Integrated Nitrogen Management in Sweet Corn (Zea mays

L. Ssp. Saccharata)

Synopsis

of the proposed investigation

for

Ph.D. in Agronomy

Submitted by

HARPHOOL MEENA

Department of Agronomy

Rajasthan College of Agriculture

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture &Technology

Udaipur

RAJASTHAN COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur-313 001 (Raj.)

Synopsis for Ph.D. Agronomy research work

1. NAME OF SCHOLAR : HARPHOOL MEENA

2. REGISTRATION NO.

DATE OF REGISTRATION

ENROLMENT NO.

: 06-01-01-04-01

20-08-2005

03/182

3. TITLE OF THESIS : Integrated Nitrogen Management in

Sweet corn (Zea mays L. Ssp. Saccharata)

4. NAME OF DEPARTMENT

AND COLLEGE

: Department of Agronomy

Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur

5. EXPECTED DURATION OF

WORK

: (January, 2010 to June, 2011)

6. OBJECTIVES

1. To work out the optimum N level for sweet corn under integrated use of

organic and fertilizer-N sources.

2. To study the effect of poultry manure and Jatropha cake in conjunction with

fertilizer-N on growth, yield and quality of sweet corn.

3. To assess response of the crop to Azotobacter inoculation under integrated

nitrogen management.

4. To study the economic viability of the treatment combinations in terms of net

returns and B:C ratio.

7. IMPORTANCE OF PROPOSED INVESTIGATION

Maize is an important cereal crop of the world grown on approximately 140 m

ha under diverse agro-climatic conditions. In India, it is grown on 8.26 m ha with the

production and productivity of 19.30 million tonnes and 23.37 q ha -1, respectively

(FAO STAT, 2008). Rajasthan state ranks first in respect of area, where in this crop

occupies an area of 10.50 L ha with the production of 19.54 L tonnes and the average

productivity of 18.60 q ha-1, which is far below the national average (Govt. of Raj.,

2008).

Sweet corn is a special type of corn used for table purpose. It is one of the

most popular vegetables in USA, Europe and other advanced countries of the world.

Approximately 40 per cent of this type of corn is frozen and the rest is canned while

processing. Sweet corn is differentiated from other types by the presence of genes that

have effect on starch synthesis in the endosperm (AICMIP, 2004). Now-a-days, sweet

corn is becoming popular in India and is being cultivated in maize growing areas. The

urban people have great interest in consuming green ears and it is found that sweet

corn is more delicious when it is steamed boiled and consumed. Due to its extra

sweetness and short duration, sweet corn is gaining popularity and already awareness

has been created among the farming community.

Among the plant nutrients, nitrogen is the most important element for plant

growth and development. Nitrogen is an essential constituent of proteins and is

present in many other compounds of physiological importance in plant metabolism

such as nucleotides, phosphatides, alkaloids, enzymes, hormones, vitamins etc.

Besides, the quantity and quality of maize green cob is influenced by nitrogen

fertilization. Sweet corn yield has been found to increase as the amount of nitrogen

increases (Bravo, et al., 1995).

The role of soil organic carbon in maintaining soil fertility and productivity is

well recognized from the time immemorial and its maintenance in the soil is of utmost

concern under modern intensive farming. Amongst the organic manures, poultry

manure and Jatropha oil cake are well known sources, which release nutrients in to

readily available form after microbial decomposition. The results of long-term

addition of organic materials in to the soil have resulted in favourably influencing

physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil (AICMIP, 1989). Combination

of organic manures in conjunction with inorganic fertilizers may be beneficial to

maximize the crop productivity and improve soil properties (Gaur and Kumawat,

2000). The Jatropha oil cake contains 4.4% nitrogen, 2.09% phosphorus and 1.68%

potassium. The area under Jatropha is about 12-15 thousand ha with production of

about 10-12 thousand tonnes seed in Rajasthan (Chaplot, 2010).

Inoculation with Azotobacter culture has been found promising in improving

nitrogen status in the soil and resulted in increased crop yield. Azotobacter is able to

fix atmospheric nitrogen through non-symbiotic process. Azotobacter, being a free

living heterotrophic nitrogen fixing bacteria encountered in neutral to alkaline soil

conditions, not only provide nitrogen but produce a variety of growth promoting

substances. Some of these growth-promoting substances are IAA, gibberellins,

vitamin B and anti-fungal substances (Somani, 1987).

