harnessing biodiversity for sustainable pest management
DESCRIPTION
Ecology and Biodiversity studies,Strategy for deploying biocontrol agents,IPM approach for flower thrips,Developing alternatives to cotton pesticides in BeninTRANSCRIPT
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Harnessing biodiversity
for sustainable pest management
Manuele Tamò
insect ecologist
Contract Review Seminar, October 13, 2009
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata Walpers
Major source of proteins
for balanced diet with
starchy staples
Dual purpose: food-feed
But: substantial losses due
to pests and diseases
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Strategic vision for cowpea IPM (5-10 years)
Preventive side:
• Host plant resistance (incl. transgenics)
• Conservation biological control
Curative side:
• Inoculative and augmentative biological control
• Bio-pesticides
• Synthetic insecticides
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
The legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Ecology studies
Major alternative host plants in moist savannas of West Africa
Pterocarpus santalinoides Lonchocarpus cyanescens Lonchocarpus sericeus
Tephrosia candida
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
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Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct
La
rva
e o
f M
. v
itra
ta
P. santalinoides
L. sericeus
T. platycarpa
Abundance of larvae of M. vitrata on selected host plants in Southern Benin
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Pheromone traps as monitoring tools
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28-A
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19-M
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26-M
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16-J
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14-J
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21-J
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28-J
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gs
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pla
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Within Flowers
Within Pods
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21-J
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28-J
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Me
an
cu
mu
lati
ve
ca
tch
pe
r s
ite
Females
Males
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Population „migration‟ of M. vitrata based on available
data from light traps and host plant surveys: implication
for control strategies
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Biodiversity studies
Natural enemies of Maruca vitrata in West Africa
Egg parasitoids
Trichogrammatoidea eldanae
1 mm
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Natural enemies of Maruca vitrata in West Africa
Braunsia kriegeri
Phanerotoma leucobasis
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Maruca vitrata larval parasitism rates on different host plants in Benin
Phanerotoma leucobasis
Braunsia kriegeri
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20
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Lc Ls Ps Pp Tp Vu
Lc: Lonchocarpus cyanescens
Ls: Lonchocarpus sericeus
Ps: Pterocarpus santalinoides
Pp: Pueraria phaseoloides
Tp: Tephrosia plathycarpa
Vu: Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Source: CABI Crop Protection Compendium
What‟s the origin of M. vitrata and why do we bother?
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Apanteles taragamae Dolichogenidea sp.
Triclistus sp. Trichomma sp.
Biodiversity studies at AVRDC, Taiwan
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Apanteles taragamae Viereck (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
Biological and ecological studies
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
days
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lx
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Experimental releases
…but no direct evidence
of establishment yet
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Biodiversity of
entomopathogenic
organisms
Several fungal pathogens
identified, none of practical
interest
Incidence of infection of M.
vitrata cypovirus (MvCPV) from
<10% to 100% (6% severely
infected)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
A serial killer: Maruca vitrata Nuclear
Polyhedrosis Virus (MaviMNPV)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
MaviNPV: lab studies at AVRDC
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80
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120
1 2 3 4 5 6
Days after treatment
Mo
rtality
(%
)
Check 100 PIBs/ml 500 PIBs/ml 1000 PIBs/ml 2500 PIBs/ml 5000 PIBs/ml
a
a a aa
a
aa a a a
b
b ab abab
a
c
bc
b bc
ab
a
c
b
bb
a a
c
b
b b
aa
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
days after application
mo
rta
lity
Control
2.053x10º
2.053x10¹
2.053x10²
2.053x10³
2.053x104
2.053x10 5̂
MaviNPV: lab studies at IITA with Benin
populations of M. vitrata
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
MaviNPV: caged field studies at IITA-Benin
treatement
(OB/ha)
% mortality
0.1000 9,12 c
2.1009 24,43 bc
2.1010 35,55 bc
2.1011 56,25 ab
2.1012 75,00 a
2.1013 87,92 a
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
+ = !!!!!
A. taragamae and MaviMNPV flying together !
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
TreatmentstrExposure time
2 h 24 h
Control 0 b 0 b
Ovipositor 0,91 a 0,96 a
Whole body 0,94 a 0,97 a
Diet 0,90 a 0,98 a
P>F <0,0001*** <0,0001***
Presence of MaviMNPV OB in larvae of Maruca vitrata as a
function of different contamination methods using 2h and 24h virus
exposure time.
