hardy-weinberg equilibrium if p = frequency of allele a q = frequency of allele a p + q = 1, ( p + q...

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if p = frequency of allele A q = frequency of allele a p + q = 1, ( p + q ) 2 = 1 p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 if only law of probability affects the frequency w/ which gametes combine to form new individuals

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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

if p = frequency of allele A q = frequency of allele a

p + q = 1, ( p + q )2 = 1 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

if only law of probability affects the frequency w/ which gametes combine to form new individuals

Bisexual population

Large population

Random mating

No mutation

Migration ~ 0

Natural selection does not affect the locus

Page 3: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if p = frequency of allele A q = frequency of allele a p + q = 1, ( p + q ) 2 = 1 p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 if only law of probability

A population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will experience no change in either genotype frequency or allele frequency

If one or more of the conditions is violated, genotype frequency and allele frequency will change

Page 4: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if p = frequency of allele A q = frequency of allele a p + q = 1, ( p + q ) 2 = 1 p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 if only law of probability

Example If only 6% of the population displays

pale eyes (recessive gene e). What is the frequency of genotype Ee in this population?

q2 = 0.06 ---> q = 0.24

p + q = 1 ---> p = 0.76

Ee = 2pq = 2(0.76)(0.24) = 0.36

Page 5: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if p = frequency of allele A q = frequency of allele a p + q = 1, ( p + q ) 2 = 1 p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 if only law of probability

Genetic variation Cline – a measurable, gradual change

over a geographical region in the average of some phenotype character

Ecotype – abrupt changes in the phenotype characters within a species, which often reflect abrupt changes in local environment

Page 6: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if p = frequency of allele A q = frequency of allele a p + q = 1, ( p + q ) 2 = 1 p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 if only law of probability

Geographic isolates – semi-isolated populations prevented by some extrinsic barriers from a free flow of genes

Genetic polymorphism – the existence within a species or population of different forms of individuals

Page 7: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if p = frequency of allele A q = frequency of allele a p + q = 1, ( p + q ) 2 = 1 p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 if only law of probability

Maintenance of balanced polymorphism

(vs. transitional or directional polymorphism) heterosis diversifying evolution frequency-dependent selection selective forces operating in different

directions within different patches of a fine mosaic in the population

Page 8: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if p = frequency of allele A q = frequency of allele a p + q = 1, ( p + q ) 2 = 1 p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 if only law of probability

Stabilizing, directional, diversifying or disruptive evolution

Speciation

Allopatric speciation

Sympatric speciation

Page 9: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if p = frequency of allele A q = frequency of allele a p + q = 1, ( p + q ) 2 = 1 p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 if only law of probability

Page 10: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if p = frequency of allele A q = frequency of allele a p + q = 1, ( p + q ) 2 = 1 p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 if only law of probability

Isolation mechanism

Pre-zygotic: habitat, temporal, ethological, mechanical

Post-zygotic

hybrid inviability or weakness hybrid sterility F2 breakdown

Page 11: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if p = frequency of allele A q = frequency of allele a p + q = 1, ( p + q ) 2 = 1 p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 if only law of probability

Reduction in variation

inbreeding, bottlenecks, founder effect, genetic drift

genetic drift - random shifts in allele frequencies

Page 12: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if p = frequency of allele A q = frequency of allele a p + q = 1, ( p + q ) 2 = 1 p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 if only law of probability

Effect of small populations More demographic variation, inbreeding

depression, genetic drift → higher risk of extinction

Minimum viable population size the threshold # of individuals that will

ensure the persistence of subpopulation in a viable state for a given time interval

Page 13: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if p = frequency of allele A q = frequency of allele a p + q = 1, ( p + q ) 2 = 1 p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 if only law of probability

Effective population size (Ne) the size of a genetically idealized population

with which an actual population can be equated genetically, Ne = N , if

equal sex ratio

equal probability of mating

constant dispersal rate

progeny per family randomly distributed

Page 14: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if p = frequency of allele A q = frequency of allele a p + q = 1, ( p + q ) 2 = 1 p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 if only law of probability

unequal sex ratio

Ne = 4 Nm˙Nf / (Nm + Nf )

population fluctuation

1 / Ne = (1 / t )(1/N1 + 1/N2 + … + 1/Nt)

non-random progeny distribution

Ne = -----------------------------------------(N/N-1)˙Vk/k˙(1+F) + (1-F)

Page 15: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if p = frequency of allele A q = frequency of allele a p + q = 1, ( p + q ) 2 = 1 p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 if only law of probability

Effect of continental drift

Distribution/radiation of monotremes and marsupials

Page 16: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if p = frequency of allele A q = frequency of allele a p + q = 1, ( p + q ) 2 = 1 p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 if only law of probability

Extinction and its causes

Natural causes: climatic changes and stochastic event

Human disturbance

habitat alteration over-exploitation exotic species diseases and other factors

Population Genetics Genetic variation Genotype frequencies Allele frequencies Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Inferring Evolution Applying HWE p 2 + 2pq + q

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