healthy community desi gn toolkit healthy community design - general plan toolkit background one of...
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Healthy Community Desi gn Toolkit
General Plan UpdatesHealthy Community Design Collaborative
APA AZ MAC21 Project
2012
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Table of ContentsHEALTHY COMMUNITY DESIGN – GENERAL PLAN TOOLKIT 1 NEIGHBORHOODS – THE BASIC COMMUNITY BUILDING BLOCK 2USING THIS TOOLKIT 3REVIEWING THE GENERAL PLAN 6 Community Vision 6 Arizona General Plan Requirements (ARS 9-461-05) 7 Public Participation Process (ARS 9-461-06) 7 Participation 9INCORPORATING HEALTHY COMMUNITY DESIGN POLICIES 9
A. Land Use Element: Growth Area Element 10
B. Neighborhood Preservation and Redevelopment Element; Housing Element; Conservation, Rehabilitation and Redevelopment Element 12 C. Circulation Element; Bicycle Element 14 D. Recreation Element; Open Space Element 16 E. Environmental Planning Element, Conservation Element 17
F. Energy Element 18 G. Safety Element 19 H. Water Resources Element 20 I. Cost of Development Element 20 J. Public Buildings and Services 21 K. Healthy Eating Active Lifestyle Element 22 L. Organizational Policies 24RESOURCE GUIDE 25PUBLICATIONS 25WEBSITES 28NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 29TOOLS AND TOOLKITS 30WEBINARS 31FACT SHEETS AND TALKING POINTS 32CHRONIC DISEASE DATA 34GLOSSARY OF TERMS 35GENERAL PLAN CHECKLIST 37
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Healthy Community Design - General Plan ToolkitBackgroundOneofthetoolsthatplannersandpublichealthofficialswhowishtolaythegroundworkforcreatinghealthiercommunitieshaveattheirdisposalaregeneralplans.ThegeneralplanistheprimarylandusepolicydocumentforcommunitiesinArizonaandStateStatuterequiresanupdateevery10years.
Generalplanscanbetoolstohelpguidedevelopment,andthegeneralplanningprocesscanbeaneffectiveforuminwhichlocalgovernmentsandorganizationscanfacilitatethenewpartnershiplinkingthedesignofthephysicalenvironmentandhealthylifestyles.Still,theseareonlypartofalong-termstrategyforincorporatinghealthconsiderationsintoplanninganddevelopment.Forexample,concernforcommunityfunctionatthemoredetailedneighborhoodscale-themosteffectiveenvironmentforlivablecommunityadvocaciestointeract-isoftenneglected.
Thistoolkitprovidesnotonlyadviceonhowtoincludehealth-supportingpolicyingeneralplansbutalsostrategiesforinstitutionalizinginterdisciplinarypartnershipsandensuringthatimplementationstrategiesareembeddedinthesepoliciesfromthebeginning.
Thistoolkitprovidesuserswithalogicalprogressionofstepsthatcanbuildupononeanother,withoutmandatingafixedentrypoint.Itisorganizedaroundaprocessofengagement,frombuildingrelationshipsandassessingexistingconditionstocreatingandultimatelyimplementingpolicylanguage.
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Neighborhoods: The Basic Community Building BlockInthebestdesignedneighborhoods,residentsliveinanidentifiablecommunity;recognizeoneanotherandcountfriendsandfamilyamongtheirneighbors.Theyhaveasenseofconcernandresponsibilityfortheneighborhoodanditspeoplethatisoftentranslatedintoaction.Theyliveinhomessurroundinganeighborhoodcenterwheretheelementaryschoolistheprincipalanchor,andwhereotherfacilitiescanclustertoprovideaneasilyaccessibleassemblyoffacilities--acommunitycenter,smallshops,medicalservices,recreationopportunities,andconnectiontopublictransit.
Beneficialimpactstosuchneighborhoodsoccurwhen:
• Theelementary/middleschoolsiteisthecentralplace.Whereinadditiontoitseducationalrole,humanserviceagencystaffscancollaboratetoaddressneedsofthecommunity.Residentsarewelcometousethegym,recreationalfields,auditorium,libraryandmeetingrooms.
• Accessibilityandconvenienceisoptimizedbyputtingmostofthehousinginhigherdensitydevelopments--mixeduse,condominium,townhomes-adjacenttoandwithineasywalkingorbikingdistance(1/4mile)totheneighborhoodcenter.
• Housingoptionsexistforpeopleindifferentstagesoflifeandincomelevels;affordablehousingforstarters,conventionalhousingtoaccommodategrowingfamilyneedsandcapacities,andlargerlothousingforthosehavelivedintheneighborhoodandwouldlikemorecommodiousaccommodations.Longtermsustainabilityofthecommunitymakeupissupportedbythisdiversechoiceofhousing,encouragingfamiliestomaintaincommunityidentityandcontinuedassociations.
• Pathwaysforpedestriansandbicyclistsprovidesafe,convenientaccessfromhomestotheneighborhoodfacilities,therebyencouragingamorehealthful,physicallyactivelifestyleandallayingtheneedfortheautomobileforshortneighborhoodtrips.
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Using the Toolkit
The Engaged Particpant/Resident PlannerTheinformationincludedinthishighlightedsectionisspecificallyincludedasbackgroundinformationfortheResidentPlanner.BecomingfamiliarwiththecurrentplanandthepublicparticipationprocessaswellasgettingtoknowthelocalplanningstaffareimportantstepstosuccessfullyparticipateintheGeneralPlanUpdateprocess.Don’tfeeltheneedtoreviewtheentireplanifthereisaspecificinterestinafocustopic–thetoolkitisdesignedtomakeiteasytofocusonaspecifictopicortopics.
Review the Local PlanTaketimetoreadthesectionsoftheArizonaRevisedStatutes(ARS)thatidentifytherequirementsforGeneralPlansforcitiesandtowns(ARS9-461.05)andComprehensivePlans(ARS11.804)forcounties.Dependingonthesizeofthejurisdiction,differentrequirementsareinplacerelatingtoelementstobeincludedintheGeneralPlanortheComprehensivePlan.Ifquestionsarise,pleasecontactyourlocalplanningdepartment.
Plan FormatElementsor–“chapters”addressingspecificcommunitytopicsareincorporatedasrequiredbyArizonaRevisedStatutes.SomecommunitieslisttheelementsasspecificallysetforthinStateStatutewhileothercommunitiesgroupelementsbycategoriesorthemes(SeeCity of Avondale Draft General Plan update).Oneapproachisnotnecessarilybetterthantheotheraslongasalloftheprescribedelementsareaddressed.
Getacopyofyourcommunity’s(town,city,county)“Plan”andifthereistimetoreviewtheentiredocument,becomefamiliarwiththeupdate/amendmentprocessandhowtheplanisformatted.MostcommunityPlansareavailableonthecommunity’swebsite.
How to Contact Your Local GovernmentWho to contact• PlanningDepartment• PlanningCommission• City/TownCouncilorBoardofSupervisors
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Prepare to EngageSchedule a Meeting• PrepareanAgenda• CreateTalkingPoints• EnjoytheProcess
Support Materials • BriefingPaper/TalkingPoints• PowerPointPresentation(s)• Education/TrainingMaterials
Tips for SuccessUnderstandingthefollowingconceptswillprovideagreatlaunchingpadforsuccess.
Healthy Community Talking PointsAsanincreasingnumberofAmericanssufferfromchronicdiseaseslikeobesity,diabetes,heartdisease,andasthma,researchshowsthatthebuiltenvironment–thewayAmericancitiesandtownsaredeveloped–contributestotheepidemicratesofthesediseases.Considerthefollowing:• Placesbuiltexclusivelyforautomobiles,wherewalkingandbikingarenotonlychallengingbut
frequentlydangerous• Neighborhoodsknownas“fooddeserts”becauseitissodifficulttobuyfreshfruitsand
vegetables• Neglected,garbage-strewnstreetsthatcontributetoviolenceandmentaldistress• Housingthatpromotesasthmaandotherrespiratorydiseasesbecauseitispoorlymaintained
orlocatednearfreewaysandotherpollutionsources
Since1980,thenumberofobeseAmericanshasdoubledtomorethanone-thirdofthepopulation,andtheprevalenceoftype2diabeteshasdoubled.Theasthmarateamongchildrenhasmorethandoubled.Basedoncurrentobesitytrends,forthefirsttimeinAmericanhistory,childrenarenotpredictedtoliveaslongastheirparents.
Design of the Built EnvironmentHealthyCommunityissueslikeasthmaandobesityarelinkedtothebuiltenvironmentthroughnumerouspathways.IntheU.S.,anaverageof16%ofchildrenand66%ofadultsareoverweightorobese.Obesityisadiseasethatisalsolinkedtochronichealthconditionslikeheartdisease,highbloodpressure,cancer,stroke,andtype2diabetes.Indeed,ratesoftype2diabeteshavesignificantlyriseninrecentdecades;this,coupledwithalackofadequatehealthinsurancecoverageoraccesstohealthcareingeneral,placesadditionalburdensonfamiliesandhouseholds.
ObesityintheUnitedStatescanbeattributedtomultiplefactors,andisconsistentlylinkedtoalackofopportunitiesforphysicalactivityintheneighborhoodcontext.Opportunitiesfor
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physicalactivitycandependonneighborhoodconnectivity,theamountofairpollutioninanarea,streetsafety,wealthandsocialcohesion.
