

0.0

3

0.4

2

480

21.

4 22

21.

4 21.7

50.

4 53

52.

4

51.7±

1.3

39.

4

43.

5

43.

7

37.

4

46.

4

41.9±

4.5

28.

6

28.6±

1.6 30.1 34.7

34.7±

2.3 36.9

0.4

90

0.3

6

0.1

1

0.3

1

0.7

8

0.0

3

0.4

2

490

21.

8

22.

1

21.

3 21.7

50.

4 53

52.

4

51.7±

1.3

39.

4

43.

5

43.

7

37.

4

46.

4

41.9±

4.5

28.

6

28.6±

1.6 30.1 34.7

34.7±

2.2 36.9

0.4

90

0.3

4

0.1

1

0.3

1

0.7

6

0.0

3

0.4

2

500

21.

4

22.

1

21.

4 21.8

50.

5

53.

1

52.

4

51.8±

1.3

39.

6

43.

6

43.

8

37.

5

46.

4

42.0±

4.5

28.

8

28.8±

1.5 30.3 34.8

34.8±

2.2 37.0

0.4

93

0.3

7

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.7

8

0.0

3

0.4

1

119

510

21.

4 22

21.

3 21.7

50.

5 53

52.

4

51.8±

1.3

39.

6

43.

6

43.

8

37.

5

46.

4

42.0±

4.5

28.

8

28.8±

1.5 30.3 34.8

34.8±

2.3 37.0

0.4

90

0.3

7

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.7

8

0.0

3

0.4

1

520

21.

5 22

21.

3 21.7

50.

4

53.

1

52.

4

51.8±

1.4

39.

6

43.

6

43.

8

37.

5

46.

4

42.0±

4.5

28.

8

28.8±

1.5 30.3 34.8

34.8±

2.3 37.0

0.4

90

0.3

7

0.1

1

0.3

0

0.7

8

0.0

3

0.4

1

530

21.

4 22

21.

3 21.7

50.

5

53.

1

52.

5

51.8±

1.3

39.

6

43.

6

43.

9

37.

5

46.

4

42.0±

4.5

28.

8

28.8±

1.6 30.3 35.1

35.1±

2.4 37.5

0.4

93

0.3

7

0.1

2

0.3

2

0.8

1

0.0

3

0.4

4

540

21.

4 22

21.

3 21.7

50.

6

53.

2

52.

6

51.9±

1.3

39.

6

43.

7

43.

9

37.

6

46.

6

42.1±

4.5

28.

9

28.9±

1.6 30.4 35.1

35.1±

2.4 37.5

0.4

90

0.3

7

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.8

1

0.0

3

0.4

3

4

0 550

20.

7

21.

4

20.

9 21.2

56.

2

60.

7

59.

7

58.5±

2.3

41.

3

45.

8

46.

2

39.

1

49.

7

44.4±

5.3

29.

5

29.5±

1.6 31.1 38.5

38.5±

3.5 41.9

0.3

51

0.2

2

0.0

9

0.2

2

0.5

3

0.0

3

0.3

1

560

20.

7

21.

3

20.

9 21.1

68.

9

72.

7 72

70.8±

1.9

48.

4

55.

6

55.

5

44.

9 61

53.0±

8.1

33.

9

33.9±

2.4 36.3 43.6

43.6±

4.2 47.8

0.4

46

0.3

3

0.1

1

0.2

4

0.6

8

0.0

5

0.3

5

570

20.

9

21.

3

20.

9 21.1

73.

6

77.

5

76.

8

75.6±

2.0 53 60

59.

9

49.

2

65.

5

57.4±

8.2

35.

3

35.3±

2.5 37.8 45.9

45.9±

4.6 50.4

0.4

55

0.3

6

0.1

1

0.2

6

0.7

4

0.0

5

0.3

8

580

20.

8

21.

3

20.

9 21.1

75.

4

79.

4

78.

7

77.4±

2.0

54.

9 62

61.

8 51

67.

5

59.3±

8.3

35.

9

35.9±

2.6 38.4 46.9

46.9±

4.6 51.5

0.4

54

0.3

8

0.1

2

0.2

8

0.7

7

0.0

5

0.3

9

590 21

21.

4 21 21.2

75.

5

79.

6

78.

8

77.6±

2.1

55.

1

62.

3

61.

9

51.

1

67.

7

59.4±

8.3

36.

0

36.0±

2.6 38.5 47.4

47.4±

4.7 52.0

0.4

54

0.3

7

0.1

2

0.2

9

0.7

8

0.0

5

0.4

0

600

21.

1

21.

6

21.

1 21.4

75.

5

79.

6

78.

8

77.6±

2.1

55.

7

62.

9

62.

5

51.

6

68.

3

60.0±

8.4

36.

2

36.2±

2.6 38.8 48.0

48.0±

4.8 52.7

0.4

40

0.3

8

0.1

2

0.2

9

0.7

9

0.0

5

0.4

1

610

21.

3

21.

8

21.

