harvard referencing _uct interpretation

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University of Cape Town Libraries2011

HANDBOOK ON CITATION

Karin de Jager and Dianne Steele

Contributors:Cyrill Walters, Jen Eidelman, Laureen Rushby, Marilyn Wilford, Nuroo Davids, Susanne Noll, TanyaBarben, William Daniels

Contents

PLAGIARISM IN ACADEMIC WRITING ........................................................................................................... - 1 -

EVALUATION OF RESOURCES ....................................................................................................................... - 1 -

ACADEMIC CITATION ................................................................................................................................... - 2 -

GOOD REASONS FOR CITATION ................................................................................................................... - 2 -

HOW DOES ONE CITE CORRECTLY AND AVOID PLAGIARISM? ...................................................................... - 2 -

CITATION STYLES ......................................................................................................................................... - 3 -

AUTHOR-DATE METHOD .............................................................................................................................. - 4 -

CITING SOURCES WITHIN THE TEXT ............................................................................................................. - 4 -

LIST OF REFERENCES AT THE END OF THE TEXT ............................................................................................ - 4 -

REFERENCE EXAMPLES (AUTHOR-DATE) ...................................................................................................... - 5 -

BOOKS ............................................................................................................................................................ - 5 -

JOURNALS ...................................................................................................................................................... - 8 -

NEWSPAPERS ............................................................................................................................................... - 10 -

WEBSITES ..................................................................................................................................................... - 10 -

CONFERENCES ............................................................ ................................................................. ................. - 12 -

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS ......................................................... ............................................................ - 12 - LEGISLATION ............................................................................... ............................................................ - 12 -

OTHER GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS ................................................................................... ................. - 14 -

UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS ........................................................................................................................ - 17 -

MAPS ................................................................ ................................................................ ............................ - 18 -

OTHER MEDIA .............................................................................................................................................. - 18 -

MUSIC SCORES ............................................................................................................................................. - 19 -

ARTWORK .................................................................................................................................................... - 19 -

COMPUTER PROGRAMS (SOFTWARE) ......................................................................................................... - 20 -

SECONDARY SOURCING ............................................................................................................................... - 20 -

REFERENCES & USEFUL READINGS ............................................................................................................. - 21 -


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Plagiarism in academic writing

Students are often unsure of exactly what plagiarism is and how it affects them. Especially these days with theease of cutting and pasting from the Internet, student plagiarism has become an issue of great concern in

academic institutions and it is very important to realise that any accusation of plagiarism will be serious andcould be dealt with very severely.

Plagiarism essentially is the misappropriation of others words, thoughts and ideas and is treated very seriouslyin the academic environment. Ignorance or carelessness is no excuse. Be aware that it is not acceptableacademic practice under any circumstan ces to lift text and to present it as your own. There are sophisticatedweb sites and techniques specifically aimed at tracking down all kinds of plagiarism. The University hasinvested in software known as Turnitin which has been designed to assist in detecting plagiarism in studentwork and you may be required to submit your work electronically, so that it may be tested in this way.Students found guilty could at best fail their course, or at worst face expulsion from their academic institution.

Although this punitive and legalistic approach may be regarded as draconian by students, who often mean noharm by cutting and pasting, it is important that you realise that doing this has very serious implications. This

booklet should help you to understand how to deal with the writing of others without resorting to plagiarism.

Evaluation of resources

Students are increasingly relying on using information resources from the World Wide Web for their ownlearning. It is important that you understand that Web sources might be substantially different from sourcesthat you might find in the academic library.

The major difference is that articles on the Web are not peer reviewed. Anybody can publish anything on theWeb. Peer review consists of a rigorous process of anonymous review of all papers that are offered forpublication in academic journals. It is a lengthy and time consuming process which (even though not entirelyimmune to abuse) ensures accountability and reliability in the transfer of knowledge. Peer review produces

papers that are essentially different from articles in newspapers and journals like the Cape Argus, Newsweek or Economist. While the journalistic press may or may not take reasonable measures to produce facts accurately,the constraints of time and the pressures of readability or popularity may seriously affect veracity.

The first question you therefore have to answer when faced with some potentially interesting informationsource on the Web is to establish where it comes from. Are the authors named and do they belong to acreditable organisation? Look at the Web address or the URL: .ac or .edu indicates an academic and .gov a governmental provenance, while .com or .co clearly has commercial implications. If a site is anonymousyou should tread carefully, as you would when there are readily apparent language errors. Reputable authorssign their work and check their language. References to Wikipedia should be avoided in academic work.

The tone of a text should be considered. Extravagant statements or over-emphatic claims are not found inserious academic writing, nor are sweeping or vague statements without backup. You should look at the

sources cited. An absence of citations, or only references to what other people have said but not published, arenot hallmarks of reliable information. Beware of one-sided positions or evidence of bias; reputable writers tendto try and present different points of view or balanced arguments. Evidence of ulterior motives such aspromotion or advertising does not point to reliable information either. It is your responsibility as a writer toensure that you use only reliable information in your own written work.


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Academic citation

Academic writing requires you to cite all the sources that you have read and consulted in the preparation of your work and then provide full details of those sources in references. Citing and referencing consist of quotingfrom or referring to other writers words and thoughts and the listing of their names, together with the titlesand other details of their publications so that they can be tracked down independently. Citation and referencing

have long been regarded as a hallmark of academic writing of all kinds.

Good reasons for citation

Citations tell the reader of your text that you understand the topic and have read about it. You give authorityto your statements and add value to your writing by showing that other writers have supported yourarguments.

Citations show how well you know the field. It is important to show that you know who the important writersare in a specific field and if you leave some of them out, or if you use the writings of those who are less highlyregarded or who have been discredited, it may detract from your own work.

Citations show how up-to-date your reading has been. In certain subject fields it is very important to be awareof the most recent developments.

Writing is "intellectual property" and you have to give credit to persons who first expressed an idea.

References enable the reader of one s work to check the accuracy of a quotation, or to find the source and thecontext of a quotation.

Citations are most important in protecting you from being accused of or from committing plagiarism, as wasdiscussed above.

How does one cite correctly and avoid plagiarism?

