heat equation
TRANSCRIPT
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ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
PARABOLIC PDES
Dr. Johnson
School of Mathematics
Semester 1 2008
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
OUTLINE
1 REVIEW
2 PARABOLIC PDES
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
3 SUMMARY
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
OUTLINE
1 REVIEW
2 PARABOLIC PDES
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
3 SUMMARY
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
OUTLINE
1 REVIEW
2 PARABOLIC PDES
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
3 SUMMARY
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ELLIPTIC PDES
Elliptic equations can usually be written in the form
wi+1,j − 2wi,j +wi−1,j
∆x2+
wi,j+1 − 2wi,j +wi,j−1
∆y2+ · · · = 0,
The solution can then be expressed as the solution to thematrix equation
Ax = b
The general iteration scheme can be written as
xk+1 = Pxk +Q
The rate of convergence depends on the spectral radius ofthe iteration matrix.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ELLIPTIC PDES
Elliptic equations can usually be written in the form
wi+1,j − 2wi,j +wi−1,j
∆x2+
wi,j+1 − 2wi,j +wi,j−1
∆y2+ · · · = 0,
The solution can then be expressed as the solution to thematrix equation
Ax = b
The general iteration scheme can be written as
xk+1 = Pxk +Q
The rate of convergence depends on the spectral radius ofthe iteration matrix.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
OUTLINE
1 REVIEW
2 PARABOLIC PDES
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
3 SUMMARY
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
EXAMPLES
One of the simplest parabolic pde is the diffusion equationwhich in one space dimensions is
∂u
∂t= κ
∂2u
∂x2.
For two or more space dimensions we have
∂u
∂t= κ∇2u
In the above κ is some given constant.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
EXAMPLES
Another familiar set of parabolic pdes is the boundarylayer equations
ux + yy =0,
ut + uux + vuy = − px + uyy,
0 = − py.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
OUTLINE
1 REVIEW
2 PARABOLIC PDES
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
3 SUMMARY
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
INITIAL CONDITIONS
For parabolic PDEs we expect, in addition to the boundaryconditions, an initial condition at say, t = 0.
R
S
x
t
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
HEAT EQUATION
Let us consider the heat equation
∂u
∂t= κ
∂2u
∂x2.
in the region a ≤ x ≤ b.
Take a uniform mesh in xwith xj = a+ j∆x, forj = 0, 1, . . . ,n and ∆x = (b− a)/n.
For the differencing in time we assume a constant step size∆t so that t = tk = k∆t.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
HEAT EQUATION
Let us consider the heat equation
∂u
∂t= κ
∂2u
∂x2.
in the region a ≤ x ≤ b.
Take a uniform mesh in xwith xj = a+ j∆x, forj = 0, 1, . . . ,n and ∆x = (b− a)/n.
For the differencing in time we assume a constant step size∆t so that t = tk = k∆t.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
HEAT EQUATION
Let us consider the heat equation
∂u
∂t= κ
∂2u
∂x2.
in the region a ≤ x ≤ b.
Take a uniform mesh in xwith xj = a+ j∆x, forj = 0, 1, . . . ,n and ∆x = (b− a)/n.
For the differencing in time we assume a constant step size∆t so that t = tk = k∆t.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
OUTLINE
1 REVIEW
2 PARABOLIC PDES
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
3 SUMMARY
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
FIRST ORDER APPROXIMATION
We may approximate our equation by
wk+1j −wk
j
∆t= κ
[
wkj+1 − 2wk
j +wkj−1
∆x2
]
.
Here wkj denotes an approximation to the exact solution
u(x, t) of the pde at x = xj, t = tk.
The above scheme is first order in time O(∆t) and secondorder in space O(∆x)2.
This scheme is explicit because the unknowns at level k+ 1can be computed directly.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
FIRST ORDER APPROXIMATION
We may approximate our equation by
wk+1j −wk
j
∆t= κ
[
wkj+1 − 2wk
j +wkj−1
∆x2
]
.
Here wkj denotes an approximation to the exact solution
u(x, t) of the pde at x = xj, t = tk.
The above scheme is first order in time O(∆t) and secondorder in space O(∆x)2.
