HEALTH AND SAFETY HEALTH AND SAFETY OF RAINWATER OF RAINWATER

HARVESTINGHARVESTING by : ENGR. REX L. LABADIAby : ENGR. REX L. LABADIA

Department of HealthDepartment of Health Center for Health DevelopmentCenter for Health Development

Davao RegionDavao Region

WATER CYCLEWATER CYCLE

Rainwater and Its ImpuritiesRainwater and Its Impurities

Group I – Atmospheric GasesGroup I – Atmospheric Gases

Group II – Solid Atmospheric ImpuritiesGroup II – Solid Atmospheric Impurities

Atmospheric GasesAtmospheric Gases

1.1. OxygenOxygen

- O- O22 dissolved in water dissolved in water

is essential to the is essential to the palatability of drinking palatability of drinking waterwater

- its absence is reason - its absence is reason for flat and insipid for flat and insipid taste of boiled or taste of boiled or distilled water distilled water

Atmospheric GasesAtmospheric Gases

22. Nitrogen. Nitrogen

- N- N22 is approximately 78% in the is approximately 78% in the

atmosphere while Oatmosphere while O2 2 is 21%. But Nis 21%. But N22

dissolved is about double that 0dissolved is about double that 022..

Atmospheric GasesAtmospheric Gases

3. 3. Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide

- CO- CO22 dissolved causes solution of further dissolved causes solution of further

mineral impurities from earth’s crustmineral impurities from earth’s crust

Atmospheric GasesAtmospheric Gases

4. Ozone 4. Ozone

- formed by electrical discharge- formed by electrical discharge

- also formed by action of ultra-violet - also formed by action of ultra-violet rays rays

on car exhaust fumeson car exhaust fumes

Atmospheric GasesAtmospheric Gases

5. Oxides of Nitrogen5. Oxides of Nitrogen

- formed by electrical discharge, - formed by electrical discharge, generally generally

nitrous oxide and nitric oxidenitrous oxide and nitric oxide

Atmospheric GasesAtmospheric Gases

6. Ammonia6. Ammonia

- the product of organic decomposition- the product of organic decomposition

- returned to earth as ammonium salts, ie, - returned to earth as ammonium salts, ie,

carbonates, nitrates, sulfates or carbonates, nitrates, sulfates or chlorides chlorides

Atmospheric GasesAtmospheric Gases

7. Sulfur, sulfuretted hydrogen and oxides of sulfur7. Sulfur, sulfuretted hydrogen and oxides of sulfur

- from natural sources such as volcanoes, - from natural sources such as volcanoes,

oceans, and decaying mattersoceans, and decaying matters

- also formed by fossil fuel combustion - also formed by fossil fuel combustion

Atmospheric GasesAtmospheric Gases

8. Hydrogen Peroxide8. Hydrogen Peroxide

- from electrical discharges- from electrical discharges

Atmospheric GasesAtmospheric Gases

The overall effect of these gases is to The overall effect of these gases is to make rainwater make rainwater acidicacidic. . This makes the This makes the rainwater aggressive, easily dissolving rainwater aggressive, easily dissolving some materials such as metal works. some materials such as metal works. It can cause destruction of buildings in It can cause destruction of buildings in which limestone and marble are used.which limestone and marble are used.

Solid Atmospheric ImpuritiesSolid Atmospheric Impurities

1.1. Silica Silica

2.2. Iron OxideIron Oxide

3.3. Calcium Carbonate Calcium Carbonate

4.4. Sodium ChlorideSodium Chloride

5.5. Ammonium ChlorideAmmonium Chloride

Solid Atmospheric ImpuritiesSolid Atmospheric Impurities

1.1. Magnesium SulfateMagnesium Sulfate

2.2. Carbon – soot, etc.Carbon – soot, etc.

3.3. Organic MatterOrganic Matter

4.4. Micro-organisms such as bacteria and Micro-organisms such as bacteria and wind-borne sporeswind-borne spores

The two most important solid The two most important solid atmospheric impurities are organic atmospheric impurities are organic matter and micro-organisms. In matter and micro-organisms. In many instances, they make many instances, they make rainwater entering a cistern unsafe rainwater entering a cistern unsafe for drinking.for drinking.