Considering the above facts, a field experiment entitled “Integrated Nitrogen

Management in Sweet Corn (Zea mays Saccharata)” is propsed to be conducted at the

Borwat Farm, Agricultural Research Station , Banswara.

8. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

8.1 Effect of N-levels

At Ambikapur (M.P.), application of increasing N levels upto 150 kg

ha-1 resulted in significant increase in maize plant growth (Paliwal et al., 1999). Based

on two years field experimentation at Pantnagar, Shivay et al. (1999) reported

significant increase in plant height, LAI and DMA plant-1 with successive increase in

N levels from 0 to 120 kg ha-1. Miura and Watanabe (1999) reported that application

of nitrogen to sweet corn increased dry matter yield. Mullins et al. (1999) observed

that when sweet corn cv. Silver Queen was supplied with 112 kg N ha -1, greater height

of the plants and dry matter were obtained. In Argentina, Grazia et al.,(2003) reported

significant differences in plant growth and biomass production and increases in yield

by 22.05 % and 46.97 % for 100 and 200 kg N ha -1, respectively over control. On

other hand, P fertilization from o to 80 kg ha-1 recorded significant differences in

growth and biomass production.

Raja (2001) studied the effects of N rate on yield parameters of sweet corn cv.

Madhuri and found that application of nitrogen significantly increased cob length,

girth of cob, number of cobs and number of kernels cob -1. Field experiments

conducted under the auspices of All India Coordinated Maize Improvement Project,

Kolahapur (Maharashtra) on light to medium black soils revealed that increasing rate

of nitrogen application upto 160 kg ha-1 significantly enhanced grain yield of maize.

Application of 160 kg N ha-1 gave increases in grain yield by 43.4, 16.7 and12.8 per

cent over 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1, respectively. The number of cobs ha-1 also

increased significantly with application of N rates upto 160 kg ha -1. At Chindwara

(M.P.) sweet corn planted in close rows of 15 cm when fertilized with 120 kg N ha -1

gave 62.22 q ha-1 of grain yield which was higher by 29.5 and 9.1 per cent over 40

and 80 kg N ha-1 (AICMIP, 2004). A field experiment conducted at IARI, New Delhi,

Indicated significant increases in growth and yield with increasing nitrogen levels.

Further, it was noted that for getting higher yield and net return, the sweet corn should

be grown with planting density of 83333 plants ha-1 and fertilized with 120 kg N ha-1

(Kumar, 2009).

In Indonesia, Setiawan (1993) noted that sweet corn variety Hibrida had

sucrose content of 13.88 per cent with application of urea at 320 kg ha -1 while it was

only 10.72 per cent when no urea was applied. Kamalakumari and Singaram (1996)

from Coimbatore (T.N.) reported that 100 per cent NPK + farm yard manure to sweet

corn gave the best grain quality in terms of percentage reducing sugar, total sugar and

total carbohydrates. No fertilizer application significantly reduced grain quality. Yan-

Wang et al. (2002) observed that chemical fertilizers led to the highest total soluble

sugar content in sweet corn seed at Kyushu Okinawa region.

8.2 Effect of biofertilizer

On clay loam soil of Udaipur (Rajasthan), seed inoculation with Azotobacter

brought about significant increase in yield attributing characters viz., cob length,

grains row-1, 100-grain weight and grain yield of maize (3.58, 5.36, 3.0 and 8.91 per

cent, respectively) over no inoculation (Kulahari et al., 1998). Jain and Sharma (2001)

reported that combined inoculation of Azotobacter and PSB significantly increased

dry matter production of maize at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest by 4.68, 14.10, 9.87

and 15.18 per cent, respectively and LAI by 9.01 per cent over no-inoculation. Patidar

and Mali (2002) reported that inoculation of sorghum with Azotobacter and PSB

increased total N and P uptake by 10.7 and 7.4 per cent, respectively over control

(125.05 and 39.25 kg ha-1). Similarly, Goel and Somani (2002) indicated that total

uptake of NPK increased by 14.72, 17.24 and 10.98 per cent, respectively over control

(117.68, 23.43 and 118.89 kg ha-1, respectively) by combined inoculation with

Azotobacter + PSB, but it was observed at par with Azotobacter inoculation alone.