Toolkit Structure and ResourcesInArizona,citiesandtownprepare“GeneralPlans”andcountiesprepare“ComprehensivePlans.”ThroughouttheToolkit,theterms“generalplan”and“plan”willbeusedanditshouldbeunderstoodthatinmostcasesthatthetermalsoreferences“comprehensiveplans”exceptincertaininstanceswherespecificdifferencesexistinStateStatute.Forexample,countiesarenotrequiredtogetvoterapprovalforacomprehensiveplanandtherearedifferencesbetweentheelementsrequiredforcitiesandtownsandtheelementsrequiredforcounties.
Pleaseusethechecklistidentifiedforeachoftheplanelementsasaguideforidentifyingwhatkeyareasshouldbeaddressed.AGeneralPlanChecklistisincludedintheAppendixandisacompilationofthevariouschecklistsincludedthroughoutthetoolkit.
Chronic Diseases Associated with Design of the Built Environment
Disease National Arizona MaricopaCountyObesity-Adult 33.8%(2010) 24.3%(2010) 22.0-26.2%(2008)Obesity-Children 17%(2-19yr)(2010) 14.6%(2-5yrold)
(2008)
30.6%(10-14yrold)(2007)
Diabetes(Type1&2) 8.3%(2011) n/a 7.4-8.3%(2008)
HeartDisease 428/100,000(2006) 338/100,000(2006) 356/100,000(2006)Asthma Adult8.2%(2009);
Child(0-17yrold)9.6%(2009)
(See resource guide for additional detail)
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REVIEWING THE GENERAL PLANTheGeneralPlanisthe“CommunityVision”andassuchshouldincludeavisionstatement.ReviewthevisionstatementinthecommunityGeneralPlantodeterminewhetherit,orthegeneraldiscussionrelatingtothevisionstatementmakesreferenceto“healthyliving”,“healthylifestyle”,orsomeotherterminologythatreferences“residenthealth”.
COMMUNITY VISIONSample Vision Statement: “Thiscommunityiscommittedtopromotingthehealthandwell-beingofallitsresidents.Westrivetobeanactive,inclusive,andresponsivecity/county,wherehealthyhabitsareencouragedratherthandiscouragedbytheenvironmentswebuild.Achievingthisvisionrequiresacknowledgingpreviouslyignoredlinksbetweenbuiltenvironmentsandhealth,particularlytheinfluencethatpatternsoflanduse,density,transportationstrategies,andstreetdesignhaveonchronicdiseasesandhealthdisparities.”Source:AvondaleGeneralPlan
ThefollowingareexcerptsfromthedraftoftheCityofAvondaleGeneralPlanUpdateVisionStatementandGuidingPrinciples.Forthepurposesofthissection,onlytheportionsoftheVisionStatementandtheGuidingPrinciplesthatspecificallyaddresshealthylifestyleareincluded.ThefulltextoftheAvondaleGPUpdateisavailableathttp://az-avondale.civicplus.com/index.aspx?NID=1353.
Avondale Vision Statement“Acityofvariety,vitalityandvalues,whosecitizenspursueanactiveroleinmoldingagreatplacetolive,work,andplay,inamannerrespectfuloftheCity’srichhistory,growingculture,andinvaluablenaturalresources.
“Thefoundationforthisvisionisbasedonthefollowingprinciples:• Agreatplacetolive,work,andplaywherepeoplesharethevaluesofahealthycommunityand
respectforindividuals.”
Avondale Guiding Principles“Thefollowingprinciplesareintendedtoclarifytheintentofthesharedvisionstatementandestablishthecontextforthelandusecategories,goals,objectives,andimplementationstrategiesforeachoftheelements.
“Theprinciplesaregroupedinsevencategoriesthatarosefromthevisioningprocess.• HealthyCommunity:Weflourishasacommunitybycaringabouteveryone’sneeds,supporting
effortstoreachourfullpotential,fosteringhealthyandresilientindividuals,andvaluingourcommunity’suniquelifestyleandcharacter.”
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ARIZONA GENERAL PLAN REQUIREMENTS (ARS 9-461-05)
ArizonaStateStatuterequiresthataGeneralPlancontainaprescribedsetof“elements”orchapters.Thenumberofelementsisdependentonthepopulationsizeofthecommunity.WhatfollowsareexamplesofGeneralPlanelementsandidentificationofgoalsandpoliciesthatcanbeincorporatedintotheGeneralPlantoaddresshealthycommunitydesign.
Dependingoncommunitysize(RefertoARS9-461-05GeneralPlans)GeneralPlansarerequiredtoincludesomeorallofthefollowingelements:
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS (ARS 9-461-06)
TheArizonaRevisedStatutesrequirethateverycommunityprepareaPublicParticipationPlanthatwillservetoguidetheGeneralPlanUpdate/AmendmentProcess.
“Adoptwrittenprocedurestoprovideeffective,earlyandcontinuouspublicparticipationinthedevelopmentandmajoramendmentofgeneralplansfromallgeographic,ethnicandeconomicareasofthemunicipality.”(ARS9-461-06)
ThePublicParticipationProcessidentifiestheproceduresandpublicnotificationeffortsthat
Land UseCirculation
Open SpaceGrowth Area
Environmental PlanningCost of Development
Water ResourcesConservation
RecreationPublic Buildings and Services
HousingConservation, Rehabilitation and Redevelopment
SafetyBicycleEnergy
Neighborhood Preservation and Redevelopment
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shouldbeundertakeninthereviewoftheGeneralPlan.Itshouldpromoteneighborhoodmeetings,publicnotificationsandpublichearingsinordertoattractpublicopinionandactionasapartoftheSmartGrowthPrinciple,whichencouragescommunityandstakeholdercollaboration.
Goals for the Public Participation Process should include:• Obtainbroad-basedresident/citizenparticipationintheplanningprocess.• Provideinformationtothecitizensandgeneralpublicthroughouttheprocess.• Understandtheresidentattitudesandopinionsregardingthedirectionofgrowthand
development,keyissuesfacingthecommunity,andtheirhopesforthefutureofthecommunity.
• Keeptheupdate/amendmentprocessaccessibleandunderstandable.• Promoteintergovernmentalandinteragencycooperationandcollaboration.• MeettherequirementsofGrowingSmarterActasamendedthroughtheArizonaRevised
Statutes.• KeepthePlaninthepubliceyethroughouttheprocessandestablishprogramstoincrease
theirunderstandingoftheplanrecommendations.
Toensurethatthesegoalsarefollowed,acommunityshouldincludepoliciesaddressingpublicparticipationinlanduseanddevelopmentdecisions.
Public Participation Checklist VerifythatthecommunityhasanadoptedPublicParticipationPlanfortheGeneralPlan
Update/Amendmentprocess. Thecommunityhasadefinedpublicparticipationprogramwhichimplementsthe
adoptedPublicParticipationPlan.
Sample Policy Initiatives• Theparticipationofindividuals,organizations,andbusinessesinsupportingcommunity
healthandtheplanningprocessisencouraged.• Proponentsofdevelopmentorothermajorprojectsinthejurisdictionthatwillaffectthe
healthofthecommunityshouldinitiateearlyandfrequentcommunicationwithcommunityresidents.
• Localgovernmentagencies,includingplanningandpublichealth,willworkcollaborativelywithneighborhoodassociationsandothersimilarorganizationstoaddresshealthissuesofconcerninneighborhoods.
• Regularupdateswillbeprovidedregardingtheprogressofgeneralplanimplementationandotherplanning-relatedactivitiesthroughavarietyofmechanisms,suchasthecitywebsite,flyersinutilitybills,orlocalnewspapers.
• Ayearlytownhalltypemeetingwillprovideregularupdatesonmajorcity/countyactivitiesandtheextenttowhichthecity/countyismeetingtheguidingprinciplesestablishedinthegeneralplan,includingthoserelatedtohealth.
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INCORPORATING HEALTHY COMMUNITY DESIGN POLICIESIssuesrelatingtoHealthyCommunityDesigncanpotentiallybeaddressedineveryelementofaGeneralPlan.ThisapproachwasusedbytheCityofAvondaleintheAvondaleGeneralPlanUpdate.AnalternativeapproachusedbycommunitiesinCaliforniaaswellasbytheCityofSurprise,istoprepareastand-aloneelement(a“healthycommunity”elementiscurrentlynotrequiredinArizona)thataddresseshealthycommunitydesigninoneprimarylocationintheGeneralPlan.ItisnottheintentofthisToolkittorecommendoneapproachovertheother,butrathertoprovidethebasiccomponentsofhowacommunitycanincorporatecommunitydesignintoitsGeneralPlan.
Thefollowingisalistofpoliciescategorizedbyindividualelementsorinsomecasesagroupingofrelatedelements.Thepoliciesincludedareexamplesonlyandcanbeusedaswrittenorasastartingpointforpoliciesthataremorefocusedontheissuesinaspecificcommunity.Thelistofpoliciesisfarfromexhaustive,butasampleofsomeofthemostcommonlyusedhealthycommunitydesignpolicies.
Atthebeginningofeachseriesofpoliciesthereisachecklistwhichcanbeusedtodetermine
whethertheexistingorproposedpoliciesforinclusioninaGeneralPlanUpdatereflectthedesiredoutcomestohealthycommunitydesignasidentifiedbyacommunityduringthepublicparticipationprocess.