2 21.5

76.

2

80.

4

79.

6

78.3±

2.1

56.

7

63.

9

63.

5

52.

6

69.

3

61.0±

8.4

36.

5

36.5±

2.7 39.1 48.3

48.3±

4.8 53.0

0.4

34

0.3

8

0.1

2

0.3

0

0.7

9

0.0

5

0.4

1

620

21.

3

21.

8

21.

2 21.5

76.

7

81.

1

80.

2

78.9±

2.2

56.

8

64.

1

63.

6

52.

6

69.

5

61.1±

8.5

36.

3

36.3±

2.7 38.9 48.4

48.4±

4.7 53.1

0.4

46

0.3

7

0.1

2

0.3

0

0.8

0

0.0

5

0.4

2

630

21.

3

21.

8

21.

2 21.5

76.

2

80.

4

79.

6

78.3±

2.1

56.

7

63.

9

63.

5

52.

6

69.

3

61.0±

8.4

36.

2

36.2±

2.7 38.8 48.4

48.4±

4.8 53.1

0.4

34

0.3

7

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.8

0

0.0

5

0.4

2

640

21.

3

21.

9

21.

3 21.6

76.

5

80.

7

79.

9

78.6±

2.1 57

64.

4

63.

9 53

69.

9

61.5±

8.5

36.

3

36.3±

2.7 39.0 48.8

48.8±

4.8 53.5

0.4

29

0.3

8

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.8

1

0.0

5

0.4

3

650

21.

8

22.

2

21.

5 21.9

76.

7

80.

9

79.

6

78.8±

2.1

57.

4

64.

8 64

53.

2

70.

3

61.8±

8.6

36.

5

36.5±

2.8 39.2 49.0

49.0±

4.9 53.9

0.4

26

0.3

7

0.1

2

0.3

1

0.8

0

0.0

5

0.4

4

660

21.

4 22

21.

4 21.7

77.

1

81.

4

80.

6

79.3±

2.2

57.

4

64.

8 64

53.

1

70.

4

61.8±

8.7

36.

5

36.5±

2.8 39.2 49.3

49.3±

5.1 54.3

0.4

38

0.3

8

0.1

3

0.3

2

0.8

2

0.0

5

0.4

5

670

21.

8

22.

1

21.

3 21.7

77.

2

81.

5

80.

7

79.4±

2.2

57.

4

64.

8

63.

9

53.

1

70.

3

61.7±

8.6

36.

5

36.5±

2.8 39.3 49.4

49.4±

5.1 54.4

0.4

41

0.3

7

0.1

3

0.3

2

0.8

2

0.0

5

0.4

5

680

21.

4

22.

1

21.

4 21.8

77.

1

81.

4

80.

6

79.3±

2.2

58.

2

65.

9 65

53.

8

71.

7

62.8±

9.0

36.

5

36.5±

2.8 39.3 49.7

49.7±

5.3 54.9

0.4

13

0.3

8

0.1

3

0.3

3

0.8

4

0.0

5

0.4

6

690

21.

4 22

21.

3 21.7

78.

3

82.

7

81.

7

80.5±

2.2

58.

5

66.

3

65.

2 54

72.

1

63.1±

9.1

36.

3

36.3±

2.7 39.0 49.0

49.0±

5.0 54.0

0.4

36

0.3

7

0.1

3

0.3

2

0.8

2

0.0

6

0.4

4

700

21.

5 22

21.

3 21.7

77.

2

81.

5

80.

7

79.4±

2.2

58.

2

65.

9 65 54

71.

8

62.9±

8.9

36.

0

36.0±

2.7 38.7 48.8

48.8±

5.0 53.8

0.4

11

0.3

6

0.1

3

0.3

2

0.8

1

0.0

5

0.4

5

710

21.

4 22

21.

3 21.7

77.

1

81.

4

80.

6

79.3±

2.2

58.

2

65.

5

64.

8

53.

7

71.

5

62.6±

8.9

35.

9

35.9±

2.7 38.6 48.7

48.7±

5.1 53.7

0.4

16

0.3

6

0.1

3

0.3

2

0.8

1

0.0

5

0.4

5

720

21.

4 22

21.

3 21.7

77.

2

81.

5

80.

7

79.4±

2.2 58

65.

3

64.

5

53.

3

71.

4

62.4±

9.1

35.

9

35.9±

2.7 38.6 48.7

48.7±

5.1 53.7

0.4

25

0.3

6

0.1

3

0.3

2

0.8

1

0.0

5

0.4

5

Tf

1

Tf

2

Tf

3

Tf

4

Tf

5

Tf

6

Tf

7

Tf

8

Tf

9

Tf

10

Tf

11

Tf

12

Tf

13

Tf

14

Tf

15

Tf

16

Tf

17 Tf

Tv

c1

Tv

c2

Tv

c3

Tv

c4

Tv

c5

Tv

c6

Tv

c7

Tv

c8

Tv

c9

Tvc

10

Tvc

11

Tvc

12

Tvc

13

Tvc

14 Tvc

24

.2

24

.1

24

.1

24

.3

24

.2

24

.3

24

.4

24

.4

24

.4

24

.3

23

.3

23

.5

23

.4

23

.3

23

.5

23

.4

23

.2

23.8

±0.6

24.