Sawarkar (2003) reported 3 q ha-1 more grain yield of maize with combined

inoculation of Azotobacter + PSB which was significantly higher over no inoculation.

Afifi et al.(2003) conducted an experiment at NRS, Cairo(Egypt) and noted that

application of NPK alone and in combinations with Azotobacter nigricans and

Rhodotorula glutinis either alone or incombination, with or without 50 % or 75 % of

the recommended dose of NPK had beneficial effects on growth and yield of maize

crop over control and the responses were observed comparable to full dose of NPK.

At four different locations of Tikamgarh (M.P.), seed inoculation of wheat seeds with

20 g Azotobacter + 20 g PSB kg-1 produced significantly higher grain yield (23 per

cent) over the farmer’s practice (Tomar et al., 2005).

At Imphal, Singh, (2006) reported that among the biofertilizers,, Azotobacter

could induce a good response in cereal crops and improved their growth and

development. Azotobacter inoculation enhanced seed germination of rice , maize,

sorghum ,wheat and others. The nitrogen requirement of cereal crops could be

reduced by Azotobacter inoculation.

8.3 Effect of organic sources

Pathak et al. (2002) conducted an experiment at BAU, Ranchi (Bihar) on loam

soils and noted that application of 75 per cent of recommended dose of NPK through

fertilizers and 25 per cent substituted through FYM significantly increased number of

cobs plant-1, cob length, cob girth, 1000 grain weight and grain yield over no FYM in

maize crop. In rainfed eco-system of Kangra (M.P.), application of recommended

nutrients to maize through 50 % vermicompost + 50 % chemical fertilizer produced

significantly higher grain and stover yield (47.61 and 154.17 q ha-1), showing

increases of 7.5 and 7.4 per cent over application of recommended dose through 50 %

chemical fertilizer + 50 % FYM. In contrast, studies at Banswara revealed that

application of nutrient through integrated sources gave significantly lesser yield of

maize than through commercial fertilizer. Similarly at Kangra (M.P.), application of

100 % nutrients through chemical fertilizers significantly improved grain and stover

yield by 20.3 and 20.3 per cent over application of recommended dose through 50 %

chemical fertilizer + 25 % vermicompost + 25 % FYM + Azotobacter and PSB

inoculation in maize based intercropping system (AICMIP, 2004).

Ahmad et al. (2009) conducted an experiment at Waimanalo Research

Station on the island of Hawaii (USA) to study the effect of chicken manure and dairy

manure on biomass and nutrient concentration in sweet corn roots shoots..Results

indicated a significant accumulation of N and C under chicken manure and dairy

manure compared with the control.

8.3.1 Effect of Poultry manure

A field experiment conducted at Rajendra Nagar, A.P., indicated significant

increase in plant height and dry matter production in rabi maize with application of

poultry manure (Madhavi, et al., 1995). Madhavi et al. (1996) obtained increased

grain yield with application of increasing rate of poultry manure and NPK fertilizers.

Tuivavalagi and Silva (1996) conducted an experiment on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii,

maize cv. Pioneer X 304-C was given inorganic fertilizers at 200 : 200 : 100 : 15 : 5 :

2.5 kg ha-1 of N : P : K : Zn : B and Cu with or without 16.82 t ha -1 of fresh chicken

manure. The addition of chicken manure significantly increased grain yield over alone

inorganic fertilizers. In an experiment at Bello, Colombia, maize cv ICA V.303 sown

on alluvial soil of low organic matter content (3.01 %) was grown without fertilizer or

given 300 kg ha-1 of 10:30:10 NPK or 500 or 1000 kg of poultry, pig or cattle manure

or vermicompost ha-1. After four consecutive harvests on the same plots, the highest

grain yield (4.71 t ha-1) was given by mineral fertilizers compared with 2.62 t ha-1 in

the absence of fertilizers. Of the organic sources, application of 1000 kg pig and

poultry manure ha-1 gave the highest yield 4.49 and 4.54 t ha-1, respectively (Tamayo

et al. 1997). In an experiment at Rostov Oblast, Russia, Agafonov et al. (1999)

reported that the maximum grain yield of 4.38 t ha-1 with application of 10 t

decomposed poultry manure ha-1 followed by yield of 4.35 t ha-1 with 15 t fresh

poultry manure ha-1.

