health and illness - bowenstaff.bowen.edu.ng · bowen university iwo, osun state. definitions •a...
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Health and illness
Matthew Idowu OLATUBI
Department of Nursing Science
Bowen University, Iwo
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Definitions
• Health – the definition of health has changed overtime; it is now considered a multidimensionalconcept that includes physical, emotional, social,mental, and environmental aspects
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Definitions • Presence or absence of disease
– State of being well and every power the individualpossesses to the fullest (Nightingale, 1860/1969)
– as a state of complete physical, mental, and socialwell-being, and not merely the absence of diseaseor infirmity (WHO)
• Role and performance
– Ability to maintain normal role (Talcott Parson, 1951)
– Health is not a condition; it is an adjustment, it is not astate but a process (President’s Commission, 1953)
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Definitions
• A state of being in which the developmentaland behavioural potential of an individual isrealized to the fullest extent possible (ANA,1980).
• Personal definition of health
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Wellness • Wellness – is a measure of our status in each of the
dimensions of health and is the key to unlocking anindividual’s full potential
• Seven component of wellness
• Physical
• Social
• Emotional
• Intellectual
• Spiritual
• Occupational
• Environmental
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Physical
• Ability to carry out tasks, achieve fitness,maintain adequate nutrition and proper bodyfat, avoid abusing drugs and alcohol or usingtobacco products, and generally practicepositive lifestyle habits.
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Social
• Ability to interact successfully with people andwithin the environment of which each personis a part to develop and maintain intimacywith significant others, and to develop respectand tolerance for those with differentopinions and beliefs
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Emotional
• Ability to manage stress and express emotionsappropriately
• Involves the ability to recognize, accept andexpress feelings and to accept one’s limitation
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Spiritual
• Belief in some force that serve to unit humanbeings and provide meaning and purpose tolife.
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Occupational
• The ability to achieve a balance between workand leisure time
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Environmental
• The ability to promote health measures that improve the standard of living and quality of life in the community
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Models of health and wellness
• Clinical model
• Role performance model
• Adaptive model
• Eudemonistic model
• Agent-Host-Environment model
• Health-Illness continua
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Clinical model
• Health is viewed as physiologic systems withrelated to function
• Absence of signs and symptoms of disease orinjury
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Role Performance model
• Individual’s ability to fulfill societal roles
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Adaptive Model
• Health is a creative process; disease is a failurein adaptation, or maladaptation
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Eudemonistic model
• Incorporate comprehensive view of health
• Health is seen a condition of actualization orrealization of a person’s potential
• Actualization is the apex of the fullydeveloped personality
• Illness is the condition that prevents self-actualization
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Agent-Host-Environment model
• Also called ecologic model• Use in predicting illness rather than promoting
wellness• Agent: any environmental factor or stressor can
lead to illness or disease• Host: Person(S) who may or may not be at risk of
acquiring a disease• Environment: all factors outside the host that
may or may not predispose the person to thedevelopment of disease
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Wellness & Well-Being
• Wellness further describes health status. It
allows health to be placed on a continuum from one’s optimal level (“wellness”) to a maladaptive state (“illness”)
Variables influencing health status, beliefs, and practices
• Internal variable
– Biologic dimension
• Genetic makeup
• Gender
• Age
• Developmental level
– Psychologic dimension
• Mind-body interaction
• Self-concept
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Variables influencing health status, beliefs, and practices
– Cognitive dimension
• Lifestyle choices
• Spiritual beliefs
• Religious beliefs
• External variables
– Environment
– Standards of living
– Family and cultural beliefs
– Social support network
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Illness and Disease
• Illness is a highly personal state in which theperson’s physical, emotional, intellectual,social, developmental, or spiritual functioningis thought to be diminished
• Disease can be described as an alteration inbody functions resulting in a reduction ofcapacities or a shortening of the normal lifespan.
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Illness behavior Parson (1979) described four aspects of the sick role
• Clients are not held responsible for their condition
• Clients are excused from certain social roles & tasks
• Clients are obliged to try to get well as quickly aspossible
• Clients or their families are obliged to seekcompetent help
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Illness Behaviour
Suchman (1979) describe 5 stages of illness
• Symptoms experiences
• Assumption of the sick role
• Medical care contact
• Dependent client role
• Recovery or rehabilitation
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Symptom experience
• The person comes to believe something iswrong
• 3 aspects
– The physical experience of symptoms
– The cognitive aspect
– The emotional response
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Assumption of the sick role
• Individual accepts sick role and seek confirmationfrom family and friends
• Self-treatment and delay contact with health careprofessionals as long as possible
• Excused from normal duties and roleexpectations
• Emotional responses (withdrawer, anxiety, fear &depression) are not uncommon
• When symptoms of illness persit or increase, theperson is motivated to seek professional help
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Medical care contact
• Validation of the real illness
• Explanation of the symptoms inunderstandable terms
• Reassurance that they will be all right orprediction of what the outcome will be
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Dependent client role
• Client become dependent on the professionalfor help
• People vary greatly in the degree of ease withwhich they can give up their independence.
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Recovery or rehabilitation
• Client is expected to relinquish the dependentrole and resume formal roles andresponsibilities
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State
Effects of illness
• Impact on the clients
– Behavioural change
– Emotional changes
– Changes in self-concept
– Body image changes
– Lifestyle changes
• Impact on the family
– Roles changes
– Task reassignment
– Increased stress
– Financial problem
– Loneliness
– Change in socialcustom
Bowen University Iwo, Osun State