Impurities such as decaying Impurities such as decaying vegetation, bird droppings and vegetation, bird droppings and chemical residues may also go with chemical residues may also go with the rainwater from the roofs of the rainwater from the roofs of buildings, gutters and pipes before buildings, gutters and pipes before it enters the cistern.it enters the cistern.

In harvesting rainwater for drinking, In harvesting rainwater for drinking, care should be taken to avoid care should be taken to avoid materials or coatings for roofing, materials or coatings for roofing, drains and pipes that can dissolve to drains and pipes that can dissolve to give high concentrations in water.give high concentrations in water.

Elevated levels of zinc and lead in Elevated levels of zinc and lead in harvested rainwater have been harvested rainwater have been reported.reported.

Some Materials Suitable for Roof Some Materials Suitable for Roof Surfaces and Drain Pipes:Surfaces and Drain Pipes:1.1. SteelSteel

2.2. PlasticPlastic

3.3. AluminumAluminum

4.4. Fiberglas Fiberglas

Asbestos roof and oil-based bitumen Asbestos roof and oil-based bitumen shingles should be avoided. Lead flushing shingles should be avoided. Lead flushing should never be used.should never be used.

Suitable Materials for Storage Suitable Materials for Storage Cisterns:Cisterns:1.1. Reinforced ConcreteReinforced Concrete

2.2. Fiberglass/polyetheleneFiberglass/polyethelene

3.3. Stainless SteelStainless Steel

4.4. Clay/ceramicsClay/ceramics

Diseases that may be acquired by Diseases that may be acquired by drinking contaminated rainwater:drinking contaminated rainwater:

Microbic – caused by specific organismsMicrobic – caused by specific organisms Examples : typhoid fever, bacillary dysentery, Examples : typhoid fever, bacillary dysentery,

cholera, poliomyelitis, infectiouscholera, poliomyelitis, infectious hepatitis, amoebic dysenteryhepatitis, amoebic dysentery

6.6. Non-microbic – caused by excess of certain Non-microbic – caused by excess of certain substances in watersubstances in water Examples : lead poisoning, nitrate poisoningExamples : lead poisoning, nitrate poisoning

Drinking rainwater is not advised Drinking rainwater is not advised where potable water supplies exist, where potable water supplies exist, particularly in urban areas where particularly in urban areas where rainwater can contain higher rainwater can contain higher contaminant levels.contaminant levels.

If harvested rainwater is used for If harvested rainwater is used for drinking, it must be regularly drinking, it must be regularly examined for physical, chemical and examined for physical, chemical and bacteriological quality.bacteriological quality.

1. Physical and chemical 1. Physical and chemical examination– at least once a year examination– at least once a year2. Bacteriological examination – at 2. Bacteriological examination – at least once in 3 months least once in 3 months

In areas where there are no sources In areas where there are no sources of potable water supply, rainwater of potable water supply, rainwater contaminated with undesirable contaminated with undesirable microorganisms may be rendered microorganisms may be rendered safe for drinking by applying safe for drinking by applying appropriate disinfection procedures.appropriate disinfection procedures.

Some Household Water Some Household Water Disinfection Methods:Disinfection Methods:

1. Thermal and Solar Disinfection1. Thermal and Solar Disinfection - Boiling for at least two minutes- Boiling for at least two minutes - SODIS (solar disinfection)- SODIS (solar disinfection)2. Chemical Disinfection2. Chemical Disinfection - Chlorine compounds- Chlorine compounds - Hyposol- Hyposol - Aquatabs - Aquatabs

What is What is SODISSODISStands for Solar Water Dis infec tion

1.1.

2.