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A. Land Use Element; Growth Area Element
ChecklistTheGeneralPlanaddresses: Aprovisionformixed-usedevelopment Increasesinresidentialdensitiesintargetedareas(TODandinfill
development) Connectivityofneighborhoodsanddiverselanduses Walkabilityandpedestrianinfrastructureandamenities Bikeabilityandbicycleinfrastructureandamenities Considerationfortheprovisionofopportunitiesforcommunitygardens,
farmers’marketsandurbanagriculture Accessibilitytohealthyfood Inclusionofdesignstandardsthatencouragewalkableneighborhoods
Example PoliciesWalkabilityandConnectivitySetawalkabilitystandard(e.g.,¼to½mile)forresidentaccesstoneighborhoodservices,retailneeds,andthenearesttransitstops• Adoptmixed-useresidential,commercial,andofficezoningwhereappropriatetoencourage
walkability.• Workwithschooldistrictstoencouragewalkableschoolsites;encouragereuseofexisting
schoolsites;worktodevelopaproximitystandardforstudent’saccesstoschoolfacilities(e.g.,½to1mile).
• Adoptdensityminimumsforresidential,commercial,andretaildevelopmenttoensuredevelopmentthatsupportstransitfriendlyaswellaswalkableenvironments.
• Conductwalkabilityandbikeabilityauditstoidentifyopportunitiesandneeds• Conductwalkabilityandbikeabilityauditstoidentifyinconvenientordangerousroutesand
prioritizeinfrastructureimprovementsincommunitieswiththemostneed.• WorkwithlocalschooldistrictstoadoptSafeRoutestoSchoolPrograms• Ensurethatpedestrianroutesandsidewalksareintegratedintocontinuousnetworks.• Encourageblocksizelimitsthatareconducivetowalking.• Encourageappropriatelocationofkeycommunitydestinationstoincreaseconnectivityfor
pedestriansandbicyclists.• Identifyandimplementlandusepatternsthatareconducivetoconnectivityforpedestrians
andbicyclists.
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GrowthManagement• Encourage,andwhenappropriate,provideincentivesforinfilldevelopment.• Promotewalkabilityandpublictransitbyencouragingmixed-use,higher-density
developmentclosetocommunityamenities.• Promoteefficientgrowthinexistingurbanareasandprotectionofopenspace.• Participateinongoingmulti-jurisdictionalregionaltransportationplanningefforts.• Encouragearangeofhousingtypesthatmeetthediverseneedsofthecommunity.• Maintainhigh-qualityfacilitiesandinfrastructuretoservediversecommunityneeds.• Requirenewdevelopmenttopaycostsattributabletothatdevelopmentincludingimpacts
on:localstreets;localandregionaltransportationsystems;andpublicfacilitiessuchasparksandrecreation,schoolsandemergencyservices.
UrbanAgricultureandAccesstoHealthyFood• Encouragetheuseofvacantlotsforcommunitygardens.• Allowcommunitygardensasapermitteduseinallzonesandpreparespecific“community
garden”zoningregulations.• Identifyandinventorypotentialcommunitygarden/urbanfarmsitesonexistingparks,public
easementsandright-of-ways,andschoolsites.• Considerestablishingcommunitygardenstandard(e.g.,atleastonecommunitygardenfor
every2,500households).• Providecommunityeducationregardinggardening,composting,orsupportacommunity-
basedorganizationtodoso;prioritizeclassesinneighborhoodsthatlackaccesstohealthyfoodsand/orgreenspace.
• Identifyappropriatesitesforfarmers’markets(e.g.,publicspaces,cityparks)anddrop-offsitesforCommunity-SupportedAgriculture(CSA)(directmarketingbetweenfarmersandconsumers)–LocalCHOWLocallyPrograms.
• Preparespecificzoningregulationsforfarmers’marketsandCSAs.• Workwithlocaltransitagenciestoensurethatbusroutesprovideservicefrom
underservedneighborhoodstohealthyfoodretailoutlets.• Linkeffortstoprotectlocalfarmlandwiththedevelopmentofdiversemarketsforlocal
grownfood.• Workwithlocalfoodproducerstoprovideoptions/incentivestoprotectagriculturalland
fromurbandevelopment.• Supportstrategiesthatcapitalizeonthemutualbenefitofconnectionsbetweenrural
economiesasfoodproducersandurbaneconomiesasprocessorsandconsumers.• Providehigher-densityandinfillmixed-usedevelopmentaffordabletoallincomesonvacant
andunderutilizedparcelsthroughoutthecommunity.
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B. Neighborhood Preservation and Redevelopment Element; Housing Element; Conservation, Rehabilitation and Redevelopment Element
ChecklistTheGeneralPlanaddresses: Neighborhoodconnectivityforaccesstobothinternalandexternaluses Neighborhoodwalkabilityandbikeability Provisioningofpublicspacesavailabletoeveryneighborhood Joint-useofneighborhoodamenitiessuchasschoolsandparks Considerationofincentivesfortheprovisionofhealthyfoodinunderserved
neighborhoods Provisionofsafeandhealthyhousingforallresident Provisionofadiversemixofhousingunits/typesthroughoutthecommunity
Example PoliciesWalkabilityandPublicSpaces• Pursuejoint-useagreementstosharefacilitieswithschools,especiallyinneighborhoodsthat
sufferadisproportionatelackofrecreationalfacilities.• Identifyopportunitiestoincreaseacreageoftotalrecreationalareas(e.g.,convertold
railroadright-of-waystobicycletrails,utilizepubliceasementsforcommunitygardens,prioritizenewparksinunderservedorlow-incomecommunities).
• Prioritizethedevelopmentofsafe,well-maintainedwalkingroutesbothinternalandexternaltotheneighborhood.
• Establishandfundahighlevelofservicestandardsforparks(e.g.,cleanliness,lighting).• Prioritizehealthyfooddevelopmentincentivesinneighborhoodswithahighratioof
convenience,fastfood,andliquorstores.• Considerlimitingthenumberorconcentrationof“formula”restaurantsviazoning
ordinance.• Banorlimitdrive-throughfoodoutlets,orthosewithincertaingeographicareas(e.g.,
neighborhoodsidentifiedasfooddeserts;proximitytoschools).• Balancecommercialandresidentialdevelopment(jobsandhousing)toreducethenumber
ofpeoplewhomustcommutealongdistancetowork.• Prioritizecommercial/economicdevelopmentstrategiesthatmatchjobstoexisting
residents’skillsandemploymentneeds.• Promotelocal-servingretailandpublicamenitiesatkeylocationswithinresidential
neighborhoods.
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NeighborhoodSafety• Supportcommunitypolicing,neighborhoodwatch,andwalking/bikingpolicepatrolsthat
engagecommunityresidents.• AdoptstreetdesignguidelinesthatincorporatestrategiesforCrimePreventionThrough
EnvironmentalDesign(CPTED)andSafeScapePrincipleswithoutcreatingbarriersthatdisconnectneighborhoods.
• Considerlimitingapprovalsofnewliquorlicensesintargetneighborhoods.• Utilizenuisanceenforcementtocloseliquorstoresthatfailtooperateinawaythatupholds
communityhealth,safety,andwelfare.• Pursueagraffitiabatementprogramtocleanupresidentialandcommercialproperties.• Encourageprivatelandownerstomaintainandupgradetheirpropertyinneighborhoods,
commercialcorridorsandindustrialareas.• Protectviableneighborhoodsandcommercialareasfromadverseimpactsofvacantand
underutilizedsitesandblightedbuildingsandstructures.
HousingLocation,AffordabilityandDiversity• Strivetoeliminateresidentialsegregationandconcentrationsofpovertybypromoting
affordablehousingthatisintegratedintomixed-incomeneighborhoods(e.g.,adoptincentivesforlongtermaffordablehousing).
• Removeobstaclestocohousingandothernontraditionalhousingtypes(e.g.,zoningthatallows“grannyflat”oraccessorydwellingunits).
• Providearangeofhousetypesandaffordablehousingunitswithinwalkingdistanceofschoolsandothercommunityfacilities(libraries,transitcenters,communitycenters,healthclinicsandsimilarfacilities).
• Maintainneighborhoodcontinuitybyencouragingaccesstonewaffordablehousingdevelopmentsforexistingresidents.
• Supporthealthyaginginplaceandchildhooddevelopmentbypromotingsafe,“complete”streetsandarangeofhousingtypesandaffordabilitywithinneighborhoods.
• Maintaintheavailabilityofanadequatesupplyofqualityhousingunitstomeettheneedsofallincomelevelsandcontinuetoencouragedevelopmentofadditionalqualityandaffordablehousingunits.
• Supportandencouragedevelopmentofarangeofhousingtypesthatmeettheneedsofabroadrangeofpopulationgroupsincludingseniors,largeandsmallfamilies,lowandmiddle-incomehouseholdsandpeopleofallabilities.
• Promotemixed-incomedevelopmentandarangeofaffordablehousingoptionsinallneighborhoods(e.g.,LandTrusts,cohousingandsupportivehousing).
• Protectpublichealthandsafetyinallaffordablehousingunitswithinthecommunitywhetherprivatelyorpublic/non-profitownedandmanaged.
• Supportdevelopmentandrehabilitationofhomestoprotectchildrenandvulnerablepopulationsfromhousing-relatedhealthandsafetyhazards(e.g,lead-basedpaint;asbestos-containingmaterialsandotherdemonstratedhealthandsafetyconcerns).
• Encouragedevelopmentandrehabilitationofhealthyhomesthataddresshealthconcernsincludingleadbasedpaintmitigation,moldandmoisturereduction,dustcontrol,radonandcarbonmonoxidecontrol,indoorairqualityimprovement,integratedpestmanagement,andsmoke-freehousing.
