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TRANSCRIPT
Hawaii Natural Energy Institute Energy Programs
byRick Rocheleau
to Dr. M.R. C. GreenwoodDecember 28, 2009
Outline of Talk
• Introduction to HNEI
• Hawaii Energy Situation
• HNEI Energy Assessments and Policy Support
• HNEI Technology Development Efforts
Hawaii Natural Energy Institute• Organized research unit in School of Ocean and Earth Science and
Technology
• Established by the Hawaii Legislature in 1974 “ to develop renewable energy resources and technology to reduce the
state’s dependence on fossil fuels”
• Established in statute in 2006 (ACT 253) and mandated to– Coordinate institute’s work with state’s energy resources coordinator;– Develop renewable sources of energy for power generation and
transportation– Conduct research and development of renewable sources of energy;– Demonstrate and deploy efficient energy end-use technologies including
those that address peak electric demand issues;
• Act 253 also established the Hawaii Energy Systems Development Special Fund to be administered by HNEI (no funds to date)
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Energy Challenge for Hawaii• Hawaii’s energy costs are among the highest in the
nation• Need to reduce our dependence on oil while:
• Keeping electricity costs competitive; • Managing environmental impact and public acceptance;• Maintaining grid stability and reliability
• Meeting this challenge requires coordination from all stakeholders:• Availability of reliable cost-effective technology;• Well-conceived policies – grounded by technology;• Public/private partnerships to validate commercial implementation
of advanced energy systems.
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Hawaii Does Have Substantial Renewable Energy Resources
• Wind (commercial and viable all islands)• Biomass (significant potential but significant barriers)• Photovoltaics (commercial, cost competitive)
• Geothermal (commercial, Big Island)• Municipal Solid Waste (H-Power > 50MW)• Run-of-river Hydro (limited resource)• Ocean Energy – OTEC, Wave (UH National Marine Renewable
Energy Center awarded by DOE Oct 2008)
In spite of resources, less than 10% of our energy is currently from renewables
The State of Hawaii Has Adopted Four Statutory Energy Objectives
1. Dependable, efficient, economic energy systems;
2. Increased energy self-sufficiency using indigenous resources;
3. Greater energy security in the face of threats to the state’s energy supplies;
4. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from energy supply and use.
§226-18, Hawaii Revised Statutes
The Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative was launched on January 28, 2008 with the signing of a
Memorandum of Understanding between the State of Hawaii and the U.S. Department of Energy
“…the Department of Energy will help Hawaii lead America in utilizing clean, renewable energy technologies.”
Governor Lingle
“Hawaii’s success will serve as an integrated model and demonstration test bed for the United States and other island communities globally...”
Assistant Secretary Karsner
Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative
National Partnership to Accelerate System Transformation
The goals are:• Achieve a 70% clean energy economy for Hawaii within
a generation• Increase Hawaii’s security • Capture economic benefits of clean energy for all levels
of society• Foster and demonstrate innovation• Build the workforce of the future• Serve as a model for the US and the world
Hawaii’s transition to an economy powered by clean energy, instead of imported foreign oil
…will require a substantive transformation of regulatory, financial, and institutional systems
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In 2004, Hawaii’s RPS included 6% renewables, which would increase only incrementally
Perc
ent R
enew
able
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rgy
Range of scenarios under business as usual assumptions (i.e., attainment of RPS, RFS)
GAPFundamental systemic transformation is required
Range of scenarios under transformational assumptions (i.e., exploiting technical & economic potential)
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Scenario 8 Electricity Hawaii could reach 70% clean energy in the electricity sector and reduce oil
imports by 20 MM bbl/year by 2030
Eff iciency
Ocean energy
MSW
Solar - utility scale
Solar - commercial roofs
Solar - residential roofs
Hydro
Geothermal
Wind
Biomass - direct f iring
Oil
Summary of 2030 Electricity ResultsClean energy achieved 70%Oil reduction (million bbl/yr)
17.3
CO2 avoided (million ton/yr)
8.8
Mill
ion
MW
hde
liver
ed c
apac
ity
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PHEVs
Biodiesel Imports
Local Biodiesel
ETOH Imports
Local ETOH
CAFE
Petroleum
Scenario 8 TransportationHigh PHEV penetration, local biodiesel and ethanol production
Summary of 2030 Transportation Results
Clean energy achieved 63%Oil reduction (million bbl/yr)
9.9
CO2 avoided (million ton/yr)
4.2
Mill
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gallo
ns p
etro
leum
fuel
avo
ided
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Use of Renewables Complicated by Grid Systems
1300MW
75MW
5MW
200MW
200MW
• Substantive transmission and distribution issues – mountainous terrain, sparse system.• Unique and substantive difference between peak load vs. base load requirements - available renewable energy taken off line•Small grid systems with no interconnections between islands
Renewable resource mix, electricity costs, and grid issues provides unique opportunity for validation and deployment of new technologies.
