health and development status of displaced women and children
TRANSCRIPT
HARON NJ IRU
CAPSTONE MENTORSPROF. LUCA ROSI
PROF. FRED COCOZZELL I
Health and Development status of Displaced Women & Children in
Kenya
College of Liberal Arts and SciencesCentre for Global Development
May 2013
Outline
• Introduction and Rationale
Part 1
• Objectives and Methodology
Part 2
• Findings
Part 3
• Conclusion
Part 4
WHO ARE WE TALKING ABOUT?THE NUMBERS
THE DISTRIBUTIONWHY WOMEN AND CHILDREN?
Introduction & Rationale
Who is a refugee?
A person who "owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country or return there because there is a fear of persecution..."
1951 Refugee Convention
Who is an IDP?
Persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border.
Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement
Total population of concern [to UNHCR]
The 2011 Statistical Yearbook, UNHCR
UNHCR prote
cted/a
ssist
ed ID
PS
Refuge
es
Statele
ss pe
rsons
IDPs who
retur
ned h
ome
Others
of co
ncern
Asylum
seek
ers
Repatr
iated
refug
ees
-
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
15.5
10.4
3.5 3.2
1.4 0.9 0.5
Population of concern
Tota
l (m
illio
ns)
35.4 million
Women and Children
Women69%
Men31%
Children47%
Adults53%
84%Women & Children
The 2011 Statistical Yearbook, UNHCR
IDP and Refugee Global Trends
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 201110
15
20
25
30
25 26.4
16
15.2
IDPs Refugees
Year ending
Pers
ons
(Mill
ions
) 6%
5%
The 2011 Statistical Yearbook, UNHCR
4%
41.6 million
Kenya
Population: 40 million
Category Total % of Country Popln.Refugees 626,710 1.6%IDPs 280,000 0.7%Total 906,710 2.3%
Dadaab72%
Origin country Percent
Somalia 87.0
Sudan 4.8
Ethiopia 4.5
Others 3.7
Total 100.0
Objectives
The health and development status of displaced women & children living in Kenya
1Understan
d
What is the situation?
What is being done?
2Compare
What should be happening
based on universal
expectations?
2Recommend
What should be done to address the
gaps?
Methodology
Health Development
Reproductive Health Education
Malnutrition Economic Opportunities
Communicable diseases Energy & Water sources
Mental health Housing
Child mortality rate Insecurity
Descriptive studySecondary data
10 Arbitrary indicators
HEALTH STATUS OF DWC• Reproductive health• Malnutrition• Communicable diseases• Mental health• Child mortality
Findings
Reproductive health
Family planningSafe motherhoodSexual and gender based violence
Low level of FP utilization (32%) Unintended pregnancies / attempted abortions 20% seek antenatal care Home deliveries (53% had at least 1) SGBV underreported
Reproductive health
Challenges Long distance to facilities
Immunization coverage (~ 80%) Language barrier Insecurity
No Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP)
Protocol on the Prevention and Suppression of Sexual Violence against women and children
Communicable diseases
MalnutritionPoor sanitationCongestion Weak social networksReduced privacy
Malaria Diarrhoea RTIs Skin HIV (DRC) STIs0
10
20
30
40
50
60
7062
31
14.78 7.6 vs 3.1
4
Communicable diseases
Prev
alen
ce (%
)
Mental Health
Posttraumatic stress disorder RR for women = 3.8 75% children
¾ IDPs depressed
1:500,000 (psychiatrist to population)0.01% Ministry of health budget
Child mortality rates
Poor living conditions
DRC Chad NonDisplaced -
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0 7.0
4.1
0.3
Dea
ths
/ 10,
000
child
ren
Kenya data not available
DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF DWC• Education• Economic opportunities• Energy and water sources• Housing• Insecurity
Findings
Education
Enrollment Dadaab: 68% Kakuma: 50% High school: 1/3 IDPs:?
Displaced children(90%)
Other
children
(10%)
Limited access to education (Globally)
Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, 2004
Education
1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child1951 UN Refugee ConventionInter-Agency Network for Edu. in Emergencies stds
Every additional year of formal education for males reduces their risk of engaging in conflicts by 20%
Basic Education Coalition, 2004
Economic opportunities
High unemployment rates 40% nationwide Above 80% in camps Worse among displaced women
Income sources Casual work in farms and homes Sale of water and firewood Sale of food rations Early marriages Prostitution
Energy & Water
Most scarce commodities in camps: firewood/water Time consuming Exposure to risks
Rape, diarrhea, RTIs… Conflicts
Housing
60% of refugees have adequate dwellings Worn out tents Poor ventilation Occupancy: 8
UNHCR 2011 year book
IDP camp
Insecurity
UNHCR Jan. 2013
• Amongst themselves• Stress• Resources• Space
• To local communities• ~• Allegiance
“All refugees and asylum seekers living in urban areas [must] move to the camps in North Eastern and Rift Valley provinces.
Those from Somalia … to report to Daadab refugee camp… those from other countries … to Kakuma.”
TuesdayDecember 18, 2012
HAVE WE DONE OUR BEST TO PROTECT HEALTH AND PROMOTE DEVELOPMENT OF
DISPLACED WOMEN AND CHILDREN?
Conclusion
Conclusion
1. Essential services are missing or inadequate2. Whatever we provide we provide in isolation3. We are not spending enough to identify the gaps
0%
20%
40% 38%
20%14% 11% 10% 3% 3%
Bu
dg
et a
lloca
tio
n
IOM, 2012
IOM budget (2013)- Total USD 1.24 million- SSA: 36% - Kenya: 8.8%
Why universal principles?
Focus on dignity of human lifeSolidarity with the poor & vulnerable emphasizedClear roles (e.g. CST principle of subsidiarity)Community participation (e.g. CRC)Minimum standards for refugees and IDPs
servicesEasier to monitor implementation