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C. Circulation Element; Bicycle Element
ChecklistTheGeneralPlanaddresses: AdoptionofaCompleteStreetsPolicy SafeRoutestoSchoolPrograms TransitOrientedDevelopment(TOD) Transportationinfrastructurethatprovidesforaninterconnectedsystem
throughoutthecommunity/regionthatservesallresidentsandminimizes/mitigatesimpactsonneighborhoods
ActionPlanforBicycleFriendlyCommunities
Example PoliciesPhysicalEnvironmentDesign• Establishdesignguidelinesand/orlevelofservicestandardsforarangeofusers,including
accessforthedisabledandbicyclists.• IncorporatetheCompleteStreetselementsastheguidingprinciplesforacommunitybased
CompleteStreetsPolicy.• EncourageinvestmentinCompleteStreets.• Developandimplementstreetdesignguidelinesthatcreatewalkable,pleasantenvironments.• Identifystreettreesasanimportanttechniqueforstress-andcrime-reduction.• Adoptuniversaldesignprinciplesthataddressfacilitiessuchassidewalks,lighting,rampsfor
wheelchairsandbicycles,parkinginrearofbuildings,andwindowsthatfacethesidewalk/street.
• Usetrafficcalmingtechniquestoimprovestreetsafetyandaccess.• Requiretransportationengineerstomeetlevelofservicestandardsforpedestriansand
cyclistsinadditiontothoseestablishedforcars.• Requireadedicatedportionofthetransportationbudgettobeusedforpedestrianand
cyclistamenities.• Prioritizeattentiontomulti-modaltrafficaroundschools(potentialfundingavailablethrough
theADOTSafeRoutestoSchoolprogram).• Supplementfundingfor“completestreets”orSafeRoutestoSchoolprogramwith
additionalfundingmechanism(e.g.,portionofsalestax).• Requiredeveloperstobuildoptimalusefacilitiesforwalkers,bicyclists,andwheelchairsinall
newdevelopments.• Reduceparkingrequirementsfordevelopmentsthatlocateneartransit(e.g.,withina
quarter-mileofatransitstop)andthatincludewalking,biking,anddisabilityaccessfacilities.• Establishparkingmaximumrestrictionstodetervehicleuse.
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• Adoptroadwaydesignguidelinesthatenhancestreetconnectivity.• Adoptmixed-useresidential,commercial,andofficezoningwhereappropriatetoencourage
walkability.• Establishdensityminimumsforresidential,commercial,andretaildevelopmenttoensure
developmentthatsupportstransitandwalkableenvironments.• Buildandmaintainsafe,pleasantstreetsforwalkingandbicycling.• AdopttheBikeFriendlyCommunitiesProgramScorecardasaguideforthelocalbicycle
infrastructuresystem.
TransportationImprovements• Workwithregionalauthoritiestoimprovetransitservicelinkingresidentswithdestinations
(suchasjobsandretail),especiallyinunderservedneighborhoods.• Prioritizenewinfilldevelopmentneartransitnodes.• Supportbusinessdistrictsoutsideofcitycentersthatarewellservedbypublictransit.• Enhancesafetyandaccessibilityforpedestrians,bicyclistsandpublictransitriders.• Promotemixed-useurbanstreetsthatbalancepublictransit,walkingandbicyclingwith
othermodesoftravel.• Locatesensitiveuses,suchasschoolsandfamilyhousing,atleast500feetfromhighways• Plantruckroutesthatavoidneighborhoodsandschools.• Minimizethepollutionassociatedwithstop-and-gotrafficbyimplementingtrafficcalming
techniques(e.g.,replacingstoplights,stopsigns,andspeedbumpswithchicanes,narrowerstreets,ormodernroundabouts).
• Adoptapolicytopurchasefuel-efficient/low-emissionvehiclesforgovernmentfleet.• Incorporatetheuseofmultimodallevelofservicemeasuresintransportationdepartments.• Encourageuseofpedestrian/bicyclerouteanalysisaspartofsiteandbuildingconcept
development.• Encourageadoptionofpedestrian-friendlyvehicledesignstandards.• StrengthenSafeRoutestoSchoolprogramsandimproveinfrastructure.• Encourageuseofstreetdesignandfacilitiesthatincreasepedestrians’andbicyclists’safety
andcomfortlevels.• Encouragebicycleboulevards.• Encourageuseofsignage,maps,andotherwayfindingmethodsforpedestriansandbicyclists.• Promotewalkingandbicyclingasasafeandconvenientmodeoftransportationandan
opportunitytoencourageanactivelifestyle.
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D. Recreation Element; Open Space Element
ChecklistTheGeneralPlanaddresses: PreparationofaHealthyLifestylePlanthatincludesaparksandopen
spacemasterplan,trailsmasterplan,andothercomponentsthatcontributetoahealthylifestyle
Walkabilitystandardsforaccesstoparks/recreationalareas Recreationalprogramsthataddresstheneedsandculturesofcommunity
residents
Example PoliciesActiveLifestyle• Preparea“ActiveLifestylePlan”thatprovidesacomprehensiveandintegratedsystemof
parks,plazas,playgrounds,trailsandopenspaceandprovidesconnectivitywithcommunityamenitiessuchasschools,librariesandotherculturalamenities.
• Implementwalkabilityandlevelofservicestandardsforparksandrecreationareas.• Setawalkabilitystandard(e.g.,¼to½mile)forresidents’accesstorecreationalfacilities.• Continuetoprovideadiverserangeofparktypes,functionsandrecreationalopportunities
tomeetthephysicalandsocialneedsofallresidents.• Expandandtailorrecreationalprogramsandservicestomeetevolvingcommunityneeds.• Providearangeofqualityrecreationalfacilitiesthatarewellmaintained,haveadequate
lighting,signage,hoursofoperationandrepresentthemulti-ethnicandmulticulturalneedsofthecommunity.
• Promotejointusefacilitiesthatpermitaccesstonon-jurisdictionaloperatedparksandrecreationalfacilities.
• Protectvisitorstoparksandrecreationalfacilitiesfromexposuretostructuralandsafetyhazards,crimeandotherhuman-inducedincidents.
• Promoteparkandfacilitydesignthatdiscouragesvandalism,deterscrime,providesnaturalsurveillanceandcreatesasafeandcomfortableenvironment.
• Improveaccesstolarge-scalenaturalareassuchasnaturalpreserveareas.• Expandparkandrecreationopportunitiesinallneighborhoodsandensurethattheyare
providedwithincomfortablewalkingdistanceofhomes,schoolsandbusinessesinordertoencouragemorephysicallyandsociallyactivelifestyles.
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E. Environmental Planning Element, Conservation Element
ChecklistTheGeneralPlanaddresses: MitigationoftheUrbanHeatIslandEffect(UHI) Preparationofaclimateadaptationplan Strategiesforimprovingairquality Considerationsofgreenbuildingstrategiesandregulations IncorporationofLEEDbuildingstandardsforpublicbuildingsandforprivate
buildingsoveraspecificsize
Example PoliciesEnvironment• AddressmitigationoftheUrbanHeatIslandEffect(UHI)specificallyrelatingtotheimpacts
onthehealthofresidents.• ExaminethepotentiallongtermimpactsofClimateChangeandprepareaclimate
adaptationplan.• Addressenvironmentaljusticeissuesforbothexistingdevelopmentandfornew
development.
AirQuality• Supportregionalpoliciesandeffortsthatimproveairqualitytoprotecthumanand
environmentalhealthandminimizedisproportionateimpactsonsensitivepopulationgroups.• Prepareatreeplantingplanthatfocusesonprotectinganddevelopingtreecoveras
apriorityforhelpingtoimproveairqualityandmitigatetheUrbanHeatIslandEffect(UHI).
• Prioritizetheuseofnaturalfiltrationtoreducetheareasofimpermeablehardscapes.• Continuecraftingpoliciesthatreduceexposuretoharmfuleffectsofsecond-hand
smokeinindoorandoutdoorareas.• Identifyimprovingindoorairqualityasacommunitypriority.• Explorethefeasibilityofnewordinancesthatwouldeliminateexposuretosecondhand
smokebycreatingsmoke-freeenvironmentsforallworkplacesandmulti-unithousing.
GreenBuilding• Updatethebuildingcodetosupportcompliancewith“greenbuilding”practices.• Providefast-trackpermittingforprojectsthatimplement“greenbuilding”designand
construction.• Encourageorrequireallnewbuildingconstructiontoincorporategreenroofs.
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• Encourageconversionsofexistingroofspacetogreenroofs,toreduceheatislandeffectandmitigatecontaminatedwaterdrainageintostreams.
• Developstandardsforapprovingrainwaterharvestingsystems.• Fosterthegrowthofenvironmentallyfriendlyagriculturalbusinessandindustryby
encouragingsustainablepracticessuchasorganicfarming.• Promotegreenbuildingpracticesthatsupport“healthyhomes”.• Promotegreenbuildingpracticesthatpositivelybenefitat-riskpopulations.
Conservation• Continuetoworkwiththeappropriatelocal,state,andfederalagenciestopromotethe
clean-upandreuseofcontaminatedsitestoprotecthumanandenvironmentalhealth.• Workwithpublicandprivatelandownerstoprotectnaturalhabitatandbiodiversity
andpreservebiologicalresources.• Workwithregulatoryagenciestomonitorandenforcenoisestandardsinthe
community.