Every single instance of using phrases and ideas that are not your own must be acknowledged. You dothis by giving the name of the person who first expressed every concept or thought that you mention inyour text.

When you quote someone s words directly, you have to place these words in quotation marks.

Longer quotations, which you should try to avoid or use sparingly, should be blocked to make themstand out clearly. This means indenting and single-spacing the entire quotation, also using a smallertypeface if you wish.

If you express another s words or ideas by paraphrasing them, you have to use your own words. It is not enough simply to change the word order or to substitute one or two words only.

You may also summarise more lengthy material in your own style and language. Do not repeat theauthor s own words without placing t hem in quotation marks.

When you use your own words to express the ideas of someone else, you must still quote the source,even though you then do not have to use quotation marks.

It is important to keep a list of full details of all the papers you have consulted as you go along and not thinkthat you will be able to complete the references in your assignments at the last minute, as you are bound tolose track of some of the things you have read. UCT has invested in providing campus-wide access toRefWorks , which is a personal bibliographic management software that allows one to download all thenecessary details about library materials as well as online journal papers and other resources including webpages into one s own personal database. The system c an then automatically prepare correct citations andreferences according to a large variety of referencing conventions as and when required.

RefWorks is available from the Library home page. Click on Electronic Resources and select RefWorks from the drop-down list. As a new user, you first have to register your own RefWorks account. The onlineTutorials will help you on your way, or go to the Knowledge Commons and Research Commons in the Libraryfor assistance.
http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/Training/citationstyles.htm#avoidhttp://www.lib.uct.ac.za/Training/citationstyles.htm#avoid


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Citation styles

There are a number of different styles and conventions which are widely understood and used to encourage aclear and consistent pattern of citation. Well-known style manuals include the Chicago Manual of Style, andthose published by the American Psychological Association (APA), the Modern Language Association of America(MLA) and The (British) Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA). One of the best-known, but also one

of the simplest styles , is the auth or- date style for citations and reference lists (sometimes known as the Harvard style ). Scientific publications often use the citation or style guides published by societies andinstitutions in their own disciplines. In all cases, consistency in presentation is the most importantconsideration.

For theses and dissertations it is essential to make sure of the specific details of the citation conventionrequired by your department and then to pay particular attention to capitalisation, the use of italics and tocheck punctuation very carefully. External examiners usually pay particular attention to citations andreferences.

This document illustrates the basic requirements of the author-date style of referencing. Further exhaustiveexamples may be found in the Information Literacy Course , which was originally developed for the Cape

Higher Education Consortium. You may access the section on compiling your bibliography at:http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/Training/Infolit/infolit/bibl.htm

Make sure that you select one style that conforms with your Departmental requirements and applyit consistently . A list of useful readings with many examples of citations using the different conventions isalso to be found at the end of this document.


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Author-date method

This very well-known system for citation is well established in the social sciences and is increasingly used inliterary studies as well (Visser, 1992:78). Brief examples illustrating the commonest citation issues using theauthor-date method follow below:

Citing sources within the text

To show that you have used or borrowed words or ideas from elsewhere, you have to indicate every instance inthe text, to the reader. This is done by the use of the reference indicator which contains brief publicationdetails in round brackets. Whether you cite, paraphrase or quote the words of another writer, the pagereference where those words appeared, have to form part of the reference indicator. It appears in either of twoways within the text:

1. When the name(s) of the quoted author(s) form part of a sentence, the reference indicator consists of thedate and the page on which that quotation appears. For example:

In her analysis of reading comprehension among primary and secondary school pupils, Pretorius(2000:33) proposes that inadequate reading skills play a significant role in the poor academicperformance of many South African scholars.

2. Where the sentence does not specifically state the original author s name, the reference indicator has toinclude the surname(s) of the author(s), followed by the date and the page on which the specificquotation appears, for example:

In an analysis of reading comprehension among primary and secondary school pupils, it was foundthat inadequate reading skills play a significant role in the poor academic performance of manySouth African scholars (Pretorius, 2000:33).

List of references at the end of the text

The reference indicator alone does not give enough information for the reader to find the original source of theidea or quotation. Full details of all the quoted sources also have to be listed at the end of the text. This listmay be called References or Works cited. The term Bibliography is sometimes used when you includeworks that you have consulted for your writing, but not actually quoted. This is not recommended, as you areexpected to only list the sources that you have used.

The list of references is arranged alphabetically by surname of the author. Alphabetical order enables a readerto locate details of all the sources cited quickly and efficiently, so that it is essential that the reference indicatorin round brackets (parentheses) exactly conforms with the first word of the reference in the alphabetical list. If a work has no identifiable author, the alphabetic arrangement is by the name of the editor(s) or by the firstmain word of the title. In such cases, the name of the editor or a brief title will be given as the referenceindicator in round brackets in the body of the text.

Here is the reference for the example above:

Pretorius, E.J. 2000. What they can t read will hurt them: reading and academic achievement. Innovation. 21:33-41.

Note that the page reference now indicates the length of the entire paper and not just the page on which thequotation appeared.


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REFERENCE EXAMPLES (AUTHOR-DATE)

BOOKS

Things to remember:The names of authors are shown with surname first. First names may be abbreviated to the initials only, but be consistent. Sometimes, an organization may functionas the author should this occur, give the name of the organisation as it appears on the ttitle page as the author. If there are two or three author s, list them all in the order given on the title page, separating them with commas and the ampersand (&) sign. Alphabetic order will beaccording to the surname of the first author.If there are more than three authors, give the name of the first only for in-text citations , followed by and others or et al. which is the Latin abbreviation for and others. The names of four or more authors should appear in the reference list to a maximum of eight . Add et al. or and others for more than eight authors, afterthe eighth author.An editor may be treated like an author, but attach the abbreviation Ed. to the name, as the function of an editor is diffe rent from that of an author.

If there is no identifiable author, editor or responsible corporate body, the first part of the entry is the title of the work and alphabetic order will be according to the firstword in the title that isn t A, An or The. It is a convention that the titles of all published materials are listed using italic type or by underlining. If your word processing package and printer can display italictype, use italics for titles, as underlining is often used for web document url s. If the lecturer prefers, you may indent the second and each subsequent line so that each entry is a hanging paragraph, however this is not mandatory.The edition should be mentioned unless it is the first edition. When there is no edition statement, you may assume that the work is a first edition.List the first place of publication as it appears on the title page of the book. Where applicable, add the country of publication for less known locations.List the publisher followed by a period.