SODIS is a household water treatment method to provide safe drinking water

SODIS utilizes the synergy of the UV-A radiation and temperature gain to inactivate the micro-organism in the water

SODISSODIS ...is ...is

SODIS can be applied anywhere where s uns hine is can be applied anywhere where s uns hine isavailableavailable

SODIS can be done by all members of the family can be done by all members of the family

SODIS , is s imple eas y methodology to have s afe drinking , is s imple eas y methodology to have s afe drinking water for the family water for the family

SODIS utilizes s o lar energy to improve water quality by utilizes s o lar energy to improve water quality by killing the bacteria in the water killing the bacteria in the water

S un S hine

PET P las tic Bottles

O pen s pace

what is

n eeded to do SODIS

Yayasan Dian DesaYayasan Dian Desa

Can be divided into three different kinds :

Ultra Violet RadiationUltra Violet Radiation ( it cannot be ( it cannot be seen but can destroy living cell – e.g. seen but can destroy living cell – e.g. our skin will be destroyed when we our skin will be destroyed when we stayed too long in the sunstayed too long in the sunSun lightSun light

Infra red radiation (it cannot be seen but we can feel the heat - micro organism is sensitive to heat)

Solar Radiation

Yayasan Dian DesaYayasan Dian Desa

Water in the container gain temperature Water in the container gain temperature from the infra red radiation and also the from the infra red radiation and also the Ultra violet radiation penetrates into the Ultra violet radiation penetrates into the water in the container --- they synergize water in the container --- they synergize

to kill the bacteria in the waterto kill the bacteria in the water

That is why in SODIS the container has That is why in SODIS the container has to be transparent so that the UV to be transparent so that the UV

radiation can penetrate through the radiation can penetrate through the bottles into the waterbottles into the water

How does How does SODISSODIS workwork

1 32

Fill with the raw water for treatment

Expos e to s uns hine in , c lear area make s ure

that the place will not be s haded

How to do How to do ???SODIS ???SODIS

1.5 Prepare liters PET plas tic

, bottles and was h them us ing s oft

materials in order not to s cratch the

bottles

4 5

The s ynergy of the- UV A radiation and

temperature from the s un will kill the

bacteria in the water---- the water is s afe

to drink

Every one in the family can do SODIS and drink SODIS – water A

Healthy and Happyfamily

:Duration of expos ure

Expos e to s uns hine 6 7 from or in the

5 morning to in theafternoon

If there is intermittent rain

expos e the bottles ( for two days you can let the bottles in )the rain

SODIS SODIS LLimitationsimitations

Cannot be applied with large containers11

22 Cannot be applied if the water is turbid

Can only inactivate Can only inactivate , microorganism not , microorganism not

change others s uch as change others s uch as , chemical s ubs tances , chemical s ubs tances

, smell or s alinity, smell or s alinity

33

Research on the Research on the materialmaterial

Can PET bottles be used for SODIS without concern or do possibly leaking substances pose adverse health effects?

1. Study at the EAWAG about photooxidation of the bottles in 2000:

-> Photoproducts are formed at the outer side of the bottle.

-> There is no diffusion of Formaldehyde or Acetaldehyde into the water

2. Study in collaboration with the EMPA (Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Testing) 2003 on the diffusion of Phtalates and Adipates:

- max. conc. of carcinogenic substances (DEHA, DEHP) is much lower than WHO guidelines for drinking water

How to use chlorine compounds How to use chlorine compounds with large chlorine content (60% to with large chlorine content (60% to 75% available chlorine):75% available chlorine):

Step I – Prepare a stock solution using oneStep I – Prepare a stock solution using one

(1) level teaspoonful of the powder (1) level teaspoonful of the powder

to one (1) liter of water. to one (1) liter of water.