Chandrashekara et al. (2000) conducted a field experiment at Arabhavi,

Karnataka where in four treatments, comprising of three organic manures viz., 10 t

poultry manure ha-1, 2.5 t vermicompost ha-1 and 10 t FYM ha-1 with recommended

rates of nutrients through fertilizers i.e. 150 kg N, 75 kg P and 37.5 kg K ha-1 and one

control, were applied to maize hybrid DMH-1. The application of poultry manure

with recommended rate of fertilizers gave higher grain yield (50.8 q ha -1) than

vermicompost, FYM and control. Application of poultry manure, vermicompost and

FYM tended to increase grain yield by 33, 16 and 14 per cent, respectively over

control. Latha et al. (2001) conducted an experiment in Tamil Nadu to study the

effects of FYM, poultry manure, coir pith and biogas slurry alone or in combination

with 0, 12.5 and 25 kg ZnSo4 ha-1 on maize. The application of poultry manure

resulted in the highest dry matter production at the vegetative and tasselling stages of

crop growth. It also increased yield by 26.6 per cent compared to control.

Ghosh et al. (2003) conducted an experiment on deep vertisols of Bhopal. The

treatments comprised application of different nutrient combinations viz. 0, 75 and 100

% recommended dose of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, 75 % NPK + FYM @ 5

t ha-1, 75% NPK + poultry manure @ 1.5 t ha-1 and 75 % NPK + phosphocompost @

5 t ha-1. The overall application of 75 % NPK + poultry manure 1.5 t ha -1 recorded the

highest grain and straw yield of sorghum compared to rest of the treatments.

Reddy et al. (2004) conducted an experiment at USA (Banglore) to investigate

the effect of direct and residual fertility on maize. Among the residual fertility

treatments, the composted poultry manure recorded significantly higher yield

components and grain yield compare to urban garbage compost and FYM. However,

the composted poultry manure was found on par with sewage sludge and enriched

urban garbage compost.

Amanullah et al., (2007) conducted an experiment with six organic manure

treatments. The results revealed that all the organic manure treatments recorded better

growth, yield and quality of fodder maize compared to the control. Composted

poultry manure (alone or combined with FYM) recorded the highest yield and quality

among all treatments. Channabasavanna et al.,(2007) conducted an experiment at

ARS, Siruguppa (Karnataka) to evaluate poultry manure in combination with

inorganic fertilizers for its effect on maize. The pooled data indicated that application

of poultry manure at 1.0 t ha-1 with 100% NPK (150: 75: 75 kg ha-1) to maize was

optimum which recorded significantly higher seed yield, net return and B:C ratio.

8.3.2 Effect of oil cakes

On clay loam soils of Udaipur (Rajasthan), potato cv. Kufari Chandramuki

was supplied with 10 t ha-1 of FYM, gobar gas spent slurry or 3 t castor cake or 120

kg N ha-1, tuber yield was the highest with castor cake (16.2 t ha-1) followed by

fertilizer N (16.3 t ha-1) (Meena and Gupta, 1996). From Junagarh (Gujarat), Dudhat

et al. (1997) reported that application of FYM, castor cake or chemical fertilizers,

alone or in combination with each other recorded increase in grain yield of wheat. The

highest grain yielding treatments were 5 t castor cake + 120 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

(5.17 t ha-1), 5 t castor cake + 60 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 (4.94 t) and 5 t FYM + 120 kg N

+ 60 kg P2O5 (4.72 t). Further, application of FYM alone or in combination with

chemical fertilizers significantly increased the residual status of available N and P in

the soil.

In a field experiment conducted at Pusa (Bihar), treatments comprising of

combinations of three levels of castor cake at 0, 10 and 20 q ha-1 and four levels of

fertilizer-N at 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 to sugarcane crop. The crop responded in

terms of increased cane yield and net profit to application of N at 150 kg ha -1 and

castor cake at 20 q ha-1. Further, integration of castor cake and fertilizer-N

significantly increased the cane yield and net returns compared to their individual

application. (Choudhary and Sinha, 2001).