Reference type In-text example Reference List Example

Book - singleauthor

Parenthetical in-text citation:(Green, 2009:46)

In-text citation:Green (2009:46) commented

Direct quote: Sanitation is often given little attention innational debates, due to a taboo on publicdiscussion of the topic, leading to lessspending (Green, 2009:46).

Note:

A specific page, chapter, heading, paragraph or other element of the work cited follows the date and should be

preceded by a colon.

Green, D. 2009. From poverty to power: how active citizens and effective states can change the world.Auckland Park, South Africa: Jacana.

Hanging indentation:Indent the second and subsequent lines to hanging indentation, if lecturer prefers, for example:

Green, D. 2009. From poverty to power: how active citizens and effective states can change the world.Auckland Park, South Africa: Jacana.

Book - twoauthors

Parenthetical in-text citation:(Segal & Holden, 2008:42)

In-text:Segal and Holden (2008:42) commented

Direct quote: (Segal & Holden, 2008:42).

Segal, L. & Holden, P. 2008. Great lives, pivotal moments. Auckland Park, South Africa: Jacana.


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Book - threeauthors

Parenthetical in-text citation:(Picker, Griffiths & Weaving, 2002:4)

In-text citation:Picker, Griffiths and Weaving (2002:4)commented that

Direct quote: (Picker, Griffiths & Weaving, 2002:4).

Picker, M., Griffiths, C.L. & Weaving, A. 2002 . Field guide to insects of South Africa. Cape Town: Struik.

Book - four ormore authors

Parenthetical in-text citation:(Boddy-Evans and others, 2006:8)

In-text citation:Boddy-Evans and others (2006:8)

Note:May use et a . l instead of and others,however be consistent.

Boddy-Evans, M., Exelby, N., Kuschke, J., Daly, R. & Bristow, D. 2006. Getaways 1001 places to seebefore you die: places to go, things to do in Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik.

Note:The names of four or more authors should appear in the r eference list to a maximum of eight. Add et al. or and others for more than eight authors.

Book producedby an editorrather than anauthor

Parenthetical in-text citation:(Templehoff, 2005:6)

Templehoff, J.W.N. Ed. 2005. African water histories: transdisciplinary discourses. Vanderbijlpark,South Africa: Vaal Triangle Faculty, North Western University.

Book producedby a group, e.g.corporation ororganisation

(Soweto Trust for Nurse C linical Training,2005:4)

Soweto Trust for Nursing Clinical Training. 2005. Primary clinical care handbook. 4 th ed. Houghton,South Africa: Jacana.

Edition of thebook other thanthe first

(Stuart & Stuart, 2006:3) Stuart, C. & Stuart, T. 2006. Field guide to the larger mammals of Africa. Rev. 3 rd ed. Cape Town:Struik.

Section orchapter in abook oneeditor

(Ruiters, 2009: 105) Ruiters, M. 2009. Collaboration, assimilation and contestation: emerging constructions of Colouredidentity in post apartheid South Africa. In Burdened by race: Coloured identity in South Africa. M.Adhikari, Ed . Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press. 104-133.

Section orchapter in abook multipleeditors

(Shisana, Zungu & Peze, 2009:90) Shisana, O., Zungu, N. & Peze, S. 2009. Poverty and HIV and AIDS. In HIV/AIDS in South Africa 25 years on: psychosocial perspectives. P. Rohleder and others, Eds. London: Springer. 89-104.


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Book series

(Kirkaldy, 1996:9) Kirkaldy, A. 1996. The sea is in our blood: community and craft in Kalk Bay, c. 1880-1939. (Archivesyearbook for South African history). Pretoria: Government Printers.

(Kornegay, 2005:12) Kornegay, F.A. 2005. Race and ethics relations barometer: a narrative analysis of findings from theCentre for Policy Studies Social Identity Survey. (Research report. Centre for Policy Studies no. 106).Johannesburg: Centre for Policy Studies.

Encyclopedia with author

(Klemm, 2008:248) Klemm, P.M. 2008. Cosmetics and body painting. In New encyclopedia of Africa. V. 1. J. Middleton & J.C. Miller, Eds. Detroit: Gale. 247-249.

Encyclopedia no author

(AIDS, 2011: Transmission)

Note: A specific page, chapter, heading, paragraph or other element of the work cited follows the date and should be

preceded by a colon.

"AIDS". Encyclopdia Britannica Online . 2011. Chicago: Encyclopdia Britannica. Available:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/10414/AIDS [2011, May 12].

Note: Add place of publication and publisher for online publications, if available.

Dictionary withauthor/editor

(Tshabe & Shoba, 2006:19) Tshabe, S.L. & Shoba, F.M. Eds. 2006. The greater dictionary of isiXhosa. V.1. Alice, South Africa:University of Fort Hare.

Dictionary noauthor/editor

( Radiation, 2003:1730 -1731) Radiation. McGraw-Hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms. 2003. 6 th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

( Apartheid, n., 2011) Apartheid, n.". OED Online. 2011. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available: http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/9032?redirectedFrom=apartheid [2011, May 11].

Note: Add place of publication and publisher for online publications, if available.

Translation (Couto, 2010: 11) Couto, M. 2010. The blind fisherman. Translated by David Brookshaw. Johannesburg: Penguin Books.

E-book

(Kagwanja & Kondlo, 2009: para.2)

Note: If a specific page, paragraph, chapter or other element of the work cited isavailable, it is followed by the date and should be preceded by a colon.

Kagwanja, P. & Kondlo, K. Eds. 2009. State of the nation: South Africa 2008. Cape Town: HSRC Press.Available:http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?productid=2231&cat=0&page=1&featured&freedownload=1[2010, October 15].

Classic Works

(Qur an 4:3) Major classical works, such as Greek, Roman or religious works should only be included for in-textcitations and not in the reference list.

(1 John 1:4, New International Version)

Note:For the Bible, add the version.


