hazards in transport of dangerous chemicals

ABSTRACT

The need of usage of chemicals in our day to day life became vulnerable in such a fact that it has become a more

common to learn and practice safety culture in all aspects of technology. The transport of chemicals due to

processing, or as a raw material or a finished good from production site to a utility site or plant has been undertaken

for the needs of human desire. Some of them may be hazard and some of them are non-hazard. But it is important to

note that the considerable amount of interest has been given to the technological point of view of a safe transport of

dangerous chemicals and the critical aspects in each phenomena for every chemical families. It is a well known fact

of MSDS, material safety data sheet has been employed to fulfill the above purpose. Even then it is necessary to

govern rules and laws for specific hazardous chemicals and its transport during different means. The behavioral

reactions that are likely to be expected during the transport forces like impact, static and dynamic are to be realized

in accordance with each and every specificity along with its ambient interaction as a system. In this paper, the

compilation of what was the hazards that were encountered during the transport of various groups of dangerous

chemical goods and their suspected reactions were laid down. And the principle of transport of dangerous chemical

goods and legislations were discussed. Dangerous substances are substances whose the nature of composition or

properties in the storage, transportation, loading, unloading, repackaging and similar manipulations can lead to

phenomena that are harmful and dangerous for the environment and wildlife. Hazard is any chemical or physical

condition that has the potential to cause damage to the people, property or the environment. The aim of this paper is

to put forth the hazards experienced during the transit of dangerous chemicals along side with their classifications. It

is obvious that there is a tremendous improvement in the safety during the transport of chemicals but it also showed

lack of equipment and competent authorities for the timely detection of illegal import of hazardous substances and

lack of institutional capacity. Improvement of legislation, and more sophisticated technical equipment, the

establishment of a cooperative body for hazardous substances at the national level and specifically trained personnel

and services for transportation and handling of dangerous substances is recommended.

Keywords: dangerous chemicals, hazard, classification of chemicals, rules and regulations, transportation.

Contents

1. Introduction 2

2. Hazard System 2

3. Classification of Dangerous Goods 3

4. Realizations of Sources.. 4

5. Acute Emissions and Transmission Paths . 4

6. Packing and packaging dangerous substances .. 4

7. Handling the transportation of dangerous substances and loading transportation 5

8. Rules for transport of dangerous substances by road . 5

9. Response rank framework of road accidents for dangerous goods 6

10. Dangerous chemicals consequence scenarios of road accidents .. 8

11. Conclusion . 8

12. References . 9

Hazards in Transport of Dangerous Chemicals

Honmane Pratap, Avinash Plaha, A.Vigneshwaran.

Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab

2 | P a g e H a z a r d s i n T r a n s p o r t o f D a n g e r o u s C h e m i c a l s

1. Introduction

According to the Global Status Report on Road Safety by World Health Organization, 2013,

Estimated road traffic death rate per 100 000

population in India is 18.9. India has a tremendous

vehicle statistics such as 6,041,000 heavy trucks,

1,486,000 buses included in the total number vehicles

of 114,952,000.There are many vehicles which load

many flammable, explosive, poisonous, harmful and

dangerous goods and hazard installations on the

highway and the service area. In these places, major

accidents may happen at any time, such as explosion,

fire and poison leak, etc.

The movement of dangerous substances by

any mode of transport involves a hazard of accidental

spillage of material or release of toxic chemicals. The

petroleum and chemicals industries produce materials

having varied types of hazards, ranging from fire to

explosion, toxicity, suffocation, allergies, etc., Such

products are transported in solid, liquid or gaseous

form under a wide range of temperature and pressure.

The intensity of catastrophe is more when the mode

of transport is by road to carry hazardous chemicals.

The transport of dangerous substances cant be treated as any other transport of any goods. In case of

accident or collision of vehicles used for transport of

dangerous substances, despite the loss of human lives

and material damage, which commonly occur,

environmental contamination with the dangerous

substance transported also occurs.

Despite the achievements in advanced

technology research, it is very difficult to assess the

depth of penetration of the hazardous substance in

soil, whether it has penetrated and how it

contaminated groundwater, and what is the amount of

concentration of hazardous matter in the soil after its

discharge. Modern instruments cant always detect impacts on water or soil, and furthermore, surely no

one can predict the damage caused by hazardous

substances on plants, animals and most importantly,

on people. Because of the specificity of the problem,

there are many regulations in the world concerning

the transport of hazardous substances, and main

purpose is to protect the entities directly involved in

this kind of transport (carriers, forwarders), and all

those who occasionally are involved indirectly (as

members of emergency services and the general

public of course). With the existing regulations,

duties and responsibilities for all previous

participants are established in order to provide

knowledge about what to do to reduce the risk of

incidents and to ensure effective response to them.