1

24.

1

24.

1

24.

2

24.

1

24.

4

24.

5

24.

5

24.

6

24.

7

24.

7

24.

7

24.

8

24.

6

24.5

±0.4

24

.1

23

.6

23

.5

24

.2 24

23

.8

24

.2

24

.1

24

.3

23

.6

23

.1

23

.8

23

.4 23

23

.4

23

.1

22

.5

23.4

±0.9

25.

3

25.

3

25.

2

25.

6

26.

1

25.

6

25.

8

25.

6

25.

2

25.

2

26.

7

26.

3

26.

3

26.

6

26.0

±0.8

24

.4

23

.9

23

.9

24

.5

24

.3

24

.1

24

.5

24

.4

24

.7

23

.9

23

.4 24

23

.6

23

.3

23

.7

23

.4

22

.8

23.8

±0.9

25.

7

25.

8

25.

6

26.

1

26.

6

26.

1

26.

3

26.

1

25.

9

25.

6

27.

5

27.

2 27

27.

3

26.6

±1.0

120

24

.6

24

.1

23

.9

24

.7

24

.4

24

.2

24

.6

24

.5

24

.8 24

23

.4

24

.1

23

.8

23

.4

23

.8

23

.5

22

.9

23.9

±1.0

25.

9 26

25.

8

26.

3

26.

9

26.

3

26.

6

26.

3

26.

4

25.

9

27.

8

27.

6

27.

4

27.

6

26.8

±1.0

24

.8

24

.3

24

.1

24

.9

24

.6

24

.4

24

.9

24

.7 25

24

.2

23

.6

24

.3

23

.9

23

.7 24

23

.7

23

.1

24.1

±0.9

26.

1

26.

2

25.

9

26.

5 27

26.

5

26.

9

26.

6

26.

7

26.

1

28.

1

27.

9

27.

8

27.

9

27.0

±1.1

24

.8

24

.2

24

.1

24

.8

24

.6

24

.3

24

.8

24

.7

24

.9

24

.1

23

.5

24

.2

23

.9

23

.6 24

23

.7

23

.1

24.0

±0.9

26.

1

26.

2 26

26.

5

27.

1

26.

5 27

26.

6

26.

9

26.

3

28.

2 28 28 28

27.1

±1.1

24

.7

24

.1 24

24

.8

24

.5

24

.2

24

.8

24

.6

24

.9 24

23

.4

24

.2

23

.8

23

.5

23

.9

23

.6 23

24.0

±0.9

26.

1

26.

2

25.

9

26.

5

27.

1

26.

5

26.

9

26.

6 27

26.

3

28.

2 28 28 28

27.1

±1.2

24

.6

24

.1 24

24

.7

24

.4

24

.2

24

.7

24

.5

24

.8 24

23

.4

24

.1

23

.7

23

.4

23

.9

23

.6

22

.9

23.9

±1.0

26.

1

26.

1

25.

8

26.

4 27

26.

4

26.

9

26.

6 27

26.

2

28.

1 28 28

27.

9

27.0

±1.2

24

.5 24

23

.9

24

.7

24

.4

24

.2

24

.7

24

.5

24

.8

23

.9

23

.3 24

23

.7

23

.4

23

.8

23

.5

22

.9

23.9

±1.0 26 26

25.

7

26.

3

26.

9

26.

4

26.

9

26.

6 27

26.

3

28.

1 28

27.

9

27.

9

26.9

±1.2

24

.6 24

23

.9

24

.7

24

.4

24

.1

24

.6

24

.5

24

.7

23

.9

23

.3 24

23

.7

23

.4

23

.8

23

.5

22

.9

23.8

±0.9 26 26

25.

7

26.

3

26.

9

26.

3

26.

9

26.

5 27

26.

3

28.

1 28 28

27.

9

26.9

±1.2

24

.5 24

23

.9

24

.6

24

.4

24

.1

24

.7

24

.5

24

.8

23

.9

23

.3 24

23

.7

23

.4

23

.8

23

.5

22

.8

23.8

±1.0 26 26

25.

7

26.

4

26.

9

26.

4

26.

9

26.

5 27

26.

3

28.

1 28 28

27.

9

26.9

±1.2

24

.5

23

.9

23

.8

24

.6

24

.3 24

24

.6

24

.4

24

.7

23

.9

23

.2

23

.9

23

.6

23

.3

23

.7

23

.4

22

.8

23.8

±0.9

25.

9 26

25.

7

26.

3

26.

9

26.

3

26.

8

26.

5 27

26.

2

28.

1 28 28

27.