F. Energy Element
ChecklistTheGeneralPlanaddresses: Facilitatingthedevelopmentofdistributiveenergygeneration Developingaplanforreducingthecommunitycarbonfootprint Developinggreeninfrastructurestandardsfornewandretrofitstreet
projects ConsiderationofprovidingincentivesforNetZeroDevelopment(NZD)
Example PoliciesEnergyUse• Worktowardreducingtheoverallenergycarbonfootprintfromresidential,industrial,
transportationandcityoperations.• Requireenergyandresourceefficientbuildingsandlandscapinginallpublicandprivate
developmentprojects.• Encouragetheuseofgreenandsustainabledevelopmentstandardsandpracticesin
planning,design,constructionandrenovationofpublicfacilities.• Promotetheuseofgreenstreetsthatincorporateextensivelandscaping,pervious
surfacesandnativeplantings.• EncouragenewdevelopmentandredevelopmentprojectstobeLEED-certified(or
similar)greenbuildings;andpromoteecologically-sensitiveapproachestolandscaping.
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• Adoptinggreenstandardsandpracticeswillimprovethequalityofthebuiltenvironment,reduceenvironmentalimpactsandsupporteconomicdevelopmentgoalsforcreatingagreeneconomy.
• Developgreeninfrastructurestandardsthatrelyonnaturalprocessesforstormwaterdrainage,groundwaterrechargeandfloodmanagement.
• Promotethegeneration,transmissionanduseofarangeofrenewableenergysourcessuchassolarandwindpowertomeetcurrentandfuturedemand.
• Encouragenewdevelopmentandredevelopmentprojectstogeneratetheirenergyneedsthroughon-siterenewablesources(NetZeroDevelopment).
• Encouragethedevelopmentofdistributiveenergygenerationasacomponentofnewdevelopment.
• Identifyopportunitiesforinstallationofdistributiveenergygenerationfacilitiesinexistingdevelopment.
• Encouragetheuseofavailableclimate-friendliervehiclesandequipmenttoreduceenergyuseandcarbonemissionsandsupporttheuseoflow-emissionorrenewablefuelvehiclesbyresidentsandbusinesses,publicagenciesandCitygovernment.
G. Safety Element
ChecklistTheGeneralPlanaddresses: Neighborhoodpolicingtoreducedemandforpoliceservicesandencourageinteractionamongtheresidentsofcontiguousneighborhoods
Example Policies• Promoteactiveuseofpublicspacesinneighborhoodsandcommercialareasatalltimesofday
toprovide“eyes-on-the-street”.• Minimizethefloodhazardriskstopeople,propertyandtheenvironment.• Requiresafeproduction,transportation,handling,useanddisposalofhazardousmaterialsthat
maycauseair,waterorsoilcontamination.• Encouragebestpracticesinhazardouswastemanagementandensureconsistencywithcity,
county.stateandfederalregulations.• Protectexistingandfutureneighborhoodsandnaturalresourcesfromaccidentaloccurrences
bycontrollingthelocationofnew,andtheexpansionof,hazardouswastefacilities.• Minimizethepotentialriskfromelectromagneticfieldsgeneratedbyelectricaldistribution
linesandmonitorongoingresearchtoevaluateandreducerisks.• Promotecrimepreventionstrategiesandprovideahighlevelofresponsetoincidents.
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• Provideahighlevelofpoliceandfireserviceinthecommunity.• Emphasizepreventionandawarenessoffiresafetyguidelinestominimizeriskandpotential
damagetolife,propertyandtheenvironment.
H. Water Resources Element
ChecklistTheGeneralPlanaddresses: Considerationofgreeninfrastructurestandardstoreducestormwater
runoffandrechargetheaquifer Encourageuseofgreywaterandon-siteharvestingofstormwaterrunoff
Example Policies• Workwithpublicandprivatepropertyownerstoreducestormwaterrunoffandfacilitatethe
rechargeofgroundwateraquifers.• Promotewaterconservationandrecycledwateruse.
I. Cost of Development Element
ChecklistTheGeneralPlanaddresses: Newdevelopmentrequiredtopayforthecostofdevelopment
Example Policies• Requirenewdevelopmenttoprovideproportionatefacilitiesandinfrastructure
improvementsasitoccurs.
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J. Public Buildings and Services
ChecklistTheGeneralPlanaddresses: Joint-useagreementswithotherpublicentities Whenappropriate,joint-useagreementswithprivateandnon-profitentities
Example PoliciesInvestmentinPublicFacilities• Investinimprovementstopublicfacilitiesthatprovidesocial,economicandcommunity
benefitsinunderservedneighborhoodsincluding:educationalfacilities,parks,playgrounds,librariesandcommunitycenters;streetscapeimprovementssuchaspedestrian-scalelighting,safepedestrianandbicycleroutes,landscapingandtrafficcalming;andprogramsforcommunitygardensandurbanagriculture.
• Maintainhigh-qualityfacilitiesandinfrastructuretoservediversecommunityneeds.• Continuetopromoteequitabledistributionofcommunityfacilitiesandinfrastructuretobe
locatednearresidentsinordertoserveasneighborhoodcentersandmaximizeuse.• Protectthequalityoflifeforresidents,businessesandvisitors.• Considerhealth,safetyandaestheticimpactsofsitingneworexistinginfrastructureand
utilitiesandensurethatimpactsandbenefitsarenotdisproportionatelydistributedtoanypartsofthejurisdiction.
• Developandsupportstrategiesandprogramsthatwillprovideuniversalaccesstofacilities,amenitiesandinfrastructure.
• Encouragejointuseorco-locationofpublicandprivatefacilitiestomaximizeeducational,culturalandrecreationalopportunities.
• Promoteflexibilityinthedesignandprogrammingofpublicfacilitiestoaccommodatechangingneedsandculturaldiversity.
• Encouragethepublicuseofpropertyownedandoperatedbylocalschooldistricts,othereducationalinstitutions,andprivatefacilitiestomaximizemultiplefunctions.
• Maintaininfrastructureandfacilities.
GreenInfrastructure• Promotegreenandsustainablepracticesandapproachesinplanning,design,construction,
renovationandmaintenanceofpublicfacilities.• Promoteecologically-sensitiveapproachesinlandscaping,stormwaterdrainage,groundwater
rechargeandfloodcontrol.
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NeighborhoodFacilitiesandCenters• Investinlocal-servingfacilitiestosupportrevitalizationofneighborhoodsandimprovethe
qualityoflifeforresidents.• Promotetheuseofcommunityfacilitiesasneighborhoodcenters.
K. Healthy Eating Active Lifestyle Element (ThiselementnotrequiredbyStateStatute)
ChecklistTheGeneralPlanaddresses: Limitationsonfastfoodrestaurants Considerationofincentivesforretailersprovidingaccesstohealthyfood Zoningregulationsthataccommodatecommunitygardens,farmers’markets
andurbanagriculture Walkabilitystandardsforaccesstohealthyfood Programstoidentifyopportunitiesforestablishingcommunitygardensand
farmersmarkets Programsthataddressfoodsecuritybyestablishingacomprehensivefood
programthatfocusesonalocalsystemforgrowing,transportinganddeliveringhealthyfood
ConsiderationoftheuseofHealthImpactAssessments(HIA)asatoolformeasuringthehealthyimpactsofpolicies,programs,andprojects
Example PoliciesSupportAccessibilitytoHealthyFood• Prepareafoodpolicyplanandestablishafoodpolicycouncil.• Enactsupportivelandusepolicies.• Considerlimitingthenumberorconcentrationof“fastfood”restaurantsviazoningordinance• Banorlimitdrive-throughfoodoutlets,orthosewithincertaingeographicareas(e.g.,within
500’ofaschool).• Identifyfastfoodrestaurants,liquor,andconveniencestoresas“conditionaluses”only;require
conditionalusereviewuponleaserenewaloratpointofbusinesssale.• Identifyaccesstoagrocerystoreasapriorityforeconomicdevelopment.• Establishawalkabilitystandard(e.g.,¼to½mile)foraccesstoretailers/sourcesoffresh
produce.• Assessandplanforlocalfoodprocessing/wholesaling/distributionfacilitiestoconnectlocal
agriculturetomarketssuchasretailers,restaurants,schools,hospitals,andotherinstitutions.• Promotetheavailabilityoffreshfruitsandvegetablesandqualityfoods,especiallyinlow-
incomeandunderservedneighborhoods.
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• Attractawiderangeofhealthyfoodsourcessuchasfull-servicegrocerystores,ethnicfoodmarkets,farmstands,communitygardens,edibleschoolyardsandfarmers’markets.
• Encourageconveniencestores,supermarkets,liquorstoresandneighborhoodandethnicmarketstocarryfreshproduce,meatsanddairy,100%juicesandwhole-grainproductsespeciallyinlow-incomeandunderservedneighborhoods.
• Supportsustainablelocalfoodsystemsincludingfarmer’smarkets,communitysupportedagriculture,urbanagriculture,federalfoodassistanceprogramsandhealthyfoodretailers.
FacilitateSiteIdentificationandDevelopmentforHealthyFoodGrowersandRetailers• Supportlocalagricultureonvacantlandandprovidelandforsmallfarmoperations.• Reclaimabandonedpropertiesforurbanagriculture.• Clean-upbrownfieldsandgreyfieldsaspotentialsitesforgrocerystoresinunderserved
neighborhoods.• Supportfarmers’markets,freshfoodstandsandcommunitygardenstosupplementthe
availabilityofhealthyfood.
NutritionPrograms• Encouragerestaurantstoservehealthyfoodsandworkwiththelocalhealthdepartmentto
providenutritionalinformationtocustomers.• Developandimplementaprogramtoencouragenewandexistingconveniencestores,
supermarkets,liquorstoresandneighborhoodandethnicmarketstostockfreshproduce,meatsanddairy,100%juicesandwhole-grainproducts.