2. Hazard System

To study and simulate the interaction with

any hazard in an environment, the concept of a

`hazard system is to be placed in which the concepts of means of transmission, and of possible attenuation

of the energy or matter transmitted, are made explicit:

A system which, in its most general form, comprises

four elements, (1) a source, which has the potential

for emitting harmful energy and/or matter, (2)

receptors, which have the potential for being harmed

by the absorption of such emissions, (3) transmission

paths [The term `transmission path is meant here to incorporate the meanings both of a route, and where

appropriate, of a medium, such as the atmosphere. An

alternative term `vector (Latin for `carrier), which has some advantages, has been rejected because of its

rather specific usage in engineering.], which carry or

transmit the harmful emission from source to receptor

and may simultaneously attenuate it, and (4) barriers,

which also have the potential to attenuate the

emission. Where the source and the receptor are in

immediate contact, transmission paths or barriers are

absent.

This model of a hazard system is illustrated

in Figure 1. S1 denotes a primary source. R1 is a

receptor in direct contact with S1 which does not

require a transmission path to receive harm and has

no barrier. Transmission path 1 carries the emission

from S1 to R2 via a barrier and attenuates it en route.

Transmission path 2 carries harm from S1 to receptor

R3 which then becomes a secondary source, S2, from

which transmission path 3 carries the emission to

receptor R4. It should be mentioned that an

alternative type of secondary source may be created

by the accumulation of hazardous matter released

from a primary source.


Examples are a flammable liquid collected

in a bund and a flammable vapor cloud resulting from

the flashing of a liquefied vapor.

3. Classification of Dangerous goods

Dangerous substances are all substances in

solid, liquid or gaseous state which because of nature

of their composition or properties during storage,

transportation, loading, unloading, repacking and

similar manipulations can penetrate the area and

directly harm the life or human health, cause damage

or destruction of property and to cause harmful

effects on living and working environment. The

dangerous substances are toxic, carcinogenic,

irritating and oxidative, radioactive, infectious,

explosive, inflammable substances or substances

causing ignition in contact with other substances.

According to the regulations for transporting

hazardous materials the security measures are

brought and depending on their characteristics and

type of hazards that they cause hazardous substances

are classified into 9 major classes as follows:

3.1. Explosives

These are chemicals or mixtures capable of producing an explosive or pyrotechnic effect with

substantial release of heat and gases under the right

conditions. Explosions can be initiated by heat,

shock, friction etc. Explosives which are shock

sensitive are particularly dangerous as they can be

detonated merely by touching their container. The

functional groups such as azides, acetylides, diazo,

nitoso, haloamine, ozonides are sensitive to shock

and heat and can explode violently.

3.2. Gas

A gas is a substance which at 50C has a

vapor pressure greater than 300 kPa or is completely

gaseous at 20C at a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa.

For the transport condition, a gas is described

according to its physical state as follows

a. Compressed gasA gas (other than in solution) which when packaged under pressure for

transport is entirely gaseous at 20C;

b. Liquefied gasA gas which when packaged for transport is partially liquid at 20C;

c. Refrigerated liquefied gasA gas which is liquefied by refrigeration and maintained at or near

its boiling point at atmospheric pressure; or

d. Gas in solutionCompressed gas which when packaged for transport is dissolved in a solvent.

3.3. Flammable Liquids

Liquids, or mixtures of liquids, or liquids

containing solids in solution or suspension (for

example, paints, varnishes, lacquers, etc, but not

including substances otherwise classified on account

of their dangerous characteristics) which gives off a

flammable vapor at temperatures of not more than

60.5C. Closed-cup test, or not more than 65.6C,

open-cup test normally referred to as the flash point.

This also includes:

a. Liquids offered for transport at temperatures at or above their flash point, and

b. Substances that are transported or offered for transport at elevated temperatures in a

liquid state and which give off a flammable

vapor at a temperature at or below the

maximum transport temperature.

3.4. Flammable Solids

Solids which under conditions encountered

in transport, are readily combustible or may cause or

contribute to fire through friction, self-reactive

substances which are reliable to undergo a strongly

exothermic reaction; desensitized explosives which

may explode if not diluted sufficiently. Oxidizing

Substances

3.5. Organic Substances and Organic Peroxides

Substances which, while in themselves not

necessarily combustible, may generally by yielding

oxygen, cause, or contribute to, the combustion of

other material. Organic substances which contain the

bivalent O-O structure and may be considered

derivatives of hydrogen peroxide, where one or both

of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic

radicals. Organic peroxides are thermally unstable

substances, which may undergo exothermic self-

accelerating decomposition. In addition, they may

have one or more of the following properties:

a. Be liable to explosive decomposition,

b. Burn rapidly,

c. Be sensitive to impact or friction,

d. React dangerously with other substances,

e. Cause damage to the eyes.