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ReportNote: Reports can appear in many different forms, e.g. as a book, journal article, series, government publication or online publication. It is advisable totreat a report as representative of the form it takes in a particular circumstance.

JOURNALS

Things to remember:

Articles are listed according to the surname of the first author that appears on the article.If there are more than three authors, give the name of the first only for in-text citations , followed by and others or et al. which is the Latin abbreviation for and others. The names of four or more authors should appear in the reference list to a maximum of eight . Add et al. or and others for more than eight authors, afterthe eighth author.The title of the journal is italicized.Volume and issue numbers of the journal are given, followed by the page number (or starting and ending pages if it covers more than o ne page) of the complete article.By indicating the volume numbering in the fixed sequence: Volume(issue number):starting page(-end page) it is not necessary to use the abbreviations vol.; no. pp. orp. to indicate volume, issue and page numbers.Some journals only have volume or issue numbers.

Journal article single author

(Van, Wilgen, 2009:335) Van Wilgen, B.W. 2009. The evolution of fire and invasive alien plant management practices in fynbos:review article. South African journal of science. 105(9-10):335-342.

Journal article two authors

(Jiane & Mostert, 2010:60) Jiyane, V. & Mostert, J. 2010. Use of information and communication technologies by women hawkersand vendors in South Africa. African journal of library, archives and information science. 20(1):53-61.

Journal article three authors

(Berry, Robertson & Campbell, 2005:180) Berry, M.G., Robertson, B.L. & Campbell, E.E. 2005. Impact of cutting and collecting firewoodassociated with informal settlement in the south-eastern Cape coastal zone. South Africa journal of botany . 71(2):179-190.

Journal article four or moreauthors

(Calver and others, 2010:266) Calver, A.D., Falmer, A.A., Murray, M., Strauss, O.J., Streicher, E.M., Hanekom, M. Liversage, T.,Masibi,M. and others.2010. Emergence of increased resistance and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosisdespite treatment adherence, South Africa. Emerging infectious diseases. 16(2):264-271.

Note:The names of four or more authors may be given in the r eference list to a maximum of eight . Add et al. or and others for more than eight authors.

Journal article two or morearticles by thesame author(s)in a single year

(Noakes, 2010a:787) Noakes, T.D. 2010a. Peripheral fatigue alone does not explain the decision to terminate sustainedmuscular contractions with two limbs. Scandanavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 20(5):787.DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01182.x

Note: Add a DOI identifier if available. The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) identifies electronic documents or other objects in the digital environment.

(Noakes, 2010b:998) Noakes, T.D. 2010b. The role of the faculty of sports and exercise medicine for public health and eliteathlete care. British journal of sports medicine. 44(14):998-1001.


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Journal article availablefrom electronicdatabases

(Cherry, 2011:5) Cherry, J. 2011. Animal history meets social history: a new look at horses in South African history.South African journal of science . 107(1/2):5-6. DOI:10.4102/sajs.v107i1/2.495


(Van Wilgen, 2009:335) Van Wilgen, B.W. 2009. The evolution of fire and invasive alien plant management practices in fynbos:review article. South African journal of science. 105(9-10): 335-342. Available from EBSCOHostAcademic Search Premier[2010, October 15].

(Digby, 2005) Digby, A. 2005. Early black doctors in South Africa. The journal of African history . 46(3):427-454.

Available from JStor [2010, October 15].Note:Where DOI identifiers are not available, add the database name as illustrated in the two examplesabove.

Journal article electronic

(Parry, 2011)

Note: A specific page, numbered paragraph,chapter or other element of the work cited follows the date and should be preceded by a colon.

Parry, D. 2011. Mobile perspectives: on teaching mobile literacy. Educause review. 46(2).Available:http://www.educause.edu/EDUCAUSE+Review/EDUCAUSEReviewMagazineVolume46/iMobilePerspectivesOnteachingi/226160 [2011, April 11].

Journal article in press

(De Knecht and others, in press) De Knecht, H.J. Van Langevelde, F., Skidmore, A.K., Delsink, A., Slotow, R., Henley, S., Bucini, G., deBoer, W.F. and others (in press). The spatial scaling of habitat selection by African elephants. Journal of animal ecology. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01764.x

Note : Add a DOI identifier if available. The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) identifies electronic documents or other objects in the digital environment.

Journal article abstract only

(Hanekom and others, 2010) Hanekom, W.A., Lawn, S.D., Dheda, K. & Whitelaw, A. 2010. Tuberculosis research update [Abstract].

Tropical medicine and international health. 15(8):981-989.Note:If at all possible, try to find a full paper and not just information from an abstract. Sometimes,however, this is not possible and the abstract itself has to be cited.

Journalsupplement

(Becker, 1986:26) Becker, W.B. 1986. HTLV-III infection in the RSA. South African medical journal. Suppl. (October, 11):26-27.


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Journal article letter to theEditor

(Navarro, 2010:915) Navarro, J.L. 2010. Foreign language abstracts in scientific journals: please write them well [Letter tothe editor]. The journal of w ildlife management . 74(5):915 916. DOI: 10.2193/2009-391

Note: Add a DOI identifier if available. The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) identifies electronic documents or other objects in the digital environment .

Journal article special issue

(Nielsen, 2010:1050)

(Kim, 2000:4)

Nielsen, R. 2010. Genomics in search of rare human variants. 1000 genomes pilot study. Nature [Special issue] . 467(7319): 1050-1051. Doi:10.1038/4671050a

Kim, H.C. 2000. Therapeutic pediatric apheresis. [Special issue: Clinical Applications of TherapeuticApheresis]. Journal of Clinical Apheresis . 15(1-2): 1-5. Doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1101


Magazine without volumeor issuenumbers

(Beckman, 2005:2) Beckman, M.Y. 2005. Y did the chromosome cross the road?Science now. November, 7:203. Available: http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2005/11/07-02.html?ref=hp [2011, June 10].

NEWSPAPERS Dailynewspaper article, withauthor

(Chauke, 2010:5) Chauke, A. 2010. SA braces for Google television. The Times (Johannesburg). 19 November:5.