Another important discovery: at temperatures <25 C co-infected
larvae will be killed by the virus before parasitoids can form a cocoon
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Strategy for deploying biocontrol agents:
Exotic parasitoids:
• overall reduction of the population pressure,
particularly on wild host plants during the off-
season
MvNPV:
• to be used like a biopesticide for inundative
biological control e.g. once pheromone derived
threshold is reached
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Insect resistant cowpea – conventional breeding
2 spray No spray
Variety Grain
(kg/ha)
Fodder (kg/ha)
Grain (kg/ha)
Fodder (kg/ha)
IT90K-277-2 2697 2219 549 3236
IT95K-231-1 2235 2619 312 3043
IT95K-193-12 2020 1513 496 1462
Dan lla (Local) 1407 3050 14 3677
• no reliable sources of resistance in crossable species
• wide crosses unsuccessful
• use of susceptible varieties possible with chemical control
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Table 2 Performance of cowpea Breeding Lines in Ibadan During the Second Season
(September to November) of 1998
______________________________________________________ Spray No Spray _______________________ Cowpea Line Total seed Good seed Total seed Good seed IPE* yield (kg/ha) yield (kg/ha) yield (kg/ha) yield (kg/ha)
___________________________________________________________
IT95M-268-1-4 1530.7 1377.4 1479.5 1350.8 25.0
IT95M-305-1 1479.5 1313.6 1328.6 1190.2 26.5
IT95M-190-4 1539.1 1348.2 1303.2 1123.6 26.8
IT95M-7 1567.0 1520.7 1256.1 1192.7 35.5
IT95M-190-1 1349.0 1233.6 1192.7 980.2 26.8
IT95M-309-1 1490.3 1450.3 1177.3 1091.5 23.0
IT95M-249-1 1502.8 1425.7 1127.7 935.6 27.5
TVU14476 (CK) 1207.3 1120.2 994.8 915.6 30.0
IT86D-715 (CK) 1034.4 876.8 673.1 574.3 20.0
IT86D-719 (CK) 1012.3 821.4 614.3 457.6 22.5
LSD 5% 310.4 303.3 380.8 355.2 6.8
CV % 16.1 17.1 24.1 25.1 17.7
__________________________________________________________
*IPE = Pod evaluation index
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
75 Kd
50 Kd
37 Kd
Pet YL OL SEP PET Poll Pod Imm Mat
Seed Seed
The Bt-protein is found in most green
organs of transgenic cowpea
Cry 1Ab*
*LSUCourtesy: T.J. Higgins, CSIRO
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Bt-mediated effect on M. vitrata parasitoids
- using different doses of Cry1Ab
toxin on Phanerotoma leucobasis
- Parasitoid egg inserted in M.
vitrata egg, but development of
parasitoid larva only in late 1-st
instar
- substantial mortality of developing
parasitoids only when exposed to
LD95
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Other parasitoids to be studied:
-Trichogrammatoidea eldanae (egg, local)
- Braunsia kriegeri (larva, local)
- Pristomerus sp. (larva, local)
- Bracon sp. (larva, local)
- Dolichogenidea sp. (larva, local)
- Testudobracon sp. (larva, local)
- Apanteles taragamae (larva, exotic)
- Bassus aper (larva, exotic)
- Nemorilla maculosa (larva, exotic)
Prospective NTO studies on M. vitrata natural enemies
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Other Leps encountered on cowpea:Arctiidae
Amsacta sp.
Gracillaridae
Acrocercops sp.
Lycanidae
Euchrisops malathana
Virachola antalus
Lymantriidae
Euproctis innonata
Noctuidae
Agrotis ipsilon
Helicoverpa armigera
Spodoptera littoralis
Trichoplusia limbirena
Olethreuthidae
Cydia ptychora
Pyralidae
Elasmopalpus lignosellus
Etiella zinckenella
Sylepta derogata
Prospective NTO studies on other Lepidoptera
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
MR-cowpea Biopesticides as
tools in IRM
„IPM model‟ for Maruca vitrata
Alternative host
plans (BC and IRM)
Novel BC agents
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Looking ahead:
Another potential biocontrol candidate from Taiwan:
Nemorilla maculosa (Diptera, Tachinidae)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
A parasitoid which also attacks a recalcitrant polyphagous pest:
Helicoverpa armigera
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
New BMZ project: large biodiversity of M. vitrata
natural enemies in Asia and maybe in South America
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Pulses-CRSP project: M. vitrata rearing for national
programs and farmer groups
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
What is this mess???