In an experiment at Harare (Zimbabwe), Tasosa et al. (2001) evaluated composted

cakes of castor and Jatropha in a potted green house experiment with Rodhead

tomato. The rates used were equivalent to 6, 12, 18 or 24 t ha-1. There was no

significant difference in tomato yield with application of press cakes compared to

inorganic fertilizer. No significant yield difference was observed with or without

composting of press cakes.

At Raipur (Chhattisgarh) , Shrivas et al. (2007) reported that application of

33.33% recommended nitrogen (RN) through non- edible oil cakes, 33.33 % (RN)

through cow dung manure and 33.33 % (RN) through enriched compost recorded

higher plant growth and yield of maize over rest of treatments.

9. PROPOSED PLAN OF WORK

9.1 Experimental details

(i) Test crop : Sweet corn var. Madhuri

(ii) Treatments :

(A) N-levels

(i) 75 % of RD

(ii) 100 % of RD

(iii) 125 % of RD

(B) Azotobacter

(i) No inoculation

(ii) Inoculation with Azotobacter culture (25g per kg seed)

(C) N-sources

(i) 100 % fertilizer-N

(ii) 50 % poultry manure + 50 % fertilizer-N

(iii) 100 % poultry manure

(iv) 50 % Jatropha cake+ 50 % fertilizer-N

(v) 100 % Jatropha cake

Note : Recommended dose (RD): 80 kg N ha-1 ( 40 kg N as basal + 40 kg N at 30-35

DAS )

9.2 Other experimental details

(i) Total number of treatments : 3 x 2 x 5= 30

(ii) Design : Split plot design

Main plot : N-levels & Azotobacter

Sub plot : N-sources

(iii) Replications : 4

(iv) Plot size

Gross plot : 5.0 m x 3.0 m = 15. 0 m2

Net plot : 4.5 m x 3.0 m = 13.5 m2

(v) Season : Spring

(vi) Crop geometry : 60 cm X 20 cm (83333 plants ha-1)

(vii) Irrigation : As and when needed

(viii) Fertilizers : N as per the treatments and basal

application of 40 kg K2O h-1 and 40 kg

P2O5 h-1 through S S P

(ix) Plant protection measures : As and when needed

10. TREATMENT EVALUATION

10.1 Plant population : 20 DAS

10.2 Phenology of the crop

(i) Days to initiation and 50 % silking

(ii) Days to harvest

10.3 Growth studies

(i) Plant height 30, 45 & 60 DAS (cm)

(ii) Dry matter accumulation 30, 45 & 60 DAS (g / plant )

(iii) Leaf Area Index 30, 45 & 60 DAS

(iv) CGR 30 - 45 & 45 - 60 DAS (g m-2 day-1)

(v) NAR 30 - 45 & 45 - 60 DAS g (m leaf area)-2 day-1

10.4 Yield attributes

(i) Cobs plant-1

(ii) Length of cob(cm)

(iii) Girth of cob (cm)

(iv) Grain rows cob-1

(v) Weight of fresh cob (g) with and without husk

(vi) Barren plants plot-1

10.5 Yield

(i) Green cob yield(kg ha-1)

(ii) Green fodder yield (kg ha-1)

10.6 Chemical analysis

(i) N concentration in plants at harvest

(ii) N uptake by the crop at harvest

10.7 Quality analysis

(i) Total soluble sugars in grain

(ii) Protein content in grain

(iii) Starch content in grain

10.8 Soil analysis

(i) Initial nitrogen status of the soil

(ii) Nitrogen status of the soil at crop harvest

10.9 Economics

(i) Net returns

(ii) B:C ratio

11. FACILITY AVAILABLE

All the facilities both in terms of field experimentation and laboratory analysis

will be made available by the Professor & ZDR, ARS, Banswara.

12. LOCATION

Borwat Farm, Agricultural Research Station, Banswara.

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Soils and Crops 17 : 38 – 41.

Singh, M. S. 2006. Response of Azotobacter on cereal crops. Agricultural Reviews

27 : 229 – 231.