8

26.9

±1.2

24

.5

23

.9

23

.8

24

.6

24

.3 24

24

.6

24

.4

24

.7

23

.8

23

.2 24

23

.6

23

.3

23

.7

23

.4

22

.7

23.7

±1.0

25.

9

25.

9

25.

7

26.

2

26.

8

26.

3

26.

8

26.

5 27

26.

2 28 28

27.

9

27.

8

26.9

±1.2

24

.5

23

.9

23

.8

24

.6

24

.3

24

.1

24

.6

24

.4

24

.7

23

.8

23

.2

23

.9

23

.6

23

.3

23

.7

23

.4

22

.7

23.7

±1.0

25.

9

25.

9

25.

6

26.

2

26.

8

26.

2

26.

8

26.

5 27

26.

2 28

27.

9

27.

9

27.

8

26.8

±1.2

24

.5 24

23

.9

24

.6

24

.3

24

.1

24

.6

24

.4

24

.7

23

.9

23

.2

23

.9

23

.6

23

.3

23

.7

23

.4

22

.8

23.8

±0.9

25.

9

25.

9

25.

6

26.

2

26.

8

26.

2

26.

8

26.

5 27

26.

2

28.

1 28 28

27.

8

26.9

±1.3

24

.5 24

23

.9

24

.6

24

.3

24

.1

24

.6

24

.4

24

.7

23

.9

23

.2 24

23

.6

23

.3

23

.8

23

.4

22

.8

23.8

±0.9

25.

9 26

25.

7

26.

3

26.

9

26.

3

26.

8

26.

5 27

26.

2

28.

1 28 28

27.

9

26.9

±1.2

24

.4

23

.9

23

.8

24

.6

24

.3 24

24

.6

24

.4

24

.7

23

.8

23

.2

23

.9

23

.6

23

.3

23

.7

23

.4

22

.7

23.7

±1.0

25.

9

25.

9

25.

7

26.

3

26.

9

26.

3

26.

8

26.

5 27

26.

2

28.

1 28 28

27.

9

26.9

±1.2

24

.4

23

.9

23

.8

24

.6

24

.3 24

24

.6

24

.4

24

.6

23

.8

23

.1

23

.9

23

.5

23

.3

23

.6

23

.4

22

.7

23.7

±1.0

25.

9

25.

9

25.

6

26.

2

26.

9

26.

3

26.

8

26.

5 27

26.

2

28.

1 28 28

27.

8

26.9

±1.3

24

.4

23

.8

23

.8

24

.5

24

.2 24

24

.5

24

.3

24

.6

23

.8

23

.1

23

.9

23

.5

23

.2

23

.6

23

.3

22

.7

23.7

±1.0

25.

8

25.

9

25.

6

26.

2

26.

8

26.

2

26.

8

26.

5 27

26.

2 28 28

27.

9

27.

8

26.8

±1.2

25

.9

25

.1 25 26

25

.7

25

.3 26

25

.8

26

.2 25

24

.2

25

.3

24

.8

24

.4 25

24

.6

23

.7

25.0

±1.3

27.

4

27.

5

27.

2 28

28.

8 28

28.

5

28.

2

28.

2

27.

6

30.

3 30

29.

9

30.

2

28.8

±1.6

26

.5

25

.7

25

.6

26

.7

26

.3

25

.9

26

.6

26

.4

26

.8

25

.6

24

.7

25

.8

25

.4

24

.9

25

.5

25

.1

24

.2

25.5

±1.3

28.

2

28.

3 28

28.

9

29.

7

28.

8

29.

4

28.

9 29

28.

3

31.

2

30.

9

30.

8 31

29.6

±1.6

26

.7

25

.9

25

.8

26

.8

26

.5 26

26

.8

26

.5 27

25

.7

24

.9

26

.1

25

.5

25

.1

25

.8

25

.3

24

.4

25.7

±1.3

28.

6

28.

7

28.

3

29.

2 30 29

29.

7

29.

3

29.

4

28.

6

31.

6

31.

3

31.

2

31.

4

30.0

±1.7

26

.7

25

.9

25

.8

26

.9

26

.4 26

26

.8

26

.6 27

25

.7

24

.9 26

25

.5

25

.1

25

.7

25

.3

24

.4

25.7

±1.3

28.

7

28.

8

28.

4

29.

3

30.

1

29.

1

29.

8

29.

4

29.

7

28.

8

31.

7

31.

5

31.

3

31.

5

30.1

±1.7

26

.7

25

.9

25

.7

26

.9

26

.4 26

26

.8

26

.5

26

.9

25

.7

24

.9 26

25

.5

25

.1

25

.7

25

.3

24

.3

25.6

±1.3

28.

9

28.

9

28.

5

29.

4

30.

2

29.

2

29.

9

29.

5

29.

9

28.

9

31.

8

31.

6

31.

4

31.

5

30.2

±1.7

26

.7

25

.8

25

.7

26

.8

26

.4

25

.9

26

.8

26

.5

26

.9

25

.6

24

.8 26

25

.5 25

25

.7

25

.2

24

.3

25.6

±1.3

28.