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Rearing methodology with germinating cowpea grains is 25-30x less
expensive than standard artificial diet for the same larval output level !!!
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
The bean flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom (Thys., Thripidae)
Photo: G. Goergen
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Biodiversity studies: natural enemies of M. sjostedti
Larval parasitoid: Ceranisus menes Walker
Predator: Orius albidipennis Reuter
0.5 mm
Egg parasitoid: Megaphragma sp.
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
0 1 2 3 4 5
%
V. unguiculata
P. santalinoides
L. sericeus
L. cyanescens
T. candida
Parasitism rates of M. sjostedti larvae by C. menes on
selected host plants
31754
7590
8357
5671
8222
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Origin and distribution
Megalurothrips sjostedti
Megalurothrips usitatus
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Discovery of the thrips parasitoid Ceranisus femoratus in
Cameroon
V. unguiculata
C. pubescens
D. guineensis
T. candida
5841
130
2315
1110
Important parasitism rates on wild host plants
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Dioclea guineensis
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Laboratory rearing very labour intensive and expensive
2 mm
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
In-field mass rearing on Tephrosia candida
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Megalurothrips sjostedti
Establishment of the exotic thrips parasitoid Ceranisus
femoratus 3 years after the initial releases in three
countries
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Large dataset from Benin,
comparing multi-year data
before releases and 4 years
data after the releases
0
50
100
150
200
250
Lonchocarpus
sericeus
Lonchocarpus
cyanescens
Pterocarpus
santalinoides
Tephrosia
bracteolata
Tephrosia
candida
Average number of M. sjostedti larvae per inflorescence of
different host plant (blue: period 1992-95, red: period
2005-2007)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Ecological impact: up to 43% reduction of thrips population
on wild host plants
Economic impact: on-going collaboration with agro-
economists for developing ex-ante impact assessment
models
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Cultivars Damage index
First season Second season
Moussa local 2.06 c 3.42 cd
Sewe 2.06 c 3.42 bc
Sanzisabinli 2.13 c 1.93 d
TVu 1509 (RC) 2.38 c 3.25 cd
IT90K-277-2 4.88 b 3.67 cd
KVx404-8-1 4.88 b 4.67 b
IT91K-180 5.06 b 5.75 a
TVx 3236 5.13 b 5.17 b
Vita7 (SC) 7.56 a 7.59a
Host plant resistance
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Complementary biocontrol agents targeting the cowpea
plant: the predatory mite Amblysieus swirskii
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
IPM approach for flower thrips
- Host plant resistance in available germplasm
- Improved biological control:
On wild hosts: Ceranisus femoratus
On cowpea: Amblyseius swirskii
- Biopesticides:
entomopathogens
botanical extracts
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Aphid colonies
destroyed by
Neozygites fresenii
in the Oueme valley
(Benin) during
„harmattan‟
conditions
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora
Zone aphid infection infestation rate
South <10 96% Center >200 7% North >500 0%
Impact of the entomopathogenic fungus Neozygites fresenii
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Natural enemies
biodiversity studies:
• „usual‟ predator
complex
• but no hymenopteran
parasitoids until mid-
2007
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Possible new biocontrol
project?
Source: CABI Crop Protection Compendium
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Mumies of the parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
On-going and futures studies:
• Interactions with entomopathogenic fungus
Neozygites fresenii
• Interactions with alternative host plants for the
cowpea aphid
• Interactions with other aphid species (e.g. Aphis
gossypii)
• novel natural enemies from Mid East
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Potential for using bio-pesticides against pod
sucking bugs
Clavigralla tomentosicollis killed by
the fungus Beauveria bassiana
Investigation of aggregation
pheromones for developing “lure and
kill” approaches
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
PRONAF: Farmer participatory
approach for IPM
Farmer Field School model has been
modified and adapted to local conditions
within the cowpea agroecosystems in
Africa
- combined ToT/FFS within the same
season (saves one season)
- no need for validation trials for
technologies already developed on-farm
by the various national programs (saves
another season)
- ToT at country level is non-residential
(cost savings)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
New technology for FFF?
Solar-powered MP3 players
- FFF can now be augmented
with messages regarding the
agricultural issues being
addressed.