Somani, L.L. 1987. Biofertilizers in Indian Agriculture. Concept Publishing Co., New

Delhi. pp. 402.

Tamayo, V.A., Munoz, A.R. and Diaz, A.C. 1997. Organic fertilizer application to

maize (Zea mays L.). Actualidades corpoica 108 : 19-24.

Tasosa, J., Chiduza, C., Robertson, I. And Manyoua, N. 2001. A comparative

evaluation of the fertilizer value of castor and jetropha cakes on the yield of

tomato. Crop Research 21 : 66-71.

Tomar, R.K.S., Rai, H.S. and Pathak, K.M. 2005. On farm studies of biofertilizer

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Science Congress, Bhopal, 13-15 February, pp. 76.

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(Signature of Scholar)

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY

RAJASTHAN COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, UDAIPUR

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

Minutes of Synopsis Seminar of Mr. Harphool Meena, Ph.D. Agronomy scholar

held in the Department of Agronomy on 15/03/2010 at 11.00 a.m.

Mr. Harphool Meena presented a seminar on the proposed research work to be

carried in the partial fulfillment of Ph.D. The following were present:

1. Dr. G.S. Chouhan, Prof. & Head

2. Dr. A. L. Mali, Prof, Agronomy

3. Dr. P. Singh, Assoc. Prof., Agronomy

4. Dr. D.D. Sharma, Assoc. Prof., Agronomy

5. Dr.R. C. Daddech , Assoc. Prof, Agronomy

6. Dr. Dilip Singh, Assoc. Prof, Agronomy

7. Dr. K,B. Shukla, Assoc. Prof., Plant Physiology

8. Dr. N.K. Jain, Assoc. Prof, Agronomy

9. Dr. H.S. Purohit, Assoc. Prof., Soil Science

At the outset Mr. Harphool Meena presented the proposed title, objectives, plan

of work, methodology and the evaluating parameters of the proposed investigation.

The following suggestions and remarks were made and incorporated in the synopsis.

1. Dr. A. L. Mali suggested to incorporate the words “Integrated nitrogen

management’ in the title of the proposed investigation.

2. Dr.DilipSingh advised to incorporate the Azotobacter culture for seed inoculation.

He also suggested to delete treatment of PSB inoculation in the proposed

investigation as the theme of the research work was on ‘Integrated nitrogen

management’

3. Dr K.B.Shukla suggested the need for study of quality parameters in the crop.to

drop the treatment of Zn application in the crop as this nutrient little effect on

quality parameters of the crop.

After incorporating the above suggestions, the synopsis was recommended in the

present shape.

(G.S.Chouhan) (G.L. Sharma)Prof. & Head Major AdvisorDeptt. of Agronomy

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY

RAJASTHAN COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, UDAIPUR

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

CERTIFICATE

The members of Advisory Committee of Mr. Harphool Meena met on 15th

March, 2010 in which the candidate presented in the form of seminar, the synopsis of

his research work entitled “Integrated Nitrogen Management in Sweet Corn (Zea

mays L. Ssp. Saccharata)” to be carried for Ph.D. in AGRONOMY. After

discussion the committee has recommended the synopsis for approval.

S. No. Name & Designation Status P.G. Code No. Signature

1. Dr. G.L. Sharma Asstt. Prof., Agronomy

Major Advisor

AGRON -R04-308

2. Dr.G.S. AmetaProf.(Agronomy) & ZDR, ARS,Banswara

Co-Major Advisor

AGRON –R04-25

3. Dr. V. NepaliaAssoc. Prof, Agronomy

Advisor AGRON -R04-194

4. Dr. K.B. Shukla Assoc. Prof. & Head, Plant Physiology

Advisor PHYS-R04-115

5. Dr. H. K. Jain, Asstt. Prof. Satistics

Advisor STAT-R04- 256

6. Dr. H.S. Purohit Asstt. Prof., Soil Science

D.R.I. Nominee

SCHEM-R04-168

I have examined the above synopsis and recommend that it may be approved.

G.S.Chouhan)Prof. & Head

Dept. of Agronomy

Undersigned has gone through the synopsis of Mr. Harphool Meena and is fully satisfied with quantum and quality of proposed work for Ph.D. in Agronomy.