3.6. Poisonous (Toxic) and Infectious Substances

Substances those are liable either to cause

death or serious injury or to harm human health if

swallowed or inhaled or by skin contact are called

Toxics. Infectious substances are those which are

known or reasonably expected to contain pathogens.


Pathogens are defined as micro-organisms

(including bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi) or

recombinant micro-organisms (hybrid or mutant),

that are known or reasonably expected to cause

infectious disease in animals or humans.

3.7. Radio-Active Substances

These substances (solid or liquid)

spontaneously emit ionizing radiation. They are

classified as Low, Medium or High level determined

by radiation level of transport package.

3.8. Corrosives substances

Substances which by chemical action will

cause severe damage when in contact with living

tissue or in the case of leakage will materially

damage or even destroy other goods or the means of

transport; they may also cause other hazards.

3.9. Miscellaneous dangerous substances

Substances coming under this category

present a danger especially during transport, not

covered by other dangerous goods classes. These

substances have separate storage and transport

requirements. Examples: dry ice and asbestos.

4. Realizations of Sources

The definition of a hazard system set out above contains the concept of potential. A realization

is an event, or series of events, by which what is

potential for harm in a source becomes real, in whole

or in part. The series of events which constitutes a

realization may include several phases. For example,

there may be an emission of pressure energy

followed by an emission of matter followed by an

emission of radiation (heat).

An important circumstance is one in which a

receptor in one system, on receipt of energy from a

source, itself becomes the source for a second hazard

system. This process may then be repeated, as

happens, for example, in explosions and major

conflagrations.

5. Acute Emissions and Transmission Paths

An acute emission may be regarded as a

pulse of energy or matter which, at any point in its

path, has a beginning and an end in time. The time

interval between the two is its duration. Such an

emission may be more or less symmetrically

distributed in space around a dynamic or static

source, at least in a horizontal plane.

For example one arising from an explosion

or it may be highly directional, as in a jet fire,

followed by hoops failure.

Though emissions may be transmitted by

more than one path in parallel, to simplify the

discussion it will be assumed that only one path is

operational between any two points. Table 1. lists the

transmission paths that are most commonly

encountered in the process industries.

Radiation is propagated in free space

according to the well-known inverse square law.

However, free space does not exist in practical terms

in process sites and the propagation of radiation in

such hazard systems is modified by the atmosphere

which, under terrestrial conditions, is the

transmission path for radiation.

Shock waves are typically transmitted

through the atmosphere and are then known as `blast

waves. For vapor spillages (vapor clouds) the wind,

and other forms of atmospheric disturbance, are the

transmission mechanisms which determine the

pathways.

Water may act as a transmission path if

liquids or solids are spilled. Such paths may be

natural watercourses or they may be sewers and

storm drains. Liquids or solids may sink, float or

dissolve.

The ground may transmit shock waves.

Liquids spilled on the ground may seep into it and

travel considerable distances.

Pipelines may transmit shock waves over

distances of many kilometers.

Table 1. Transmission Paths

Medium Transmission Mechanisms

Free Space Radiation

Atmosphere Radiation Blast

waves

Vapor

Clouds

Watercourses Shock

waves

Liquid

Spillages

Solid

Spillages

Pipelines Shock

waves

Ground Shock

waves

Liquid

Spillages

6. Packing and packaging dangerous substances

In order a product to be delivered to the

consumer it must be placed in a container, wrapper,

frame, or packaging. The packaging concept comes

from the French word emblaze, which means

wrapping, packing, package, or equipping of product

turnover. The process of placing the product is called

packaging.


The importance of packaging, especially

during transport and storage of dangerous substances

is regulated by legislation depending on the type of

means of transport and type of transportation.

Legislation on the means of transport is very similar

to each other and in line with European agreements

on international transport. For easy handling and

packing about 93% of dangerous substances are

packed in barrels, no matter how they are transported

or on the length of transport. The maximum volume

allowed by the European Convention on international

transport of dangerous substances by road is 450

litters. However, barrels with a volume of 220 litter

are easier and safer to operate and the most

commonly used.

In cases of easily - flammable liquids the

barrels must never be completely filled. Empty space

around 50mm should be left, because when external

temperature increases, the volume of liquids

increases too, i.e. they are expanded. For filling the

barrels special pumps showed by used because re

pour fluids that contain hazardous substances from

one barrel to another is not very practical and there is

great danger of an accident. Of particular importance

is the separation of liquid and solid material

depending on the type of the dangerous substance.