Weeklynewspaper article, noauthor

Parenthetical in-text citation:(Commemoration after closet - torching,2010:2)

In-text citation: Commemoration after closet - torching

(2010:2)

Commemoration after closet-torching. 2010. Monday paper. 29(15). 11-24 October:2.

Onlinenewspaper article, withauthor

(Wilson, 2010) Wilson, N. 2010. Starbucks taking a cautious approach to SA. Business day. 1 June. [Online].Available: http://www.businessday.co.za/Articles/Content.aspx?id=110545 [2010 , November 19].

WEBSITES (Reference examples of online maps, online computer programs and other online material are covered under separate headings.) Citations for electronic resources are essentially no different fro m any other citations; the reader needs clear instructions on where to find an item. Frequently, data heldelectronically may be moved to different locations, so that hyperlinks could become obsolete and documents sometimes disappear entirely. It therefore is necessary toshow the date of consultation when referring to such sources, to indicate how recently a link was still functioning.

It is important to remember that all full bibliographic references, regardless of style, essentially have to convey the same kind of information and consist of the sameelements, although the basic order may differ slightly according to different conventions. The purpose of all references essentially is to provide sufficient information for


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Reference type In-text example Reference List Example Website noauthor no date

Parenthetical in-text citation:( Southern African DevelopmentCommunity [SADC], n.d.)

Southern African Development Community. n.d. Available: http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/recs/sadc.htm [ 201 0, November 9].

CONFERENCES

Conference single author

(Poll, 1998:40) Poll, R. 1998. The house that Jack built: the consequences of measuring. Proceedings of the 2 nd Northumbria International Conference on Performance Measurement in Library & Information Services.7-11 September 1997. Newcastle: Information North. 39-45.

Onlineconferenceproceedings single author

(Todani, 2008:101) Todani, K. 2008. Commentary: capital flows, current-account adjustment and monetary policy in SouthAfrica . Proceedings of the conference on Challenges for Monetary Policy -makers in Emerging Markets.29-31 October 2008. 101-105. Available:http://www.resbank.co.za/Lists/News%20and%20Publications/Attachments/9/Challenges+for+Monetary+Policy-makers.pdf [2011, April 18].

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS LEGISLATIONThings to remember:

References to Acts, Regulations and Bills are listed by the name of the Act followed by the publication details.Use abbreviations for in-text referencing for sections, subsections, paragraphs and subparagraphs, but never at the start of a sentence: chapter = chap, section = s,sections = ss, subsection = subsec, paragraph = par a, subparagraph = subpara, article = art. (Plurals: subsecs, paras, subparas, arts.)Further exhaustive examples may be found in the Writing Guide for Law Students , available from the Law Library s webpage. (See: University of Cape Town.Faculty of Law. 2011. Research, writing, style and referencing guide: 2011. Available: http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/law/ [2011, August 3].)


Act single actpublished in agovernmentgazette withoutamendments

(Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995,1995:chap1)

Note:Use abbreviations for in-text referencingfor sections, subsections, paragraphs andsubparagraphs.

Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995. 1995 . Government gazette. 366(16861). 13 December.Government notice no. 1877. Cape Town: Government Printer.

Act singleamendment actpublished in agovernmentgazette

(Labour Relations Amendment Act, No. 12of 2002, 2002:s7)

Labour Relations Amendment Act, No. 12 of 2002. 2002. Government gazette. 444(23540). 24 June.Government notice no. 848. Cape Town: Government Printer.


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Reference type In-text example Reference List Example Single actpublishedseparately fromthe governmentgazette

(Public Procurement Act, No. 8 of 2003,2003: s1)

Public Procurement Act, No. 8 of 2003 . 2003. Zomba: Government Printer. (Malawi)

Note:Should you need to reference legislation of countries, other than South Africa, add the name of thecountry or jurisdiction after the publication details, e.g. (Botswana), (Zimbabwe), (Canada).

Single actpublished on anInternet site

(Labour Relations Amendment Act, No. 12of 2002, 2002:s7)

Labour Relations Amendment Act, No. 12 of 2002 . 2002. Available:http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=68046 [2011, June 11].

Act asamended,published in asingle volume

(Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995, asamended, 2009:chap1)

Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995, updated 2009, including the CCMA rules . 2009. Wetton, Cape Town:Juta Law.

Note:For date of publication, use the date of the latest update of the consolidated law.

Act asamended,published inconsolidatedvolumes of statutes


Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995, as amended. 2010. Statutes of the Republic of South Africa,classified and annotated from 1910 , Vol. 20. Durban: Butterworths.

Note:For date of publication, use the date of the latest update of the consolidated law.

Act asamended,published in adatabase of consolidatedstatutes


Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995, as amended . 2007. Available:http://blues.sabinet.co.za/WebZ/FETCH?sessionid=01-45980-964208212&recno=1&resultset=1&format=F&next=law/law_nffull.html&bad=law/law_badfetch.html&& entitytoprecno=1&entitycurrecno=1 [2011, June 10].

Note:In this example, the date of publication reflects the date of the last amendment to the act as found in adatabase.

Bill as firstpublished

(Labour Relations Amendment Bill, No.77D of 2001, 2001:s7)

Labour Relations Amendment Bill, No. 77D of 2001. 2001. Cape Town: Government Printers.

Bill - online (Labour Relations Amendment Bill, No.77D of 2001, 2001:s7)

Labour Relations Amendment Bill, No. 77D of 2001. 2001. Available:http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=67282 [2011 , June 10].

Bill publishedin database

(Labour Relations Amendment Bill, No.77Dof 2001, 2001:s7)

Labour Relations Amendment Bill, No.77D of 2001. 2001. Available:http://blues.sabinet.co.za/WebZ/FETCH?sessionid=01-45980-964208212&recno=1&resultset=3&format=F&next=law/law_nffull.html&bad=law/law_badfetch.html&& entitytoprecno=1&entitycurrecno=1 [2011, June 10].

Draft Bill (Intellectual Property Rights from PubliclyFinanced Research Bill, 2007:s4)

Intellectual Property Rights from Publicly Financed Research Bill [Draft]. 2007. Pretoria: Department of Science and Technology.