DEANRajasthan College of Agriculture

The synopsis is hereby approved/ not approved/ recommended to be revised.

Director, Resident Instructions

MPUA&T, Udaipur

Poultry Manure :

1. Reddy et al. (2004) conducted an experiment at USA (Banglore) to investigate the

effect of direct and residual fertility on maize. Among the residual fertility

treatments, the composted poultry manure recorded significantly higher yield

components and grain yield compare to urban garbage compost and FYM. However,

the composted poultry manure was found on par with sewage sludge and enriched

urban garbage compost.

2. A field experiment conducted at Agriculture Research Institute, Chillan (Chile).

The use of poultry litter and its residual effect may reduce the amount of fertilizer

nitrogen required by subsequent crop. This study examine the residual effect of

poultry litter (with and without additional mineral fertilizer) on the yield and quality

of silage maize (Hirzel et al.,2007).

3.

Similarley(Amanullah et al., 2007) conducted an experiment with six organic manure

treatments. The results revealed that all the organic manure treatments recorded better

growth , yield and quality of fodder maize compared to the control. Composted

poultry manure (alone or combined with FYM) recorded the highest yield and quality

among all treatments.

4. Channabasavanna et al.,(2007) conducted an experiment at ARS, Siruguppa

(Karnataka) to evaluate poultry manure in combination with inorganic fertilizers for

its effect on maize. The pooled data indicated that application of poultry manure at 1.0

t ha-1 with 100% NPK (150: 75: 75 kg ha-1) to maize was optimum which recorded

significantly higher seed yield, net return and B:C ratio.

N – Levels:

1. In Argentina, (Grazia et al.,2003) reported the effect of combining different levels

of P and N fertilization on yield and uniformity of sweet corn, combining three levels

of N ( 0, 100,and 200 kg ha-1) and P (0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1) was carried out. Significant

difference in plant growth, biomass production and increased yield 22.05 % and 46.97

% for N1 and N2, respectively over control. On other hand significant difference in

growth and biomass production were observed with P fertilization.

2. A field experiment was conducted at IARI, New Delhi, Indicated that significantly

increased growth and yield with increasing nitrogen levels. Therefore, for getting

higher yield and net return, the sweet corn should be grown with planting density of

83333 plants ha-1 and fertilized with 120 kg ha-1(Kumar, 2009).

Organic Manure :

1. Ahmad et al. (2009) conducted an experiment at Waimanalo Research Station on

the island of Hawaii (USA) to study the effect of chicken manure and dairy manure

on biomass and nutrient concentration in sweet corn roots shoots. Four rate of

application (0, 168, 337 and 672 kg N ha-1 total N equivalent). There were significantly

effects of manure application on dry biomass and macro and micro nutrient

concentration in root and shoot tissues.Results of root tissue indicated a significant

accumulation of N and C under chicken manure and dairy manure compared with the

control.

2. In contrast (Panichsakpatana, 2006) to studies at Bangkok(Thailand) revealed that

application of 97.3 kg N ha-1 as ammonium sulphate , caster meal, activated sludge

cake, rice straw compost, effluent from biogas production from pig slurry or 50 %

ammonium sulphate + 50 % manure in sweet corn. The total ear weight with

application of organic manure except rice straw was similar to that obtained with

ammonium sulphate. Tasselling and silking occurred 1 – 3 days earlier with

application of organic manure alone or with ammonium sulphate.

Oil cakes :

1.A field experiment was conducted at Kalyani(Mithun and Mondal, 2006) on baby

corn combined application of organic sources of nutrients 1.5 t neem seed powder or

1.25 t karanj cake ha-1, 7.5 tFYM ha-1, commercial formulation of pelleted form of

organic manures at 0.75 t ha-1 and organic manure rich with humus at 1.8 t ha-1 along

with 75 % (RDF) NPK, were effective in increasing the standard maize yield by

(6.20 – 40.53 % ) over the control (100 % RDF ).

2. From Raipur (Chhattisgarh) , Shrivas et al. (2007) reported that the application of

combinations of organic sources of nutrient and a control. Among the different

treatment combinations, the application of 33.33% recommended nitrogen (RN)

through non- edible oil cakes, 33.33 % (RN) through cow dung manure and 33.33 %

(RN) through enriched compost were recorded higher plant growth and yield of maize

over rest of treatments.