8

28.

9

28.

4

29.

3

30.

2

29.

2

29.

9

29.

5 30

28.

9

31.

8

31.

6

31.

5

31.

5

30.1

±1.7

26

.6

25

.7

25

.6

26

.7

26

.3

25

.9

26

.7

26

.4

26

.8

25

.6

24

.7

25

.9

25

.4 25

25

.6

25

.1

24

.2

25.5

±1.3

28.

8

28.

8

28.

4

29.

3

30.

1

29.

2

29.

9

29.

5 30 29

31.

8

31.

6

31.

5

31.

5

30.1

±1.7

26

.8 26

25

.9 27

26

.6

26

.2 27

26

.7

27

.1

25

.9

24

.9

26

.1

25

.6

25

.2

25

.8

25

.4

24

.5

25.8

±1.3

28.

8

28.

9

28.

4

29.

3

30.

2

29.

2 30

29.

6

30.

1

29.

1

31.

9

31.

8

31.

7

31.

7

30.2

±1.8

26

.8 26

25

.8

26

.9

26

.5

26

.1

26

.9

26

.6 27

25

.8

24

.9 26

25

.5

25

.1

25

.8

25

.3

24

.4

25.7

±1.3

29.

3

29.

4 29

29.

9

30.

8

29.

8

30.

5

30.

2

30.

5

29.

6

32.

6

32.

4

32.

3

32.

4

30.8

±1.8

27

.2

26

.3

26

.2

27

.3

26

.9

26

.4

27

.3 27

27

.4

26

.1

25

.3

26

.5 26

25

.6

26

.2

25

.7

24

.8

26.1

±1.3

29.

4

29.

5

29.

1

29.

9

30.

8

29.

8

30.

5

30.

1

30.

5

29.

5

32.

3

32.

1 32 32

30.7

±1.6

26

.7

25

.8

25

.6

26

.8

26

.4

25

.9

26

.7

26

.5

26

.9

25

.6

24

.9

26

.1

25

.5 25

25

.7

25

.2

24

.2

25.6

±1.4

29.

1

29.

2

28.

7

29.

6

30.

5

29.

4

30.

2

29.

8

30.

3

29.

3

31.

9

31.

8

31.

7

31.

6

30.3

±1.6

121

26

.8 26

25

.8

26

.9

26

.5

26

.1

26

.9

26

.6 27

25

.8

24

.9 26

25

.5

25

.1

25

.8

25

.3

24

.4

25.7

±1.3

28.

9

28.

9

28.

5

29.

3

30.

2

29.

2 30

29.

6

30.

3

29.

2 32

31.

9

31.

8

31.

7

30.3

±1.8

26

.4

25

.5

25

.4

26

.5

26

.1

25

.6

26

.5

26

.2

26

.6

25

.3

24

.6

25

.9

25

.3

24

.8

25

.5 25 24

25.3

±1.3

29.

4

29.

5

29.

1 30

30.

9

29.

9

30.

6

30.

3

30.

7

29.

8

32.

6

32.

5

32.

4

32.

4

30.9

±1.8

26

.9 26

25

.8 27

26

.5

26

.1 27

26

.7

27

.1

25

.8 25

26

.2

25

.7

25

.2

25

.9

25

.4

24

.5

25.8

±1.3

29.

3

29.

4

28.

9

29.

8

30.

7

29.

7

30.

4 30

30.

5

29.

5

32.

2 32

31.

9

31.

8

30.6

±1.7

26

.4

25

.5

25

.4

26

.5

26

.1

25

.6

26

.5

26

.2

26

.6

25

.3

24

.6

25

.9

25

.3

24

.8

25

.5 25 24

25.3

±1.3 29 29

28.

6

29.

4

30.

3

29.

3 30

29.

6

30.

3

29.

2

31.

8

31.

7

31.

6

31.

4

30.2

±1.6

27 26

.2

26

.1

27

.2

26

.7

26

.4

27

.1

26

.9

27

.3

26

.1 25

26

.2

25

.7

25

.3 26

25

.5

24

.6

26.0

±1.4

28.

9

28.

9

28.

5

29.

4

30.

3

29.

4

30.

1

29.

8

30.

4

29.

4

32.

2

32.

1 32 32

30.4

±1.9

26

.8 26

25

.8

26

.9

26

.5

26

.1

26

.9

26

.6 27

25

.8

24

.9 26

25

.5

25

.1

25

.8

25

.3

24

.4

25.7

±1.3

29.

5

29.

5

29.

2

30.

1

30.

9 30

30.

7

30.

3

30.

8

29.

8

32.

6

32.

5

32.

4

32.

4

30.9

±1.7

26

.7

25

.9

25

.7

26

.9

26

.4 26

26

.8

26

.5

26

.9

25

.6

24

.9

26

.1

25

.5

25

.1

25

.8

25

.3

24

.3

25.6

±1.3

29.

2

29.

3

28.

9

29.

7

30.

6

29.

6

30.

3

29.