In cases where hazardous substances are not

possible to be transported in barrels, you can use

metallic cartridges that will be at least 1.1 times the

volume of the volume of liquid contained therein. But

this may be only for temporary security measures and

not as a package. Damaged barrels, as well as the

leaking ones and who do not meet the legislation

under European rules and regulations for transporting

hazardous materials must be stored and transported in

barrels for protection. In this case measures are taken

to prevent any movement of the barrel in a protective

barrel, and a sufficient amount of ascorbic material is

added so liquid that is poured from the inner barrel

can be absorbed.

7. Handling the transportation of dangerous substances and loading transportation

Handling the transport of dangerous

substances to the mean of transport is particularly

significant. Professionals responsible for the transport

of dangerous substances by means of transport, must

measure the packed barrels, and it should preferably

be measured by a mobile meter on the spot, making it

easier to plan the transportation of waste.

On the lid of the barrel or container

important information should be listed like content,

name of the location from where dangerous

substances are packaged, date weight and signature.

Barrels whose lid opens should be tightly

closed with safety belts. Filled barrels should be

cared by carriers for safe transfer, forklift or crane. If

a crane is used then there are special pliers for safe

handling barrels. Just checked and cleaned barrels

can be taken to remove or temporary storage.

The type of packaging and transportation of

hazardous materials depends on the chosen method

and regulations for packaging special specifications

must be respected of the plant for waste disposal.

Before each barrel is filled should be checked

whether there is possible damage. The barrels should

be handled carefully.

When its a long-distance transport it is important to check that the load is not moving. The

burden should ideally be provided with optimal use

of protective measures such as fastening belts,

wooden boards against sliding and airbags. Also its important the weight of any special packaging or

container in the truck is equally placed. The total

cargo weight that varies in different countries must

be determined. If transport container with the number

20 is used then there is room for 36 barrels according

to international convention in a row. Containers

should be loaded in two rows and the total should be

72 barrels in a container. When transporting solids

which have liquid radioactive substances, solid items,

must be well fitted by a sufficiently strong belt loops

fixed to the boot. Filling is easy if it is used with

containers which can be opened from above. But

these containers should be protected from rain with

tarpaulin.

8. Rules for transport of dangerous substances by road

The law provides for mandatory labeling of

vehicles carrying dangerous substances with orange

plates and stickers of danger. Also, it is mandatory

proper labeling of containers of vehicles carrying

dangerous substances in order to alert other traffic

participants. Basic condition to transport the

dangerous substances is possession of a permit,

issued by the Ministry of Transport and

Communications at the request of the company or

individual that performs the transport.


In addition to approval, it is necessary to

possess and provide the following documents:

Transport document from the sender to the carrier

(ADR-Document); written instructions for dangerous

goods that are shipped; ADR Certificate of

professional competence of the driver of the

dangerous substance. Depending on the type of

substance, despite approval by the Ministry of

Transport and Communications, it is necessary to

have additional approval from the Ministry of Interior

in transporting explosives of Class 1; approval from

the Ministry of Health for transportation of poisons

and infectious substances of Class 6; and, Approval

of Radiation Safety for radioactive substances

transport of Class 7 (Law on Ionizing Radiation

Protection and Safety).

In the vehicle that carries dangerous

substances other people should not be found besides

the driver, assistant driver and companion, substances

that may cause fire and should not be carried out

repairs that can lead to causing fire or explosion.

Also during the transport of these substances

smoking is forbidden. The driver must handle the

vehicle with care and the speed of the motor vehicle

must not exceed 80% of the maximum permissible

speed depending on the types of roads in accordance

to traffic rules and regulations, but never faster than

70 km per hour, and to hazardous materials that

contain toxins not more than 60 km per hour. The

driver from the time of receipt until delivery of the

dangerous substance should not be away from the

vehicle. In case of accident or fire collision assistant

driver or companion must notify the competent

authorities in the shortest possible time, and if the

driver is alone someone who noticed the accident

should do it.

Vehicles for transport of dangerous

substances that transport flammable gases or

flammable liquids with a starting temperature below

55C should have devices that divert electricity or

plugged drains in the sand, which will prevent to the

combustion and electric roundabouts. Dangerous

substances can be transported in international

transportation by motor vehicles and trailers that are

specially designed for transport of dangerous

substances and corresponds the legislation, while the

domestic shipping transport can be carried in a van -

vehicles, cars, tractor trailer with wheelbarrows, but

always must be careful not to be close with others

who are in the motor vehicle. The vehicle that

transports hazardous materials must have two signs

the vehicle that transports dangerous substances, and

identification numbers of the dangerous substance

must be written.

