Health, Vaccinations, Health, Vaccinations, and Dewormingand Deworming

Shannon IrwinShannon Irwin

2006-2007 GJCA Officer2006-2007 GJCA Officer

Chapter Relations DirectorChapter Relations Director

HealthHealth

When raising cattle for show, When raising cattle for show, meat, or to sell, your cattle’s meat, or to sell, your cattle’s health is important; whether its health is important; whether its mild or life threatening.mild or life threatening.

To ensure good cattle health:To ensure good cattle health:– Provide proper nutritionProvide proper nutrition– Keep clean cattle facilities / Keep clean cattle facilities /

spacesspaces

Signs of Healthy CattleSigns of Healthy Cattle

Usually alert to their Usually alert to their surroundings.surroundings.

Eager to eat when feeding time.Eager to eat when feeding time.

Enjoys attention.Enjoys attention.

Signs of Unhealthy CattleSigns of Unhealthy Cattle

Less interest in their Less interest in their surroundings.surroundings.

Poor eating habits.Poor eating habits.

Attitude and behavior are Attitude and behavior are different.different.

RespirationRespiration

TemperatureTemperature

Two Ways to Check if Your Two Ways to Check if Your Cattle are Healthy or Cattle are Healthy or

UnhealthyUnhealthy

Checking The Respiration Checking The Respiration And Temperature In CattleAnd Temperature In Cattle

In healthy cattle the respiration is about 20 In healthy cattle the respiration is about 20 breaths per minute. Between 10 and 30 is breaths per minute. Between 10 and 30 is also normal. On a hot day the breathing also normal. On a hot day the breathing may be heavier.may be heavier.

In healthy cattle the temperature is 101.5*F. In healthy cattle the temperature is 101.5*F. If the animal’s temperature is 102.5*F, its If the animal’s temperature is 102.5*F, its above normal and considered a fever. If it is above normal and considered a fever. If it is 100.5*F, its subnormal and also a serious 100.5*F, its subnormal and also a serious condition.condition.

VaccinationsVaccinations

Vaccinations should be given Vaccinations should be given to young calves, calves at to young calves, calves at weaning, and adult cattle weaning, and adult cattle (including cows).(including cows).

Yearlings and cows should be Yearlings and cows should be vaccinated annually or semi-vaccinated annually or semi-annually.annually.

Proper Use Of VaccinesProper Use Of Vaccines Make sure it has been Make sure it has been

refrigerated.refrigerated. Check the expiration date (if kept Check the expiration date (if kept

too long they may lose potency).too long they may lose potency). Follow the directions on the label Follow the directions on the label

(dosage).(dosage). Do no combine Vaccines.Do no combine Vaccines.

InjectingInjecting For adult cattleFor adult cattle

– Use a 16ga needle at least 2 inches longUse a 16ga needle at least 2 inches long For calvesFor calves

– Use an 18ga needle at least 1-1.5 inches longUse an 18ga needle at least 1-1.5 inches long Subcutaneous Injection (SQ)Subcutaneous Injection (SQ)

– Injection given under or between the skinInjection given under or between the skin Intravenous Injection (IM)Intravenous Injection (IM)

– Injection given into a large veinInjection given into a large vein Consult a vet to either give the injection or demonstrateConsult a vet to either give the injection or demonstrate

The neck and rump muscles are the primary The neck and rump muscles are the primary injection sitesinjection sites

Giving an IM or SQ injectionGiving an IM or SQ injection

Needle needs to go Needle needs to go in with a forceful in with a forceful thrust so it goes to thrust so it goes to the muscle. Into the muscle. Into either the neck or either the neck or rump. (A sharper rump. (A sharper needle can go in needle can go in with less effort and with less effort and pain).pain).

Find a place where Find a place where the skin is loosest. the skin is loosest. Either the loosest Either the loosest part of the neck or part of the neck or shoulder. Make sure shoulder. Make sure the shot goes into the shot goes into the part you’ve the part you’ve pulled up, not the pulled up, not the muscle. muscle.

The IM INJECTION

THE SQ INJECTION

REACTIONSREACTIONS

Reactions to vaccinations may include:Reactions to vaccinations may include: Temporary swelling at site of injectionTemporary swelling at site of injection

– Not a serious problem.Not a serious problem.

Anaphylactic ShockAnaphylactic Shock– Difficultly breathing and then collapsingDifficultly breathing and then collapsing– SEVERE! Treat Immediately!SEVERE! Treat Immediately!

How To Treat Anaphylactic How To Treat Anaphylactic ShockShock

Inject antihistamineInject antihistamine– Should be in a first aid kitShould be in a first aid kit

Use epinephrine (adrenaline) and Use epinephrine (adrenaline) and dexamethasonedexamethasone– Usually reverses the reaction allowing the Usually reverses the reaction allowing the

animal to recover quicklyanimal to recover quickly If an animal has a reaction to a If an animal has a reaction to a

vaccine, DO NOT ever give the same vaccine, DO NOT ever give the same one again. It may kill the animal.one again. It may kill the animal.