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Reference type In-text example Reference List Example Draft Bill published in agovernmentgazette

(Draft Science and Technology LawsAmendment Bill, 2010:101)

Draft Science and Technology Laws Amendment Bill. 2010. Government gazette. 543(33518). 10September. General notice no. R866. Pretoria: Government Printers.

Regulation published in agovernmentgazette

(Labour Relations Act, No. 55 of 1995.Regulation, 2003)

Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995. Regulation. 2003. Government gazette. 460(25515). 10 October.Government notice no. R1442. Pretoria: Government Printer.

Note:In this example, the date of publication reflects the date of the Regulation as found in the GovernmentGazette.

Regulation

databaseaccess

(Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995.Regulations, as amended, 2008:4)

Note:Add page number, Sections, Subsections,Chapters, Parts or Schedules whereapplicable.

Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995. Regulations, as amended. 2008. Available:http://search.sabinet.co.za/netlawpdf/netlaw/Labour%20Relations%201.htm [2011, June 10 ].

Note:In this example, the date of publication reflects the last amendment as found in a database.

OTHER GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

Things to remember:

In principle, one should use the official name of the country as the author followed by the full name of the government department. However, to avoid long listing of references under South Africa, references may be shortened to reflect the department nam e only. In addition, the corresponding in-text citation may be shortened afterthe first full citation, however only where an identifiable abbreviation is normally used.

Example:

Full reference:South Africa. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. 1999. White paper on environmental management policy . Pretoria : Department of EnvironmentalAffairs and Tourism.

May be shortened to:Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. 1999. White paper on environmental management policy . Pretoria : Department of Environmental Affairs andTourism.

1st parenthetical in-text citation:(Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism [DEAT], 1999:6)

Subsequent parenthetical in-text citations:(DEAT, 1999:6)

The use of the official name, Republic of South Africa, is rarely used for referencing . The author-date referencing convention less suitable for government publications.Further exhaustive examples may be found in the Writing Guide for Law Students , available from the Law Library s webpage. (See: University of Cape Town.Faculty of Law. 2011. Research, writing, style and referencing guide: 2011 Available: http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/law/)


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Debates/Hansards

1 st parenthetical in-text citation: Parliament. National Assembly[Parliament. National Assembly], 2008)

Subsequent parenthetical in-textcitations:(Parliament. National Assembly, 2008)

Parliament. National Assembly. 2008. Debates of the National Assembly (Hansard), fifth session, third Parliament. 119(21 October -21 November). Cape Town: Parliament.

Annual report (Department of Labour, 2008:3) Department of Labour. 2008. Annual reports 2007/2008-2009/2010 . Pretoria: Government Printer.

Series

(Hellen, 2000:5) Hellen, D. 2000. National Aquatic Ecosystem Biomonitoring Programme: ecological reference condition project: field manual: general information, catchment condition, invertebrates and water chemistry.(NAEBP report series no. 10). Pretor ia: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.

Multi-volumebooks -Individualvolume

(Department of Human Settlements,2009:8)

Department of Human Settlements. 2009. National housing code, 2009. Vol. 1, Simplified guide to thenational housing code: the policy context. Pretoria: Department of Human Settlements.

Policydocument

1 st parenthetical in-text citation: (Department of Environmental Affairs andTourism [DEAT], 1999:6)

Subsequent parenthetical in-textcitations:(DEAT, 1999:6)

Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. 1999. White paper on environmental management policy. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.

Financialdocument

(National Treasury, 2010:4) National Treasury. 2010. Estimates of national expenditure, 2010 . Pretoria: National Treasury.

Internationalorganisation

1 st parenthetical in-text citation: (United Nations Conference on Trade andDevelopment. Secretariat [UNCTAD],2010:4)

Subsequent parenthetical in-textcitations:(UNCTAD, 2010:4)

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Secretariat. 2010. Maximizing synergiesbetween foreign direct investment and domestic investment for development: enhancing productivecapacities . Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.


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Corporateauthor

1 st parenthetical in-text citation: (Department of Agriculture. Directorate:Agricultural Production Economics[Department of Agriculture], 2005:4)

Subsequent parenthetical in-textcitation:(Department of Agriculture, 2005:4)

Department of Agriculture. Directorate: Agricultural Production Economics. 2005. Some agricultural economic concepts . Pretoria: Department of Agriculture.

Report of acommission of inquiry

1 st parenthetical in-text citation:(Commission of Inquiry into AllegedIncidents of Corruption ,

Maladministration, Violence orIntimidation in the Department of Correctional Services [Jali Commission],2005:4)

Subsequent parenthetical in-textcitations:(Jali Commission, 2005:4)

Note:Some reports of commissions of inquiry are readily identified through thechairperson, and may be shortened asindicated in the above example.

Commission of Inquiry into Alleged Incidents of Corruption, Maladministration, Violence or Intimidationin the Department of Correctional Services. 2005. Commission of Inquiry into Alleged Incidents of Corruption, Maladministration, Violence or Intimidation in the Department of Correctional Services

appointed by order of the President of the Republic of South Africa in terms of proclamation no. 135 of 2001, as amended: final report: executive summary . (Chairman: T.S.B. Jali ) Durban: Jali Commissionof Inquiry into the Department of Correctional Services.

Report of acommittee of inquiry

Parenthetical in-text citation:(Committee of Inquiry into aComprehensive Social Security System forSouth Africa, 2002)

Committee of Inquiry into a Comprehensive Social Security System for South Africa. 2002. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into a Comprehensive Social Security System for South Africa . Cape Town:Alliance for Children's Entitlement to Social Security.

Report of aparliamentarycommittee

1 st parenthetical in-text citation:

(Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Foreign Affairs Committee.[Foreign Affairs Committee], 2004)

Subsequent parenthetical in-textcitations:(Foreign Affairs Committee, 2004)

Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Foreign Affairs Committee. 2004. South Africa: fifth

report of Session 2003-04: report together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence . (HC ; 117.)London: Stationery Office.

Journal article (Werunga, 2008) Werunga, M. 2008. A hundred years of working parliament in Kenya. The Parliamentarian . 89(4): 352-

710.