• Developinformationthatassistsresidentsinevaluatingnutrition,sugar,saltandtrans-fatcontentoflocalfoodchoices.
• Developandadoptanordinancerequiringnutritionstandardsforvendingmachinebeveragesandsnackssoldonjurisdiction-ownedproperty.
• Increaseprofitmarginsbysellingtotraditionallynon-servedmarkets.
HealthyFoodIncentivePrograms• Providegrants,low-interestloans,andservicesasincentivesforprovidinghealthyfood.• Providefinancingsupportforlocalandregionalproducersthatprovidehealthyfoodaccess
tounderservedcommunities.• Linksmallretailerswithlocalfarmersandfarmers’markets.• Providebusinessdevelopmentandmarketingassistancetovendors.• Prioritizehealthyfooddevelopmentincentivesinareaswithahighratioofconvenience,fast
food,andliquorstores.• Utilizeexistingeconomicdevelopmentincentivesand/orcreatenewincentivestoencourage
storestosellfresh,healthyfoodssuchasproduceinunderservedareas(e.g.,taxbreaks,grantsandloans,conditionalusezoning,dedicatedassistancefundsforinfrastructureimprovementssuchasrefrigerationandsignage).
ActiveLifestyle• ConsiderpoliciesidentifiedfortheRecreationElementandOpenSpaceElement
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L. Organizational Policies
ChecklistTheGeneralPlanaddresses: Strategiesandrecommendationsforimplementation Implementationprogramthatidentifiesresponsibilitiesandimplementationtimelinesand
deadlines Establishesameasurementandannualreviewprocesstodetermineimplementation
success Flexibilitytoprovideforchangestoplanswhenneedsarise
Example Policies• StrengthentheCity’sinternalcapacitytosupportandimplementhealth-relatedpoliciesand
programs.• Partnerwithpublichealthprofessionals,community-basedorganizations,foundationsand
otherregionalagenciestobuildcapacityamongstaff,boardsandcommissionsandelectedofficialswithregardtohealthanditsrelationshipwiththedesignofthebuiltenvironment.
• Promotetheuseofhealthcriteriainreviewingandapprovingnewdevelopmentandredevelopmentprojectstomaximizetheirhealthbenefitsandminimizeoreliminatehealthimpacts.
• Supportongoingmonitoringandtrackingofhealthoutcomesandtheirrelationshipwithpoliciesandprograms.
• HealthImpactAssessments(HIA)shouldbeconsideredforuseforallprojects,programs,andpoliciesthathaveapotentialimpactonresidenthealth.
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RESOURCE GUIDEExamples of Healthy Community Design General PlanArizonaAvondaleGeneralPlanUpdatehttp://az-avondale.civicplus.com/index.aspx?NID=1353
SurpriseGeneralPlanUpdateHealth&SafetyElementhttp://www.surpriseaz.gov/index.aspx?NID=1632
CaliforniaRichmond,CACommunityHealthandWellnessElementhttp://www.cityofrichmondgeneralplan.org/docs.php?ogid=1000000647
SanFrancisco,CASanFranciscoParksandOpenSpaceElementhttp://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/General_Plan/I3_Rec_and_Open_Space.htm
OregonPortlandPlan,Portland,Oregonhttp://www.portlandonline.com/portlandplan/
PUBLICATIONSGeneral HOWTOCREATEANDIMPLEMENTHEALTHYGENERALPLANS–ATOOLKITFORBUILDINGHEALTHY,VIBRANTCOMMUNITIESPublicHealthLaw&Policyhttp://www.phlpnet.org/healthy-planning/create_implement_gp
HEALTHYPLANNINGPOLICIES–ACOMPENDIUMFORCALIFORNIAGENERALPLANSPUBLICHEALTHLAW&POLICYhttp://www.phlpnet.org/healthy-planning/products/healthy-planning-policies
GENERALPLANSANDZONING–ATOOLKITFORBUILDINGHEALTHY,VIBRANTCOMMUNITIESPublicHealthLaw&Policyhttp://www.phlpnet.org/healthy-planning/products/general-plans-and-zoning
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HEALTHYPLANNINGGUIDEPublicHealthLaw&Policyhttp://www.phlpnet.org/sites/phlpnet.org/files/BARHII_Healthy_Planning_Guide_FINAL_web_090821_0.pdf
INTEGRATINGPLANNINGANDPUBLICHEALTH–TOOLSANDSTRATEGIESTOCREATEHEALTHYPLACESAMERICANPLANNINGASSOCIATIONhttp://www.planning.org/
MULTIPLEPUBLICATIONSAVAILABLECenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention–DesigningandBuildingHealthyPlaceshttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/default.htm
TransportationGETTINGINVOLVEDINTRANSPORTATIONPLANNING–ANOVERVIEWFORPUBLICHEALTHADVOCATESPublicHealthLawandPolicywww.phlpnet.org
TRANSPORTATIONANDHEALTHY–POLICYINTERVENTIONSFORSAFER,HEALTHIERPEOPLEANDCOMMUNITIESPartnershipforPreventionhttp://www.prevent.org/Additional-Pages/Transportation-and-Health.aspx
KIDSWALKTOSCHOOL–IMPROVESTHEBUILTENVIRONMENTCenterforDiseaseControlandPreventionhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/kidswalk/
SAFEROUTESTOSCHOOLLOCALPOLICYGUIDESafeRoutestoSchoolNationalPartnershiphttp://www.saferoutespartnership.org/home
COMPLETESTREETSPOLICYANALYSIS2010NationalCompleteStreetsCoalitionwww.completestreets.org
MODELCOMPREHENSIVEPLANLANGUAGEONCOMPLETESTREETSNationalPolicyandLegalAnalysistoPreventChildhoodObesity–PublicHealthLaw&Policywww.nplan.orgorwww.phlpnet.org
HEALTHY,EQUITABLETRANSPORTATIONPOLICY-RECOMMENDATIONSANDRESEARCHPolicyLink;PreventionInstitute;ConvergencePartnershiphttp://www.convergencepartnership.org/site/c.fhLOK6PELmF/b.5327643/k.BF0B/Transportation_RX.htm
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ATTHEINTERSECTIONOFPUBLICHEALTHANDTRANSPORTATION–PROMOTINGHEALTHYTRANSPORTATIONPOLICYAmericanPublicHealthAssociationhttp://www.apha.org/NR/rdonlyres/0ECFA0F5-1C85-4323-A051-903513BE3B30/0/AttheIntersectionPHandTransportationNewCover.pdf
DANGEROUSBYDESIGN2011–SOLVINGTHEEPIDEMICOFPREVENTABLEPEDESTRIANDEATHSTransportationforAmericahttp://t4america.org/resources/dangerousbydesign2011/
Healthy Eating Acive LivingICMACOMMUNITYHEALTHANDFOODACCESS–THELOCALGOVERNMENTROLEhttp://icma.org/en/icma/knowledge_network/documents/kn/Document/7598/Community_Health_and_Food_Access_The_Local_Government_Role
HEALTHYFOOD,HEALTHYCOMMUNITIES–PROMISINGSTRATEGIESTOIMPROVEACCESSTOFRESH,HEALTHYFOODANDTRANSFORMCOMMUNITIESPolicyLinkwww.policylink.org
FASINFAT:HOWOBESITYTHREATENSAMERICASFUTURE2011TrustforAmerica’sHealthwww.healthyamericans.org
OBESITYANDITSRELATIONTOMORTALITYANDMORBIDITYCOSTSSocietyofActuarieshttp://www.soa.org/files/pdf/research-2011-obesity-relation-mortality.pdf
Joint-UseLIABILITYRISKSFORAFTER-HOURSUSEOFPUBLICSCHOOLPROPERTYTOREDUCEOBESITYNationalPolicyandLegalAnalysistoPreventChildhoodObesityhttp://www.nplanonline.org/nplan/products/liabilitysurvey
OPENINGSCHOOLGROUNDSTOTHECOMMUNITYAFTERHOURS-ATOOLKITFORINCREASINGPHYSICALACTIVITYTHROUGHJOINTUSEAGREEMENTSPublicHealthLawandPolicyhttp://www.phlpnet.org/healthy-planning/products/joint_use_toolkit
OPENINGSCHOOLPROPERTYAFTERHOURS-APRIMERONLIABILITYPublicHealthLawandPolicywww.nplan.orgorwww.phlpnet.org
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WEBSITESActiveLivingNetworkhttp://www.activeliving.org/
ActiveLivingByDesignhttp://www.activelivingbydesign.org/
AmericanPlanningAssociationCommunityHealthResearchCenterhttp://planning.org/research/publichealth/index.htmhttp://planninghealthycommunities.webs.com/
AmericanPublicHealthAssociationhttp://www.apha.org/
AmericanSocietyofLandscapeArchitectshttp://www.asla.org/livable.aspx
ArizonaHealthSurveyhttp://www.arizonahealthsurvey.org/
CenterforDiseaseControlandPreventionhttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/
ChildhoodObesity–RobertWoodJohnsonFoundationhttp://www.rwjf.org/childhoodobesity/
CompleteStreetshttp://www.completestreets.org/
DesignForHealthhttp://www.designforhealth.net/resources/internet.html
EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyhttp://www.epa.gov/agingepa/bhc/guide/
GrowingSmarter,LivingHealthier:AGuidetoSmartGrowthandActiveAginghttp://www.epa.gov/aging/bhc/guide/HealthImpactProjecthttp://www.healthimpactproject.org/
HealthyCitiesCampaignhttp://www.healcitiescampaign.org/general_plan.html
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HealthyCommunitieshttp://www.lgc.org/issues/healthycommunities.html
HealthyKids,HealthyCommunitieshttp://www.healthykidshealthycommunities.org/
LeagueofAmericanBicyclistshttp://www.bikeleague.org/index.php
LeagueofMichiganBicyclists–AdvocacyToolkithttp://www.lmb.org/index.php/Advocacy-Toolkit/Advocacy-Toolkit/
NationalPolicy&LegalAnalysisNetworktoPreventChildhoodObesityhttp://www.nplanonline.org/nplan/focus/community-environment
ParticipatinginthePlanningProcesshttp://www.phlpnet.org/healthy-planning/participating-planning-process
PolicyLinkhttp://www.policylink.org/
TrustforAmericasHealthwww.healthyamericans.org
WalkFriendlyCommunitieshttp://www.walkfriendly.org/index.cfm; http://www.walkinginfo.org/
WalkableandLivableCommunitieshttp://www.walklive.org/
NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSTheNationalAssociationofCityandCountyHealthOfficials(NACCHO)hasa“CommunityDesignandLandUseProgram”webportal,whichincludesfactsheets,profiles,aflowchartforcollaborationbetweenplannersandhealthdepartments,aplanning/healthjargonglossary,andotherresourceswww.naccho.org/topics/hpdp/Land_Use_Planning.cfm
