Heat Pump Research

Center For Environmental Energy

Engineering

Reinhard Radermacher University of Maryland

Department of Mechanical Engineering

College Park, MD 20742-3035

Email: raderm@umd.edu | Tel: 301 405 5286 | www.enme.umd.edu/ceee/

CEEE Vision

2

Enabling Energy Sustainability

Helping Engineers Innovate

Leveraging computing power to free engineers’ creativity and intuition!

Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy

Spinoff Companies

CEEE Organization

3

Board of

Visitors

Integrated

Systems

Optimization

(Software)

Alternative

Cooling

Technologies

&

Applications

Small

Autonomous

Energy

Systems

Advanced HX

& Electronic

Cooling

Sponsors

Research Consortia

Fuel

Works

4

CEEE Sponsors

1 Arcelik 12 Gree 23 Mitsubishi Plastics

2 Ballard 13 Guentner 24 Modine

3 Bosch/FHP 14 HTPG 25 Petroleum Institute

4 Daikin + McQuay 15 Honeywell 26 Sanden

5 Danfoss 16 Hydro 27 Sanhua

6 Delphi 17 Ingersoll Rand 28 Sanyo

7 Denso 18 Johnson Controls 29 SAPA

8 DOE/ORNL 19 LG Electronics 30 Shanghai Hitachi

9 DunAn 20 Luvata 31 Sub-Zero

10 Emerson +Liebert 21 Mainstream Eng. 32 Suez

11 GE Appliances 22 Midea 33 Whirlpool

34 Wolverine

HP Faculty, Students and Staff

5 <

Heat Pump Technologies & Applications Map

6

• 260+ Technologies Identified

• Conventional and Alternative Cooling Systems

• Systems Integration

• New Applications for Existing Technology

7

Projects

• Vapor Inj. HP System

• VRF Field Tests

• Secondary Loop

System

• Low H-Flux HT

• Solar Cooling and

Solar Decathlon

• Water Retention

• Plate HX Test Facility

• Separate Sensible &

Latent Cooling

• TE-VC Integration

• ACTA Map

• Past Projects

Alternative Cooling Techn. & Appl. Consortium

<

Solar Cooling Efficiency

Comparison

Preferred Collector

Concentrated Photovoltaic/Thermal

Collector:

Two collectors combined into one

Electricity

Hot water

Potential for higher combined

efficiency

Proposed System

Experimental Work

11

Two Solar Decathlon Entries

UMD

2nd Place 2007

1st Place, 2011

12

Watershed 2011

Leafhouse

2007

Dehumidification Liquid Desiccant (Water)Fall

Architectural feature

CaCl2 Solution

Solar hot water regeneration

Solution storage tank

Split system AC

Now basis for start-up company

13 <

Integrated System Optimization Consortium

14

Software Projects

CoilDesigner and Other Heat Exchangers

PHESim

VapCyc, TCM

TransRef, Dymola/Modelica-SimScape

TSIOP (Maximizing Innovation)

DAVi

NGHX, Optimization & Verification

Positive Displacement Compressors/Expanders

Usage Statistics

Long-term ISOC Goals

Thermodynamic Cycles Model

15

VapCyc

16

CoilDesigner

17

AIR

1

6

12

54

19

20 2

37

1

2

19

20

CoilDesigner

18

ΦSim UI

19

Geo

metr

y In

pu

t F

low

Arr

an

gem

en

t F

luid

In

pu

t

Correlation

Resu

lts

Results

Dymola/Modelica Coil Frosting Simulation

20

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

How many ways are there to build one refrigerator?

9 Compressors

16 Cabinets

10 Evaporators

10 Condensers

Total Combinations

Compressors 9 9

Cabinets 16 144

Evaporators 10 1440

Condensers 10 14400

21

Shading Based on Cabinet Choice

Helping Engineers Innovate

• This is the design space.

• If one builds only one unit, which

one would it happen to be?

• How does one quickly and

effectively explore the design

space?

• And then innovate?

Methods to Find Best Designs

Exhaustive Search

DOE

Optimization

Gradient based (calculus)

Heuristic (genetic algorithms)

Approximation Assisted Optimization

Online Approximation Assisted Optimization

22 D

ec

rea

sin

g n

um

be

r o

f ru

ns

Incre

asin

g c

om

ple

xit

y o

f co

de

ISOC Staff has Experience and Software for All

of These Cases.

CoilDesigner

23

Infeasible & Pareto Solutions for Condenser Units

Normalized Heat Load0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

No

rma

lize

d C

ost

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

Pareto Solutions

Infeasible Solutions

Cost Minimization Example:

Condensing Unit

24

Minimization of first cost of

condensing unit under

consideration of:

Cost and Performance

Functions for

•Coil,

•Fans,

•Fan Motors and

•Housing

13 SEER Evaporator Cost Minimization

25 <

Optimization with CFD

Need to minimize computation effort in CFD

prediction for optimizing HX

Analysis &

Optimization

1. DOE

2. Meta-

modeling

3. Validation

Plate HX CFD Simulation

Lmax=3048mm

Wmax=1219 mm

Pc=10 mm

b =3.25 mm

L=155

mm

W=14 mm

P=10 mm

6.5

mm

Plate HX Optimization

28

Example for Providing Time for Innovation

Engineer has 1 month to come

up with a better A-Coil

Set up code

Air

Air

2D Plane

Symmetry

Plane

Enclosure

Volume

L

W

H

α y

x

z

After 1 month…

Either 29% reduction in material

or

30% reduction in volume

2 days of engineering!

And what do you do for the rest of

the time?

Shading Based on Cabinet Choice Innovation

Towards a Next Generation of HXs

30

Optimization

DOE Meta-

modeling

Thank You

31

CEEE Board of Visitors

Toru Inazuka, Daikin

LinJie Huang, Danfoss-Sanhua

Simon Wang, Emerson Climate Control

Bill Fox, Ingersoll-Rand

Jonathan Wattelet, Modine

Jurgen Pannock, Whirlpool

32 <

Multi-objective Optimization

33

feasible domain

temp

power

minimize

min

imiz

e

dominateddesigns

Paretooptima

Non-dominateddesigns

Performance Analyzer

Current population of designs

Elite designs OffspringNext population of designs

Elite designs OffspringNext population of designs

Fitness evaluation

Code designs

Dominateddesigns

Non-dominateddesigns

Dominateddesigns

Non-dominateddesigns

0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

# of Hx

Air flow rate

Water flow rate

<

Preliminary Results

34

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 100 200 300 400 500

Air

Pre

ssu

re D

rop

[P

a]

Heat Exchanger Volume[cm³]

Pareto Optimal 1 kW Heat Exchanger Designs

Microchannels

<

APPROACH

TransRef

36

Support Refrigerant Selection Decisions

Improve Performance

Not-in-Kind Cooling Systems Integration

Not-in-Kind Applications of Existing Technology

37

Long Range Goals

Alternative Cooling Technologies &

Applications Dr. Yunho Hwang, Director

Helping Engineers Innovate

Simulation and Optimization of Thermal Systems

Verified, Dynamic Simulation Tools (Accounting

for Charge & Lubricant Management, Cost,

Reliability….)

38

Long Range Goals

Integrated System Optimization

Consortium

Dr. Vikrant Aute, Director

13 SEER Evaporator Cost Minimization

39