9

30.

5

29.

4 32 32

31.

8

31.

7

30.5

±1.6

26

.5 25

25

.6

26

.7

26

.2

25

.8

26

.5

26

.3

26

.9

25

.5

24

.8

25

.4

25

.3

24

.9

25

.5

25

.1

24

.1

25.5

±1.4

29.

5

29.

5

29.

2

30.

1

30.

9 30

30.

7

30.

3

30.

8

29.

8

32.

6

32.

5

32.

4

32.

4

30.9

±1.7

27

.7 26

26

.7

27

.9

27

.4

26

.8

27

.7

27

.4 28

26

.5

25

.8

26

.5

26

.4

25

.9

26

.7

26

.2 25

26.5

±1.5

29.

5 30

29.

6

30.

5

31.

6

30.

3

30.

7

30.

1

29.

2

28.

9

33.

2

32.

4

32.

2

33.

2

31.1

±2.2

28

.5

27

.3

27

.2

28

.6 28

27

.5

28

.4

28

.1

28

.7

27

.1

26

.3

27

.2 27

26

.6

27

.3

26

.9

25

.7

27.2

±1.5

30.

5 31

30.

5

31.

4

32.

6

31.

3

31.

8

31.

2

30.

7 30

34.

4

33.

8

33.

5

34.

3

32.2

±2.2

28

.9

27

.6

27

.6

28

.9

28

.4

27

.8

28

.7

28

.4 29

27

.5

26

.6

27

.6

27

.4

26

.9

27

.7

27

.2 26

27.5

±1.5

31.

1

31.

5 31 32

33.

2

31.

8

32.

5

31.

9

31.

7

30.

8

35.

1

34.

6

34.

3

34.

9

33.0

±2.2

29

.1

27

.8

27

.8

29

.1

28

.6 28

28

.9

28

.7

29

.2

27

.7

26

.8

27

.7

27

.6

27

.1

27

.9

27

.4

26

.2

27.7

±1.5

31.

5

31.

8

31.

4

32.

4

33.

6

32.

2

32.

9

32.

4

32.

5

31.

4

35.

5

35.

1

34.

9

35.

3

33.5

±2.1

29

.4

28

.1 28

29

.4

28

.8

28

.3

29

.2

28

.9

29

.5 28

27

.1 28

27

.8

27

.4

28

.1

27

.7

26

.4

28.0

±1.6

31.

9

32.

1

31.

7

32.

7

33.

9

32.

6

33.

3

32.

8 33

31.

9 36

35.

6

35.

4

35.

7

33.9

±2.2

29

.6

28

.3

28

.3

29

.6

29

.1

28

.5

29

.4

29

.2

29

.7

28

.2

27

.3

28

.2 28

27

.6

28

.4

27

.9

26

.6

28.2

±1.6

32.

2

32.

4

31.

9 33

34.

1

32.

8

33.

6

33.

1

33.

5

32.

3

36.

3

35.

9

35.

8 36

34.1

±2.2

29

.6

28

.3

28

.3

29

.7

29

.1

28

.5

29

.4

29

.2

29

.8

28

.2

27

.3

28

.2

28

.1

27

.6

28

.4 28

26

.7

28.3

±1.6

32.

3

32.

5

32.

1

33.

1

34.

3 33

33.

8

33.

3

33.

7

32.

5

36.

5

36.

1 36

36.

1

34.3

±2.2

29

.7

28

.3

28

.3

29

.7

29

.1

28

.5

29

.5

29

.2

29

.8

28

.2

27

.3

28

.2

28

.1

27

.6

28

.4 28

26

.7

28.3

±1.6

32.

4

32.

6

32.

2

33.

2

34.

4 33

33.

9

33.

4

33.

9

32.

7

36.

5

36.

3

36.

1

36.

2

34.4

±2.2

29

.7

28

.4

28

.3

29

.7

29

.1

28

.6

29

.5

29

.3

29

.8

28

.3

27

.4

28

.3

28

.2

27

.7

28

.5 28

26

.7

28.3

±1.6

32.

4

32.

6

32.

2

33.

2

34.

4

33.

1 34

33.

5

34.

1

32.

8

36.

6

36.

3

36.

2

36.

2

34.4

±2.2

30 28

.7

28

.5 30

29

.4

28

.8

29

.8

29

.5 30

28

.5

27

.6

28

.5

28

.4

27

.9

28

.7

28

.3 27

28.5

±1.5

32.

6

32.

7

32.

3

33.

4

34.

5

33.

3

34.

1

33.

7

34.

3 33

36.

8

36.

6

36.

4

36.

4

34.6

±2.3

30 28

.7

28

.6 30

29

.4

28

.8

29

.8

29

.5

30

.1

28

.5

27

.7

28

.6

28

.4 28

28

.7

28

.3 27

28.6

±1.6

32.

8

32.

9

32.

4

33.

5

34.

7

33.

4

34.

2

33.

7

34.

4

33.

1

36.

9

36.

6

36.