If for the transport of hazardous materials

besides motor vehicle some trailers are used, they

must have a label that they have hazardous

substances. If in the transport of hazardous

substances a trailer is used, it must have a special

device, which emits an audible or light signal to warn

the driver that the air pressure dropped more than

20%. Vehicles loaded with hazardous substances

must not stop or be parked on the road, but only in

places marked for stopping a motor vehicle that

transports dangerous substances. Not following any

regulation entails criminal responsibility and criminal

fine by type of infraction.

9. Response rank framework of road accidents for dangerous goods

Transportation of dangerous materials

involves different parties, including shippers,

regulators and surrounding communities. Due to

significant and growing domestic flows of dangerous

goods, release of dangerous goods at a location may

pose a significant threat to the health of neighboring

population. And this is clear that human error and

traffic accidents are far more likely to result in severe

dangerous goods incidents than other causes. The risk

factors of emergency response for dangerous goods

road accidents are many, including their chemical,

physical or toxicological properties, human

capability, road characteristics, weather condition,

traffic status, emergency response plan, impact

people distribution, safety supervise and so on.

There, a comprehensive and systemic framework to

determine the emergency response rank mode of

dangerous goods road accidents was established,

shown by the Figure 2, which utilized death toll,

individual risk and societal risk as an emergency rank

criterion.

a. It should be carried out to identify dangerous goods road accidents scenarios

according to type and quantity of dangerous

goods, road characteristics, weather

condition, transport vehicles or tank and

vessel, driver skills, sensitive environments

region, population density, accident impact

area and so on.

b. Estimation dangerous goods road accident probabilities is a key step to determine to the

possibility of transportation accidents,

referring to flammable and explosive

dangerous goods release frequency and

ignition probabilities from open statistic

data.


Figure 2. General framework of emergency response rank for hazmat road accidents

Figure 3. Accident scenarios of flammable and explosive hazmat by road


c. Determination of dangerous goods accidents consequence by road is a main step to assess

the associated dangerous goods risk from the

way of dangerous goods quantity and

properties, traffic environment condition,

weather characteristics and so on. At the

same time, it is important to select the

appropriate fire and explosion models of

accidents scenarios, and to calculate the

population death probabilities according to

thermal radiation or blast-overpressure

probit equations.

d. The exposure population distribution of accident region need be shown and

described, based on dangerous goods

accidents scenarios and consequence

analysis. There impact area or radius of

dangerous goods accidents is a key factor to

estimate the influence population number.

e. Determination of death toll of exposure population due to dangerous goods toad

accidents is estimated, which is used to

calculate the individual risk and societal risk

of dangerous goods.

f. Finally, emergency response rank for dangerous goods road accidents could be

determined.

10. Dangerous chemicals consequence scenarios of

road accidents

The accident scenarios of transporting

flammable and explosive dangerous goods by road

are mostly associated with type and quantity of

dangerous goods for a given release of dangerous

goods. Figure 3. illustrates possible incident

outcomes in the case of a dangerous goods release.

Due to different types of types of dangerous goods

and uncertain condition, their outcomes pose

different scenarios of leakage. Usually, in case of

flammable liquids ignition for both immediate and

delayed ignitions, the final outcome is a pool fire

with potential radiant heat effects. Moreover, ignition

of released flammable liquefied gases will result in

several possible outcomes, such vapor cloud

explosion, fire ball, jet fire, flash fire and so on. In

case of hazmat road accidents, hazmat release

consequences always are catastrophic, and a great lot

people have to be evacuated and protected.

Therefore, it is very important to firstly determine

emergency area and response rank of hazmat road

accidents, which helps optimize emergency resource

and carry out some reasonable emergency action.

11. Conclusion

Dangerous chemicals road transport is a hot

issue of societal public safety, and it is extremely

important to quickly response and rescue emergency

accidents. The Hazard system and the interaction is

discussed along with the nine classes of chemicals.

The realizations of sources and acute emission are

described. The transmission paths for various media

and modes were discussed. The general packaging,

rules and regulations, handling of dangerous

chemicals, hazards in handling chemicals were

described. Based utilizing death toll, individual risk

and societal risk as an emergency rank criterion, a

quantitative approach to determine the emergency

response rank for dangerous chemicals road accidents

was proposed, which is primarily a guide to aid first

responders in quickly identifying the emergency zone

and response rank, and could protect the general

public during the initial response phase of the

incident.

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