TheU.S.GreenBuildingCouncilhaspublishedareport,“UnderstandingtheRelationshipBetweenPublicHealthandtheBuiltEnvironment”,whichcompilesextensiveresearchonthehealthimpactsofvariouslandusepatternsandtransportationdesigns.www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=1480
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DesignforHealthisacollaborationbetweentheUniversityofMinnesotaandBlueCrossandBlueShieldofMinnesotaaimingtoconnectlocalgovernmentswithnewresearchintothehealthinfluencesofbuiltenvironments.Thewebsiteincludesatechnicalassistancelibrary,factsheets,andcasestudies.www.designforhealth.net
ActiveLivingbyDesignisanationalprogramsponsoredbytheRobertWoodJohnsonFoundationandtheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHillSchoolofPublicHealth.Thewebsitecontainsusefulstatisticsandcasestudiesoneffortstopromotephysicalactivityviaenvironmentalchanges.www.activelivingbydesign.org
ActiveLivingResearchisanationalprogramsponsoredbytheRobertWoodJohnsonFoundationthatsupportsresearchtoexaminehowenvironmentsandpoliciesinfluenceactivelivingforchildrenandtheirfamilies.Thewebsiteincludesanonlineresearchdatabaseandpolicy-relatedcasestudies.www.activelivingresearch.org
TheCommunityFoodSecurityCoalitionprovidesinformationonfoodsystems,assessingfoodsecurity,andprotectinglocalproducesuppliers.www.foodsecurity.org
TOOLS AND TOOLKITSAARP–CompleteStreetsPolicyInventoryandEvaluationhttp://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/il/2009_02_streets_5.pdf
AARP–LivableCommunities:AnEvaluationGuidehttp://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/il/d18311_communities.pdf
CDCTransportationHealthImpactAssessmentToolkithttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/transportation/HIA_toolkit.htmChecklistforDevelopingaJointUseAgreement(JUA)www.phlpnet.org
CommunitySelf-Assessmenthttp://www.epa.gov/agingepa/bhc/guide/#assessment
(The)CommunityToolboxhttp://ctb.ku.edu/en/tablecontents/index.aspx
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HealthyCommunityDesign/LandUsePlanningToolboxhttp://www.naccho.org/topics/environmental/landuseplanning/index.cfm
HealthyDevelopmentMeasurementToolhttp://www.thehdmt.org/
LeadershipforHealthyCommunities-AdvancingPoliciestoSupportHealthyEatingandActiveLivingAction Strategies Toolkit - A Guide for Local and State Leaders Working to Create Healthy Communities and Prevent Childhood Obesity
LeadershipforHealthyCommunitieshttp://www.leadershipforhealthycommunities.org/
ModelDesignManualforLivingStreetshttp://www.modelstreetdesignmanual.com/
NACTOUrbanBikewayDesignGuideNationalAssociationofCityTransportationOfficials(NACTO)http://nacto.org/cities-for-cycling/design-guide/PortaltoVariousAssessment,Audit,andChecklistToolshttp://www.walkinginfo.org/problems/audits-general.cfm
TransportationandHealthToolkithttp://www.apha.org/advocacy/priorities/issues/transportation/Toolkit.htm
USDOT–BikeabilityChecklisthttp://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/pedbimot/bike/Bikeability/index.htm
WEBINARSThePowerofPolicy:ACost-EffectiveToolforImprovingPublicHealthhttp://www.apha.org/programs/cba/CBA/webinars/
UsingtheGeneralPlanUpdatetoAddressAccesstoPhysicalActivityandHealthyFoodhttp://www.healcitiescampaign.org/webinars.html
HealthyPeople,HealthyPlacesWebinarSerieshttp://www.convergencepartnership.org/site/c.fhLOK6PELmF/b.6216573/k.225F/Healthy_People_Healthy_Places_Webinar_Series.htm
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FACT SHEETS AND TALKING POINTSComplete Street Fact SheetsActive Facts: Complete Streets for Active Communities-TheActiveLivingResourceCenterprovidesguidanceonmakingthestreetsmeettheneedsforalltransportationusers.
Complete Streets/Calles Completas-PlanningforHealthyPlaces,aprogramofthePublicHealthInstitute’sPublicHealthLaw&Policyproject,offersgeneralfactsheetsinbothEnglishandSpanish.
Making the Case for Active Transportation-TheCanadianFitnessandLifestyleResearchInstitutehasdevelopedthisseriesoffactsheetsfocusedondesigningcommunitiestomovepeople,notcars.PublicationsincludeHealthBenefits,BarrierstoActiveTransportation,IncreasingSocialCapital,andtheRoleforMunicipalDecisionMakers.
Complete Streets in Station-Area Plans-TheGreatCommunitiesCollaborativedevelopedacomprehensivefactsheetontheneedtointegratecompletestreetsconceptsintransitstationareaplans,aswellasgeneralinformationontheneedtocreatestreetsforallusers.
Other Fact Sheets
CommunityEnvironmentalHealthAssessmentinPeruhttp://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/Docs/Factsheets/Community_Environmental_Health_Assessment_in_Peru.pdf
DesigningandBuildingHealthyPlaceshttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/factsheets/Designing_and_Building_Healthy_Places_factsheet_Final.pdf
FundingSourcesforHealthyRetailhttp://www.phlpnet.org/sites/phlpnet.org/files/editor/FoodRetailPrograms.pdf
Gettingtogrocery:Toolsforattractinghealthyfoodretailtounderservedneighborhoodshttp://www.phlpnet.org/system/files/Getting_to_Grocery_FINAL_090909.pdf
GettingInvolvedinTransportationPlanning-AnOverviewforPublicHealthAdvocatesPublicHealthLawandPolicywww.phlpnet.org
HealthImpactAssessmentFactSheethttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/publications/Health_Impact_Assessment2.pdf
HealthIssuesrelatedtocommunitydesignhttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/factsheets/Health_Issues_Related_to_Community_Design_factsheet_Final.pdf
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ImpactoftheBuiltEnvironmentonHealthhttp://www.cdc.gov/nceh/publications/factsheets/ImpactoftheBuiltEnvironmentonHealth.pdf
JointUseFactSheetwww.nplan.org
JointUse-50Statesurvey(Overview)http://www.nplanonline.org/sites/phlpnet.org/files/Overview_JointUse_Final_SP_20100713.pdf
Liabilityrisksforafterhoursuseofpublicschoolproperty:A50Statesurvey.(AZ)http://www.nplanonline.org/sites/phlpnet.org/files/AZ_JointUse_Final_SP_scs_20090311_revised_20111117.pdf
Publichealthtermsforplanningandpublichealthprofessionalshttp://www.planning.org/research/healthy/pdf/jargonfactsheet.pdf
Protocolforassessingcommunityexcellenceinenvironmentalhealthhttp://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/Docs/Factsheets/PACE_EH_CEHA.pdf
Toolsforassessinghealthimpactsoflandusepoliciesandprogramshttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/factsheets/Tools_to_Assess_Health_Impacts_factsheet_Final.pdf
UsingRedevelopmenttocreateHealthierCommunitieshttp://www.phlpnet.org/sites/phlpnet.org/files/Redev_factsheet_FINAL_web_090303.pdf
Workingwithelectedofficialstopromotehealthylanduseplanningandcommunitydesignhttp://www.planning.org/research/healthy/pdf/electedofficialsfactsheet.pdf
Zoning:Talkingpointshttp://www.phlpnet.org/sites/phlpnet.org/files/PHLP_Zoning_0.pdf
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CHRONIC DISEASE DATAPercentofadultsage18andoverwithaBMIof30orabove(obese)Source Year US AZ MaricopaBRFSS 2010* 27.6 25.2 22.9PercentofhighschoolstudentswithBMIatorabove95thpercentile(obese)Source Year US AZ MaricopaYRBS 2009 12.0 13.1 NAPercentofadultsage18andoverwithaBMIbetween25-29(overweight)Source Year US AZ MaricopaBRFSS(Adult) 2010* 36.2 39.7 41.7PercentofhighschoolstudentswithBMIbetween85thand95thpercentile(overweight)Source Year US AZ MaricopaYRBS(HighSchool)
2009 15.8 14.6 NA
PercentofadultswhohaveeverbeentoldthattheyhaveasthmabyahealthcareproviderSource Year US AZ MaricopaBRFSS 2010* 13.8 15.6 13.6PercentofhighschoolstudentswhohavebeentoldtheyhaveasthmabyahealthcareproviderSource Year US AZ MaricopaYRBS 2009 22.0 20.9 NAPercentofadultswhohaveeverbeentoldbyahealthcareproviderthattheyhaveasthmaandcurrentlystillhaveasthma.Source Year US AZ MaricopaBRFSS 2010* 9.1 10.3 9.4Percentofhighschoolstudentswhohaveeverbeentoldbyahealthcareproviderthattheyhaveasthmaandcurrentlystillhaveasthma.Source Year US AZ MaricopaYRBS 2009 10.8 8.6 NAPercentofadultsage18andoverwhohavebeentoldtheyhavediabetes(non-gestational)byahealthcareproviderSource Year US AZ MaricopaBRFSS 2010* 8.7 9.0 7.7AgeadjusteddeathratefromheartdiseaseSource Year US AZ MaricopaCDC 2007 190.9/100,000 NA NAAZDHS 2009 N/A 145/100,000 143.3/100,000*Yeardatacollected,notpublished
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GLOSSARY OF TERMSAPA AZ MAC21 PROJECT-MakingArizonaCompetitiveinthe21stCentury(MAC21),isaninitiativeoftheAmericanPlanningAssociationArizonaChapter(APAAZ).MAC21isaprocessofdefiningthe21stCenturyInfrastructurecomponents.Thisgroup,theMAC21Committee,hasdiscussedwhatcomprises21stCenturyInfrastructureandhowtoestablishastatewidestrategythatwillbenefitbothurbanandruralcommunities.ThisistheopportunityformembersoftheArizonaPlanningAssociationtoassumealeadershiproleandhelpshapethefutureofArizona.