5

36.

5

34.7

±2.3

30 28

.7

28

.6 30

29

.5

28

.8

29

.8

29

.5

30

.1

28

.5

27

.7

28

.6

28

.5 28

28

.6

28

.3 27

28.6

±1.6

32.

8

32.

9

32.

5

33.

5

34.

7

33.

4

34.

3

33.

8

34.

5

33.

2

36.

9

36.

7

36.

5

36.

5

34.7

±2.2

30

.2

28

.8

28

.8

30

.2

29

.7 29 30

29

.8

30

.3

28

.8 28

28

.9

28

.8

28

.3

28

.8

28

.5

27

.3

28.8

±1.5

32.

9 33

32.

6

33.

7

34.

8

33.

5

34.

4

33.

9

34.

6

33.

3 37

36.

8

36.

7

36.

6

34.8

±2.2

30

.2

28

.8

28

.8

30

.2

29

.6 29 30

29

.8

30

.3

28

.8 28

28

.9

28

.8

28

.3

28

.9

28

.5

27

.3

28.8

±1.5 33 33

32.

5

33.

7

34.

9

33.

5

34.

5

33.

9

34.

7

33.

4 37

36.

8

36.

7

36.

6

34.8

±2.3

30

.2

28

.8

28

.7

30

.2

29

.6 29 30

29

.7

30

.3

28

.8 28

28

.9

28

.7

28

.2

28

.8

28

.5

27

.3

28.8

±1.5 33 33

32.

5

33.

7

34.

8

33.

5

34.

5

33.

9

34.

7

33.

4 37

36.

8

36.

7

36.

6

34.8

±2.3

30

.2

28

.8

28

.7

30

.2

29

.6 29 30

29

.7

30

.3

28

.7

27

.9

28

.8

28

.7

28

.2

28

.8

28

.5

27

.2

28.8

±1.6

33.

2

33.

3

32.

7

34.

1

35.

1

33.

8

34.

8

34.

3 35

33.

7

37.

5

37.

3

37.

3

37.

1

35.1

±2.4

30

.2

28

.9

28

.8

30

.3

29

.7 29

30

.1

29

.8

30

.4

28

.8

27

.9

28

.9

28

.7

28

.2

28

.8

28

.5

27

.3

28.9

±1.6

33.

2

33.

3

32.

7

34.

1

35.

1

33.

8

34.

8

34.

3 35

33.

7

37.

5

37.

3

37.

3

37.

1

35.1

±2.4

30

.8

29

.4

29

.3

30

.9

30

.3

29

.7

30

.7

30

.4

31

.1

29

.4

28

.5

29

.5

29

.4

28

.8

29

.5

29

.2

27

.9

29.5

±1.6

35.

2

35.

6

35.

1

36.

9

38.

3

36.

4

37.

2

36.

6

35.

3 35

41.

9

40.

3

40.

3

37.

6

38.5

±3.5

36

.3

33

.7

33

.5

36

.2

35

.1

33

.9

35

.7

35

.2

36

.3

33

.5

32

.6

34

.1

33

.9

33

.1

34

.1

33

.6

31

.5

33.9

±2.4

39.

5 40

39.

4

41.

5

43.

3

40.

9 42 41

40.

5

39.

4

47.

8

45.

8

45.

7

46.

8

43.6

±4.2

122

37

.7

35

.3

34

.7

37

.7

36

.6

35

.4

37

.2

36

.7

37

.8

34

.9

33

.7

36

.6

35

.2

34

.4

35

.6

35

.1

32

.8

35.3

±2.5

41.

5 42

41.

3

43.

5

45.

6

42.

8

44.

3

43.

1 43

41.

4

50.

4

48.

4

48.

2

49.

1

45.9

±4.6

38

.3

35

.8

35

.2

38

.3

37

.1

35

.9

37

.8

37

.3

38

.4

35

.4

34

.2

37

.2

35

.8

34

.9

36

.2

35

.6

33

.3

35.9

±2.6

42.

5

43.

1

42.

3

44.

5

46.

6

43.

9

45.

4

44.

2

44.

6

42.

6

51.

5

49.

7

49.

3

50.

1

46.9

±4.6

38

.5 36

35

.4

38

.5

37

.2 36

37

.9

37

.4

38

.5

35

.5

34

.4

37

.4 36

35

.1

36

.4

35

.8

33

.4

36.0

±2.6

43.

1

43.

6

42.

7

44.

9

47.

1

44.

3

45.

9

44.

8

45.

5

43.

3 52

50.

3 50

50.

4

47.4

±4.7

38

.7

36

.2

35

.5

38

.8

37

.5

36

.2

38

.2

37

.7

38

.8

35

.7

34

.6

37

.7

36

.3

35

.3

36

.7 36

33

.6

36.2

±2.6

43.

6

44.

1

43.

2

45.

4

47.

7

44.

9

46.

5

45.

4

46.

4

44.

1

52.

7 51

50.