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Media release

(Department of Environmental Affairs,2010)

Department of Environmental Affairs. 2010 . South Africa welcomes the outcomes of the Convention onBiological Diversity held in Japan. 31 October 2010. Available:http://www.info.gov.za/speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&sid=14171&tid=23542 [2011, June 13].

Speech

(Xingwana, 2010) Xingwana, L. 2010. Parliamentary media briefing by the Minister for Women, Children and Persons withDisabilities Ms Lulu Xingwana. Cape Town, 17 November 2010. Available:http://www.info.gov.za/speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&sid=14640&tid=24537 [2011, June 13].

Conference

1 st parenthetical in-text citation: (United Nations [UN], 2009:3)

United Nations. 2009. Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact onDevelopment. New York, 24-30 June 2009. New York: United Nations.

Subsequent parenthetical in-textcitations:(UN, 2009:3)

Research report(Reinecke, 2007) Reinecke, M.K. 2007. The nature and invasion of riparian vegetation zones in the South Western Cape.

(WRC report ; no. 1407/1/07). Gezina, South Africa: Water Research Commission.

Online series

(Department of Health, 2008) Department of Health. 2008. The burden of cryptococcosis in South Africa. Statistical notes. February:1-14. Available: http://www.doh.gov.za/facts/stats-notes/2008/cryptococcosis.pdf [2011,June 9].

UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS Things to remember:

The titles of unpublished works are not underlined or italicised.Give "(Unpublished)" at the end of a reference if the information is not readily available or obvious.

Theses andDissertations

(Makhubela, 1998) Makhubela, P.M. 1998. Public libraries in the provision of adult basic education programmes: the case of the Western Cape Province, South Africa. D.Bibl. Thesis. Department of Library and InformationScience, University of the Western Cape.

Lectures and

PapersPresented atMeetings

(Jansen, 2010) Jansen, J. 2010. What school reform can learn from the rhythm method in sex [Lecture]. University of

Cape Town. February 2.

Courselectures,course/lecturenotes, coursemanuals

(De Jager, 2005) De Jager, K. 2005. Quality, authority control and content evaluation in large databases [LIS513 Lecturenotes]. University of Cape Town, Department of Information and Library Studies.


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PersonalCommunication

(De Jager, personal communication 2004,May 20)

(Thapisa, personal interview, 1998 March10)

Note :Personal communications are not included in the reference list.

ManuscriptCollections

(Bleek and Lloyd Collection) Bleek and Lloyd Collection. BC151, A5.6. Manuscritps and Archives Department, University of CapeTown Libraries, University of Cape Town. (Unpublished).

MAPS

Maps

(South Africa, 1956) South Africa. 1956. Rainfall map - sheet 2330 Tzaneen . 1:250 000. Pretoria: Government Printer.

(South Africa, 1967) South Africa. 1967. Topographic surveys sheet 2330CB Ga-Modjadji . 1:50 000. Mowbray, South Africa:Directorate of Surveys.

(Map Studio, n.d.) Map Studio. n.d. Locality map: KwaZulu-Natal. 2nd ed. 1:600 000. Cape Town: MapStudio.

Online Maps

(Google Map Data, 2011) Google Map Data. 2011. Long street Cape Town [Online map]. Available:http://maps.google.co.za/maps?q=long%20street&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wl [2011, June 13].

OTHER MEDIA (Includes references to electronic and other resources, e.g. filmstrips, microforms, models, motion pictures, sound recordings,transparencies and video recordings.

Motion picturesParenthetical in-text citation:(Forgiveness, 2004)

Forgiveness [Motion picture]. 2004. Produced by C . Gabriel & Directed by I. Gabriel. Sandown, SouthAfrica: Ster-Kinekor Home Entertainment.

Parenthetical in-text citation:(Yesterday, 2004)

Yesterday [DVD]. 2005. Produced by A. Singh & Director/Writer D.J. Roodt. Durban: A VideovisionEntertainment.

Online Videos(e.g. Youtube)

(Buzan, T. 2007) Buzan, T. (2007). Maximise the power of your brain: Tony Buzan mind mapping. Available:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlabrWv25qQ [2011, June 10].

Soundrecording

(Angolan freedom songs , 1991)

Note:Speaker unknown.

Angolan freedom songs [Sound recording]. 1991?. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Folkways Records.

Social Media(e.g. Facebook,Twitter)

(University of Cape Town, 2011)

Note:Use a screen name if the author s fullname is unavailable.

University of Cape Town. 2011. Michelle Obama's visit to UCT inspires young learners [Facebookupdate, 27 June]. Available: https://www.facebook.com/home.php#!/uct.ac.za [2011, July 8].
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D337rXf5qU0&feature=channel_video_titlehttps://www.facebook.com/home.php#!/uct.ac.za%20[2011https://www.facebook.com/home.php#!/uct.ac.za%20[2011http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D337rXf5qU0&feature=channel_video_title


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Blogs(Seevan Franks, 2011) Sevaan Franks. 2011. Egyptian rock art found [Blog, 6 July]. Available:

http://www.ablogabouthistory.com/2011/07/06/egyptian-rock-art-found/ [2011, July 8].

MUSIC SCORES

SingleComposer

(Schoenberg, 1949) Schoenberg, A. 1949. A survivor from Warsaw; for narrator, men's chorus, and orchestra, op. 46 . LongIsland City: Bomart Music Publications.

Beethoven s (1976) composition displays Beethoven, L. 1976. Fourth and Fifth Symphonies. New York: Dover.

The bassoon solo in Rite of Spring (Stravinsky, 1975)

Stravinsky, I. 1975. Rite of Spring. London: Hansen House.

(Klatzow, 1996) Klatzow, P. 1996. Sonata for violin and piano . Claremont, South Africa: Musications.

Anthology of music

(Johnson, 1997) Johnson, C. 1997. Crazy bone rag. In Ragtime jubilee: 42 piano gems, 1911-21 , 41-45. D. Jasen, Ed.Mineola: Dover.

(Beethoven, 1999) Beethoven, L. 1999. Sonata no. 14 in C-sharp minor, op. 27, no. 2. In Five great piano sonatas , 43-60.H. Schenker, Ed. Mineola: Dover.