How to use chlorine compounds How to use chlorine compounds with large chlorine content (60% to with large chlorine content (60% to 75% available chlorine):75% available chlorine): Step II - Mix two (2) teaspoons stock solution Step II - Mix two (2) teaspoons stock solution to five (5) gallons (or 20 liters) of to five (5) gallons (or 20 liters) of water. Let the disinfected water stand water. Let the disinfected water stand for at least thirty (30) minutes before for at least thirty (30) minutes before using.using. Note : Keep stock solution away from sunlight. Note : Keep stock solution away from sunlight. Discard if unused after one (1) week andDiscard if unused after one (1) week and replace with freshly prepared one. replace with freshly prepared one.

BRINGING CLOSER ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER IN EVERY

HOME

What is the HFSWPoint- of- use (POU) treatment ofPoint- of- use (POU) treatment of

- raw or - raw or

- contaminated - contaminated

using Low strength Sodium using Low strength Sodium Hypochlorite Solution Hypochlorite Solution (HYPOSOL), 1.25%(HYPOSOL), 1.25%

Storage of the treated water : Storage of the treated water :

- plastic containers- plastic containers

- narrow mouthed- narrow mouthed

- lidded, with faucet- lidded, with faucet

to prevent re-contaminationto prevent re-contamination

SSimple to use:imple to use:

Fill 20-liter plastic container with water. If water is Fill 20-liter plastic container with water. If water is turbid, filter it with clean cloth.turbid, filter it with clean cloth.

Open sealed bottle of HYPOSOLOpen sealed bottle of HYPOSOL Pour required amount of HYPOSOL to raw water.Pour required amount of HYPOSOL to raw water. Close water container, shake well and wait for 30 Close water container, shake well and wait for 30

minutes.minutes. Aerate for 10-15 minutesAerate for 10-15 minutes Water is safe and ready to drink for both young and Water is safe and ready to drink for both young and

adults.adults.

Affordable: 100 ml HYPOSOL:100 ml HYPOSOL:

costs P70.00 (Davao Price)costs P70.00 (Davao Price) can disinfect 28 gerrycans can disinfect 28 gerrycans (5-gallon or 20-liter water)(5-gallon or 20-liter water) good for one to one and good for one to one and one-half months use of one-half months use of drinking water by one householddrinking water by one household

Manufactured by: Manufactured by: LONG LIVE PHARMALONG LIVE PHARMA Poblacion, Sta. Barbara, PangasinanPoblacion, Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan Tel. No. 075-515-3048Tel. No. 075-515-3048

NaDCC (Chlorine) TabletsNaDCC (Chlorine) Tablets

AquatabsAquatabs®® CompositionComposition

Biocide: sodium dichloroisocyanurate (organic chlorine Biocide: sodium dichloroisocyanurate (organic chlorine donor) donor)

Also known as sodium troclosene, sodium Also known as sodium troclosene, sodium dichloro-s-triazine trione (NaDCC)dichloro-s-triazine trione (NaDCC)

Use one (1) tablet for every twenty (20) Use one (1) tablet for every twenty (20) liters of clear waterliters of clear water

If water looks dirty, filter it and use two (2) If water looks dirty, filter it and use two (2) tabletstablets

How to Protect Harvested How to Protect Harvested Rainwater:Rainwater:1.1. Cover and thoroughly screen tanks to Cover and thoroughly screen tanks to

exclude mosquitoes, birds and exclude mosquitoes, birds and animals. Install a filter.animals. Install a filter.

2.2. Install a first flush diverter to prevent Install a first flush diverter to prevent the initial flow of rain entering the the initial flow of rain entering the tank.tank.

3.3. Desludge tank periodically with a tap Desludge tank periodically with a tap installed at its base.installed at its base.

How to protect Harvested How to protect Harvested Rainwater:Rainwater:1.1. Protect water in tanks from sunlight, Protect water in tanks from sunlight,

which can stimulate algal growth. which can stimulate algal growth. Plastic tanks may allow light to Plastic tanks may allow light to penetrate so they should be kept out penetrate so they should be kept out of the sun or paintedof the sun or painted

DREAM big!

Focus on the

POSITIVE……

There’s always something

better !

THANK YOU!THANK YOU!