- Such devices can be taken
back to the communities
where the messages can be
played repeatedly (biggest
advantage over rural radio
messages which are often
played only once)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Biological control of the millet head borer
Heilochaelus albipunctella (McKnight foundation)
Millet head borer damage
Parasitoid: Habrobracon hebetor
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Nord
NIGERMALI
BURKINA
FASO
ZinderNiamey
Ouagadougou
Bamako
Sego
u
Villes
Maradi
Zone de lâcher
du parasitoïde
Parasitoid release areas
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Country Villages Producers keeping release bags Release bags
installed
Evaluation
(villages assessed)
Number of millet
spikes observed
Men Women Release villages Control villages
Niger 90 470 25 1303 24 8 14400
Burkina Faso 51 235 20 690 23 5 16350
Mali 31 83 10 465 31 8 17750
Total 172 788 55 2458 78 21 48500
Full farmer-participatory biological control project
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Burkina, 2008
0
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0.9
1
Seytenga Gorgadji Dori Arbinda Seytenga Gorgadji Dori Arbinda
Villages lâchers villages témoins
Larvae killed by H. hebetor
Larvae killed by others
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Prototype mass production of
trichogrammatids against millet
head borer
Trichogrammatoidea eldanae
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Developing alternatives to cotton pesticides in
Benin (Dutch Embassy in Benin)
Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- biopesticides:
entomopathogens, neem oil
- trap plants: sunflowers,
marigolds
- conservation of locally
available natural enemies
(parasitoids, spiders etc.)
- integration of all these
options
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Milieux paysans (Banikoara)
Godou
Ounet
Goumonri
Founougo
Pratiques
Nombre moyen de H.
armigera par
cotonnier
Rendements moyen (kg/ha)
Nombre moyen de H.
armigera par
cotonnier
Rendements moyen (kg/ha)
Nombre moyen de H.
armigera par
cotonnier
Rendements moyen (kg/ha)
Nombre moyen de H.
armigera par
cotonnier
Rendements moyen
(kg/ha)
Huile de neem 0,090 ± 0,031 a 990 ± 248 a 0,056 ± 0,033 a 460,4 ± 99 0,967 ± 0,160 a
333 - 410,4 ± 69
Metarhizium
anisopliae
0,124 ± 0,034 a 1238 ± 35 a 0,061 ± 0,035 a 212,5 ± 6 1,000 ± 0,180 a 238 - 218,8 ± 38
Beauveria
bassiana
0,071 ± 0,051 a 998 ± 43 a 0,045 ± 0,028 a 495,8 ± 84 1,096 ± 0,191 a 340 - 379 ± 65
Conventionnel 0,200 ± 0,108 a 1154,2 ± 211 a 0,085 ± 0,037 a 517 ± 214 1,033 ± 0,165 a 538 - 556 ± 232
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
IPM of cashew pests (BMZ)
The (invasive?) cashew leafminer Eteoryctis syngramma (Meyrick)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
New challenges in insect ecology
Apate terebrans in action
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
At IITA
C. Agboton, B. Datinon, D. Djegui, D. Kpindou, A. Onzo, G. Goergen, O. Coulibaly,
C. Fatokun, O. Boukar, M. Ayodele, L. Kumar
In Africa
Benin: D. Arodokoun, INRAB; P. Atachi, FSA/UAC, A. Paraiso, UP, S. Saizonou,
SPV + several NGOs
Burkina Faso: C. Dabire and M. Ba, INERA
Ghana: H. Braimah, CRI, S. Asante, SARI; M. Kofya-Boamah, PPRDS
Niger: B. Ibrahim, INRAN
Nigeria: M. Dike, ABU; F. Pitan, UAbeokuta; N. Oigiangbe, UAkure
With other centers/advanced labs
AfricaRice: F. Nwilene, A. Togola
AVRDC: R. Srinivasan
icipe: N. Maniania
NRI: M. Downham
WAU: A. van Huis, M. Dicke
UGoettingen: S. Vidal
UIllinois: B. Pittendrigh, D. Onsted
UPurdue: L. Murdoch
Thanks to all my collaborators
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d‟agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Thanks to our sponsors
• CGIAR core donors
• SDC
• IFAD
• Gatsby Charitable Foundation
• BMZ
• DfID
• RDA South Korea
• Pulses-CRSP
• AATF
• McKnight Foundation
…and thanks to you all for your attention !