HNEI is engaged in several programs addressing grid issues in support of HCEI
HNEI Program Areas• Hydrogen:
• Renewable hydrogen production• Hawaii Hydrogen Power Park
• Fuel Cells:• Materials and component development• Testing, modeling and system optimization
• Photovoltaics – thin film solar cells, deployment and testing• Electrochemical Power Systems - batteries and electric vehicles• Ocean Resources – seabed methane hydrates, ocean energy• Biomass and biotechnology:
• Biomass conversion - solid, liquid and gaseous fuels• Algal energy systems• Integrated bioenergy systems
• Technology Validation, Energy Assessment and Policy
Energy RoadmappingDevelop strategic energy roadmaps to identify economically viable technologies to manage large amounts of as-available
renewable energy based power generation
• Step 1: Develop and validate rigorous analytic models for electricity and transportation
– Transient Performance (PSLFTM) for transient stability simulation– Production Cost (MAPSTM) for dispatch and unit commitment rules
• Step 2: Develop and model future scenarios for deployment of new energy systems including additional renewables, end-use efficiency, and new transportation systems
• Step 3: Identify and analyze mitigating technologies (DSM, storage, advanced controls, forecasting, future gen) to address systems integration (grid stability) and institutional issues
• Step 4: Identify programs and projects to validate solutions
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• Modeling of Big Island grid identified operational issues associated with high penetration renewables.
• Models used to characterize advanced technology solutions including forecasting, energy storage, and demand management
• Tools applicable for evaluation of grid integrated vehicles and hydrogen technologies
Time (seconds)
Time (seconds)
PSLFHistorical
Data
PSLFHistorical Data
Frequency (Hz)
Apollo Windfarm (MW)
Step 1: Validate Operation on Big Island with Existing High Renewable Penetration
HawiRenewables
10.5MWV47 660kW
Apollo20.5MW
GE 1.5MW
Lalamilo1.5MW
Jacobs 20kW
In 2007…
22.1 MW
20.6 MW
42 MW
In 2018…
Power (MW)• Day ~ 40%• Night ~ 70%
220
110MW
24hr
MW
24hr
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Power (MW)• Day ~ 15%• Night ~ 30%
180
100MW
24hr
30
180
100MW
24hr
30
Analyze future scenario assuming wind capacity was increased at each of three wind farms on the Big Island.
Step 2: Evaluate future scenario
• HNEI (via ONR funding) currently installing 1MW, 250kw-hr battery on HELCO system to validate modeling
Higher Wind Penetration Scenario
Step 3: Model the Efficacy of “Fast, Inter-Hour” Energy Storage
Models indicate that a 5MW storage device reduces RMS to below that of the baseline case
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• Kauai Energy Roadmap• Develop possible roadmap for increased
penetration of renewable energy.
• Oahu Grid Study (current focus)• Validated Oahu grid model being used to address
integration of large wind projects on Oahu and other islands (assuming grid connection)
• Maui Grid Modernization • Energy storage, generation and demand-side
management technologies being deployed to reduce peak load and enable further expansion of renewable energy
• Maui Grid Study• Validated power systems model used to address
impacts of increased wind and the necessary mitigation technologies
• Big Island Energy Roadmap - Technology approaches to increase energy security and the penetration of renewable energy being evaluated- Storage demonstration project being initiated- Demonstration of hydrogen integration for grid management under discussion
Current Efforts Being Used to Define Technology Needs for Increasing Renewable Energy Use
Approximately $20 million investment by DOE and industry partners
• Develop and demonstrate a distributed automation system that:– Aggregates DG, energy storage,
and demand response technologies in a distribution system to achieve T&D level benefits.
• Reduce peak demand by at least 15% using a diverse mix of DG, storage, renewable energy, demand response
• Identify and validate solutions for mitigating the effects of “as- available” renewable energy
Maui Smart Grid Project“Distribution level solutions”
Hawaii Natural Energy Institute
US Department of Energy
State of Hawaii
Hawaii Bioenergy Master Plan
• Legislatively mandated in 2007• Objective to develop a Hawaii renewable biofuels
program to manage the State’s transition to energy self- sufficiency based in part on biofuels for power generation and transportation.
