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Hawaiis Biodiversity

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ENDEMIC Occurring exclusively in a given geographic area, having originated in that area through natural means. Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse

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Nene Rare Endemic Birds

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Hawaiian Honeycreepers

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Pueo

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Hawaiian Hawk (Io)

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Tree Snails Pp Kani Oe

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Unusual Insects & their Relatives Happy Face Spider nanana makaki i

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Hawaiian Crickets

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Carnivorous caterpillar

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Picture wing flies

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Hoary Bat ( Opeapea )

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Hawaiian Monk Seal `Ilio-holo-i-ka-uaua

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Most Unique Plants Silversword ahinahina

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Ohia Lehua

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Hapuu Ferns

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Percent Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands

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NATIVE Occurring naturally in a given geographic area; not introduced as a consequence of human activities

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EXOTIC Introduced to a given geographic area as a consequence of human activities. Anemone fish

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How do they arrive? Dispersal Methods: Rafting Hitchhiking Currents Storms

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WHY SOME INTRODUCTIONS SUCCEED AND SOME DONT? Disadvantages due to new environmental conditions: Foraging & predator avoidance strategies may be different Small #s of orgs introduced may go extinct Advantages: Generalist vs specialist species

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Environmental Diversity Extremely wide range of habitats temperature moisture soils vegetation

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Environmental Diversity Cold & Dry Cool & Dry Warm & Wet Hot & WetHot & Very Dry Warm & Very Dry Warm & Dry trades inversion

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Origins of Hawaiian Flora and Fauna

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Origin of Hawaiian Coral Indo West Pacific

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Hawaiis Flowering Plants Long Distance Dispersal Wind, Water, & Wings Theory The original colonist plants arrives in the following ways: water23% wind2% birds75%

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Pandanus tectoriusIpomoea pes-caprae

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Includes plants that reproduce by means of spores such as ferns, mosses, algae, and lichen. Adenophorus periens

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Estimated 12.8% of the hypothetical original flowers arrived this way Pacific golden plover Tetraplasandra flynii Has hairy gray fruits

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Immigration Rates numberrate (1 every ) flowering plants272110 thousand years insects275110 thousand years land snails251.2 million years land birds152 million years mammals130 million years

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Polynesian Voyagers to Hawaii taro breadfruit kava yam

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Ahupuaa 1.Upland 2.Plains 3.Ocean Ranges from the tip of the mtn to the reef area Slash & burn agriculture (swidden)

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Hawaii Bird Biodiversity Crisis Half of Hawaiis native birds went extinct soon after the Polynesians arrived Half of the remaining species of birds went extinct soon after Captain James Cook arrived

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European Contact Large herbivores introduced Native plants are ice cream Animals multiplied rapidly

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Introduced Feral Mammals Goats 1.5 million skins 1844-1900 Tree goats Fainting goats

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Introduced Feral Mammals Cattle on Oahu Wandered Honolulu streets On all land but residential, agricultural or dense forest

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Mongoose Brought in to help control rat population in sugar cane fields Rat nocturnal Mongoose diurnal Mongoose, dogs, and cats are the nenes main predator

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Coqui frog Poison dart frog coqui

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Cane toad

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Feral pigs Originally introduced by Polynesian voyagers from the Marquesas Islands ca. 400 AD

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Pig Fence Pig wallow

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Jacksons Chameleon

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Maui Axis Deer

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Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby Kalihi Valley

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Brahminy Hawaiian Blind Snake Introduced 1930s Eats ants and beetles Parthogenic Not a threat

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Two Piranhas were caught in Lake Wilson in 1992-93. There may be more. We dont know. Piranhas

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Introduced Species Acanthophora, Eucheuma, & Gracillaria

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Super Sucker to the Rescue!

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Mangroves in Hawaii (transplanted in 1902)

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Brown Tree Snake, Guam

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Upside-down Jellyfish

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Snowflake Coral

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Samoan Crab 7 lbs 7 oz, 0/27/09 windward side

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Blue stripped snapper

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Biological control Biological control: uses a pests natural predators to control the pest Prickly pear cactus infestation in Hawaii Cochineal insect

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Miconia http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/22893437/paintball-guns-the-latest-weapon-against-invasive-plant-species Video Chemical control

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Impact from Other Exotics

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Zebra Mussels

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Veliger Larvae frontside 500,000 per m 3 Approx. 95% die Settling 10,000 per m 3 /day Up to 700,000 mussels/m 3 Filter Feeding 1 liter H 2 O/day Growth 200,000,000 sperm 40,000-1,000,000 eggs per year

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In general, a zebra mussel population will thrive as long as there are: Hard substrates Appropriate physical and chemical conditions in the water Appropriate biological conditions

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Lampreys (1835) in St. Laurence Seaway

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Walking catfish in Florida

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Alien Animal Control > $40,000/mile to fence Haleakala NP = $5 million Hard to eradicate animals Animal control not popular

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Solutions? Conservation Mechanical (physical removal) Chemical (pesticides, herbicides) Biological (natural predator) Legislation Education Prevention Ballast water: * UV light * chemicals * dump water far from port

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1.What accounts for the largest means of seed dispersal to the Hawaiian islands than any other mechanism? 2.What adaptations must a plant or seed have for dispersal by flotation in seawater? 3.The most likely way that flowering plant species arrived in Hawai`i was by: 4.If a species is referred to as being endemic to Hawai`i, you can assume that it: 5.The main reason that Hawai`i's native species don't have thorns, stingers or chemical defenses is that they: Inquiry

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6. What class of vertebrates did not arrive to Hawaii by natural means? 7. Compare a generalist exotic species to a specialist. 8. Why are pigs such a problem? Endemic, Native or Exotic? A B C D E F G Carnivorous caterpillar Cane toad Mushroom coral Green turtle Bottlenose dolphin Blue stripped snapper