health education & promotion concepts prof. awatif alam & prof. ashry gad department of...
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HEALTH EDUCATION &
Promotion Concepts
Prof. AWATIF ALAM & Prof. ASHRY GAD
Department of Family & Community Medicine
KSU
Definition:
“Health education is the process by which individuals and group of people learn to “:
Promote, Maintain, Restore health Address risks, prevent disease/injury
“Education for health begins with people as they are, with whatever interests they may have in improving their living conditions”.
A planned combination of educational, political, regulatory, and organizational supports for actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, or communities.
DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH PROMOTION
Green & Kreuter, 1999
The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health…
A commitment to dealing with challenges of reducing inequities, extending the scope of prevention, and helping people to cope with their circumstances…
Creating environments conducive to health, in which people are better able to take care of themselves
DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH PROMOTION
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTH PROMOTION
1. Enabling people to take control over, and responsibility for, their health as an important component of everyday life.
2. Requiring the close cooperation of sectors beyond the health services.
3. Combining diverse, but complimentary, methods or approaches.
4. Encouraging effective and concrete public participation.
Health Promotion Action Means:
Build Public Health Policy Create Supportive Environments Strengthen Community Actions Develop Personal Skills Re-orient Health Services Moving into the future
Primary Prevention
SecondaryPrevention
Healthy individual
Biological onset of disease
Risk Factors
Immunization Health EducationProphylaxis
Screening Surveillance
RehabilitationSupport
Asymptomaticsigns
FunctionalStatusSymptoms
and signs
Diagnosis TreatmentComplianceAdherence
The Phases of Prevention in relation to
natural history of disease
Clinical Course of disease
Chronic disease
CureDisability
Death
Tertiary Prevention
THREE SPHERES• Health Education• Prevention• Health
Protection SEVEN DOMAINS1. Prevention2. Lifestyle3. Preventive
Policies4. Policy Maker
Education5. Health
Education6. Health
Protection7. Policy Support
HEALTH PROMOTION MODELS
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Health Promotion(Ottawa Charter)
Process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health…
…. health promotion is not just the responsibility of health sector, but goes beyond healthy life styles to well being
Health Promotion concept recognizes the role of socio-political environment, public policies, health system and access to care, physical environment, culture, and health related attitudes and behaviors towards health and diseases. Health Education targets health related beliefs, attitudes and behaviors of individuals and populations. Therefore, while Health Education plays an important role there is a need to understand that a larger role is played by national policies, social context, cultural values, health system access
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Health Promotion – Framework
Advocacy to make political, economic, social, environmental, cultural, behavioral & biological factors favorable to health.
Enable people by ensuring equal opportunities associated text refers to ‘opportunities for access to information, life
skills, and making health choices (HEALTH EDUCATION contributes to achieving this goal)’ -- [and this enables person to take action]
Mediate a coordinated action by government, health, social and economic sectors, NGOs, Industry, professional & social groups
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Health Promotion Actions
Healthy Public Policies -- for healthier goods & services, healthier environment, equal opportunities
Creation of Supportive Environment Environment - Social, Physical Work, Community, Society levels
Strengthening Community Actions Community participation, empowerment, action. Health
Education also helps in empowering people for effective participation and taking part in actions which make positive changes to environment, health care services, policies
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Health Promotion Actions (contd.)
Develop Personal Skills
By education, information, training
Reorient Health Services Health sector must move in a HP direction beyond
clinical
Respect cultural needs
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Targets of health education: definitions
Health Behaviour: Activity undertaken for the purpose of prevention of diseases, or detecting these at an early stage, or managing them effectively
Belief: A statement or body of statements held to be true by an individual or group.
Attitude: Position, disposition, or manner with regard to a person or thing
AIMS OF HEALTH EDUCATION:
1. To develop a sense of responsibility for health conditions, as individuals, as members of families & communities.
(Promotion ,prevention of disease & early diagnosis and management ). While, as mentioned previously, environment, policy, social context plays a major role towards shaping the health attitudes and behaviors, information, knowledge and skills at personal level are also important to adopt healthy behaviors
2. To promote and wisely use the available health services.
3. To be part of all education, and to continue throughout whole span of life.
Process of health education:
Dissemination of scientific knowledge about how to promote and maintain health),
lead to changes in the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (behavior) related to such changes.
Steps for adopting new ideas & practices :
AWARENESS (Know about new ideas)
INTEREST (Seeks more details ) EVALUATION (Advantages versus disadvant.+ testing usefulness )
TRIAL (Decision put into practice)
ADOPTION (person feels new idea is good and adopts it)
Contents of Health Education
RISK FACTORS: e.g. smoking, drugs, road traffic accident risks
HEALTH ENHACING PRACTICES: e.g. exercise, nutrition OCCUPATIONAL FACTORS: Safety, Hygiene INFECTION CONTROL: e.g. hand washing CHRONIC ILLNESS, MENTAL HELATH: Knowledge about
risks, improvement actions such as promoting togetherness
SEXUAL HEALTH i.e. information about STI HEALTH SERVICES: Information about access,
Awareness about the need to use the health services SPECIAL GROUPS (food handlers, occupations, mothers,
school health)
Principles of Health Education
Interest Participation Motivation Comprehension Proceeding from the known to the unknown Reinforcement through repetition Good human relations People, facts and media: “knowledgeable, attractive , palatable &
acceptable “.
Principles of Health Education
Learning by doing: “ If I hear, I forget If I see, I remember If I do, I know”.
Motivation i.e. awakening the desire to know and learn:
- Primary motives, e.g. inborn desires, hunger - Secondary motives, i.e. desires created by
incentives such as praise, love, recognition, competition.
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Health Education: Individuals
About For example, for Healthy behaviors (e.g. breast
feeding), secondary prevention Settings where education is imparted
Health care settings, Home, Video/Internet Approaches to health education for individuals
Risk assessments in various settings Information, contract, evaluation for behavior
change Methods for health education for individuals
Information provision in-person, print/electronic media
Issues High Cost, Focus on Disease rather than on health
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Health Education: Groups
About Behavior change, supportive environment,
community action, access to care Settings
Health care settings, community, workplace Approaches
Knowledge & skill development Peer learning Training for behavior change
Methods Didactic & experiential methods
Issues Difficult to comprehend and manage group
dynamics, difficult to achieve skills to facilitate groups
Communication in health education:
Education is primarily a matter of communication, the components of which are:
CHANNELS AUDIENCE MESSAGE COMMUNICATOR
- Individual - Conform with - Educator- Media - Group objectives.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 2 way - Public - understandable - needs+ interest
of audience
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 1 way - Public - Acceptable - ? Content of
message
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Evaluation of health education programs:
There should be continuous evaluation.
Evaluation should not be left to the end but should be done from time to time for purpose of making modifications to achieve better results.
EVALUATION CYCLE:Describe problem Describe program State goals Determine
needed information
Modify program Establish basis for
proof of effectiveness
Analyze &compare Organize data Develop& test Determine data
results base instruments collecting method