COMPLETE STREETS-CompleteStreetsaredesignedandoperatedtoenablesafeaccessforallusers.Pedestrians,bicyclists,motoristsandtransitridersofallagesandabilitiesmustbeabletosafelymovealongandacrossacompletestreet.CompleteStreetsmakeiteasytocrossthestreet,walktoshops,andbicycletowork.Theyallowbusestorunontimeandmakeitsafeforpeopletowalktoandfromtrainstations.
ThroughCompleteStreetspolicies,communitiesdirecttheirtransportationplannersandengineerstodesignandoperatetheentirestreetrightofwaytoenablesafeaccessforallusers,regardlessofage,ability,ormodeoftransportation.Thismeansthateverytransportationprojectwillmakethestreetnetworkbetterandsaferfordrivers,transitusers,pedestrians,andbicyclists.
CPTED-CrimePreventionThroughEnvironmentalDesign(CPTED)isamulti-disciplinaryapproachtodeterringcriminalbehaviorthroughenvironmentaldesign.CPTEDstrategiesrelyontheabilitytoinfluenceoffenderdecisionsthatprecedecriminalacts.
SAFESCAPE–SafeScapeisanapproachforunderstandinghowthedesignofthephysicalenvironmentimpactsthesafetyandhealthofcommunityresidents.Oncethoseimpactsareidentified,SafeScapetakestheapproachofaddressingtheseimpactsbyworkingwiththecommunitytofocusoncreatingasenseofcommunity.SafeScapeisaboutchanginghowpeoplethinkof,andinteractwith,thephysicalenvironmentandhowthephysicalenvironmentinfluencesphysical,socialandeconomichealth.SafeScapeisaboutenablingasenseofcommunityaswellasmaintainingandsustaininglivability.
SAFE ROUTES TO SCHOOL PROGRAM-SafeRoutestoSchool(SRTS)programsaresustainedeffortsbyparents,schools,communityleadersandlocal,state,andfederalgovernmentstoimprovethehealthandwell-beingofchildrenbyenablingandencouragingthemtowalkandbicycletoschool.
SRTSprogramsexamineconditionsaroundschoolsandconductprojectsandactivitiesthatworktoimprovesafetyandaccessibility,andreducetrafficandairpollutioninthevicinityofschools.Asaresult,theseprogramshelpmakebicyclingandwalkingtoschoolsaferandmoreappealingtransportationchoicesthusencouragingahealthyandactivelifestylefromanearlyage.
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SMART GROWTH–Growthissmartwhenitgivesusgreatcommunities,withmorechoicesandpersonalfreedom,goodreturnonpublicinvestment,greateropportunityacrossthecommunity,athrivingnaturalenvironment,andalegacywecanbeproudtoleaveourchildrenandgrandchildren.
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GENERAL PLAN CHECKLISTA. Land Use Element; Growth Area Element
Aprovisionformixed-usedevelopment Increasesinresidentialdensitiesintargetedareas(TODandinfill
development) Connectivityofneighborhoodsanddiverselanduses Walkabilityandpedestrianinfrastructureandamenities Bikeabilityandbicycleinfrastructureandamenities Considerationfortheprovisionofopportunitiesforcommunitygardens,
farmers’marketsandurbanagriculture Accessibilitytohealthyfood Inclusionofdesignstandardsthatencouragewalkableneighborhoods
B. Neighborhood Preservation and Redevelopment Element; Housing Element; Conservation, Rehabilitation and Redevelopment Element
Neighborhoodconnectivityforaccesstobothinternalandexternaluses Neighborhoodwalkabilityandbikeability Provisioningofpublicspacesavailabletoeveryneighborhood Joint-useofneighborhoodamenitiessuchasschoolsandparks Considerationofincentivesfortheprovisionofhealthyfoodinunderserved
neighborhoods Provisionofsafeandhealthyhousingforallresident Provisionofadiversemixofhousingunits/typesthroughoutthecommunity
C. Circulation Element; Bicycle Element
AdoptionofaCompleteStreetsPolicy SafeRoutestoSchoolPrograms TransitOrientedDevelopment(TOD) Transportationinfrastructurethatprovidesforaninterconnectedsystem
throughoutthecommunity/regionthatservesallresidentsandminimizes/mitigatesimpactsonneighborhoods
ActionPlanforBicycleFriendlyCommunities
D. Recreation Element; Open Space Element
PreparationofaHealthyLifestylePlanthatincludesaparksandopenspacemasterplan,trailsmasterplan,andothercomponentsthatcontributetoahealthylifestyle
Walkabilitystandardsforaccesstoparks/recreationalareas
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Recreationalprogramsthataddresstheneedsandculturesofcommunityresidents
E. Environmental Planning Element, Conservation Element
MitigationoftheUrbanHeatIslandEffect(UHI) Preparationofaclimateadaptationplan Strategiesforimprovingairquality Considerationsofgreenbuildingstrategiesandregulations IncorporationofLEEDbuildingstandardsforpublicbuildingsandforprivate
buildingsoveraspecificsize
F. Energy Element
Facilitatingthedevelopmentofdistributiveenergygeneration Developingaplanforreducingthecommunitycarbonfootprint Developinggreeninfrastructurestandardsfornewandretrofitstreet
projects ConsiderationofprovidingincentivesforNetZeroDevelopment(NZD)
G. Safety Element
Neighborhoodpolicingtoreducedemandforpoliceservicesandencourageinteractionamongtheresidentsofcontiguousneighborhoods
H. Water Resources Element
Considerationofgreeninfrastructurestandardstoreducestormwaterrunoffandrechargetheaquifer
Encourageuseofgreywaterandon-siteharvestingofstormwaterrunoff
I. Cost of Development Element
Newdevelopmentrequiredtopayforthecostofdevelopment
J. Public Buildings and Services
Joint-useagreementswithotherpublicentities Whenappropriate,joint-useagreementswithprivateandnon-profitentities
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K. Healthy Eating Active Lifestyle Element (ThiselementnotrequiredbyStateStatute)
Limitationsonfastfoodrestaurants Considerationofincentivesforretailersprovidingaccesstohealthyfood Zoningregulationsthataccommodatecommunitygardens,farmers’markets
andurbanagriculture Walkabilitystandardsforaccesstohealthyfood Programstoidentifyopportunitiesforestablishingcommunitygardensand
farmersmarkets Programsthataddressfoodsecuritybyestablishingacomprehensivefood
programthatfocusesonalocalsystemforgrowing,transportinganddeliveringhealthyfood
ConsiderationoftheuseofHealthImpactAssessments(HIA)asatoolformeasuringthehealthyimpactsofpolicies,programs,andprojects
L. Organizational Policies
Strategiesandrecommendationsforimplementation Implementationprogramthatidentifiesresponsibilitiesandimplementation
timelinesanddeadlines Establishesameasurementandannualreviewprocesstodetermine
implementationsuccess Flexibilitytoprovideforchangestoplanswhenneedsarise.
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AcknowledgementsHealthy Community Design Collaborative
AmericanPlanningAssociationAZChapterMAC21ProjectArizonaDepartmentofHealthLivableCommunitiesCoalitionMaricopaCountyDepartmentofPublicHealthSt.Luke’sHealthInitiativesSonoranInstitute
PhotographsPhotosobtainedthroughthecreativecommonslicenseviaFlickrFlickrnamesandIDs:Battlecat,BikeWeek,Boeke,Cobalt123,fotoID,JanMiller,KenLund,lungstruck,Ms.Phoenix,mswine,RafaelooOshiro,RobynKingsley,Thomas23,andYuriArtibise
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