3. A field experiment was conducted at ARS, Nellore(A. P.) by ( Reddy and Kumar,

2007) the combinations of 50 % N through urea and 50 % N through different organic

sources(FYM,Poultry manure and Neem cake) produce significantly higher plant

growth and grain yield as well as straw yield of rice.

Azotobacter:

At Imphal, (Singh, 2006) that reported among the biofertilizer, Azotobacter it could

induce agood response in cereal crops and improve their growth and development.

Azotobacter inoculation enhanced seed germination of rice , maize, sorghum ,wheat

and others. The nitrogen requirement of cereal crops could be reduce by Azotobacter

inoculation.

Afifi et al.(2003) conducted an experiment at NRS, Cairo(Egypt) application of

NPK alone and in combinations with Azotobacter or without 50 % or 75 % of the

recommended dose of NPK against the effect of full dose of NPK were recorded

higher plant growth and yield of maize increase (6.55 %) over control.

Grazia, J., Tittonel, P.A., Germinara, D. and Chiesa, A. 2003. Effect of phophorus

and nitrogen fertilization in sweet corn (Zea Mays L. Ssp. Saccharata ). Spanish

Journal ofAgricultural Research 1 : 103 – 107.

.2. Kumar, A . 2009. Effect of different planting densities and nitrogen levels on yield

and quality of sweet corn (Zea Mays L. Ssp. Saccharata ). Indian Journal of

Agricultural Science 79 : 351 – 355.

.3. Amjad A. Ahmad, Ali Fares, Shivapatham Paramasivam, Moustaf A. Elrashidi,

Reza M. Savabi, 2009. Influenced root and shoot biomass and nutrient concentration

by organic amendments in sweet corn (Zea Mays L. Ssp. Saccharata ). Journal of

Enviromental Science and Health, Part B 44: 742 – 754.

4. Panichsakpatana, S. 2006. Efficiency of some selected organic wastage as nitrogen

sources for sweet corn (Zea Mays L. Ssp. Saccharata ) . Kasetsart Journal of Natural

Science.

5. Mithun, Saha and Monal, S. S. 2006. Integrated nutrient management in baby corn

(Zea Mays L). Indian Journal of Agronomy 5 : 202 – 205.

.6. Shrivas, S.K . , Dash, A. C. and Urkurkar, J. S. 2007. Effect of organic sources of

nutrient on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Soils and

Crops 17 : 38 – 41.

7. Reddy, K. S. and Kumar, D.S. 2007. Integrated nitrogen management in low land

rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Research, ANGRAU, 35 : 1 – 6.

.8. Afifi, M. H. , Manal, F. M. and Gomaa, A. M. 2003. Effect of biofertilizer under

different levels of chemical fertilizers on maize (Zea Mays L). Annals of Agricultural

Science, Moshtonor 41: 1411 – 1420.

.9. Singh, M. S. 2006. Response of Azotobacter on cereal crops. Agricultural Reviews

27 : 229 – 231.

.10. Reddy, S. S., Shivaraj, B., Reddy, V. C. and Ananda, M. G. 2004. Effect of direct

and residual fertilization on maize (Zea Mays L). Karnataka, Journal ofAgricultural

Sciences 17 : 676 – 681.

11. Hirzel,J., Walter, I., Undureage, P. and Cartagana, M.2007. Residual effect of

poultry litter on silage maize (Zea Mays L). Soil science and plant nutrients 53: 480 –

488.

.12. Amanullah, M. M. ,Alagesan, A., Pazhanivelan, S. and Vaiyapuri, K. 2007.

Effect of organic manure on yield and quality of fodder maize (Zea Mays L).

Research on crops 8: 95 – 98.

.13. Channabasavanna, A. S., Hedge, M. and Biradar, D. P. 2007. Effect of poultry

manure in combination with inorganic fertilizers on productivity of maize (Zea Mays

L). Research on crops 8: 95 - 98.

.14. Chaplote,P.C.,2010. Ist International Conference Proceding Report, On new

frontiers in biofuels ,held at New Delhi.pp. 141.