Music scorewith editor

(Debussy, 1966) Debussy, Claude. 1966. 43 Songs for voice and piano. Sergius Kagen, Ed. New York: InternationalMusic.

Urtext edition (Bach 1956, 26) Bach, Johann Sebastian. 1956. Franzsische Suiten . Munich: Henle.

Music scorefrom collectedworks

(Mozart 1970, 115-116) Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. 1970. Die Zauberflte . G. Gruber & A. Orel, Eds. Neue Ausgabe SmtlicheWerke. Serie 2, Werkgruppe 5, Bd. 19. Kassel: Brenreiter.

ARTWORK (Examples illustrated include paintings and sculpture. However, artwork is not limited to these examples.)

Paintings

(Bester, 1993) Bester, W. 1993. Group removals [Painting]. Cape Town: J.P. Porer loan to the University of Cape TownWorks of Art Collection.

Note:Example of an artwork on loan to a gallery.

(Griffin-Jones, 2005) Griffin-Jones, J. 2005. Story of Isaac [Painting]. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Works of ArtCollection.

Sculpture (Bester, 2000) Bester, W. 2000. Sara Baartman [Sculpture]. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Works of ArtCollection.
http://www.ablogabouthistory.com/2011/07/06/egyptian-rock-art-found/http://www.ablogabouthistory.com/2011/07/06/egyptian-rock-art-found/http://www.ablogabouthistory.com/2011/07/06/egyptian-rock-art-found/


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COMPUTER PROGRAMS (SOFTWARE)

Computerprograms

(Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, 2002) Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. 2002. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis [Computer software] . Version 2.Englewood, NJ: Biostat.

(McGregor BFA, 2011) McGregor BFA. 2011. Analyser: price data Johannesburg: McGregor BFA. Available:http://www.mcgregorbfa.com/Product_Login.aspx [2011 , June 10].

(ThomsonReuters, 2011a) ThomsonReuters. 2011a. Datastream [Online data file]. Version 6. New York: Thomson Reuters.Available from University of Cape Town Libraries [2011, June 13].

Note:Datastream access is restricted, therefore the subscriber rather than the resource locator (URL) ismentioned.

(ThomsonReuters, 2011b) ThomsonReuters. 2011b. Reuters 3000 Xtra . New York: ThomsonReuters. Available:https://portal.hpd.global.reuters.com/auth/login.aspx [2011, June 10].

(UNComTrade, 2009) UNComTrade. 2009. Commodities explorer: snapshot: USA . Available:http://comtrade.un.org/db/ce/ceSnapshot.aspx?r=842 [2011, June 11].

SECONDARY SOURCING Things to remember:

Students sometimes mistakenly believe that it is sufficient to read a single review article and then cite o ther writers stat ements from citations in the review article. Manyreferences in your text to authors that have been quoted by other authors significantly detract from your work. You should as far a possible go back to the original workand not just cite the review article as the source. It is even worse to copy the references from the review article as if you have read the original; this is blatantlydishonest. Should you in rare instances need to cite a difficult-to-find source from a citation, acknowledge both sources in-text, but only include the secondary source inthe reference list.

Secondarysourcing

According to Barr and Hayne (1996,quoted by Bauer and others, 2000:13),infants imitate

Bauer, P.J., Wenner, J.A., Dropik, P.L. & Wewerka, S.S. 2000. Parameters of remembering andforgetting in the transition from infancy to early childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research inChild Development. 65(4). Available from JStor [2011, May 30].

Citing Gray (1999), Mirzeler and Young(2000:408) support this view and note

Mirzeler,M. & Young, C. 2000. Pastoral politics in the northwest periphery in Uganda: AK-47 as changeagent. Journal of modern African studies. 38(3):407-429. Available from JStor [2011, June 13].


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References & useful readings

American Society of Civil Engineers. 2011. ASCE Press authorsguide . Available:http://www.asce.org/Content.aspx?id=18310 [2011, June 9].

Blum, E. & Wilhoit, F.G. 1990. Mass media bibliography: an annotated guide to books and journals for researchand reference . 3rd ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Curtin University. Library & Information Service. 2011. Referencing. Available:http://library.curtin.edu.au/referencing/index.html [2011, June 9].

(This site contains information on various referencing styles with practical examples.)

English, J., Fielding, M., Howard, E. & Van der Merwe, N. 2006 . Professional communication : how to deliver effective written and spoken messages . 2nd ed. Cape Town: Juta.

Gibaldi, J. 2009. MLA handbook for writers of research papers . 7th ed. New York: Modern Language Associationof America.

Harmon, C. 2000. Using the internet, online services, and CD-ROMs for writing research and term papers . 2nded. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers.

Lehigh University. Library & Technology Services. 2011. Footnote and citation style guides. Available:http://libraryguides.lehigh.edu/styleguide [2011, May 23].

Lester, J.D. & Lester, J.D. 2011. Writing research papers: a complete guide . New York: Longman Pub Group.

Li, X. & Crane, N. 1996. Electronic styles: a handbook for citing electronic information . Rev ed. Medford, N.J.:Information Today.

(This is the standard text on the citation of electronic sources.)

Modern Humanities Research Association. 1996. MHRA style book: notes for authors, editors and writers of theses . 5th ed. London: MHRA.

Smith, A.G. 1997. Testing the surf: criteria for evaluating Internet information resources. The public-accesscomputer systems review . 8(3). Available: http://info.lib.uh.edu/pr/v8/n3/smit8n3.html [2011, June9].

Standler, R.B. 2000. Plagiarism in colleges in USA . Available: http://www.rbs2.com/plag.htm [2011, June 9].

Turabian, K.L. 2007. A manual for writers of research papers, theses and dissertations . 7th ed. Revised by W.C. Booth, G. G. Colomb and J.M. Williams. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

University of Cape Town. Faculty of Law. 2011. Research, writing, style and referencing guide: 2011. Available:http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/law/[2011, June 18].

Visser, N. 1992. Handbook for writers of essays and theses . 2nd ed. Cape Town: Maskew, Miller, Longman.
http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/Training/citationstyles.htm#usefulhttp://www.lib.uct.ac.za/Training/citationstyles.htm#useful

harvard referencing _uct interpretation

Documents