This scheme is explicit because the unknowns at level k+ 1can be computed directly.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
FIRST ORDER APPROXIMATION
We may approximate our equation by
wk+1j −wk
j
∆t= κ
[
wkj+1 − 2wk
j +wkj−1
∆x2
]
.
Here wkj denotes an approximation to the exact solution
u(x, t) of the pde at x = xj, t = tk.
The above scheme is first order in time O(∆t) and secondorder in space O(∆x)2.
This scheme is explicit because the unknowns at level k+ 1can be computed directly.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Let us assume that we are given a suitable initial condition,and boundary conditions of the form
u(a, t) = f (t) u(b, t) = g(t).
Notice that there is a time lag before the effect of theboundary data is felt on the solution.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
STABILITY CONDITION
As we will see later this scheme is conditionally stable for
β ≤1
2
where
β =κ∆t
∆x2.
Note that β is sometimes called the Peclet or diffusionnumber.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
OUTLINE
1 REVIEW
2 PARABOLIC PDES
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
3 SUMMARY
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
IMPLICIT SCHEME
A better approximation is one which makes use of themost up-to-date information.Taking our approximations at the k + 1 time level we have
wk+1j −wk
j
∆t= κ
[
wk+1j+1 − 2wk+1
j +wk+1j−1
∆x2
]
.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
IMPLICIT SCHEME
A better approximation is one which makes use of themost up-to-date information.Taking our approximations at the k + 1 time level we have
wk+1j −wk
j
∆t= κ
[
wk+1j+1 − 2wk+1
j +wk+1j−1
∆x2
]
.
The unknowns at level k + 1 are coupled together and we havea set of implicit equations to solve.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS
Rearrange to get
−βwk+1j+1 + (1+ 2β)wk+1
j − βwk+1j−1 = wk
j ,
for 1 ≤ j ≤ n− 1
Approximation of the boundary conditions gives
wk+10 = f (tk+1), wk+1
n = g(tk+1)
We have a tridiagonal system of equations.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS
Rearrange to get
−βwk+1j+1 + (1+ 2β)wk+1
j − βwk+1j−1 = wk
j ,
for 1 ≤ j ≤ n− 1
Approximation of the boundary conditions gives
wk+10 = f (tk+1), wk+1
n = g(tk+1)
We have a tridiagonal system of equations.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
PROPERTIES OF THE SCHEME
We can use direct methods to solve a tridiagonal system ofequations.
The scheme is only first order, the same as the explicitscheme.
However it is unconditionally stable - there are norestriction on the magnitude of β.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
ExamplesThe Heat EquationExplicit MethodImplicit Method
PROPERTIES OF THE SCHEME
We can use direct methods to solve a tridiagonal system ofequations.
The scheme is only first order, the same as the explicitscheme.
However it is unconditionally stable - there are norestriction on the magnitude of β.
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
FIRST ORDER METHODS FOR PARABOLIC PDES
The explicit method is the simplest method, taking thedifference approximations at tk.
The scheme is first order in t,The stability condition requires β ≤ 1/2.
The implicit method takes the difference approximationsat tk+1
The scheme is first order in t,The scheme is unconditionally stable.
Like the modified Euler method for ODEs, we can take ourdifference equations at tk+1/2 to increase the order of thescheme.
Next time - second order schemes. . .
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
FIRST ORDER METHODS FOR PARABOLIC PDES
The explicit method is the simplest method, taking thedifference approximations at tk.
The scheme is first order in t,The stability condition requires β ≤ 1/2.
The implicit method takes the difference approximationsat tk+1
The scheme is first order in t,The scheme is unconditionally stable.
Like the modified Euler method for ODEs, we can take ourdifference equations at tk+1/2 to increase the order of thescheme.
Next time - second order schemes. . .
Dr. Johnson MATH65241
university-logo
ReviewParabolic PDEs
Summary
FIRST ORDER METHODS FOR PARABOLIC PDES
The explicit method is the simplest method, taking thedifference approximations at tk.
The scheme is first order in t,The stability condition requires β ≤ 1/2.
The implicit method takes the difference approximationsat tk+1
The scheme is first order in t,The scheme is unconditionally stable.
Like the modified Euler method for ODEs, we can take ourdifference equations at tk+1/2 to increase the order of thescheme.
Next time - second order schemes. . .
Dr. Johnson MATH65241