7 51

48.0

±4.8

38

.7

36

.4

35

.9 39

37

.8

36

.6

38

.5

37

.9

39

.1 36

34

.9 38

36

.6

35

.6

37

.1

36

.2

33

.8

36.5

±2.7

44.

1

44.

4

43.

5

45.

7 48

45.

2

46.

9

45.

8 47

44.

6 53

51.

4

51.

2

51.

4

48.3

±4.8

38

.6

36

.3

35

.8

38

.9

37

.6

36

.3

38

.3

37

.7

38

.9

35

.7

34

.7

37

.9

36

.5

35

.5 37

36

.1

33

.6

36.3

±2.7

44.

3

44.

6

43.

7

45.

9

48.

2

45.

3 47 46

47.

3

44.

8

53.

1

51.

6

51.

3

51.

4

48.4

±4.7

38

.5

36

.1

35

.6

38

.8

37

.5

36

.3

38

.2

37

.6

38

.8

35

.6

34

.6

37

.8

36

.4

35

.3

36

.9 36

33

.5

36.2

±2.7

44.

3

44.

6

43.

6

45.

9

48.

2

45.

3 47 46

47.

5 45

53.

1

51.

6

51.

4

51.

3

48.4

±4.8

38

.8

36

.3

35

.7 39

37

.7

36

.4

38

.4

37

.8 39

35

.8

34

.8 38

36

.6

35

.6

37

.1

36

.2

33

.6

36.3

±2.7

44.

6

44.

9 44

46.

3

48.

6

45.

7

47.

5

46.

5

47.

9

45.

4

53.

5

52.

2 52 52

48.8

±4.8

38

.9

36

.5

35

.9

39

.2

37

.8

36

.5

38

.6 38

39

.2

35

.9

34

.9

38

.1

36

.7

35

.6

37

.2

36

.3

33

.7

36.5

±2.8

44.

9

45.

1

44.

1

46.

5

48.

8

45.

8

47.

7

46.

6

48.

2

45.

7

53.

9

52.

5

52.

4

52.

3

49.0

±4.9

39 36

.5

35

.9

39

.2

37

.8

36

.5

38

.6 38

39

.2

35

.9

34

.8

38

.1

36

.7

35

.6

37

.2

36

.2

33

.7

36.5

±2.8 45

45.

2

44.

2

46.

5

48.

9

45.

9

47.

8

46.

8

48.

4

45.

8

54.

3

52.

7

52.

5

52.

4

49.3

±5.1

39 36

.5

35

.9

39

.2

37

.9

36

.7

38

.7

38

.1

39

.3 36 35

38

.2

36

.8

35

.7

37

.3

36

.3

33

.7

36.5

±2.8

45.

1

45.

3

44.

3

46.

7

49.

1 46

47.

9

46.

9

48.

5 46

54.

4

52.

8

52.

7

52.

6

49.4

±5.1

39 36

.5

35

.9

39

.3

37

.9

36

.6

38

.7

38

.1

39

.3 36

34

.9

38

.2

36

.7

35

.7

37

.2

36

.3

33

.7

36.5

±2.8

45.

2

45.

5

44.

4

46.

8

49.

2

46.

2

48.

1 47

48.

7

46.

2

54.

9

53.

1

52.

9

52.

7

49.7

±5.3

38

.7

36

.3

35

.7

38

.9

37

.6

36

.4

38

.4

37

.8 39

35

.8

34

.8

37

.9

36

.5

35

.5 37

36

.1

33

.6

36.3

±2.7

44.

8 45 44

46.

3

48.

7

45.

7

47.

8

46.

8

48.

5

45.

9 54

52.

8

52.

7

52.

4

49.0

±5.0

38

.5 36

35

.5

38

.7

37

.4

36

.1

38

.1

37

.5

38

.7

35

.5

34

.5

37

.6

36

.2

35

.2

36

.7

35

.8

33

.3

36.0

±2.7

44.

6

44.

8

43.

8

46.

1

48.

4

45.

4

47.

4

46.

4

48.

3

45.

7

53.

8

52.

2

52.

1

51.

8

48.8

±5.0

38

.4

35

.9

35

.4

38

.6

37

.3 36 38

37

.5

38

.6

35

.4

34

.3

37

.5

36

.1

35

.1

36

.6

35

.7

33

.2

35.9

±2.7

44.

5

44.

7

43.

6 46

48.

3

45.

3

47.

3

46.

3

48.

2

45.

6

53.

7

52.

1 52

51.

7

48.7

±5.1

38

.4 36

35

.4

38

.6

37

.3 36 38

37

.5

38

.6

35

.4

34

.4

37

.6

36

.2

35

.1

36

.6

35

.8

33

.2

35.9

±2.7

44.

5

44.

6

43.

6

45.

9

48.

3

45.

3

47.

2

46.

3

48.

2

45.

6

53.

7

52.

1 52

51.

7

48.7

±5.1

heat spreading performance of vapor chambereprints.utar.edu.my/1770/1/heat_spreading... · figure...

Documents