• Contracted to HNEI in June 2008• Supported by State of Hawaii with supplemental funds
from US DOE• Engaged appropriate stakeholders, technical experts, and
information sources throughout the state. • Identified priority action items for state and legislature to
advance biofuels production in Hawaii
Final Document Posted Last Weekwww.hnei.hawaii.edu/bmpp/stakeholder.asp
HNEI Program Areas• Hydrogen:
• Renewable hydrogen production• Hawaii Hydrogen Power Park
• Fuel Cells:• Materials and component development• Testing, modeling and system optimization
• Photovoltaics – thin film solar cells, deployment and testing• Electrochemical Power Systems - batteries and electric vehicles• Ocean Resources – seabed methane hydrates, ocean energy• Biomass and biotechnology:
• Biomass conversion - solid, liquid and gaseous fuels• Algal energy systems• Integrated bioenergy systems
• Technology Validation, Energy Assessment and Policy
Hawaii Hydrogen Power Park
Test bed for integration and validation of hydrogen generation, storage, and use in a real world environment
• Fueling Infrastructure - US DOE with State cost share to build and operate H2 fueling station– Electrolysis using renewable power – Sited at Kilauea Military Camp (Army)– Projected to be operational March 2010
• Vehicles via DOT/DOI Advanced Transportation Program for Parks and Public Lands and State cost match– Fuel cell electric plug-in hybrid shuttle buses– Vehicle Conversion by Hawaii Center for
Advanced Transportation Technologies
• Supports National Park Service “Climate Friendly Parks” program to reduce carbon footprint
• Potential for significant expansion via DOD and industry pathways. Assumes coupling to grid solutions
Hawaii Hydrogen Power Park at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (HAVO)
ClearFuels Technology Inc• Developing advanced sustainable biorefineries based on its
novel flexible thermochemical biomass-to-syngas (BTG) conversion technology platform
• ClearFuels can produce and sell multiple renewable biofuels including hydrogen from non-food cellulosic biomass
• Recent recipient of $ 23 million award from US DOE to develop small scalel biorefinery
Multiple Biomass Feedstocks
Bagasse
Wood Waste
Proprietary Thermochemical
Conversion Process
CellulosicEthanol
Renewable FT Diesel / Jet Fuel
Renewable Power
Hydrogen
Hawaii Fuel Cell Test FacilityTest programs in support of
commercial and military applications
• Testing up to 2 kW• MEA and component testing
(Industry). • Contaminant effects
– Fuel contaminant effects (DOE)– Air contaminant effects (DOE,
ONR) • Durability studies (ONR, Industry)• Stack and subsystem testing for
autonomous vehicles (ONR)• Hardware-in-the-loop dynamic
characterization for autonomous vehicles (Ion Tiger)
• Alternative fuels (Industry)
•Eleven (11) test stands•Full engineering support
•24/7 operation•Secure remote access•Validated test protocols•H2/O2 capable
Ion Tiger Project - ONR• Ion Tiger designed and fabricated by Naval Research
Laboratory• Objective to fly for 24 hours with a 5 lb payload met
December 2009• 500 watt PEM fuel cell system developed by Protonex• HNEI conducting stack and system tests to optimize system
durability and maximum mission duration• UH developed carbon nanotube modified resins for tanks
being evaluated for light weight hydrogen storage
HNEI Solar Research Project Areas• Technology
– New processes for processsing of high-performance copper chalcopyrite thin-film solar cells (AFOSR and Industry)
• Characterization (HECO, DOE, ONR)– Monitoring and evaluating performance of current and emerging
PV technologies and system configurations– Side-by-side technology testing under differing environmental
conditions– Distributed performance data (e.g. 1 second data to evaluate
dynamic effects of cloud cover) to address PV integration issues)
PEC Hydrogen Production Thin Film Photovoltaics PV Technology ValidationH2O
O2H2
sunlight
Electric Hybrid Vehicle & Battery Program
• Funding:– Hawaii Center for Advanced Transportation Technologies– US Air Force Advanced Power Technology Office, Robins Air
Force Base, Georgia. – US Navy STTR Program (JSF Program)– Southwest Research Institute– US DOE/EERE ABR/Idaho Nat Lab
• Focus on testing, modeling, system simulation for vehicles and grid
BatteriesBatteries
Electric Electric MotorMotor
Fuel CellFuel CellHH22 StorageStorage2001-2003
2003-
2004-
2005-
2002-20042006
2007/2009-
Hawaii National Marine Renewable Energy Test Center
• UH awarded one of two ocean energy test centers announced by US DOE fall 2008
• Objectives:– Wave: Facilitate development &
implementation of commercial wave energy systems
– Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: conduct long-term testing of critical components to move OTEC to pre- commercialization
• DOE funding ~ $ 1million per year• Equivalent support from ONR
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Program Plan• Industry-driven ~ 50% DOE funds to support
industry projects• Promote partnerships between marine power
system developers, utility companies, financing sources, engineering & environmental companies, academia, government agencies, and NDOs
• Establish up to four field test facilities in the state (Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii) allowing opportunity for developers to test devices under very wide range of environmental conditions
• Create web-based virtual Center to facilitate information & data sharing.
• Supports faculty and graduate students in Oceanography, Ocean Eng., Mechanical Eng., and Civil Eng.
High Yield Tropical Feedstock• High yield tropical crops have the potential to meet significant
part of state’s energy needs – model for development elsewhere• HNEI and College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources
have initiated a multiyear effort to address high yield fuel crops and characterization of suitability for processing
www.hnei.hawaii.edu 35
Biocarbons• Photovoltaics
– carbon, quartz, and electric power are the key ingredients in producing Si.
– Dow Corning has initiated a research project with HNEI to evaluate the HNEI Flash Carbonization process for producing biocarbons needed to manufacture Si.
• Terra preta - the addition of charcoal to the soil greatly enhances plant growth and sequesters carbon
• Biocarbons are ultra-clean coal. The combustion of biocarbons does not increase the CO2 level of the atmosphere. Biocarbons contain no Hg and virtually no S.
The patented, efficient, and quick Flash Carbonization Reactor on the UH campus
Center for BioEnergy Research and Development
An NSF Industry University Cooperative Research Center