First Aid KitFirst Aid Kit

Needles and syringes Needles and syringes of different sizesof different sizes

Animal thermometerAnimal thermometer Injectable antibioticsInjectable antibiotics Topical pinkeyeTopical pinkeye Epsom saltEpsom salt Nitrofurazone (solution Nitrofurazone (solution

or ointment)or ointment)

Nolvason Nolvason disinfectant solutiondisinfectant solution

Iodine (7% Tincture)Iodine (7% Tincture) Hydrogen peroxideHydrogen peroxide Mineral oilMineral oil DMSO (dimethyl DMSO (dimethyl

sulfoxide)sulfoxide)

Several Vaccinations for Your Several Vaccinations for Your CattleCattle

IBR - Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (Red Nose)IBR - Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (Red Nose)– Caused by respiratory problems; can lead to pneumonia Caused by respiratory problems; can lead to pneumonia

BVD - Bovine Viral DiarrheaBVD - Bovine Viral Diarrhea– Common disease of the digestive/respiratory system; severe diarrheaCommon disease of the digestive/respiratory system; severe diarrhea

PI3 – ParainfluenzaPI3 – Parainfluenza– Causes respiratory problems; can be completed if IBR and BVD occur Causes respiratory problems; can be completed if IBR and BVD occur

all at the same timeall at the same time Brucellosis (done by Vet)Brucellosis (done by Vet)

– Causes abortions and has no cureCauses abortions and has no cure– Do no vaccinate bullsDo no vaccinate bulls– Try to maintain closed herd, raising all of your own replacement Try to maintain closed herd, raising all of your own replacement

heifersheifers Tetanus - caused by bacteriaTetanus - caused by bacteria Big Head (feedlot cattle) - No symptomsBig Head (feedlot cattle) - No symptoms

– Dead animals have had swelling in throatDead animals have had swelling in throat VibrioVibrio

– Causes abortions; is spread from bull to heiferCauses abortions; is spread from bull to heifer

DewormingDeworming

Where Worms InfestWhere Worms Infest

Worms can infest:Worms can infest: Digestive TractDigestive Tract LungsLungs On the skinOn the skin Found mainly in animals grazing Found mainly in animals grazing

irrigated pasture and young cattle irrigated pasture and young cattle that have no resistancethat have no resistance

Symptoms of WormsSymptoms of Worms Loss of weightLoss of weight Rough hairRough hair Poor appetite Poor appetite DiarrheaDiarrhea CoughingCoughing Loss of hairLoss of hair

Respiratory Respiratory distressdistress

TYPES OF WORMS

Round Worms Round Worms (Ostertagia(Ostertagia))

Brown Stomach Worms-Most common Brown Stomach Worms-Most common internal parasite found in cattle.internal parasite found in cattle.

Grazing cattle ingest 3Grazing cattle ingest 3rdrd stage larvae. stage larvae.

Type 1 - eggs appear in manure 18-60 days Type 1 - eggs appear in manure 18-60 days after larval ingestion. Effects calves from 7-15 after larval ingestion. Effects calves from 7-15 months. Seen early in temperate regions and months. Seen early in temperate regions and late cool regions.late cool regions.

Type 2- Larvae may hibernate for up to 6 months in the gastric glands caused by unusual conditions, nutritional or climatic conditions. Occur in 12-20 month old cattle. Seen in late summer - autumn in warmer temperature regions or late winter to early spring in colder regions.

Lungworms (Dictyocalus Lungworms (Dictyocalus Viviparous)Viviparous)

Occurs where pastures are normally wet or Occurs where pastures are normally wet or swampy.swampy.

Ingested through grazing.Ingested through grazing. Larvae migrated to lungs to lymphatic Larvae migrated to lungs to lymphatic

system the arterial blood supply.system the arterial blood supply. Emerge into alveoli to the bronchioles and Emerge into alveoli to the bronchioles and

to the bronchi where they mature.to the bronchi where they mature. Leads to emphysema or pneumonia.Leads to emphysema or pneumonia. All ages of cattle are infected.All ages of cattle are infected.

Large Stomach Worms andLarge Stomach Worms andTape WormsTape Worms

In the abomasums, In the abomasums, punctures small blood punctures small blood vessels, then feeds on vessels, then feeds on blood.blood.

Called-Barber pole or Called-Barber pole or wire worm.wire worm.

Seen most frequently in Seen most frequently in young animals. Older young animals. Older animals that haven’t animals that haven’t been exposed can be been exposed can be seriously infected.seriously infected.

Affect young cattle.Affect young cattle. Live in soil and grass.Live in soil and grass. Ingested by feeding Ingested by feeding

oribatid mites.oribatid mites. After 6 weeks the eggs After 6 weeks the eggs

convert to an infective convert to an infective form which is form which is cysticercoids.cysticercoids.

Infected by ingesting Infected by ingesting mites.mites.

Large Stomach Worms - Haemonchus Tape

Worms

RingwormRingworm Even though this is not an internal Even though this is not an internal

or serious disease it is still or serious disease it is still important to get rid of.important to get rid of.

It is a fungal disease found in It is a fungal disease found in many animals including cattle.many animals including cattle.

It is transmitted by direct contact It is transmitted by direct contact with the animal that was with the animal that was previously infected.previously infected.

What Ringworm Looks LikeWhat Ringworm Looks Like

It is a circular patch where there is It is a circular patch where there is broken stubby hair, it may be broken stubby hair, it may be crusting, and have a redness to it.crusting, and have a redness to it.

Will appear to be spreading in an Will appear to be spreading in an outward position.outward position.

There may be one or more on the There may be one or more on the animals body.animals body.

How to treat Ringworm andHow to treat Ringworm andWhy Treat!Why Treat!

The spot can be treated with a topical anti-The spot can be treated with a topical anti-fungal cream. There are also oral fungal cream. There are also oral medications to give if the ringworms are medications to give if the ringworms are more severe.more severe.

Ringworm should be treated to prevent Ringworm should be treated to prevent spreading to humans and other animals.spreading to humans and other animals.

Remember, it spreads easily. So you should Remember, it spreads easily. So you should treat the infected animal as soon as treat the infected animal as soon as possible. Also keep infected animal away possible. Also keep infected animal away from others so it will not spread.from others so it will not spread.

You can use Iodine on ringworm.You can use Iodine on ringworm.

Types of Dewormers for the Types of Dewormers for the Worms That were listedWorms That were listed

Privermectin (Pour On)Privermectin (Pour On)– 1mL per 22lb of body weight1mL per 22lb of body weight– Used for the control or Used for the control or

treatment of roundworms and treatment of roundworms and lungwormslungworms

– Apply to backline from the Apply to backline from the withers to the tail headwithers to the tail head

Ivomec Eprinex (Pour On)Ivomec Eprinex (Pour On)– 1mL per 22lb of body weight1mL per 22lb of body weight– Used for the treatment or Used for the treatment or

control of roundworms and control of roundworms and lungwormslungworms

– For use on cattle 8 weeks or For use on cattle 8 weeks or olderolder

– Apply to backline from the Apply to backline from the withers to the tail head.withers to the tail head.

Dectomex (Pour On)Dectomex (Pour On)– 1mL per 22lb of body weight1mL per 22lb of body weight– Used for the treatment or Used for the treatment or

control of internal as well as control of internal as well as external parasitesexternal parasites

Such as roundworm and Such as roundworm and lungwormslungworms

– Apply to backline from the Apply to backline from the withers to the tail headwithers to the tail head

Agri-Mectin (Pour On)Agri-Mectin (Pour On)– 1mL per 22lb of body weight1mL per 22lb of body weight– Used for the control or Used for the control or

treatment of roundworms and treatment of roundworms and lungwormslungworms

– Apply to backline from the Apply to backline from the withers to the tail headwithers to the tail headThese wormers are also

used for the control and treatment of lice, grubs, horn flies, and mites.

Things To Things To RememberRemember

NutritionNutrition Proper nutrition is key to keeping your cattle Proper nutrition is key to keeping your cattle

healthy. How they are fed and what you feed has healthy. How they are fed and what you feed has an impact on their health.an impact on their health.

VaccinationsVaccinations Consult with your vet on which vaccinations are Consult with your vet on which vaccinations are

needed, when, and how much to administer. needed, when, and how much to administer. Remember that some states require certain Remember that some states require certain vaccinations against certain diseases.vaccinations against certain diseases.

When using a live-virus make sure it is not exposed When using a live-virus make sure it is not exposed to heat and chemically disinfected syringes can to heat and chemically disinfected syringes can inactivate them.inactivate them.

SQ & IM INJECTIONSSQ & IM INJECTIONS When giving an IM injection in the neck or rump make When giving an IM injection in the neck or rump make

sure you choose a large, thick muscle so you won’t hit a sure you choose a large, thick muscle so you won’t hit a bone. When giving the IM injection to a small calf a bone. When giving the IM injection to a small calf a shot remember the neck muscle is not large enough to shot remember the neck muscle is not large enough to absorb different types of antibiotics or shots.absorb different types of antibiotics or shots.

When giving the IM injection, make sure you don’t hit a When giving the IM injection, make sure you don’t hit a vein. If you do hit a vein remove the needle slowly and vein. If you do hit a vein remove the needle slowly and find a different place.find a different place.

When giving the SQ injection, hold the loose skin to When giving the SQ injection, hold the loose skin to make sure the needle doesn’t poke the tissue.make sure the needle doesn’t poke the tissue.

Helpful HintsHelpful Hints If the animal is resisting, wait until it settles down.If the animal is resisting, wait until it settles down. Always be sure you give the injection in a clean, dry Always be sure you give the injection in a clean, dry

area on the calf.area on the calf. Remember that vaccinating calves too soon may cause Remember that vaccinating calves too soon may cause

them not to gain adequate immunity due to the fact them not to gain adequate immunity due to the fact that their immune system is still immature.that their immune system is still immature.

If you have any questions on age of proper If you have any questions on age of proper administration consult with your vet.administration consult with your vet.

The End!The End!